USDA-Forest Service Technical Assistance Trip Republic of Madagascar
In Support to USAID Madagascar for Assistance in the Development of a Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant De Lac Antarambiby and Plan d’ Amenagement Du Perimetre De Reboisement De Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
FINAL REPORT
Mission Dates: February 16 – February 27, 2004
Report Submitted by:
DAVID SALO JEFFREY L. TREJO USDA Forest Service USDA Forest Service Beaverhead-Deerlodge NF Beavrhead-Deerlodge NF Meadowlark Lane P.O. Box 100 Butte, Montana Wise River, Montana (406) 494-0255 (406) 832-3178 [email protected] [email protected] USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SCOPE OF THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 2 BACKGROUND 2 USAID Request and Objectives of the Technical Assistance Trip 2 1. Mission Objectives 3 2. Mission Activities 4 3. Anticipated Outputs 4 Objectives and Expectations of the Director General for Water and Forests 4 CRITICAL ELEMENTS OF AN INTEGRATED FOREST AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 5 ISSUES, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5 Introduction 5 Principal Issues: Findings and Recommendations 6 Pine Plantations 1. Demand for Dimension Lumber 7 2. Management of Natural Pine Regeneration 8 3. Forestry / Agriculture land Use Competition 8 4. Loss of Pine Plantations Due to Fire 9 5. Competing Demands for Forest Products in the Pine Plantations 10 6. Opportunities for Utilization of Lumber Manufacturing Waste Products 10 7. Increased Pine Product Opportunities and Native Species Re-Introduction 12 8. Capacity to Monitor and Control Land Management Activities Within and Around the Forest Environment 13 9. Financial Resources Available to Implement the Management Plans 13 10. Roles of the Non Governmental Stakeholders with Respect to Land Management Decisions and Control 14 Hydrologic Resource Assessment 15 1. Water Quality 16 2. Water Quantity 17 3. Financial Development Plan 18 CONCLUSIONS 19 APPENDICES APPENDIX A – REFERENCES AND APPLICABLE RESEARCH 23 APPENDIX B – WATER QUALITY 25 APPENDIX C – WATER QUANTITY 27 APPENDIX D – CONTACTS 28 APPENDIX E – MISSION ITINERARY 29 APPENDIX F – ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 31 APPENDIX G – RESUMES OF THE AUTHORS 33 APPENDIX H – LIST OF ACCRONYMS 34
1 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
SCOPE OF THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
The focus of this technical assistance team will be to provide feedback on the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa. This technical assistance team will provide recommendations specific to issues identified in the plans and identify some additional issues that may be best to include in the final versions of the plans. Recommendations may include specific implementation options as well as areas where additional study may be beneficial.
BACKGROUND
USAID Request and Objectives of the Technical Assistance Trip
The Ecoregional Transition Program (PTE) contributes to the development of a holistic watershed management plan for the Lac Antarambiby watershed. The watershed serves as the municipal water source for the City of Fianarantsoa, as well as the source of water for rural agricultural use above and below the Lac Antarambiby impoundment. The watershed is characterized by introduced pine and eucalyptus forests, utilized for domestic and commercial use. The PTE program and its predecessor project, LDI (Landscape Development Interventions), contributed to the preparation of a Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa. These plans seek to optimize the quantity and quality of water coming from the watershed and enhance the production and recovery of wood products from the pine forests located within the watershed. The PTE is leading a collaborative effort including technical government departments (DIREEF, DIREM and DRDR), communities (ADM), local authorities (OPCI Cohitraina Antarambiby, CUF) and support bodies (APMM, PACT, Intercooperation) and other members of the Watershed Management Committee.
A USAID funded mission of two United States Department of Agriculture – Forest Service (USDA-FS) professionals was undertaken from February 16 through February 27, 2004. The mission team consisted of:
David Salo – Forest Hydrologist, USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest and
Jeffrey L. Trejo – West Zone Timber Management Specialist, USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest.
2 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
1. Mission Objectives
The PTE Fianarantsoa regional director, (Mark Freudenberger) provided a document outlining desired expectations of items for the technical assistance team to address. This list was provided prior to the team’s arrival in Madagascar. The expectations were as follows:
Functions Forest Management Hydrologist Specialist
Priority 1 Technical advice on pine Technical advice on how to model regeneration techniques, thinning hydrological regimes of the Lac rates, and other advice on Antarambiby watershed. Discussion management of natural seeding of how to link these models into public policy decision-making. Preparation of terms of reference for future studies by graduate students, consultants, or USFS. Priority 2 Observations and advice on current Determination of role (perhaps thinning experimentation. Terms of through future studies) of pine trees reference and simple techniques for vis à vis water consump- monitoring growth rates on tion/absorption dynamics in the experimental thinning plots. watershed. Discuss with Jeff and technical teams role of pine trees vis à vis competing demands for water. Arrive at methodology for determining optimal density of pine plantations vis à vis competing water demands. Priority 3 Waste product utilization options and Facilitate reflection on how to examples from around the world. balance hydrological needs between I.e.: small factory for particle board; pine plantations, irrigated agriculture, briquette manufacturing; turpentine rural water demands, and urban production... water demands. Discuss positive and negative roles of pine plantations in hydrological situation of the watershed. Priority 4 Performance of simple pine tree Reflections on role of pine growth models and cubiture plantations in regeneration or calculations using recently collected degradation of springs and rivers in density data for different lots. Refer the watershed. Integrate musings to Denise Ingram economic into terms of reference for future valuation models/spreadsheet technical studies if indeed determined necessary. Priority 5 Presentation of examples of other Examples of hydrological studies on pine management issues and pine plantations and research results problems from other developing from other countries. Ie: Australia or countries South Africa. Impact of industrial scale pine plantations on water balances in other developing countries. Priority 6 Suggestions on organization and Suggestions on organization and structure of forest and watershed structure of forest and watershed management plan management plan
3 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
2. Mission Activities
The USAID/Madagascar Mission and PTE (Chemonics International) provided the team with a list of activities deemed useful for the accomplishment of the mission goals. These activities included the following:
1. Meet with representatives of the DGEF, Observatoire National du Secteur Forestier (OSF), and USAID partners in Antananrivo to gain a general understanding of the general situation. This helped to review technical assistance to date and become familiar with the key players. 2. Meet with technical partners and key stakeholders in Fianarantsoa and the Lac Antarambiby watershed project area to gain an understanding of the planning efforts to date. 3. Visit the project site to become familiar with the key environmental and social elements of the project area. 4. Review the draft reports for the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa. Discuss these plans with the team responsible for the development of the draft reports. 5. Formulate a set of recommendations to be shared with the PTE team and the DGEEF on the content and suggested follow up to the planning efforts.
3. Anticipated Outputs
The USAID/Madagascar Mission identified specific outputs they would like the technical assistance team to provide. These outputs included the following:
1. A list of specific recommendations of additional information to include in the formulation of the management plans.
2. A list of specific recommendations to support the implementation of the management plans.
Objectives and Expectations of the Director General for Water and Forests
The members of the technical assistance team, along with Lisa Gaylord (Environment Team Leader, USAID), Greg Overton (Natural Resource Specialist, USAID), met with Rodin RAJAONAHSOA, Director General, DGEF, Jean Phillipe RANDRIANANTOANDRO, Biodiversity Protection Coordinator DGEF and Lydie RAHARIMANIRAKA, Forest Valuation Coordinator DGEF. The Director General was asked what his vision was for the relationship between the DGEF and the local communities.
