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London Steam Carriage London steam carriage d’après un article de http://www.steamcar.net/brogden-1.html Richard Trevithick est un ingénieur des mines anglais qui fit considérablement progresser les machines à vapeur. On trouve facilement sa biographie sur Internet. Il était particulièrement intéressé par l’application de la vapeur aux moyens de déplacement. Diligence typique de l’époque (William Felton) On lui doit, en 1802, cette ébouriffante réalisation d’une diligence sans chevaux, actionnée par un moteur à vapeur. Bien que construite et testée dans les rues de Londres aucun plan de détail n’a été divulgué. Cependant Simon Goodrich en rapport avec R. Trevithick en fit un compte-rendu en 1803 avec des croquis de principe. Le projet ne fut pas exploité ni développé industriellement à cause du coût d’exploitation de la machine par rapport aux fiacres à chevaux, moyen de transport largement optimisé à l’époque. Ceci étant dès cette époque les véhicules automoteurs faisaient bouillonner le cerveau des inventeurs et des ingénieurs, car le transport par traction animale était lent, contraignant, coûteux et l’emprise sur les terrains agricoles (foin, litière, grain) se faisait lourdement sentir au détriment des ressources vivrières. La traction animale générait un importante pollution dans les grandes villes (insectes, poussières de bouses sèches, odeurs, écuries) et mobilisait des bataillons d’employés. Le moteur de ce fiacre sans chevaux était basé sur un monocylindre de 140mm de diamètre par 762mm de course, soit une cylindrée d’un peu plus de 11,7 litres. Le cylindre était placé dans le corps de la chaudière pour contrecarrer les effets de la condensation liée à l’utilisation de vapeur PL-29/05/19 1/7 non surchauffée. Alimenté par une pression de 2 bars, ce qui pour l’époque était un véritable saut technologique, le moteur tournait à environ 50 trs/mn en développant 2 kW. Le poids de l’ensemble complet (moteur + chaudière) était estimé à 600 kg. La chaudière était réalisée en fer forgé de 6,4mm d’épaisseur, avec une virole de 762mm de diamètre par 838mm de long. De conception innovante pour l’époque la chaudière était équipée de deux tubes de fumée ovales de 210x150 mm de section. Ils rejoignaient une cheminée de 152mm de diamètre par 1800mm de haut. Hors surface du foyer, la surface d’échange s’établissait autour de 2m² nets. La chaudière s’alimentait en eau par une pompe mécanique et le tirage était accéléré par un souffleur vapeur. L’échappement vapeur partait dans la cheminée. La distribution était contrôlée par une vanne 4 voies placée en bout de cylindre et actionnée par un ressort. La transmission aux roues passait par deux engrenages indépendants accouplés à des roues d’environ 2,40m. PL-29/05/19 2/7 Le pilote pouvait décider s’il rendait motrice une seule roue ou les deux. Ces grandes roues faisaient office d’amortisseur, les