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Atomvåbenproduktion I USA Af Holger Terp, Fredsakademiet Det Atomvåbenindustrielle Kompleks I USA Er Så Vidt Jeg Ved Det

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Atomvåbenproduktion I USA Af Holger Terp, Fredsakademiet Det Atomvåbenindustrielle Kompleks I USA Er Så Vidt Jeg Ved Det Atomvåbenproduktion i USA Af Holger Terp, Fredsakademiet Det atomvåbenindustrielle kompleks i USA er så vidt jeg ved det, ikke beskrevet på dansk. Atompolitikken i Danmark har lige siden 1945 beskæftiget sig generelt med atomfy- sik1, og atomvåben - eksempelvis deres udstationering og de forskellige opfattelser af, hvordan denne politik har påvirket vores allesammens sikkerhed.2 Men der er ingen her til lands der har beskrevet de miner, hvor råmaterialerne til ker- nevåbenproduktion var, fabrikkerne der fremstillede atomvåben, styrelserne der traf og stadig træffer beslutningerne herom i dybeste hemmelighed, atomvåbenforsøgene, samt deres menneskelige, miljømæssige og økonomiske omkostninger. 1 Issaacson, Walter: Einstein : Hans liv og univers. Gyldendal, 2006. - 742 s. : ill. 2 National Security Archive: How Many and Where Were the Nukes? What the U.S. Government No Longer Wants You to Know about Nuclear Weapons During the Cold War. National Security Archive Elec- tronic Briefing Book No. 197, 2006l. National Security Archive:U.S. Strategic Nuclear Policy: A Video History, 1945-2004 : Sandia Labs Historical Video Documents History of U.S. Strategic Nuclear Policy, 2011. Air Force Special Film Project 416, "Power of Decision". Produced by Air Photographic and Charting Ser- vice. Circa 1958, For Official Use Only. Source: Digital copy prepared by National Archives and Records Administration Motion Pictures Unit, Record Group 342, Department of the Air Force. Wittner, Lawrence S.: The Struggle Against the Bomb, I-III. Stanford University Press, 1993, 1997 & 2003. 1 Jeg fik ideen til projektet for et lille års tid siden og der mangler formodentlig meget endnu. Det følgende er derfor smagsprøver på en meget omfattende og kompleks historie, der meget gerne må kommenteres og debatteres. Der er yderligere dokumentation om det- te emne rundt omkring i Fredsakademiet. Stort set alle fremstillinger, kildemateriale, henvisninger og referencer er i sagens natur på engelsk. Undtagelsen her er den amerikanske journalist og forfatter Walter Isaacsons murstenstykke Einstein biografi, der dokumenterer den atompolitiske udvikling frem til 1955 - set med Einsteins briller. Forsvarsministeriet og energiministeriet har ansvaret for udvikling af kernevåben i USA ud fra et ønske om en delvis civil kon- trol med udviklingen og politikken. Det hele begynder med Manhattan projektet under anden verdenskrig, stort set det ene- ste i denne sammenhæng der er beskrevet på dansk på grund af atomfysikeren Niels Bohrs deltagelse3. Under den kolde krig var der to hovedret- ninger i udviklingen af atomvåben.4 Den første var at give dem større og større sprængkraft, mest smæk for skillingen - i håbet om at en atomkrig mellem supermag- terne aldrig blev til noget og for det andet, at gøde disse masseødelæggelsesvåben så små, at de kunne anvendes på slagmarken - i håbet om, at ødelæggelserne kunne be- grænses til et acceptabelt niveau. De sidst- nævnte tankegang gennemsyrer den aktuelle amerikanske tankegang om modernise- ring af landets kernevåben som eksempelvis udtrykkes igennem doktrinen om fælles nukleare operationer fra 2005 og fremefter5, for som ambassadør Linton F. Brooks ud- 3 Henningsen, Svend: Atompolitik 1939-1945. I: Festskrift udgivet af Københavns Universitet, 1971 s. 7- 254. Ashley W. Oughterson, Henry L. Barnett,George V. LeRoy, Jack D. Rosenbaum, Averill A. Liebow, B. Aubrey Schneider, and E. Cuylar Hammond: Medical Effects of Atomic Bombs : The Report of the Joint Com- mission for the Investigation of the Effects of the Atomic Bomb in Japan; Volume VI. / Army Institute of Pathology: published (July 6, 1951). Smyth, Henry De Wolf: Atomic energy for military purposes; the official report on the development of the atomic bomb under the auspices of the United States Government, 1940-1945. - Princeton, Prin- ceton University Press, 1945. - 298 s. 4 Beyond the United Kingdom: Trends in the Other Nuclear Armed States / Ian Kearns Discussion Paper 1 of the BASIC Trident Commission An independent, cross-party commission to examine UK nuclear weapons policy. British American Security Information Council (BASIC) 2011. - 40 s. Nuclear Weapon Archive : Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons, 2006. 5 Kristensen, Hans M.: Global Strike : A Chronology of the Pentagon’s New Offensive Strike Plan. - Washington DC : Federation of American Scientists, 2006. - 250 s. USSTRATCOM: Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations. 