The Director General stated the actual roles still needed to be worked out but that the local communities in the region of the pine plantations needed to have a seat at the table during formulation of the management plans.
4 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
CRITICAL ELEMENTS OF AN INTEGRATED FOREST AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN
An integrated forest and watershed management plan must include the needs of the down stream dependent communities and the local inhabitants of the watershed. In addition, the plan must ensure the health of the key components of the environment. A successful forest and watershed management plan for the Lac Antarambiby drainage and Manadaratsy area must address the needs of the following stakeholders and components:
1. Villages and communes located up stream from the Lac Antarambiby impoundment. The plan should reflect the needs and contribution of these stakeholders. While the need for downstream water supply is evident, the essential needs of these stakeholders must be accounted for.
2. Villages and communes located down stream from the Lac Antarambiby impoundment. The plan should balance the needs of he upstream stakeholders with the City of Fianarantsoa municipal water users but not at the expense of the down stream agricultural stakeholders..
3. Municipal water users of the City of Fianarantsoa. The plan should ensure adequate quality and quantity of water supply for these stakeholders, while addressing the needs of the agricultural communities and the ecological components. Conservation should be a key element of municipal water use.
4. The ecological components of the Lac Antarambiby watershed. The key components include the grass savannas, the pine plantations, the eucalyptus plantations, the water sources and the developed agricultural lands. A balance should be maintained to ensure the proper ecologic function of these components.
5. The forest products users of the Manadaratsy. The plan should ensure these stakeholders are included in the eventual formulation of the plan design. These stakeholders may provide a source of the effort for cost effective implementation of the vegetation management objectives of the plan.
ISSUES, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction Discussions with all stakeholders associated with the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa, have helped to identify a number of issues that need to be included in the final formulation of the plans. In addition these discussions have helped to identify issues to be considered during the implementation of the plans.
Concerns about the equitable impacts of the proposed management plans on all stakeholders have placed a significant amount of pressure to ensure the eventual plans are developed in a collaborative manner with all stakeholders involved.
5 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Principal Issues: Findings and Recommendations
The technical assistance team reviewed the draft plans, and had personal communications with representatives of the DGEF, OSF, Direction de l’Environment, Eaux et Forêts (DIREEF), Circonscription de l’Environment, Eaux et Forêts (CIREEF), JIRAMA, individual forest exploiters, NGOs, donor organizations and local community leaders. Some conflicting information and opinions were expressed. This is most likely due to the fact that the various stakeholders saw the issues through different perspectives and may have different conclusions from the same anecdotal information / observations.
It is our understanding the development of the management plans and their implementation are iterative processes. Efforts are based upon best knowledge and as new information is acquired or clarified, the management plans and the specifics associated with implementation can be refined to reflect this continual learning process. So long as the stakeholders can evolve in a collaborative manner, this iterative process should be an asset rather than an impediment.
We will present the issues under two primary sub headings. The first are issues relating to management of the pine plantations (prepared by J.Trejo). The second are the issues relating to the hydrologic elements of the analysis area (prepared by D.Salo).
Pine Plantations
The lands within the Lac Antarambiby watershed were expropriated by the government in the 1950’s and 1960’s in order to introduce pine plantations as a source of raw material for pulp production. To date the pine plantations have not been utilized as a source for pulp production. The pine plantations have become a source for dimension lumber which is being distributed throughout the country. A number of challenges are associated with the management of the pine plantations.
The following reports provide guidelines and recommendations that will assist in responding to the recommendations listed below:
USDA Forest Service Mission, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar In Support of the Landscape Interventions Project, July 2-21, 2001, P. Gaulke, D. Ingram, & J. Townsley.
USDA Forest Service Technical Assistance Trip Republic of Madagascar In Support to USAID Madagascar for Assistance in the Development of a Transparent Forest Product Permitting System, August 17-29, 2003, R. Baumback & J. Trejo.
USDA Forest Service Technical Assistance Trip Republic of Madagascar In Support to USAID Madagascar for Assistance in the Development of an Information System, November 3, 2003, S. McKinney & R. Weisz..
Appendix A includes a list of applicable research papers and studies that provide additional background information that may assist in the implementation of the recommendations.
6 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
We want to acknowledge the fact the Plan d’Amenagement du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa does address a number of specific silvicultural treatment activities. Our comments are intended to reinforce those elements addressed in this plan. For example, the plan describes target stand densities, utilizing thinning treatments.
Issue: Demand for dimension lumber.
Finding: The demand for dimension lumber production from the pine plantations has been increasing. Forest exploitants exist who would like to obtain permits to cut pine trees for lumber production. A shift to a transparent, competitive bidding process has not yet been implemented.
Recommendations:
1. Ensure silvicultural practices contribute to growth and yield in support of the development of trees of sufficient size to produce lumber in the most economical manner and efficient timeframe. Thinning trials have been implemented in some of the pine regeneration stands. Follow up measurements should be taken to monitor changes in growth rates over time. This will help determine to what degree did the thinning influence growth rates of the residual trees in the stands.
2. Develop local Tarrif Tables to be utilized with sample measurement plots to track stand volume. Tarrif tables identify volumes for trees of a given diameter and height, based upon a determination of the average taper of the trees within a stand. Observations of the pine regeneration stands in the Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa suggest little variability in the average taper of the trees. This tree taper is often referred to as a form class. Given this uniformity, simple measurements could be acquired from sample plots and stand volume could be computed utilizing these tarrif tables. Simple measurements of diameter, height and number of trees per plot would be sufficient to then be able to project standing volume per acre. Appendix A, publication #6, Stand Volume and Growth: Getting the Numbers, provides information on the process for developing Tarrif tables. This effort could be accomplished with local CIREEF foresters, in conjunction with the Fianarantsoa lboaka forestry school.
3, Implement a competitive bidding process for the issuance of permits to achieve the best value for the forest products. Specific recommendations are included in the USDA Forest Service Technical Assistance Trip Republic of Madagascar In Support to USAID Madagascar for Assistance in the Development of a Transparent Forest Product Permitting System, August 17-29, 2003, R. Baumback & J. Trejo.
7 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
3. Ensure forest product permitting is consistent with the overall watershed and forestry land management plans.
Issue: Management of natural pine regeneration.
Finding: The naturally regenerated pine plantations are in need of stocking level control in order to achieve growth and yield potentials and reduce susceptibility to loss from wildfire. The extremely dense levels of trees per hectare are resulting in a sever limitation of potential diameter growth. These densities also predispose entire stands to loss from wildfire do to fuel continuity. Some thinning trials have occurred in the area where Mr. Francois Beuche has a forestry permit. The following recommendations could focus on these thinned areas to help assess the benefits of these thinning trials. This monitoring may help determine the best thinning spacing to use for stands of a given diameter class in order to achieve the best stand growth rates. . Recommendations:
1. Develop a stand density index to provide guidelines for thinning activities. These guides would provide information on the maximum number of trees to leave on site based upon average stand diameter in order to maximize total volume production on a given site. A literature search could be done to see if SDI have been developed in other tropical environments for pine stands that may be applicable to the pine sites in the Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa. Refer to Appendix A, publication #9, Stand Density Index.
2. Monitor mean annual increment to insure pine stands are growing at optimum rates. CIREEF and EASTA lboaka forestry school could do this.
3. Monitor mean annual increments to provide a guide for timing of thinning activities. CIREEF and EASTA lboaka forestry school could do this. Thinning may be timely as growth rates begin to slow down over time.