chaos des rues défoncées de l’époque ayant tendance à faire éteindre le foyer alimenté au charbon. Pour le reste la machine reprend les standards de construction des diligences de l’époque mais avec une construction renforcée (fer forgé et sandwich de bois) car le poids à vide frisait les 2000kg. L’engin avait une longueur de 4,90m, une largeur de 2,20 m et une hauteur de 3,45m. Il filait à 13 km/h avec une autonomie de 15 km environ. Le nombre de passagers était fixé à 8. Réplique de la machine Une réplique fonctionnante de la machine a été construite en se basant sur les descriptions et le brevet déposé par Trevithick. Des aménagements de sécurité ont été ajouté ainsi que des modifications car si l’on avait suivi scrupuleusement la description du brevet, la machine aurait fonctionné en marche arrière seulement et de manière très inégale voire pas du tout. PL-29/05/19 3/7 Quelques photos de la réplique. PL-29/05/19 4/7 PL-29/05/19 5/7 PL-29/05/19 6/7 Julius de Waal offre aux modélistes intrépides des plans de la machine à l’échelle 1:8 à partir de l’interprétation des dessins disponibles. Il conviendra de bien valider l’ensemble avant de se lancer dans cette belle aventure. PL-29/05/19 7/7 583 22.95 150 14.83 376.6 252 9.92 NOTES: THIS DESIGN IS BASED ON DRAWINGS/SKETCHES AND PICTURES WHICH I FOUND ON THE INTERNET. NONE OF THE DRAWINGS/SKETCHES WERE DIMENSIONED. TITLE DRAWING CONTENTS PROJECT No 09E-32-00 PROJECTION MODEL SCALE: 1:8.7 JDWDS DWG SCALE: 1:1 @A3 OR AS SHOWN A MODEL OF RICHARD TREVITHICK'S LONDON JDW DRAUGHTING SERVICES DATE GENERAL ARRANGEMENT J.A.M. DE WAAL. 12 BRIGHTWELL STREET PAPAKURA MAY 2019 Copyright © J.A.M. DE WAAL PAPAKURA NZ 2110. NEW ZEALAND. PHONE: OO64 09 2988815. MOB: STEAM CARRIAGE OF 1802/1803 0211791000 E-MAIL: [email protected]. SHEET: 01 OF 07 A3 No: 09E-32-00-SHT01 DRAWINGS ARE FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY NOT FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES QTY. PART NUMBER 1 09E-32-00-1-01-CHASSIS 2 09E-32-00-1-02-REAR WHEEL BEARING 2 09E-32-00-1-03-CRANKSHAFT BEARING 1 09E-32-00-1-04-CROSSHEAD GUIDE RAIL 1 09E-32-00-1-05-BOILER CRADLE 2 09E-32-00-1-06-DISENGAGE LEVER GUIDE 2 09E-32-00-1-07-REAR WHEEL AXLE 1 09E-32-00-1-08-BOILER) 1 09E-32-00-1-09-CYLINDER 1 09E-32-00-1-10-BOILER INTERNAL SMOKE STACK 1 09E-32-00-1-10-BOILER INTERNAL SMOKE STACK 1 09E-32-00-1-11-SMOKE STACK 4 09E-32-00-1-12-BOILER NIPPLE 2 09E-32-00-1-12-BOILER NIPPLE 1 09E-32-00-1-12-BOILER NIPPLE 1 09E-32-00-1-13-CYLINDER INTERNAL PORT PIPE 1 09E-32-00-1-14-CYLINDER EXTERNAL PORT PIPE 1 09E-32-00-1-15-STEAM SUPPLY PIPE 1 09E-32-00-1-16-BOILER STEAM SUPPLY PIPE 1 09E-32-00-1-17-STEAM SUPPLY VALVE 1 09E-32-00-1-18-FOOT PLATE BRACKET 2 09E-32-00-1-19-FOOT PLATE STAY 1 09E-32-00-1-20-EXHAUST STEAM PIPE 1 09E-32-00-1-21-FIRE BOX DOOR 1 09E-32-00-1-22-FOOT REST PLATE 1 09E-32-00-1-23-DRIVERS SEAT MOUNTING BLOCK 1 09E-32-00-1-24-DRIVERS SEAT STRUCTURE 