RAZZIATYPE

RT Rondelle RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE FAMILY Thin Rondelle Thin Italic Rondelle Extralight Rondelle Extralight Italic Rondelle Light Rondelle Light Italic Rondelle Book Rondelle Book Italic Rondelle Regular Rondelle Regular Italic Rondelle Medium Rondelle Medium Italic Rondelle Bold Rondelle Bold Italic Rondelle Black Rondelle Black Italic Rondelle RAZZIATYPE TYPEFACE INFORMATION About RT Rondelle is the result of an exploration into public transport signage typefa- ces. While building on this foundation it incorporates the distinctive characteri- stics of a highly specialized genre to become a versatile grotesque family with a balanced geometrical touch. RT Rondelle embarks on a new life of its own, lea- ving behind the restrictions of its heritage to form a consistent and independent type family. Suited for a wide range of applications www.rt-rondelle.com

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Ligatures ff ffi ffl fi fl www RAZZIATYPE OPENTYPE FEATURES Case sensitive (Hey) (HEY) [Hey] [HEY] {Hey} {HEY} ¡¿Who?! ¡¿WHO?! One/Two ONE/TWO «Hey» «HEY» Hey-Hey HEY-HEY

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Automatic fractions 3/125 3/125 SS01 ⑤ ⑤ SS02 ↗ ↗ RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE THIN & ITALIC

340pt

MTA120pt Single Ticket 80pt Transit Authority RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE THIN & ITALIC

18pt 12pt The development of Railroads was one of the most The development of Railroads was one of the most important phenomena of the Industrial Re- important phenomena of the . volution. With their formation, construction and With their formation, construction and operation, operation, they brought profound social, eco- they brought profound social, economic and politi- nomic and political change to a country only 50 years old. Over the next 50 years, America cal change to a country only 50 years old. Over the would come to see magnificent bridges and next 50 years, America would come to see magni- other structures on which would run, awe- ficent bridges and other structures on which trains some depots, ruthless rail magnates and the majesty of rail crossing the country. would run, awesome depots, ruthless rail magna- The railroad was first developed in Great Britain. tes and the majesty of rail locomotives crossing the A man named successful- country. The railroad was first developed in Gre- ly applied the steam technology of the day and created the world’s first successful locomoti- at Britain. A man named George Stephenson suc- ve. The first engines used in the cessfully applied the steam technology of the day were purchased from the Stephenson Works in and created the world’s first successful locomoti- 8pt ve. The first engines used in the United States were The development of Railroads was one of the most important pheno- mena of the Industrial Revolution. With their formation, construction and purchased from the Stephenson Works in . operation, they brought profound social, economic and political change to a country only 50 years old. Over the next 50 years, America would Even rails were largely imported from England until come to see magnificent bridges and other structures on which trains would run, awesome depots, ruthless rail magnates and the majesty of the Civil War. Americans who had visited England to rail locomotives crossing the country. The railroad was first developed in Great Britain. A man named George Stephenson successfully applied see new Steam Locomotives were impressed that the steam technology of the day and created the world’s first successful . The first engines used in the United States were purchased railroads dropped the cost of shipping by carriage from the Stephenson Works in England. Even rails were largely impor- ted from England until the Civil War. Americans who had visited England by 60-70%. Baltimore, the third largest city in the na- to see new Steam Locomotives were impressed that railroads dropped the cost of shipping by carriage by 60-70%. Baltimore, the third largest tion in 1827, had not invested in a . Yet, Balti- city in the nation in 1827, had not invested in a canal. Yet, Baltimore was 200 miles closer to the frontier than New York and soon recognized that more was 200 miles closer to the frontier than New the development of a railway could make the city more competitive with New York and the Erie Canal in transporting people and goods to the York and soon recognized that the development of West. The result was the Baltimore And Ohio Railroad, the first railroad chartered in the United States. There were great parades on the day the a railway could make the city more competitive with construction started. On July 4, 1828, the first spadeful of earth was turned over by the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, New York and the Erie Canal in transporting people 91-year-old Charles Carroll. New railroads came swiftly. In 1830, the South RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE EXTRALIGHT & ITALIC

