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Engine Components and Filters: Damage Profiles, Probable Causes and Prevention
ENGINE COMPONENTS AND FILTERS: DAMAGE PROFILES, PROBABLE CAUSES AND PREVENTION Technical Information AFTERMARKET Contents 1 Introduction 5 2 General topics 6 2.1 Engine wear caused by contamination 6 2.2 Fuel flooding 8 2.3 Hydraulic lock 10 2.4 Increased oil consumption 12 3 Top of the piston and piston ring belt 14 3.1 Hole burned through the top of the piston in gasoline and diesel engines 14 3.2 Melting at the top of the piston and the top land of a gasoline engine 16 3.3 Melting at the top of the piston and the top land of a diesel engine 18 3.4 Broken piston ring lands 20 3.5 Valve impacts at the top of the piston and piston hammering at the cylinder head 22 3.6 Cracks in the top of the piston 24 4 Piston skirt 26 4.1 Piston seizure on the thrust and opposite side (piston skirt area only) 26 4.2 Piston seizure on one side of the piston skirt 27 4.3 Diagonal piston seizure next to the pin bore 28 4.4 Asymmetrical wear pattern on the piston skirt 30 4.5 Piston seizure in the lower piston skirt area only 31 4.6 Heavy wear at the piston skirt with a rough, matte surface 32 4.7 Wear marks on one side of the piston skirt 33 5 Support – piston pin bushing 34 5.1 Seizure in the pin bore 34 5.2 Cratered piston wall in the pin boss area 35 6 Piston rings 36 6.1 Piston rings with burn marks and seizure marks on the 36 piston skirt 6.2 Damage to the ring belt due to fractured piston rings 37 6.3 Heavy wear of the piston ring grooves and piston rings 38 6.4 Heavy radial wear of the piston rings 39 7 Cylinder liners 40 7.1 Pitting on the outer -
Newsletter 155 Spring 2012
NEWSLETTER 155 SPRING 2012 Puddlers’ Bridge on the Trevithick Trail, near Merthyr Tydfil. Reg. Charity 1 No. 246586 CHAIRMAN’S ADDRESS Creating links The recent opening of the Sustrans bridge, covered elsewhere in this issue, to connect two lengths of the Trevithick Trail near Merthyr Tydfil came about a year after the University of Swansea published an investigation into the Welsh Copper Industry.* Both these significant events in industrial history depended upon Cornwall’s links with Wales. In the first instance, Richard Trevithick’s ingenuity and development of the high- pressure steam engine in Cornwall took form as the world’s first steam powered railway locomotive in Wales. It is well known for having pulled a train loaded with 10 tons of iron and some 70 passengers nearly ten miles. This was 25 years before the emergence of George Stephenson’s Rocket. The second event depended mainly on the little sailing ships that carried thousands of tons of copper ore from Cornwall and returned with the Welsh coal and iron that powered Cornwall’s mines and fed its industries. Investigations have shown that much of the copper smelting in Wales and shipping was controlled by Cornish families. Cornwall had similar industrial links to Bridgnorth, Dartford and other places throughout the country; all depended to a great extent upon Cornish ingenuity. This Society appears to be the only link today between Cornwall’s industrial archaeology and that of other parts of the country. If we are to encourage the study of Cornwall’s industrial archaeology we need to develop these links for the benefit of all concerned, wherever they may be. -
The Diffusion of Newcomen Engines, 1706-73: a Reassessment*
1 The Diffusion of Newcomen Engines, 1706-73: A Reassessment* By Harry Kitsikopoulos Abstract The present paper attempts to quantify the diffusion of Newcomen engines in the British economy prior to the commercial application of the first Watt engine. It begins by pointing out omissions and discrepancies between the original Kanefsky database and the secondary literature leading to a number of revisions of the former. The diffusion path is subsequently drawn in terms of adopted horsepower and adjusted for the proportion of the latter being in use throughout the period. This methodology differs from previous studies which quantify diffusion based on the number of steam engines and do not take into account those falling out of use. The results are presented in terms of aggregate, sectoral, and regional patterns of diffusion. Finally, following a long held methodology of the literature on technological diffusion, the paper weighs the number of engines installed by the end of the period in relation to the potential range of adopters. In the end, this method generates a less celebratory assessment regarding the pace of diffusion of Newcomen engines. *The author wishes to thank Alessandro Nuvolari for providing access to the Kanefsky database. Two summer fellowships from the NEH/Folger Institute and Dibner Library (Smithsonian), whose staff was exceptionally helpful (especially Bill Baxter and Ron Brashear), allowed me to draw heavily material from the collection of rare books of the latter. Two graduate students, Lawrence Costa and Michel Dilmanian, proved to be superb research assistants by handling the revisions made by the author to the database, coming up with the graphs, and running the tests involved in the third appendix of the paper as well as writing it. -
