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Wideband Radar for Ballistic Missile Defense and Range-Doppler

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Wideband Radar for Ballistic Missile Defense and Range-Doppler • CAMP, MAYHAN, AND O’DONNELL Wideband Radar for Ballistic Missile Defense and Range-Doppler Imaging of Satellites Wideband Radar for Ballistic Missile Defense and Range- Doppler Imaging of Satellites William W. Camp, Joseph T. Mayhan, and Robert M. O’Donnell I Lincoln Laboratory led the nation in the development of high-power wideband radar with a unique capability for resolving target scattering centers and producing three-dimensional images of individual targets. The Laboratory fielded the first wideband radar, called ALCOR, in 1970 at Kwajalein Atoll. Since 1970 the Laboratory has developed and fielded several other wideband radars for use in ballistic-missile-defense research and space-object identification. In parallel with these radar systems, the Laboratory has developed high-capacity, high-speed signal and data processing techniques and algorithms that permit generation of target images and derivation of other target features in near real time. It has also pioneered new ways to realize improved resolution and scatterer-feature identification in wideband radars by the development and application of advanced signal processing techniques. Through the analysis of dynamic target images and other wideband observables, we can acquire knowledge of target form, structure, materials, motion, mass distribution, identifying features, and function. Such capability is of great benefit in ballistic missile decoy discrimination and in space-object identification. for the ment, and characterization of a full-scale interconti- development of wideband radar systems was nental ballistic missile (ICBM) targets. A major effort Trooted in the success of high-power instru- of BMD research at Lincoln Laboratory was the de- mentation radars for research in ballistic missile de- velopment of techniques to discriminate warheads fense (BMD) and satellite surveillance. In 1962 the from penetration aids, or penaids. These penaids, Target Resolution and Discrimination Experiment which accompany warheads in a ballistic missile reen- (TRADEX) radar, which was modeled in part after try complex, are devices designed to confuse, blind, the Millstone Hill radar in Westford, Massachusetts, overwhelm, or otherwise prevent defense systems and built by RCA, became operational at Kwajalein from identifying and destroying the warheads. The Atoll in the Marshall Islands. This UHF and L-band Laboratory worked both on the development of pen- radar was the primary sensor for the Advance Re- aids for U.S. missile systems and on techniques for search Projects Agency (ARPA)–sponsored Pacific real-time discrimination of potential enemy penaids Range Electromagnetic Signature Studies (PRESS) that could be used against U.S. defense systems. A project, which Lincoln Laboratory managed for the major penetration aid at that time was the decoy, a U.S. Army in support of its BMD program [1]. device that looked to the radar like a real warhead. Project PRESS emphasized the use of radar and Decoys could be quite sophisticated and complex, optical sensors for the observation, tracking, measure- but they all conformed to the basic requirement of VOLUME 12, NUMBER 2, 2000 LINCOLN LABORATORY JOURNAL 267 • CAMP, MAYHAN, AND O’DONNELL Wideband Radar for Ballistic Missile Defense and Range-Doppler Imaging of Satellites being light in weight compared to the weight of a those available in Nike Zeus and TRADEX (both at warhead. Thus the fundamental approach to warhead L-band). Bandwidths that are 10% of the radar’s car- identification was to discriminate between warheads rier frequency are reasonably straightforward to and penaids on the basis of motion, size, and shape implement (e.g., 500 MHz at C-band or 1000 MHz differences caused by these weight constraints. In the at X-band). At the higher frequencies required for early days these decoys were designed to mimic the wide-bandwidth sensing, there is greater potential to dynamics and sensor signatures of warheads, and they characterize the radar target’s physical features, thus would challenge a defense radar’s ability to discrimi- providing another level of capability for discovering nate between similar targets in reentry. A second ap- attempts to disguise a target’s true nature. In addition, proach to warhead discrimination involved traffic de- higher operating frequencies are less vulnerable than coys, which consisted of a large number of smaller lower frequencies to the effects of nuclear blackout. objects designed to overwhelm and confuse a BMD Given these considerations, Lincoln Laboratory system. To defeat traffic decoys, the radar needed to initiated programs in the 1960s for the development dismiss a large number of less