280pt

Metro170pt Milanese 90pt M3 Linea Gialla RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE EXTRALIGHT & ITALIC

18pt 12pt In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a descrip- In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a de- scription of the Reisszug, a railway at tion of the Reisszug, a funicular railway at the Ho- the Hohensalzburg Fortress in Austria. The line hensalzburg Fortress in Austria. The line originally originally used wooden rails and a hemp hau- used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope and lage rope and was operated by human or ani- mal power, through a treadwheel. The line still was operated by human or animal power, through exists and is operational, although in updated a treadwheel. The line still exists and is operational, form and is possibly the oldest operational rail- although in updated form and is possibly the oldest way. Wagonways (or tramways), with wooden rails and horse-drawn traffic, are known to have operational railway. Wagonways (or tramways), with been used in the 1550s to facilitate transporta- wooden rails and horse-drawn traffic, are known tion of ore tubs to and from mines. They soon to have been used in the 1550s to facilitate trans- became popular in Europe and an example of their operation was illustrated by Georgius Ag- portation of ore tubs to and from mines. They soon ricola in his 1556 De re metallica. This line became popular in Europe and an example of their used “Hund” carts with unflanged wheels run- operation was illustrated by Georgius Agricola in 8pt his 1556 work De re metallica. This line used “Hund” In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug, a funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Fortress in Austria. The line ori- carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden ginally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a treadwheel. The line still exists planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the and is operational, although in updated form and is possibly the oldest operational railway. Wagonways (or tramways), with wooden rails and gap between the planks to keep it going the right horse-drawn traffic, are known to have been used in the 1550s to fa- cilitate transportation of ore tubs to and from mines. They soon beca- way. The miners called the wagons Hunde (“dogs”) me popular in Europe and an example of their operation was illustrated by Georgius Agricola in his 1556 work De re metallica. This line used from the noise they made on the tracks. There are “Hund” carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep many references to wagonways in central Europe it going the right way. The miners called the wagons Hunde (“dogs”) from the noise they made on the tracks. There are many references to in the 16th century. A was introduced wagonways in central Europe in the 16th century. A wagonway was in- troduced to England by German miners at Caldbeck, Cumbria, possibly to England by German miners at Caldbeck, Cum- in the 1560s. A wagonway was built at Prescot, near , sometime around 1600, possibly as early as 1594. Owned by Philip Layton, the line bria, possibly in the 1560s. A wagonway was built carried from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about half a mile away. A funicular railway was made at Broseley in some time at Prescot, near Liverpool, sometime around 1600, before 1604. This carried coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the river Severn to be loaded onto barges and carried to riverside towns. possibly as early as 1594. Owned by Philip Layton, The Wagonway, completed in 1604 by Huntingdon Beaumont, RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE LIGHT & ITALIC

270pt

Subte160pt Dirección 90pt Metrovías B. Aires RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE LIGHT & ITALIC