2 09E-32-00-1-25-SHORT STEP 2 09E-32-00-1-26-LONG STEP 4 09E-32-00-1-27-PASSENGERS CABIN PILLAR 4 09E-32-00-1-28-STRAP RING 4 09E-32-00-1-29-LEATHER STRAP 1 09E-32-00-1-30-PASSENGERS CABIN 1 09E-32-00-1-31-CHASSIS CROSS BEAM 1 09E-32-00-1-32-CABIN ROOF 1 09E-32-00-1-33-CABIN DOOR 1 09E-32-00-2-01-CRANKSHAFT 1 09E-32-00-2-02-CROSSHEAD 1 09E-32-00-2-03-CON-ROD 2 09E-32-00-2-04-CRANKSHAFT GEAR WHEEL 2 09E-32-00-2-06-DISENGAGING COLLAR+ARM 2 09E-32-00-2-07-DISENGAGING LEVER 2 09E-32-00-2-08-REAR WHEEL GEAR WHEEL+HUB NOTES: 24 09E-32-00-2-09-REAR WHEEL SPOKE 0. ALL DRAWINGS ARE IN METRIC MEASUREMENTS 2 09E-32-00-2-10-REAR WHEEL RIM 1. ALL ENGINEERING PRACTICES SHALL BE APPLIED WITH REGARDS TO HOLE AND ADDITIONAL NOTES ABOUT THESE DRAWINGS: 1 09E-32-00-2-11-FRONT WHEEL FORK SHAFT TOLERANCES. 0) NO MATERIALS HAVE BEEN SPECIFIED ON THESE DRAWINGS. THE BUILDER TO CHOOSE ITS OWN PREFERRED MATERIAL 1 09E-32-00-2-12-FRONT WHEEL 2. WHERE SCREWS OR BOLTS ARE USED THE CLEARANCE HOLES SHALL BE FOR THE PARTS/COMPONENTS. THE FOLLOWING COLOURS ON THE DRAWINGS INDICATES POSSIBLE MATERIALS WHICH 1 09E-32-00-2-13-STEAM CONTROL VALVE APPROXIMATELY 5% TO 8% LARGER THAN THE MATCHING TAPPED HOLE. CAN BE USED FOR PARTS: YELLOW=BRASS, LIGHT GREY=ALUMINIUM OR MILD STEEL, REDDISH BROWN=COPPER, DARK 1 09E-32-00-2-14-VALVE SPRING 3. PREFERABLY ALL TAPPED HOLES AND MATCHING SCREWS AND/OR BOLTS TO BROWN=BRONZE OR GUN METAL, WHITISH=SILVER STEEL OR STAINLESS STEEL 1 09E-32-00-2-15-VALVE BLOCK LINK BE METRIC FINE (MF) 1) FASTENERS. 1 09E-32-00-2-16-SLIDE BLOCK 4. MATERIALS SPECIFIED ON THE DRAWINGS ARE INDICATIVE ONLY. THE BUILDER NO FASTENERS SUCH AS RIVETS, BOLTS, SCREWS, NUTS AND WASHERS HAVE BEEN SHOWN ON THESE DRAWINGS. THE CAN MAKE HIS/HER OWN MATERIAL CHOICE. BUILDER TO CHOOSE ITS OWN PREFERRED TYPE OF FASTENERS. 5. ALL CONNECTIONS/JOINTS WHICH HAVE STEAM PRESSURE APPLIED TO IT 2) PRESSURE GAUGE. (NOT SHOWN ON THESE DRAWINGS) THE RANGE OF THE PRESSURE GAUGE TO BE DETERMENT AFTER MAXIMUM BOILER PRESSURE IS ESTABLISHED AND THE MATERIAL ABBREVIATIONS: SHALL BE SILVER/HARD SOLDERED. ALU = ALUMINIUM OTHER ABBREVIATIONS 6. COMPRESSION SPRINGS ARE DRAWN IN COMPRESSED STATE (CP), AVAILABILITY ON THE MARKET. THE PRESSURE GAUGE IS A PROPRIETY ITEM. DP = DEEP 3) PIPING HALU= HARD ALUMINIUM UNCOMPRESSED STATE IS APPROX 40% TO 60% LONGER THEN COMPRESSED BRS = BRASS DAA= DRILL AFTER ASSEMBLY STATE. PREFERABLY ALL PIPING TO BE COPPER. THE PIPING ON THE DRAWINGS ARE INDICATIVE ONLY. THE BUILDER TO ESTABLISH THE PIPE LENGTH AND ROUTE FROM WORK PIECE. THE PIPE SIZES ARE INDICATIVE ONLY. THE BUILDER TO BRZ = BRONZE OR GUNMETAL D&TAA= DRILL AND TAP AFTER 7. WHERE PREFERRED SCREW OR RIVETED CONNECTIONS CAN BE OMITTED AND (BRZ/GM) ASSEMBLY PARTS CAN BE BONDED TOGETHER BY USING EITHER HIGH STRENGTH GLUE, ESTABLISH THE AVAILABILITY OF THE PIPE SIZE(S) FROM THE LOCAL SUPPLIER(S).
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