4. Create defensible spaces around and within the naturally regenerated pine stands. Areas cleared and maintained free of dense vegetation should surround these sites.
Issue: Forestry / Agriculture land use competition
Finding: Naturally regenerating pine trees are expanding into areas previously unpopulated by pine trees. The expansion of areas occupied by pine trees is creating conflicts for traditional agricultural use. Specifically, pine trees are expanding into the lower third of hill slopes, creating shade problems for rice production. Pine trees are also expanding into traditional grass savanna grazing land. Rural populations are increasing. Land utilized for agricultural production has been expanding into the forested areas. The expansion of agriculture use has occurred in the upland drainages as well as in the burned over pine plantations.
8 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Recommendations:
1. Define, in the overall land management plan, where forest development will be encouraged and where forest expansion will not be allowed.
2. Define where agricultural use will be allowed and where expansion of agricultural development will not be allowed.
3. Allow local communities to remove unwanted tree encroachment.
4. Encourage local use of trees removed from the encroachment areas.
5. Define the boundaries of “no pine encroachment” in the vicinity of specific agricultural production sites.
6. Explore opportunities for development of agro-forestry. The utilization of timber and agriculture on the same site may provide complimentary, year round food and revenue sources.
7. Increase the capacity of the CIREEF in partnership with local communities to monitor and control unauthorized expansion of land use.
Issue: Loss of pine plantations due to fire.
Finding: Naturally regenerated pine plantations are being destroyed by wildfire. Fire is used to protect agricultural sites from pests. This use of fire often expands beyond the specific area of need and spreads into the pine plantations creating unwanted mortality. There also appears to be instances when fire is intentionally set to clear sites occupied by pine trees in order to utilize the sites for agricultural purposes. . Recommendations:
1. Manage pine plantation density through thinning to increase their survivability in spite of the incidence of wildfire. Utilize recommendations 1, 2 & 3 from the previous issue (Management of natural pine regeneration) to help determine the desired spacing between leave trees.
2. Utilize local community assistance to maintain fuel breaks around pine plantations. This will require some thought to determine this work might be paid for. A “recovery of products in exchange for work” option might be feasible.
3. Provide training to local communities in the use of prescribed fire to achieve objectives while minimizing potential loss from escaped fire. This could involve additional technical assistance by USDA-FS wildland fire management specialists. The proper use of prescribed fire could help to maintain desired grass/savanna grazing lands as well as support other agricultural objectives (pest management). Training on prescribed fire use elements including control line locations, operational weather conditions,
9 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
sequence of ignition patterns and fire spread control techniques would be beneficial.
4. Provide an incentive system for local communities to assist with monitoring and reporting of unauthorized destruction of pine plantations from intentionally set wildfires.
5. Allow local communities to utilize all vegetative material removed to enhance fuel breaks. Allow local communities to utilize all trees cut during the stocking level control efforts in the pine plantations.
Issue: Competing demands for forest products in the pine plantations.
Finding: Multiple products are being recovered from the same trees within the pine plantations. Specifically, local communities are scarring the boles of the larger pine trees to enhance the flow of pitch. There is a demand for material to be used to ignite charcoal for domestic use. The resultant “pitch wood” being created in the lower bole of the trees is providing this “fire starter” material. The concern is the same trees being used to provide “fire starter” material are of the optimum size to recover dimension lumber. The extraction of the “fire starter” material damages the boles of the trees and results in girdling the trees as well as weakening the bole. This bole weakening predisposes the trees to being broken off during wind events and limiting the recovery potential for dimension lumber. Thus value of the pine trees is lost. . Recommendations:
1. Coordinate the recovery of products between the various market demands. Where feasible, allow local communities to recover “fire starter” material from one portion of the tree bole while forest exploitants recover dimension lumber from the remainder.
2. Develop the capacity of the CIREEF in partnership with the local communities to control the unauthorized use of products from the pine plantations. By developing capacity, we mean to increase the ability of the CIREEF to access the forested lands and increase their presence. This increased capacity should help in the detection of unauthorized use of the forest resources in a timely manner. The development of local “dina” by the local powers might be an effective way for the local communities to support the CIREEF monitoring and enforcement efforts.
3. The CIREEF, forest exploitants and local communities should work together to coordinate the timing of various product removal from the pine plantations. This coordination should help to reduce the loss of one forest product as a result of the recover of another.
Issue: Opportunities for utilization of lumber manufacturing waste products.
Finding: Currently the portions of the trees cut away from the bole to produce lumber are not being utilized in any way. The slab, edging, and sawdust are left on the processing site. Transportation costs associated with moving this material from the lumber processing site to secondary market locations is currently prohibitively high. A
10 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
small amount of this material is utilized by the local community for domestic use, however demand is very low. . Recommendations:
1. Explore opportunities to encourage use of under utilized material, especially the material that might support the needs of local communities.
2. Review research papers 1 through 5 in Appendix A for opportunities to develop wood residue utilization programs. Reference number 1 may be especially meaningful. This research was completed in the tropical forests of Thailand and may provide very useful information. Reference number 4 identifies a company willing to provide free trial opportunities for cooking stoves utilizing pine tree wood residue.
Reference paper #1, ASIAN PACIFIC FORESTRY COMMISSION, Trash or Treasure? Logging and mill residues in Asia and the Pacific (Enters, 2001) is a compilation of information from various studies concerning the utilization of logging residue and mill waste. The studies included locations in China, Indonesia and Malaysia. The overall objectives of the study on logging and mill residues were to:
- estimate and describe the availability and use of residues in the processing chain (including harvesting, transport, storage, and processing) of major forest product industries, from the standing tree to the final and semi-final product; and
- present options for reducing residues in the forest and in wood- processing industries.
This study identified opportunities to use logging and mill residues for charcoal briquettes, energy generation, mulch, consolidated products (panels, etc.) to name a few. NOTE: PTE (Mark Freudenberger) has obtained permission for the reprinting of this copyrighted publication.
Reference paper # 4, The New Turbo Wood-Gas Stove, describes a product developed by the Community Power Corporation that combines wood and natural gas for combustion. This company is willing to provide FREE trials of its product.
Reference papers #2, 3 & 5 address the demand for wood pellets for use as a fuel source, and Co-generation, Tri-generation energy production opportunities for individual buildings.
3. Develop, to the extent possible, processing facilities to convert logging waste into value added products as close as possible to the location the residue is created. This will help to reduce the need to transport the low value residue while associating the transportation cost with the value added product.
11 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
We will provide USAID/Madagascar Mission with hard copies of these reference papers. The web addresses where these papers may be obtained are also listed in Appendix A.
Issue: Increased pine product opportunities and native species re-introduction.
Finding: Current species of pine trees planted to date in the project area are predominantly those that are intended to provide a source of pulp and lumber. Pine trees that produce naval stores such as turpentine, etc. may provide a value added product. This increase in value may offset inherent transportation costs.
Native, high value tree species do not appear to have been planted in the project area to date. Land use in the project area appears to be a situation of “either / or”. Land is utilized strictly for agricultural purposes or strictly for forestry purposes. Pine trees have a tendency to inhibit the growth of some plant species due to their affect on soil conditions. Native tree species may be more compatible when planted in conjunction with agricultural crops. . Recommendations:
1. Research and test the feasibility of replacing some of the existing pine species with other species better suited for the production of naval stores such as turpentine, etc. The USDA Forest Service Southern Region Experiment Station should be able to provide information concerning potential pine species that could be considered. USAID/Madagascar Mission should be able to provide a contact link for obtaining this information. It is our understanding there are 3 abandoned research plantations established in the 1930’s that had been designed to test pine specifies in Madagascar. These studies, located in the Fianarantsoa region, are Andranvatou, Ranomena and Alatsara. A possibility would be to revisit these sites with research personnel to determine if these trials might still provide useful information.