2005. - 96 s. Nuclear Brief February 2, 2006: Pentagon Cancels Controversial Nuclear Doctrine Pentagon har formelt annulleret en kontroversiel revision af doktrinen for fælles nukleare operationer efter 2 taler det i 2005: "Ældre atomvåben systemer har ikke nye præcisionsvejlednings- teknologier som vores konventionelle systemer har det fulde udbytte af". Han tilføjede, ældre atomvåben "er heller ikke gearet til små angreb eller fleksibilitet i kommando, kontrol og angreb."6. I den sidste del af den kolde krig - og også senere - sandsynliggjorde en række interna- tionale klimaforskere, at selv en begrænset atomkrig ville medføre en global ultimativ miljøødelæggelse.7 De militære værn Overordnet set består de militære værn, under ledelse af præsidenten og De øverste værnschefer, af følgende afdelinger. • Hæren • Flåden • Luftvåbnet • Marinekorpset • Nationalgarden • Den føderale civilforsvarsadministration • Kystbevogtningen samt Nukleare sikkerhedsvirksomheder / US Nuclear Security Enterprise og Særlige aktionsstyrker / U.S. Special Operations Forces foruden diverse civile og mili- tære efterretningstjenester. Kun flåden og luftvåbnet er i besiddelse af kernevåben.8 Efter Vietnamkrigen blev værnepligten afskaffet i USA. Præsidenten har, i samarbejde med kongressen, retten til at melde krig9 - og, må det formodes, også retten til at beslutte anvendelsen af kernevåben. Af gode grunde står der intet herom i den amerikanske forfatning og litteraturen om dette emne er af poli- tiske grunde meget sparsom eller maskeret. Loven om atomenergi er fra 1954.10 doktrinen blev afsløret sidste år i en artikel i tidsskriftet Arms Control Today i september 2005 og Washington Post. Det reviderede udkast indeholdt for første gang beskrivelser af forebyggende brug af amerikanske atomvåben, og forårsagede Senatets Armed Services Committee til at bede om en orientering, og 16 lovgiverne til at protestere til daværende præsident Bush. 6 Gilmore, Gerry J.: QDR to Address Transformation of U.S. Nuclear Arsenal. American Forces Press Service, April 5, 2005. Building Budgetary Transparency and Accountability for the US Nuclear Weapons Program / Stephen I. Schwartz. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies September 8, 2011. - 12 s. 7 The Encyclopedia of Earth, Nuclear Winter Lead Author: Alan Robock. 2008, Cutler J. Cleveland, Ed. (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environ- ment), herunder New studies of climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflict from Alan Robock, in- cluding links to new studies published in 2007. 8 NNSA, Y-12 Complete Dismantlement of W70 Components : Last Cold War U.S. Army nuclear weapon dismantled from U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile. - http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/w70dismantle102111 Report of the Secretary of Defense Task Force on DoD Nuclear Weapons Management. Phase I:: The Air Force’s Nuclear Mission. September 2008. - 92 s. - http://www.defense.gov/pubs/phase_i_report_sept_10.pdf 9 Fisher, Louis: When Wars Begin: Misleading Statements by Presidents. Presidential Studies Quarterly 40, no. 1 (March) 171. 2010. Center for the Study of the Presidency. 10 Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954 (as amended). 3 Den militære kommando for atomkrig kaldes Det nukleare kommando og kontrolsy- stem.11 Dette består bl.a. af the National Military Command Center, the U.S. Strategic Command Global Operations Center, og Site-R eller Raven Rock Mountain Complex, samt mobile enheder under Operation Looking Glass, så som the E-4B National Airborne Operations Center, the E-6B Airborne Command Post, samt, the Mobile Consolidated Command Center . Beliggende i Pentagon, huser the National Military Command Center Den nationale kommandomyndighed, dens logistik og kommunikationscenter, herunder den varme Moskva-Washington linje. Den nationale kommandomyndighed / National Command Authority er et begreb, der bruges af det amerikanske forsvarsministerium til at hen- vise til den ultimative lovlige kilde til militære ordrer. Kommandoen består af De forenede stater præsident (som øverstbefalende) og forsvarsministeren i fællesskab, eller af deres behørige stedfortrædende efterfølgere, dvs. vicepræsident og vicefor- svarsminister. USAs strategiske kommando (USSTRATCOM) er en af de ti kommandoer i forsvars- ministeriet. Kommandoen som beskæftiger mere end 2.700 mennesker, repræsenterer alle værn, herunder ministeriets civile og entreprenører og fører tilsyn med komman- doens operationelt fokuserede globale strategiske operationer.12 11 CRS: Nuclear Command and Control: Current Programs and Issues May 3, 2006 - 40 s. The Nuclear Matters Handbook : Expanded and Revised Version / Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs, 2011.- 350 s. 12 GAO: Military Transformation : Additional Actions Needed by U.S. Strategic Command to Strengthen 4 Implementation of Its Many Missions and New Organization, 2006. - 71 s. 5 Arkiver Nuclear History at the National Security Archive, herunder National Security Archive : U.S Nuclear History. Nuclear Arms and
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