18pt 12pt The in , which was built The Middleton Railway in Leeds, which was built in 1758, later became the world’s oldest in 1758, later became the world’s oldest operatio- operational railway (other than ), al- nal railway (other than funiculars), albeit now in an beit now in an upgraded form. In 1764, the first upgraded form. In 1764, the first railway in America railway in America was built in Lewiston, New York. The introduction of steam engines for po- was built in Lewiston, New York. The introduction wering blast air to blast furnaces led to a lar- of steam engines for powering blast air to blast fur- ge increase in British iron production after the naces led to a large increase in British iron produc- mid 1750s. In the late 1760s, the Company began to fix plates of to the tion after the mid 1750s. In the late 1760s, the Co- upper surface of wooden rails, which increa- albrookdale Company began to fix plates of cast sed their durability and load-bearing ability. At iron to the upper surface of wooden rails, which in- first only balloon loops could be used for tur- ning wagons, but later, movable points were creased their durability and load-bearing ability. At introduced that allowed passing loops to be first only balloon loops could be used for turning created. A system was introduced in which un- wagons, but later, movable points were introduced 8pt that allowed passing loops to be created. A system The Middleton Railway in Leeds, which was built in 1758, later became the world’s oldest operational railway (other than funiculars), albeit now was introduced in which unflanged wheels ran on in an upgraded form. In 1764, the first railway in America was built in Lewiston, New York. The introduction of steam engines for powering L-shaped metal plates these became known as blast air to blast furnaces led to a large increase in British iron produc- tion after the mid 1750s. In the late 1760s, the Coalbrookdale Company plateways. John Curr, a Sheffield colliery manager, began to fix plates of cast iron to the upper surface of wooden rails, which increased their durability and load-bearing ability. At first only invented this flanged rail in 1787, though the exact balloon loops could be used for turning wagons, but later, movable points were introduced that allowed passing loops to be created. A date of this is disputed. The plate rail was taken up system was introduced in which unflanged wheels ran on L-shaped metal plates these became known as plateways. John Curr, a Sheffield by for wagonways serving his colliery manager, invented this flanged rail in 1787, though the exact date of this is disputed. The plate rail was taken up by Benjamin Outram , manufacturing them at his Butterley iron- for wagonways serving his canals, manufacturing them at his Butter- ley ironworks. In 1803, opened the , works. In 1803, William Jessop opened the Surrey a double , sometimes erroneously cited as world’s first public railway, in south . In 1789, William Jessop had introduced Iron Railway, a double track plateway, sometimes a form of all-iron edge rail and flanged wheels for an extension to the Canal at Nanpantan, , Leicestershi- erroneously cited as world’s first public railway, re. In 1790, Jessop and his partner Outram began to manufacture ed- ge-rails. Jessop became a partner in the in 1790. in south London. In 1789, William Jessop had in- The first public edgeway (thus also first public railway) built was the RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE BOOK & ITALIC

320pt

Linie120pt Gleisdreieck 80pt Bahnhofsaufsicht RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE BOOK & ITALIC

18pt 12pt Cast iron was not a satisfactory material for rails Cast iron was not a satisfactory material for rails because it was brittle and broke under he- because it was brittle and broke under heavy loads. avy loads. The wrought iron invented by John The wrought iron invented by John Birkinshaw Birkinshaw in 1820 replaced cast iron. Wrought in 1820 replaced cast iron. Wrought iron (usually iron (usually simply referred to as “iron”) was a ductile material that could undergo consider- simply referred to as “iron”) was a ductile materi- able deformation before breaking, making it al that could undergo considerable deformation more suitable for iron rails. But wrought iron before breaking, making it more suitable for iron was expensive to produce until Henry Cort pa- tented the puddling process in 1784. In 1783, rails. But wrought iron was expensive to produce Cort also patented the rolling process, which until Henry Cort patented the puddling process was 15 times faster at consolidating and sha- in 1784. In 1783, Cort also patented the rolling pro- ping iron than hammering. These processes greatly lowered the cost of producing iron and cess, which was 15 times faster at consolidating iron rails. The next important development and shaping iron than hammering. These proces- in iron production was hot blast developed ses greatly lowered the cost of producing iron 8pt and iron rails. The next important development in Cast iron was not a satisfactory material for rails because it was britt- le and broke under heavy loads. The wrought iron invented by John iron production was hot blast developed by James Birkinshaw in 1820 replaced cast iron. Wrought iron (usually simply referred to as “iron”) was a ductile material that could undergo con- Beaumont Neilson (patented 1828), which consi- siderable deformation before breaking, making it more suitable for iron rails. But wrought iron was expensive to produce until Henry Cort derably reduced the amount of (fuel) or ch- patented the puddling process in 1784. In 1783, Cort also patented the rolling process, which was 15 times faster at consolidating and sha- arcoal needed to produce pig iron. Wrought iron ping iron than hammering. These processes greatly lowered the cost of producing iron and iron rails. The next important development in was a soft material that contained slag or dross. iron production was hot blast developed by James Beaumont Neil- son (patented 1828), which considerably reduced the amount of coke The softness and dross tended to make iron rails (fuel) or charcoal needed to produce pig iron. Wrought iron was a soft material that contained slag or dross. The softness and dross tended distort and delaminate and they typically lasted to make iron rails distort and delaminate and they typically lasted less than 10 years in use, and sometimes as little as one year under high less than 10 years in use, and sometimes as little traffic. All these developments in the production of iron eventually led to replacement of composite /iron rails with superior all-iron as one year under high traffic. All these develop- rails. The introduction of the Bessemer process, enabling steel to be made inexpensively, led to the era of great expansion of railways that ments in the production of iron eventually led to began in the late 1860s. Steel rails lasted several times longer than iron. Steel rails made heavier locomotives possible, allowing for lon- replacement of composite wood/iron rails with ger trains and improving the productivity of railroads. The Bessemer RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE REGULAR & ITALIC