2. Research the production of “fat wood” in the southern United States. This material is marketed extensively with in the United States as a “fire starter” material for wood burning stoves. This “fat wood” is pine wood with high pitch content. This wood ignites easily and burns for an extended period of time. USAID/Madagascar Mission should be able to initiate discussions with USDA Forest Service specialists in the Southern region that could provide additional information.
3. Plant trials of high value native tree species to help determine growth rates, survivability compatibility with agricultural crops.
4. Review efforts in Central America (ex. Costa Rica) where tree species have been planted in conjunction with agricultural crops such as coffee and bananas.
5. Review efforts in Central America (ex. Costa Rica) where plantations of native, high value species have been established and value added products (parquet flooring) are being produced. The Institute of Tropical Forestry
12 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
located in San Juan, Puerto Rico may be a good place to initiate this information search.
Issue: Capacity to monitor and control land management activities within and around the forest environment.
Finding: A variety of unauthorized activities continue to occur within the project area. The burning of pine plantations, the expansion of rice fields and the increase in upland agricultural continues to be a problem. The CIREEF is challenged with monitoring and managing thousands of hectares with very little staffing. As a result, it is often quite sometime before CIREEF personnel may have the opportunity to visit areas where unauthorized activities are taking place. The other challenge is the lack of transportation resources available to the CIREEF personnel. . Recommendations:
1. The Ministry of the Environment, Water & Forests should look for ways to supply the DIREEF and CIREEF with essential staffing and resources. Ultimately for the DIREEF and CIREEF to be effective in their implementation role, they need to have the stable funding to allow them to perform. Additional options for funding are discussed in the following issue: Financial resources available to implement the management plans.
2. Enlist the local communities to work in partnership with the CIREEF to provide monitoring of activities.
3. Explore the opportunities for the establishment of an incentive system to reward local communities for their assistance in the monitoring and control of activities taking place in the project area.
4. Establish an effective accountability system to hold those who violate the provisions of the watershed and forest management plans liable. Fines collected could be placed into accounts and used to offset the costs of thinning and CIREEF operational needs (vehicle fuel, etc.). If accounts are established, it is crucial there is a very open and transparent accountability system for the collection and expenditure of these funds.
Issue: Financial resources available to implement the management plans.
Finding: The implementation of the elements of the watershed and forest management plans will require essential funding. Currently the Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests is not blessed with a large allocation of funding. Alternate means need to be developed to pay for the costs of implementing the elements of the plans. The plans being developed have not addressed specific means available to pay for plan implementation. . Recommendations:
1. Explore opportunities to design forest product permits to be able to exchange recoverable wood products for work accomplished on the ground. For example a given quantity of a determined value of wood
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products (lumber) could be recovered by an exploitant in exchange for an equal value of thinning of a given number of hectares of dense, young pine stands. An effort would need to be developed to determine the cost of thinning and the value of the wood products.
2. Utilize the efforts of the Technical Assistance team scheduled to arrive in Madagascar from the USDA Forest Service in March 2004 to work on the development of a wood product valuation process. Contact USAID Mission in Antananarivo. The intent of the valuation team is to determine fair market value for various forest products currently bought and sold in Madagascar. The Forest Products Permitting technical assistance team found that forest product permits were issued without a solid foundation for the determination of the value of the included timber being authorized for cutting and removal in the permits. The efforts of the valuation team could help top assure the actual value of the included products in future permits are accounted for and recovered. The net result would be to assure the maximum value of the forest products is utilized for billing purposes, or in the case of recommendation #1 above, the value of work obtained is equal to the value of product authorized for recovery.
3. Explore the development of trust fund accounts to allow revenue obtained the sale of forest products to be kept at the CIREEF level to pay for land management projects such as essential thinning of dense, young pine stands. Key considerations for the success of the establishment and use of such a trust fund must include the following:
a. Open and transparent book keeping; b. Equal access to the financial records for anyone; c. Clear records of account balances; d. Clear records of income and outflow of funds; e. Periodic independent audits; f. Possible multi-party representational board of directors to oversee the account.
4. Utilize the recommendations of the technical assistance team as described in the Development of Information Systems report to aid in tracking the trust fund accounts. The recommendations in this report would help to ensure the money collected and expended from the fund is traceable and mangers accountable for the disposition of the funds.
5. Initiate a competitive bidding process as described in the Transparent Forest Product Permitting System technical assistance report. Allow market competition to determine the true value of forest products.
Issue: Roles of non governmental stakeholders with respect to land management decisions and control.
Finding: The Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests does not currently have the capacity in personnel, money and resources to complete all the essential tasks required to achieve the land and resource management objectives. The development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the
14 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa have utilized a very participatory process. All possible stakeholders have been encouraged to become and stay involved, especially the local communities. The ultimate objective of the participatory planning process would be stakeholder collaboration leading to a consensus decision. This would create a situation where all stakeholders would agree and be willing to support the planning decisions. The current versions of the plans do not specifically describe the decision making roles of the stakeholders and the Ministry respectively. . Recommendations:
1. The Ministries of Environment, Water and Forests, Agriculture and Energy & Mines should work cooperatively to maintain the overall responsibility for land management decisions on the non privately owned lands. The collaborative approach, involving all stakeholders should be perpetuated but the management role of the Ministries should not be abdicated. This places the responsibility squarely on the Ministries to work together to act in a unified manner rather than as separate entities. Working together, the Ministries should be able to present a unified position to address land management issues including, but not limited to questions such as: If forested land is cleared by fire, storm, etc. should the land be reforested or should the land be returned the “historic” use?
2. The Ministry should maintain the oversight responsibility to ensure stakeholder needs are balanced and decisions made are compatible with the plans.
3. The stakeholders should create a collaborative working group to help develop consensus among the stakeholders with regard to implementation issues associated with the plans. The formulation of a Comite d’Orientation and an Executive Directorate has been described in the details of the plans. These entities would help ensure the continuation of the collaborative process into the implementation stage. Care would have to be taken to ensure there does not become a burdensome creation of organizational layers and committees while maintaining a participatory process for all. It is important that the make up of these groups be based upon the determination of the people being represented and not through a privileged self appointment.
4. The stakeholder collaborative working group should help monitor the implementation of the plans and provide the feedback loop to assist the Ministry in the identification of adjustments needed in the plans.
HYDROLOGIC RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
The following outline describes the issues associated with the municipal water supply that serves the community of Fianarantsoa. The issues represent a compilation of information sources including the basin management plan, personal communication with JIRAMA employees, and observances made during field trips. The outline provides a general description of issues and findings in addition to broad recommendations. Because these issues are subject to further investigation and
15 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
substantiation, their importance may change as additional knowledge is gained. Further detail and background information is covered in the Appendices for the first two issues. The conclusion also includes a suggested strategic plan for immediate implementation.
Issue: Water Quality
How will present and future supplies of water meet the requirements for domestic use? Both economic and legal standards must be considered to evaluate the ability to treat water for growing demands. Water quality issues can be defined by three components:
1) Level of organic matter within the water environment. This component is a function of nutrient export within the contributing watershed above Lac Antarambiby. Various land uses contribute different levels of nutrient export depending on the distribution and scale of development. Increased organic matter requires increased treatment costs in terms of flocculation and settling of organic matter.