Newsletter 180 Summer 2018
NEWSLETTER 180 SUMMER 2018 Robert Metcalfe leading the AGM weekend walk around Wheal Owles. Reg. Charity 1 No. 1,159,639 the central machinery hall, and consists of REPUTED TREVITHICK a single-cylinder return crank engine of the ENGINE vertical type, which there is every reason to consider it being one of Richard Trevithick’s design. Whilst it bears no maker’s name nor any means of direct identification, it presents so many well-known Trevithick features that it may be pretty certainly set down as a product of the ingenuity of the Father of High-pressure Steam. The engine was employed for over fifty years, down to 1882, at some salt works at Ingestre, Staffordshire, on the Earl’s estate. Prior to that it had been used for the winding at a colliery at Brereton, near Rugeley, and is thought to have been built at Bridgnorth. It is known that Haseldine and Co, of that place, built many engines to Trevithick’s design, under agreement with him. The engine is somewhat later than the other examples of his, close by, and is therefore of peculiar interest in enabling the course of gradual improvement to be easily followed. Thanks to Peter Coulls, the Almost everything about the request for a copy of The Engineer article machine is of cast iron, and probably its (Volume 113, page 660 (21st June 1912) original boiler was too. This, however, had about the mystery Reputed Trevithick long disappeared - they generally burst High-pressure Engine was successful. A - steam having been supplied at Ingestre copy of the article promptly arrived in the by an egg-ended boiler, 8.5 ft long by post and is reproduced here in full: 3 ft in diameter, set with a partial wheel draught and working at 35 lb pressure. -
Overview of Materials Used for the Basic Elements of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing Systems and Their Surfaces Modification Methods
materials Review Overview of Materials Used for the Basic Elements of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing Systems and Their Surfaces Modification Methods Justyna Skowro ´nska* , Andrzej Kosucki and Łukasz Stawi ´nski Institute of Machine Tools and Production Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (Ł.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The article is an overview of various materials used in power hydraulics for basic hydraulic actuators components such as cylinders, cylinder caps, pistons, piston rods, glands, and sealing systems. The aim of this review is to systematize the state of the art in the field of materials and surface modification methods used in the production of actuators. The paper discusses the requirements for the elements of actuators and analyzes the existing literature in terms of appearing failures and damages. The most frequently applied materials used in power hydraulics are described, and various surface modifications of the discussed elements, which are aimed at improving the operating parameters of actuators, are presented. The most frequently used materials for actuators elements are iron alloys. However, due to rising ecological requirements, there is a tendency to looking for modern replacements to obtain the same or even better mechanical or tribological parameters. Sealing systems are manufactured mainly from thermoplastic or elastomeric polymers, which are characterized by Citation: Skowro´nska,J.; Kosucki, low friction and ensure the best possible interaction of seals with the cooperating element. In the A.; Stawi´nski,Ł. Overview of field of surface modification, among others, the issue of chromium plating of piston rods has been Materials Used for the Basic Elements discussed, which, due, to the toxicity of hexavalent chromium, should be replaced by other methods of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing of improving surface properties. -
History of the Automobile
HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE Worked by: Lara Mateus nº17 10º2 Laura Correia nº18 10º2 Leg1: the first car. THE EARLY HISTORY The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences. In 1769 the first steam powered auto-mobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot. In 1807, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen. In 1886 the first petrol or gasoline powered automobile the Benz Patent-Motorwagen was invented by Karl Benz.This is also considered to be the first "production" vehicle as Benz made several identical copies. FERDINAND VERBIEST Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was of small enough scale that it could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly the first working steam-powered vehicle. Leg2: Ferdinand Verbiest NICOLAS-JOSEPH CUGNOT Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles large enough to transport people and cargo were first devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his fardier à vapeur ("steam dray"), an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor, in 1770 and 1771. As Cugnot's design proved to be impractical, his invention was not developed in his native France. The center of innovation shifted to Great Britain. NICOLAS-JOSEPH CUGNOT By 1784, William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth. -