280pt Tåget

130pt

Tunnelbana70pt Tekniska Högskolan RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE REGULAR & ITALIC

18pt 12pt , a Scottish inventor and mechanical James Watt, a Scottish inventor and mechani- cal engineer, greatly improved the steam en- engineer, greatly improved the of gine of , hitherto used to Thomas Newcomen, hitherto used to pump wa- pump water out of mines. Watt developed a ter out of mines. Watt developed a reciprocating in 1769, capable of po- wering a wheel. Although the Watt engine engine in 1769, capable of powering a wheel. Al- powered cotton mills and a variety of machi- though the Watt engine powered cotton mills nery, it was a large . It could and a variety of machinery, it was a large statio- not be otherwise: the state of tech- nology necessitated the use of low nary engine. It could not be otherwise: the sta- steam acting upon a vacuum in the ; te of boiler technology necessitated the use of this required a separate condenser and an air low pressure steam acting upon a vacuum in the pump. Nevertheless, as the construction of improved, Watt investigated the use cylinder; this required a separate condenser and of high-pressure steam acting directly upon a an air pump. Nevertheless, as the construction . This raised the possibility of a smaller of boilers improved, Watt investigated the use of 8pt high-pressure steam acting directly upon a pis- James Watt, a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, greatly improved the steam engine of Thomas Newcomen, hitherto used to ton. This raised the possibility of a smaller engi- pump water out of mines. Watt developed a reciprocating engine in 1769, capable of powering a wheel. Although the Watt engine pow- ne, that might be used to power a and ered cotton mills and a variety of machinery, it was a large statio- nary engine. It could not be otherwise: the state of boiler technology he patented a design for a in necessitated the use of low pressure steam acting upon a vacuum in the cylinder; this required a separate condenser and an air pump. 1784. His employee produced Nevertheless, as the construction of boilers improved, Watt investi- gated the use of high-pressure steam acting directly upon a piston. a working model of a self-propelled steam - This raised the possibility of a smaller engine, that might be used to power a vehicle and he patented a design for a steam locomotive in riage in that year. The first full-scale working 1784. His employee William Murdoch produced a working model of a self-propelled steam carriage in that year. The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built in the Uni- railway steam locomotive was built in the in 1804 by , a British engineer born in . This used ted Kingdom in 1804 by Richard Trevithick, a high-pressure steam to drive the engine by one power . The transmission system employed a large to even out the action British engineer born in Cornwall. This used of the . On 21 February 1804, the world’s first steam-po- wered railway journey took place when Trevithick’s unnamed steam high-pressure steam to drive the engine by one locomotive hauled a along the of the iron- works, near in South . Trevithick later demons- power stroke. The transmission system emplo- trated a locomotive operating upon a piece of circular rail track in RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE MEDIUM & ITALIC

340pt

1847140pt Eisenbahn 60pt Strecke Baden — Zürich RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE MEDIUM & ITALIC