Recommendation:
Consider a maximum contaminant level for nitrogen. The national primary drinking water regulations for the United States is 10 ppm (parts per million). A monitoring program should not only measure nitrogen levels at treatment plant, but also at key locations above the lake to determine significant sources of nitrogen release. Key areas may include 1st order basins (where surface water begins) below land use areas such as farming, communes and livestock concentration zones, timber harvest, and burned areas with moderate to high burn intensities. This effort should develop cause and effect relationships that prioritize areas for implementation actions that reduce nutrient export. Actions may be as simple as reducing the activity responsible for increased nutrient loading, relocation of activities to less susceptible sites, treatment of sewage and/or animal wastes, or use of plants within the stream or canal corridor which maximize nitrogen uptake. The Plan de Zonage developed for Watershed Protection and Hydrology should reflect the processes responsible for nitrification.
2) Bacterial Contamination. This component increases the cost of disinfectant required as well as the potability of water when considering parameters like taste and odor. This component is a function of development of sources within the watershed including livestock and people and the management of fecal waste along with hydrologic connectivity with the lake in terms of surface runoff.
Recommendations:
Determine significant sources of microbial contamination by monitoring high risk areas within the sub-basins. While monitoring at the treatment plant may indicate the level of disinfectant required for treatment, it does not represent a preventative approach that addresses the overall potability of water through effects like taste and odor caused by chemical treatments. JIRAMA indicated increased levels of disinfectant required in recent years. High-risk source areas can be initially stratified by high concentrations of human and livestock inhabitance located near channel systems that deliver surface flow to Lake Antarambiby. Sampling of indicator
16 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
microbial contaminants (fecal coliform) may need to occur only during periods of surface runoff for channels with intermittent flow. Treatment or mitigation measures may include some form of sewage treatment or containment at high-risk sites, relocating livestock pens to less sensitive areas, and enhanced soil infiltration below source areas.
3) Mineral sediment contamination. Not discussed in detail in terms of treatment pant operations, but might be an issue during times of extreme runoff. The canal system was mentioned as in need of maintenance due to sediment accumulation. Another consideration is rust scale from pipes used in the distribution system that are about 80 years old.
Recommendations:
Determine the significance of sediment generated within the contributing watershed in regards to domestic water treatment needs through discussion with JIRAMA. Evaluate the actual significance of sediment accumulation within the canal system through field surveys.
Evaluate the change in reservoir capacity through bathymetric measurements, to show rates of accumulation since the construction of the dam. This would require historical measurements showing original profiles, or best estimates.
The significance of rust scale could be determined by measuring changes in turbidity between the outflow of the treatment plant and various discharge points (faucets) located within Fianarantsoa distribution system.
Develop mitigation measures such as water bars or other drainage features for roads and skid trails, or acceptable cultivation practices where farming takes place
Issue: Water Quantity
How will municipal water supplies meet projected demand in the future when accounting for increases in population and urban and rural distribution networks? Both timing of water runoff and volume need consideration. The following components need to be addressed:
? All consumptive uses of water need to be accounted for to understand the water balance between input (precipitation) minus outputs (evapotranspiration of various vegetative states of the landscape and the state of soil hydrologic function). Changes in volume and/or timing of flow are related to this.
? Losses within the city distribution network are recognized.
? Display existing secondary sources for water. Investigate the potential for developing other sources needs to reviewed and displayed.
Recommendations:
Need to define the broad-scale water budget of the existing supplies in terms of surplus and deficit for both present and future demands. This broad-scale approach
17 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
looks at the water budget in terms of the ability of JIRAMA to supply water throughout the year given existing or projected demands. A challenging aspect of this study is quantifying future demands, which involves critical social-economic elements. To what extent will the distribution network (hence demand) increase? Will standards of living increase so that reasonable expectations in per capita use of water are accounted for in addition to a general increase in population? This effort may represent a sizable research effort if little information is presently available.
A second, small-scale approach evaluates changes in water yield from a sub-basin perspective due to: 1) long-term changes in precipitation; 2) changes in evapotranspiration rates that reflects changes in vegetative cover and/or changes in irrigated crop production that require diverted water; and 3) any changes in the hydrologic function of soils summarized as the capture and releases water over time. This small-scale approach would address previous recommendations for thinning pine plantations and other vegetative manipulations. While literature supports that increases in water yield can result from vegetation removal, the effects are generally very short-term in tropical environments and may come at the expense of other considerations like sediment and/or nutrient export if done at the scale necessary for creating significant changes. It appears that groundwater provides the most important source of water to the lake, especially during the dry season. The storage capacity of the lake is insufficient to capture surpluses supplied during the wet season/cyclone. Seasonal variation in flow at the spring sources above the lake appear to be minimal, indicating the connection between groundwater discharge and evapotranspiration may be less than what was stated in earlier reports. My best understanding of this would state that the issue of water supply given projected demands will not be solved through increasing water yield through vegetation management prescriptions. The context of this issue requires a much broader investigation of viable sources and ways to cut losses inherent with the distribution system. In other words, an aggressive vegetation manipulation program that seeks to increase water yield within water quality sideboards may provide 5-10% additional water at best, while losses suffered through pipe leakage represents a 25% loss. This hypothesis could be validated through a modeling effort that evaluates sub- basin water yield based on vegetative cover, but would need to be put in context with other water losses like the distribution system to have real meaning.
Investigate potential supplementary water sources, which represent a very important aspect of meeting the demand for water. Two additional sources that serve Fianarantsoa include the Mandranofotsy River and Lake Vatosola. These sources have not been characterized in terms of suitable water quality or available water quantity, and the role they play in meeting demand. Lake Antarambiby does appear to fulfill the primary role as a water source due to its relatively superior quality, especially when compared to the Mandranofotsy River that drains a large land area, meaning that the cumulative inputs of pollutants are likely to be very significant. In addition to treatment costs associated with polluted input water, this source also requires pumping costs for distributing the water up gradient to the city of Fianarantsoa. A required study of all available or potential sources needs to include additional options like raising the dam at Lake Antarambiby, which reportedly has been evaluated. This option may hold great promise in terms of a cost effective solution of meeting short or mid-term demands.
18 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Issue: Financial Development Plan
What financial analysis/development plan has been developed to consider the costs of meeting water quality, quantity, distribution and treatment objectives? This question is especially important when considering future changes in demand and management operation of the municipal water source. Need an account of costs and revenues for entire municipal water program, including future needs in terms of quantity and quality. Costs include:
? Infrastructure, including treatment and delivery costs.
? Compensation for restricting land use by the villagers.
? Development of information and education programs as discussed in basin plan. An important component would be voluntary water conservation measures embraced by the community of users.
? Development and implementation of basin plan, including monitoring, reporting and enforcement.
Recommendations:
Display the existing system as stated by the water code for determining the price structure of domestic water supplies including methodologies and results. Compare the revenue generated with all associated costs as stated above. Where shortfalls in funding occur, a consideration of increases in revenue generation and/or reduction in costs to meet economic viability. Any reduction in revenues should reflect a prioritization of needs for proper management of the domestic water supply.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa is the product of the obvious dedication and commitment of all stakeholders. Everyone associated with the development of these plans are to be commended for their time and efforts.