Swampʼs Diesel Performance Tips to Help Remove and Install Power
Injectors-Chips-Clutches-Transmissions-Turbos-Engines-Fuel Systems Swampʼs Diesel Performance Competition Parts For Your Diesel 304-A Sand Hill Rd. La Vergne, TN 37086 Tel 615-793-5573 or (866) 595-8724/ Fax 615-793-5572 Email: [email protected] Tips to help remove and install Power Stroke injectors. Removal: After removing the valve covers and the valve cover gaskets, but before removing any injectors, drain the oil rails by removing the drain plugs inside the valve cover. On 94-97 trucks theyʼre just under where the electrical connectors are on the gasket. These plugs are very tight; give them a sharp blow with a hammer and punch to help break them loose, then use a 1/8" Allen wrench. The oil will drain out into the valve train area and from there into the crankcase. Donʼt drop the plugs down the push rod holes! Also remove one of the plugs on top of each oil rail, (beside where the lines from the High Pressure Oil Pump enter) for a vent to allow air to enter so the oil can drain. The plugs are 5/8”. Inspect the plug O-rings and replace if necessary. If the plugs under the covers leak, it will cause a substantial loss of performance. When removing the injectors, oil and fuel from the passages in the cylinder head drains down through the injector bore into the cylinders. If not removed, this can hydro-lock the engine when cranking. There is a ~40cc dish in the center of each piston. Fluid accumulates in it, as well as in the corner on the outside of the piston between the piston top and the cylinder wall, due to the 45* slope of the cylinder bank. -
Development of Predictive Gasoline Direct Fuel Injector Model for Improved
Development of Predictive Gasoline Direct Fuel Injector Model for Improved In-cylinder Combustion Characterization Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mohit Atul Mandokhot Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University 2018 Thesis Committee Prof. Shawn Midlam-Mohler, Advisor Prof. Giorgio Rizzoni 1 Copyrighted by Mohit Atul Mandokhot 2018 2 Abstract Gasoline direct fuel injection systems have gained importance due to the increasing level of emissions regulation on SI combustion systems. Direct fuel injection delivery to cylinder provides better atomization and fuel mixing performance, enabling homogenous mixture and better in-cylinder combustion. Increasing focus over the last few decades has been on better characterization of such gasoline direct fuel injection systems. Solenoid powered injectors act as actuators and enable accurate fuel delivery into the cylinder for a combustion event. Characterization of injector’s fuel delivery performance is an important aspect of achieving improved in-cylinder combustion performance. The objective of the current thesis is to develop a numerical physics based fuel injector model that provides a reliable prediction of flow rate and needle lift, in order to be used to improve in-cylinder combustion performance using 3D CFD model methodology. The developed model provides a reliable estimate of flow rate of developed injector, which is experimentally verified against instantaneous flow rate data provided by typical suppliers. In cases where inadequate prediction performance was noted, the errors arise out of lack of high fidelity electromagnetic modeling data, damping characteristics inside model and lack of geometry data to capture performance of highest accuracy. -
Wärtsilä Marine Services Catalogue Highlighted Services
Wärtsilä Marine Services Catalogue Highlighted services PAGE 68 WÄRTSILÄ PARTS SERVICES We supply original parts (OEM) for multi brands. Check the possibility to order Wärtsilä parts directly via the online portal. Find the correct spare part with price and availability information fast. You can also browse order history and track and trace your deliveries. Request a free log-in. CLASSIC ENGINE BRANDS QUANTIPARTS SEALS AND BEARINGS WÄRTSILÄ LIPS JMT WATER AND WASTE WÄRTSILÄ BRIDGE NAVIGATION, COMMUNICATION AND ENTERTAINMENT WÄRTSILÄ FUNA entertainment 2-STROKE ENGINE BRANDS 4-STROKE ENGINE BRANDS NOHAB 2 Highlighted services PAGE 90 WÄRTSILÄ ONLINE SERVICES With Wärtsilä Online Services you can manage your installation and equipment efficiently by accessing information whenever, wherever. Technical documents Field services Easy access to reliable Follow your field service up-to-date product and information, orders and solution information related reports. Stay updated on on your installations. work progress. Webshop / commerce Real-time data and Illustrated catalogues insights enable you to find the Easily monitor status correct spare part with and performance of price and availability contracts, products and information fast. You can services connected to your also browse order history installations. Smart insights and track and trace your and reports enable you deliveries. both to improve efficiency and optimise maintenance. Lifecycle support Customer and technical support, warranties, claims management and your full history data – all -