18pt 12pt The first commercially successful steam loco- The first commercially successful steam lo- comotive was ’s rack loco- motive was Matthew Murray’s rack locomoti- motive built for the Middleton ve Salamanca built for the Middleton Railway Railway in Leeds in 1812. This twin-cylinder in Leeds in 1812. This twin-cylinder locomotive locomotive was not heavy enough to break the edge-rails track and solved the problem was not heavy enough to break the edge-rails of adhesion by a cog-wheel using teeth cast track and solved the problem of adhesion by a on the side of one of the rails. Thus it was cog-wheel using teeth cast on the side of one of also the first . This was followed in 1813 by the locomotive Puffing Billy built the rails. Thus it was also the first rack railway. by and This was followed in 1813 by the locomotive Puf- for the Colliery Railway, the first suc- fing Billy built by Christopher Blackett and Wil- cessful locomotive running by adhesion only. This was accomplished by the distribution of liam Hedley for the Wylam Colliery Railway, the weight between a number of wheels. Puffing first successful locomotive running by adhesion Billy is now on display in the Science Museum only. This was accomplished by the distribution 8pt of weight between a number of wheels. Puffing The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Matthew Murray’s rack locomotive Salamanca built for the Middleton Rail- Billy is now on display in the Science Museum in way in Leeds in 1812. This twin-cylinder locomotive was not heavy enough to break the edge-rails track and solved the problem of ad- London, making it the oldest locomotive in exis- hesion by a cog-wheel using teeth cast on the side of one of the rails. Thus it was also the first rack railway. This was followed in 1813 by the tence. In 1814 George Stephenson, inspired by locomotive Puffing Billy built by Christopher Blackett and William Hedley for the Wylam Colliery Railway, the first successful locomo- the early locomotives of Trevithick, Murray and tive running by adhesion only. This was accomplished by the distri- bution of weight between a number of wheels. Puffing Billy is now Hedley, persuaded the manager of the Killing- on display in the Science Museum in London, making it the oldest locomotive in existence. In 1814 George Stephenson, inspired by worth Colliery where he worked to allow him to the early locomotives of Trevithick, Murray and Hedley, persuaded the manager of the Colliery where he worked to allow build a steam-powered . Stephenson him to build a steam-powered machine. Stephenson played a pivo- tal role in the development and widespread adoption of the steam played a pivotal role in the development and wi- locomotive. His designs considerably improved on the work of the earlier pioneers. He built the locomotive Blücher, also a successful despread adoption of the steam locomotive. His flanged-wheel adhesion locomotive. In 1825 he built the locomotive Locomotion for the Stockton and Railway in the north designs considerably improved on the work of east of England, which became the first public steam railway in the world, although it used both horse power and steam power on dif- the earlier pioneers. He built the locomotive Blü- ferent runs. In 1829, he built the locomotive Rocket, which entered RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE BOLD & ITALIC

320pt

Paris110pt Gare du Nord

60pt Chemins de fer français RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE BOLD & ITALIC