2. The management plans provide an excellent foundation for the future management of the Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antanambiby and the Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa.
3. We would suggest this planning effort be considered and managed as an iterative process. Each phase should build upon the previous incorporating the benefit of new, revised or improved information.
5. We have made a number of recommendations in relation to the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa.
19 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Key elements associated with the management of the pine regeneration include:
a. Ensure appropriate stocking level control (trees/hectare); b. Provide protection from wildfire; c. Maximize product recovery opportunities; d. Balance forestry and agricultural demands; e. Ensure the ability to monitor and implement the plan; f. Maintain the integration of the Forestry plan and the Watershed plan; and g. Continue to utilize a collaborative effort.
Key elements associated with the watershed management plan include:
The basin plan opens the door for providing a pathway for recognizing and prioritizing key issues and challenges for providing suitable and affordable municipal water. The plan should be considered an iterative process that uses an adaptive approach as new findings are brought to light. The challenge of providing municipal water that is both economically feasible and acceptable to the consumer was a point substantiated by a representative JIRAMA. This challenge becomes especially acute when viewed with the many existing and projected land uses that influence the suitability of the source water. That is, the needs of the villages in terms of subsistence farming, raising livestock and lack of infrastructure like sewage disposal represent substantial opportunity costs to JIRAMA. As population continues to grow within the villages, these opportunity costs or tradeoffs may increase. The infrastructure capital currently under JIRAMA reflects the poor economic condition as a whole, meaning that further deterioration of the source water within the basin will likely result in a reduction in quality of the end product for the user. This “double- edged sword” concept can further illustrated by recognizing typical municipal water systems in the United States. Many source water areas have strict access and land use controls in place. Depending on the source water quality, the technical and financial resources for supporting the appropriate treatment facilities are in place. This ensures compliance with National primary drinking water standards (states focus attention on risks related to contaminants stated in their source water assessments). Many countries that face severe shortages of suitable source water overcome the challenge by applying greater technical and financial resources towards the solution. An example is the desalinization of salt water through reverse osmosis.
Many key issues need further investigation to determine or validate their ranking in developing an action plan. Further involvement in terms of oversight would be very beneficial to ensure not only the proper basin plan direction is pursued as additional information is reported, but also quality assurance of implementing individual action items. The following ranking represents my best attempt at prioritizing action items derived from the recommendations, and the associated issues they address. This could be thought of immediate strategic plan.
1) Evaluate water quality in terms of compliance with applicable standards as stated in the water code. If no meaningful quantifiable standards exist, adopt appropriate surrogates from another nation. This study relies on existing data, and should reflect changes over time, including seasonal variations and
20 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
long-term trends. The results would target three major indicators: 1) the frequency, timing and magnitude of exceedances of the treated water, 2) show corresponding quality analysis of the input water to the plant, and 3) changes in treatment requirements instituted by JIRAMA in response to changes in source water. After compilation of the data, an advanced student with statistical skills could proceed with analysis and results. This study would set the stage for any additional cause and effect relationships that drive water quality within the basin and should be done as soon as possible.
2) Depending on the results of the first study, determine what cause and effect studies are needed so an appropriate action plan can be devised and implemented. For example, if microbial contamination or nutrient export is determined as a dominant pollutant, stratify the watershed in terms of risk, and develop a sampling program that reflects established protocols. Specifics of plan design should involve appropriate oversight by government and/or academic institutions, and could be presented to a student work group or a local technical committee for implementation.
3) After cause and effect relationships are established (regardless of the scope and scale of investigation), develop a package of mitigation measures that aim to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. Need to know the scope of the problems before we start applying solutions, unless the desire is base things on rough guesses and go from there. Because the situation is lacking in data and analysis, and my time and effort in capturing the issues very cursory, its difficult to come up with a defensible prescriptive approach at this time. This effort would involve a technical team of specialists that would develop them in conjunction with appropriate government agencies identified in the basin plan. Mitigation measures might as simple as planting vetaver along watercourses to maximize nutrient uptake, or as complex as designing human and livestock sewage treatment systems.
4) Execute a broad-scale water budget to help determine seasonal and long- term analysis of surpluses and deficits including past, present and projected future use. On the supply (input) side, a characterization of water sources (flow and/or storage) is needed on a seasonal and long-term basis. This is then compared to demand, which may not equate to actual use. Demand can be calculated as the potential water that the city would use, if appropriate costs were applied. I haven’t adequately addressed the socio-economic part of demand, meaning that appropriate specialists in those fields are necessary. Bottom line is that given changes in population, industrial development and standard of living increases, the issues of adequate water supply need to be a part of the overall development plan for this area and the nation as a whole. This effort may require one or more student dissertations and cooperation from government and JIRAMA officials.
5) Based on the broad-scale water budget study, evaluate options for expanding the existing water supply. Technical and cost effectiveness considerations would play a vital role in the evaluation and prioritization of proposals. For example, raising the dam at Lake Antarambiby may realize much more cost effectiveness than temporarily increasing water yield through implementing silvicultural treatments in pine stands. A modeling effort that identifies
21 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
differences in water yield due to changes in vegetation could demonstrate the magnitude of expected changes, but may not be worth the effort in view of the larger context of supply variables like reservoir storage and pipe leakage.
6) Develop a Financial Development Plan that addresses the critically important question of meeting operational requirements of providing municipal water for Fianarantsoa and the surrounding areas. The idea is at best conceptual at this point, but introduces the importance of a fair and equitable cost recovery system for meeting the present and future technical needs of a municipal water utility. This plan would evaluate the existing pricing network as allowed by the water code, with an objective of determining the adequacy of the pricing network for meeting the entire suite of cost requirements as discussed in the issue statement.
22 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
APPENDICIES
Appendix A
REFERENCES AND APPLICABLE RESEARCH
UTILIZATION OF WOOD RESIDUE
1. ASIA – PACIFIC FORESTRY COMMISSION Trash or Treasure? Logging and mill residues in Asia and the Pacific Author: Thomas Enters Contact: Patrick Durst [email protected]
2. Forest Concepts, LLC Innovative Forest Products and Natural Resource Services Technical Paper Technical Products from Small Diameter Timber for Habitat Enhancement and Watershed Restoration Presented at: Small Diameter Timber: Resource Management, Manufacturing and Markets. February 25-27, 2002. Spokane, WA. USA Contact: Jim Dooley [email protected]
3. An Analysis of Wood Pellets for Export: A Case Study of Sweden as an Importer Forest Products Journal, Vol. 47, No. 6, 1997 Authors: P.B. Aruna, Jan G. Laarman, Phil Arman, Frederick W. Cubbage
4. The New Turbo Wood-Gas Stove A Bioenergy Innovation From Community Power Corporation Field Trial Opportunities http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Turbo/Turbo.htm
5. Cogeneration Technologies Trigeneration Technologies Economic and Ecological Advantages of Onsite Trigeneration Technologies and Integrated Energy Systems Author: Monty Goodell www.Trigeneration.com
FOREST VOLUME DETERMINATION
6. The Woodland Workbook Forest Measurement EC 1190 Revised September 2002 Stand Volume and Growth: Getting the Numbers Authors: S. Bowers, N. Coleman, R.A. Fletcher Oregon State University Extension Service
7. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report SO-11 A Computer Program for Variable Density Yield Tables For Loblolly Pine Plantations Author: Clifford A. Myers
8. USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Research Note SO-378 September 1995 A Comparison of Height-Accumulation and Volume-Equation Methods for Estimating Tree and Stand Volumes Authors: R.B. Ferguson and V.C. Baldwin, Jr.