credible objects quickly. of wideband high-resolution, high-power radars op- Wideband radar operation helped with both of these erating at high microwave frequencies. The first radar discrimination tasks [2]. to be deployed was the ARPA-Lincoln C-band By the mid-1960s the TRADEX radar had proven Observables Radar, or ALCOR. It was designed as an invaluable as a sensor capable of highly accurate instrumentation radar to support research in BMD tracking of ballistic missile components from horizon wideband discrimination techniques, and it achieved break through midcourse and reentry. It could also operational status in 1970 at Kwajalein Atoll [3]. identify characteristic signatures of such components Another major thrust at Lincoln Laboratory in the through processing of radar returns from reentry bod- late 1950s and 1960s—an effort that eventually led ies and their accompanying ionized wakes. During to specialized wideband radar systems—was in the this same era many other field radars and laboratory area of satellite surveillance. During this era the research facilities were gathering volumes of data on space-defense establishment and NASA grew con- real and simulated ballistic missile components and cerned about the plethora of satellites and debris or- reentry wakes. As these data were analyzed, it became biting the earth. Lincoln Laboratory and others rec- clear that low-range-resolution radar systems operat- ognized that radar sensors beyond the capabilities of ing at the then-available frequencies were inadequate existing systems would be needed for space-object to unambiguously identify target signatures suitable identification. The use of wideband techniques could for discrimination in a BMD environment. allow specific scattering centers to be identified. In particular, effective discrimination against stra- These techniques, coupled with the development of tegic threats requires a means of dealing with poten- high pulse-repetition-frequency coherent waveforms, tially large numbers of small decoys and penaids at would make the generation of detailed radar images high altitudes well beyond the level where atmo- of orbiting space objects possible. spheric deceleration becomes a discriminator between The truth of this claim became abundantly clear heavy and lightweight objects. This need was espe- shortly after ALCOR came on line. The space-sur- cially acute in the 1960s, when BMD emphasis was veillance community had arranged to enlist ALCOR on wide-area defense of cities. It was recognized that in tracking satellites on a noninterference basis. Then discrimination radars with wide bandwidth and the in 1970 China launched its first satellite, which was corresponding fine range resolution would be able to observed by ALCOR. Analysis of ALCOR images of measure the lengths of objects, and quickly identify the booster rocket body revealed the dimensions of and eliminate radar targets substantially smaller than this object. This information was of great interest to warheads from consideration as threats. Furthermore, the Department of Defense because it gave insight the high operating frequencies required for wide- into the size and payload capacity of the forthcoming bandwidth radars would be of added benefit over Chinese ICBMs. This observation, which was a his- 268 LINCOLN LABORATORY JOURNAL VOLUME 12, NUMBER 2, 2000 • CAMP, MAYHAN, AND O’DONNELL Wideband Radar for Ballistic Missile Defense and Range-Doppler Imaging of Satellites toric first for the defense establishment, resulted in regions at the rear of the body. Such observations are satellite imaging missions becoming an integral part of great value in deriving information about a target’s of ALCOR operations. physical parameters, structural and heat-shield mate- More recently, the use of wideband phased-array rials, and the function of reentering objects, all of radars has greatly facilitated the transition of BMD which aid the discrimination process of distinguish- weapons systems from nuclear to non-nuclear, hit-to- ing warheads from decoys. kill interception techniques. These radars use modern In the above scenario, the radar produces a one-di- solid state microwave technology and high-capacity mensional range profile of the target. However, if the high-speed computers and signal processors, all of target is rotating about an axis that has a component which permit near-real-time imaging and discrimina- perpendicular to the radar line of sight, such that tion processing on a large number of targets. some scattering centers are moving toward the radar with respect to others that are moving away from it, Wideband Observables we can construct a one-dimensional cross-range pro- The distinguishing characteristic of a wideband radar file for each range cell through Doppler processing of is its fine range resolution, which is inversely propor-
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