18pt 12pt The first known was built in The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist Robert Davidson of 1837 by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen in Aberdeen in , and it was powered Scotland, and it was powered by galvanic cells by galvanic cells (batteries). Thus it was also (batteries). Thus it was also the earliest battery the earliest battery electric locomotive. Da- vidson later built a larger locomotive named electric locomotive. Davidson later built a lar- Galvani, exhibited at the Royal Scottish Soci- ger locomotive named Galvani, exhibited at the ety of Arts Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841. vehicle had two direct-drive reluctance mo- tors, with fixed electromagnets acting on The seven-ton vehicle had two direct-drive re- iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on luctance motors, with fixed electromagnets ac- each , and simple commutators. It hauled ting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 ki- lometers per hour) for a distance of one and on each axle, and simple commutators. It hau- a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It was tested on led a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 the and Glasgow Railway in Sep- kilometers per hour) for a distance of one and a 8pt half miles (2.4 kilometres). It was tested on the The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen in Scotland, and it was powered by Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September galvanic cells (batteries). Thus it was also the earliest battery elec- tric locomotive. Davidson later built a larger locomotive named of the following year, but the limited power from Galvani, exhibited at the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two direct-drive reluctance mo- batteries prevented its general use. It was dest- tors, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple commutators. It hauled royed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It was tested on to their job security. Werner von Siemens de- the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. monstrated an electric railway in 1879 in Berlin. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their job security. Werner von Siemens demonstrated an electric railway The world’s first electric line, Gross-Lich- in 1879 in Berlin. The world’s first electric tram line, Gross-Lichter- felde Tramway, opened in Lichterfelde near Berlin, Germany, in terfelde Tramway, opened in Lichterfelde near 1881. It was built by Siemens. The tram ran on 180 Volt DC, which was supplied by running rails. In 1891 the track was equipped with Berlin, Germany, in 1881. It was built by Sie- an overhead wire and the line was extended to Berlin-Lichterfelde West station. The Volk’s Electric Railway opened in 1883 in Brighton, mens. The tram ran on 180 Volt DC, which was England. The railway is still operational, thus making it the oldest operational electric railway in the world. Also in 1883, Mödling and supplied by running rails. In 1891 the track was Hinterbrühl Tram opened near Vienna in Austria. It was the first tram RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE BLACK & ITALIC

300pt

SBB130pt Zürich HB 80pt Durchmesserlinie RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE BLACK & ITALIC

18pt 12pt In 1896, Oerlikon installed the first commerci- In 1896, Oerlikon installed the first commer- cial example of the system on the al example of the system on the Lugano Tram- Tramway. Each 30-tonne locomotive had two way. Each 30-tonne locomotive had two 110 kW 110 kW (150 hp) motors run by three-phase (150 hp) motors run by three-phase 750 V 40 750 V 40 Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-phase motors run at constant speed Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-pha- and provide regenerative braking, and are se motors run at constant speed and provi- well suited to steeply graded routes, and de regenerative braking, and are well suited the first main-line three-phase locomotives were supplied by Brown (by then in part- to steeply graded routes, and the first main- nership with Walter Boveri) in 1899 on the line three-phase locomotives were supplied 40 km Burgdorf—Thun Line, Switzerland. by Brown (by then in partnership with Walter Italian railways were the first in the wor- ld to introduce electric traction for the en- Boveri) in 1899 on the 40 km Burgdorf—Thun tire length of a main line rather than just a Line, Switzerland. Italian railways were the short stretch. The 106 km Valtellina Line was first in the world to introduce electric traction 8pt for the entire length of a main line rather than In 1896, Oerlikon installed the first commercial example of the sys- tem on the Lugano Tramway. Each 30-tonne locomotive had two just a short stretch. The 106 km Valtellina Line 110 kW (150 hp) motors run by three-phase 750 V 40 Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-phase motors run at constant speed was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by and provide regenerative braking, and are well suited to steeply graded routes, and the first main-line three-phase locomotives Kandó and a team from the Ganz Works. The were supplied by Brown (by then in partnership with Walter Bo- veri) in 1899 on the 40 km Burgdorf—Thun Line, Switzerland. Ita- electrical system was three-phase at 3 kV 15 lian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric trac- tion for the entire length of a main line rather than just a short Hz. In 1918, Kandó invented and developed the stretch. The 106 km Valtellina Line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by Kandó and a team from the Ganz Works. The rotary phase converter, enabling electric loco- electrical system was three-phase at 3 kV 15 Hz. In 1918, Kandó invented and developed the rotary phase converter, enabling elec- motives to use three-phase motors whilst sup- tric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 plied via a single overhead wire, carrying the Hz) single phase AC of the high voltage national networks. An im- portant contribution to the wider adoption of AC traction came simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single pha- from SNCF of France after World War 2. The company conducted trials at 50 Hz, and established it as a standard. Following SNCF’s se AC of the high voltage national networks. An successful trials, 50 Hz (now also called industrial frequency) was adopted as standard for main lines across the world. Earliest re- important contribution to the wider adoption corded examples of an internal combustion engine for railway use