23 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
FOREST STAND MANAGEMENT
9. Natural Resource Biometrics School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri-Columbia Stand Density Index July 11, 2001 Author: David Larson http://www.snr.missouri.edu/natr211
10. The University of Georgia College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences Cooperative Extension Service Thinning Your Timber for Profit Author: Ben Jackson http://www.ces.uga.edu
11. Center for International Forestry Research Occasional Paper No. 16, Nov. 1998 Site Management and Productivity in Tropical Forest Plantations Authors: A. Tiarks, E.K.S. Nambiar, and C. Cossalter http://www.cigiar.org/cifor
12. Forest Resources Development Service, FAO Teak: a global overview Authors: D. Pandey and C. Brown http://www.fao.org
HYDROLOGY
13. TDRI Quarterly Review Vol. 9 N0. 3 The Hydrologic Roles of Forests In Thailand Sept. 1994 Editor: Linda Pfotenhauer http://www.info.tdri.or.th/library/quarterly/text/forests.htm
14. Wildland Watershed Management, Second edition 1992, Authors: Donald R. Satterlund and Paul W. Adams
15. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station GTR SRS-39 September 2000 Drinking Water from Forests and Grasslands A Synthesis of the Scientific Literature Editor: George E. Dissmeyer
16. Forest, Climate, and Hydrology – Regional Impacts United Nations University, 1988 Editor: Evan R.C. Reynolds and Frank B. Thompson Following articles: “Effects of tropical forest on water yield” “Hydrologic process in tropical forests” “Methods of detecting the effects of forests on water yields” “Effects of surface cover on land surface processes” “The Influence of forests and forest reclamation practice on streamflow and water balance” http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks
24 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Appendix B
Water Quality
Nutrient Export
Background: Determining effects of nutrient export on water quality is best evaluated at the proper watershed scale. In the case of Lake Antarambiby, the individual sub- basins that feed the lake provide a suitable scale. Release of nitrogen (nitrification) from the watershed constitutes a major component of water quality concerns. The conversion of organic nitrogen to inorganic forms such as nitrate occurs through an oxidation sequence. In the form of nitrate, nitrogen is both in a stable phase and very mobile. Nitrate delivered the lake is available to algae, with increased growth rates causing greater water treatment requirements in terms of flocculation and settling organic solids. The field trip to the treatment plant on February 19, 2004 revealed that input water measured 10 NTUs (Nepholemetric Turbidity Units), while output water measure 1 NTU. Certain nitrogen compounds can also have direct toxic effects to humans at relatively low concentrations.
Within a stable forest environment, nitrification is relatively low, with internal cycling between plants and soil tying up the majority of nitrogen within this biosphere. Plant uptake of nitrogen represents a very significant portion of the denitrification process that reduces the amount available for export from the site. Disturbance of the soil through cultivation greatly increases the oxidation process required for nitrification. Removal of plants through forest conversion/harvest greatly increases nitrification, especially on acidic soils with high oxygen, moisture and temperatures. These types of soils are common throughout the basin. Other potential sources within the sub- basins include sewage and waste products generated from livestock operations. (Drinking Water from Forests and Grasslands, G. Dissmeyer).
Bacterial Contamination
Background: Most microbial contaminants are caused by heterotrophs (organisms that use existing organic compounds as their carbon source) that are transmitted to a water system via human and animal fecal matter. Transport of microbes across the landscape can be greatly influenced by soil properties. Fine-textured soils with abundant organic material are very adsorbent because of their negatively charged surfaces and large surface area per-unit volume ratios that provide an increased number of adsorption sites for microbial contaminants. The acidic and ionic strength of water percolating past sites hosting microbes in the soil column can greatly affect the desorption and entrainment rates into the percolating water. Natural rainwater with its low ionic strength can greatly increase the mobilization of microbes from the upper soil layers. Areas of severely compacted soil surrounding villages with concentrated releases of human and livestock animal wastes represent the highest potential sites for contamination of the water supply. Viral pathogens generated from human sources, also hold high potential release from these areas. Lake Antarambiby may decrease the microbial content of water through the settling of particles with adsorbed microbes and the germicidal action of sunlight. Water distribution systems that leak can allow microbial contaminants to enter due to negative pressure in leaking pipes.
25 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Mineral sediment Contamination
Background: For purposes of this discussion, sedimentation refers to the detachment and transport of soil particles to a watercourse. Removal of vegetative cover through timber harvest and associated yarding activities, road construction and maintenance, residential areas, and farming activities represent potential sources of sediment. Observances during field reconnaissance trips revealed that roads, skid trails and farming activities are likely the highest erosion sites. The likelihood of sediment delivery is correlated to the slope position of these activities in relation to stream channels or canals. The significance of sediment in terms of domestic water quality requires an evaluation of turbidity data in relation to significant precipitation events at the treatment plant. Our field trip to the treatment plant did not discuss this aspect of sedimentation, but rather centered on the organic matter component of turbidity. The significance of sediment within the canal system and the desire to remove it requires further investigation. Does this represent a real issue in terms of channel function, sediment accumulation within Lake Antarambiby and ultimately water quality at the treatment plant? Or does it reflect a “sanitary approach” to conveying water inherent with local customs and culture? Sediment accumulation within Lake Antarambiby was also mentioned, with loss of storage volume. An additional sediment issue may be associated with the ~80 year-old water distribution system dominated by pipes with severe rust and scale problems.
26 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Appendix C
Water Quantity
Background:
Discussions and review of analysis regarding changes in water yield reveal some conflicting information, leaving some question if any scientifically based conclusion can be drawn. The hydrologic report by SAGE in the basin plan states no significant change in flow over the dam at Lake Antarambiby between 1986 and 2003, with data collected in 1986, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003. However, there is no indication whether this analysis was normalized for differences in precipitation or other factors for the years of analysis (multivariate regression analysis). Since only one year of “historical” data (1986) is used for comparison with 2000-2003 data, it’s hard to say whether the1986 data set is statistically representative or an anomaly. Another change between the years of comparison is the raise in dam level of 50 cm. Was there any significant change in storage after raising the dam which might affect spillover rates at the dam? Were spillway hydraulics changed through adjustments in spillway dimensions after raising the dam? In contrast, anecdotal accounts made by JIRAMA state that of 32 original springs documented during the construction of the original dam in 1957, only 12 remain. The basin report also reports no change in hydrologic function asserted by flow measurements of canal water into the dam. The seasonal variation of flow ranges from 7 cubic meters per hour up to 9 cubic meters per hour (excluding influences by cyclones). Nevertheless, Lake Antarambiby does not provide year around water for the city of Fianarantsoa at present, though it represents the source of choice. With future projections of increased water demand through increased population and plans for a wider distribution network, one can surmise that water quantity will be a growing issue. Other demands for water within the watershed include irrigation for rice and other crops, especially during the dry season, and domestic water for villagers.