Age of Steam" Reconsidered
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Castaldi, Carolina; Nuvolari, Alessandro Working Paper Technological revolution and economic growth: The "age of steam" reconsidered LEM Working Paper Series, No. 2004/11 Provided in Cooperation with: Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies Suggested Citation: Castaldi, Carolina; Nuvolari, Alessandro (2004) : Technological revolution and economic growth: The "age of steam" reconsidered, LEM Working Paper Series, No. 2004/11, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Pisa This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/89286 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Laboratory of Economics and Management Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33 - 56127 PISA (Italy) Tel. -
RT Rondelle PDF Specimen
RAZZIATYPE RT Rondelle RAZZIATYPE RT RONDELLE FAMILY Thin Rondelle Thin Italic Rondelle Extralight Rondelle Extralight Italic Rondelle Light Rondelle Light Italic Rondelle Book Rondelle Book Italic Rondelle Regular Rondelle Regular Italic Rondelle Medium Rondelle Medium Italic Rondelle Bold Rondelle Bold Italic Rondelle Black Rondelle Black Italic Rondelle RAZZIATYPE TYPEFACE INFORMATION About RT Rondelle is the result of an exploration into public transport signage typefa- ces. While building on this foundation it incorporates the distinctive characteri- stics of a highly specialized genre to become a versatile grotesque family with a balanced geometrical touch. RT Rondelle embarks on a new life of its own, lea- ving behind the restrictions of its heritage to form a consistent and independent type family. Suited for a wide range of applications www.rt-rondelle.com Supported languages Afrikaans, Albanian, Basque, Bosnian, Breton, Catalan, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Faroese, Fijian, Finnish, Flemish, French, Frisian, German, Greenlandic, Hawaiian, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Latin, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay, Maltese, Maori, Moldavian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Provençal, Romanian, Romany, Sámi (Inari), Sámi (Luli), Sámi (Northern), Sámi (Southern), Samoan, Scottish Gaelic, Slovak, Slovenian, Sorbian, Spa- nish, Swahili, Swedish, Tagalog, Turkish, Welsh File formats Desktop: OTF Web: WOFF2, WOFF App: OTF Available licenses Desktop license Web license App license Further licensing -
The President Pump and Its' Cornish Engine House
The PresidentPhoto Pump – Upper and Saucon Its’Township Cornish Record EngineCollection House Mark Connar SIA Annual Conference – Richmond Virginia June 2, 2018 “ The Elevator Speech” • The existing President Engine House and the area surrounding the structure is a 19th century mining industry time capsule. • Protection, preservation, interpretation and recognition of this engine house and its surroundings is of vital importance because: Ø It is the only structure and physical setting remaining of the earliest industrial age enterprise in the Lehigh Valley; Ø The engine house is part of, arguably, the largest single cylinder stationary steam engine ever built anywhere in the world; Ø The engine house is a unique structure which is the only surviving example in the United States. King Arthur’s Castle in Saucon Valley Photos – Connar Collection Made in America – “Largest Stationary Engine in the World” Photos– newspapers.com/SMU Central University Library digital collection (top right)/philadelphiaencycolopedia.org (bottom left) John West and the Perkiomen Copper Mines Photos – Connar Collection/Historical Society of Montgomery County/newspapers.com The West Family of Cambourne Photos – courtesy of John Manley “The President” - General Grant Pump Photo – Ulysses S. Grant, 17th President of the United States, Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-13018DLC The President – View from Mine Pit (West Edge) Photo – Connar, Source Unknown The President – View from Mine Pit (Northwest Edge) Photo – Miller, Lead and Zinc Ores in Pennsylvania Typical Engine House Sectional Photo – Nance, Engine Houses of West Cornwall The President’s Floor Plan Drawing – courtesy of Damian Nance The President Diagram – Scientific American Supplement 1 – August 5, 1876 The President “It is the triumph of the rotative system as applied to a mine pump.