27 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Appendix D
CONTACTS
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, WATER, AND FORESTS Mr. Rodin RAJAONAHSOA Director General, Directorate of Water and Forests Mr. Jean Philipe RANDRIANANTOANDRO, Biodiversity Protection Coordinator Ms. Lydie RAHARIMANIRAKA, Forest Valuation Coordinator
DIREEF Mr. Philibert RARIVOMANANA, Director DIREEF, Fianarantsoa Ms. Robine RANOROARISOA, Technical Advisor for Biodiversity DIREEF, Fianarantsoa
CIREEF Mr. Olivier ANDRIAMANOROSO, District Chief CIREEF, Fianarantsoa
MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINES Mr. Rakotobe ANDRIAMZRADOMANANA, Chef de Service Energie et Eau Mr. Narison RAMANONJISOA, JIRAMA, Division Production Eau Mr. Richard ANDRIANATOANDRO, JIRAMA, Chef de Service Exploitation Eau
USAID MADAGASCAR MISSION Mr. Steve Haykin, Acting Director Ms. Lisa Gaylord, Natural Resources Team Leader Mr. Greg Overton, Natural Resources Management Spe
LAC ANTARAMBIBY AREA FOREST EXPLOITERS Mr. Francois Beuche, Les Scieries du Betsileo
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS Mr. Frank Hawkins, Director of Conservation for Conservation International
PRIVATE CONSULTANTS Mark Freudenberger, PhD, Regional Director, Programme de Transition Eco-Régional (ex- LDI) Haja RANDRIANARISOA, Associate Director of Social Organization and Community Resource Management PTE Fianarantsoa Norosoa RAZAFIMAMONJY, Forest Engineer, APMM Vololonioina RAHARIMOMENJANAHARY, Forester PTE Fanja RANDREMALIJAOMA Pact
COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS
OPCI Jean Justin RANDRIAMBOLOLONA Felix RANORIAMAOELITSOA
AMD Joseph RASABO Jean Baptiste RAKOTOZAFY Celestine RAMANANDRAIBE Henriette RAZANAKOTO
Mayor of Andrainjato Est Commune Joseph Radaloson MIANDRISOA
28 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
29 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Appendix E
MISSION ITINERARY
Sunday 2/15 Salo/Trejo Arrive Antananarivo
Monday 2/16 Meet w/ Greg Overton Meet w/ Director General, Bio Diversity Protection Coordinator and Forest Value Coordinator of the DGEF, Frank Hawkins of CI, and Lisa Gaylord, Team Leader for Environment USAID Madagascar Mission
Tuesday 2/17 Travel to Fianarantsoa
Wednesday 2/18 Meet w/the staff of the DIREEF/CIREEF. Attrend presentation b y PTE project team on management plans.
Thursday 2/19 Visit the Lac Antarambiby watershed. Review forest management practices to date. Visit agricultural fields and review water sources. Attend meeting and presentation of local community feedback on draft management plans. Visit active forest exploitation site :Mr. Francois Beuche Visit Mr. Francois Beuche forest products yard, Fianarantsoa.
Friday 2/20 Visit pine plantation sites in the Haute Matsiatra area. Visit unauthorized rice cultivation site. Visit burned over pine plantation. Visit mature pine site impacted by pitch wood extraction.
Saturday 2/21 Participate in ceremonial tree planting activity with DIREEF/CIREEF and local community officials and residents Travel to Ranomafana NP
Sunday 2/22 Visit Ranomafana NP Return to Fianarantsoa
Monday 2/23 Work on draft report. Share initial recommendations with DIREEF/CIREEF and LDI planning team.
Tuesday 2/24 Continue work on report. Attend plan presentation meeting in the afternoon to discuss initial recommendations with stakeholders.
Wednesday 2/25 Continue work on report. Present summary of Issues, Findings and Recommendations to core team.
Thursday 2/26 Travel to Antananarivo
30 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Friday 2/27 Debrief and review draft report w/ MEEF contacts. Debrief with Steve Haykin, USAID, Mission Director.
Saturday 2/28 Depart Antananarivo for return to US.
31 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Appendix F
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors greatly acknowledge the assistance and participation of the following key contacts:
Mr. Rodin RAJAONAHSOA Director General Ministry of the Environment, Water, and Forests Directorate of Water and Forests Antananarivo, Madagascar
Mr. Ravelomanga RANDRIANARIVO PDS Fianarantsoa Province Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
Additional acknowledgement and gratitude for pre and post-travel logistics and briefings must be afforded to:
Kathleen Lawlor Africa Program Coordinator International Programs, USDA Forest Service 1099 14th Street, NW, 5500W Washington, DC 20005
Oliver Pierson International Programs USDA Forest Service 1099 14th Street, NW, 5500W Washington, DC 20005
Our sincerest appreciation for invaluable in-country logistical and essential communication assistance is afforded:
Greg Overton Natural Resource Management Specialist USAID / Madagascar Villa Vonisoa III Anosy B.P. 5253, Antananarivo, Madagascar
Mark Freudenberger, PhD Regional Director Programme de Transition Eco-Régional (PTE) Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
32 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
We would like to express our gratitude to Mr. Philibert RARIVOMANANA, Director DIREEF and his staff and the members of the CIREEF for assistance and kindness.
We would like to thank the PTE planning team and the stakeholders who took the time to meet with us and discuss this project.
We would like to express a special THANK YOU to our invaluable, in country translator, Endor Rakoto FANOMEZANTSOA, without whose excellent assistance our work would not have been possible.
33 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Appendix G
RESUMES OF THE AUTHORS
David Salo B.S., California State University Humboldt, 1980 Wildland Hydrology
1980-1989 – Various Sate and Federal agencies, Hydrologist 1989-1991 – Ozark National Forest, Hydrologist 1991-2004 – Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, Butte, Montana Forest Hydologist
Jeffrey L. Trejo B.S., California State University Humboldt, 1980, Forest Resource Management
1980-1987 – Chiloquin Ranger District, Winema National Forest, Chiloquin, Oregon Timber sale planning, preparation, and silviculture prescription forester 1987-1990 – Pierce Ranger District, Clearwater National Forest, Kamiah, Idaho Timber sale planning, preparation and contract administration forester 1990-1996 – Bear Springs District, Mt. Hood National Forest, Maupin, Oregon Managed timber sale planning, preparation, contract administration, silviculture, heritage resources and landscape architecture programs 1996-2003 – Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, Wise River, Montana Manage timber sale planning, preparation and contract administration programs Contracting Officer Northern Rockies regional coordinator for the National Infrared Line Scanner Program
34 USDA Forest Service Mission in Support to USAID Madagascar to Assist in the Development of the Plan d’ Amenagement Simplifie Bassin Verssant de Lac Antarambiby and the Plan d’ Amenagment du Perimetre de Reboisement de Manadaratsy Fianarantsoa
Appendix H
LIST OF ACCRONYMS
APMM Association des Populations des Montagnes des Mondo ADM Antarambiby Miara Dia CI Conservation International CIME Inter-Ministerial Environmental Committee CIREEF Circonscription des Eaux et Forêts (District office of the Ministry of Water and Forests) CUF City of Fianarantsoa DGEF Directorate of et Eaux et Forêts (Directorate of Water and Forests) DIREEF Direction des Eaux et Forêts (Regional office of the Ministry of Water and Forests) DIREM La Direction Inter-Regionale de l’energie et des Mines DRDR La Direction Regionale en charge du Development des Regions JIRAMA Parastatal Water and Energy Management Agency under the DIREM LDI Landscape Development Interventions MEEF Ministry of the Environment, Water and Forests NGO Non-Governmental Organization OPCI Organization of Village Communes OSF Observatoire National du Secteur Forestier PACT Private Agencies Cooperating Together PTE Ecoregional Transition Project (Programme de Transition Eco-Régional) (ex-LDI) USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA – FS United States Department of Agriculture – Forest Service USFS United States Forest Service (informal name for USDA-FS)
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