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RAJAONARISON Andrianandrianina Miarihaja AGRO ING 04 N°

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RAJAONARISON Andrianandrianina Miarihaja AGRO ING 04 N° MMéémmooiiirree dd’’’iiinnggéénniiioorraatt eenn IInndduussttrriiieess AAggrriiiccoollleess eett AAllliiimmeennttaaiiirreess UNIVERSITÉ D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE SUPERIEURE DES SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES DEPARTEMENT INDUSTRIES AGRICOLES ET ALIMENTAIRES PROMOTION ANDRAINA ( 1999-2004 ) Mémoire de fin d’étude en vue de l’obtention du diplôme d’ Ingénieur Agronome spécialisé en « Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires ». Etude de faisabilité de l’extraction de l’huile essentielle de Lantana camara dans la région d’Amparafaravola dans la région d’Amparafaravola Cas de la Société RANOMANITRA ––– par : Andrianandrianina Miarihaja RAJAONARISON tuteur : Professeur Jean RASOARAHONA UUnniiivveerrrssiiitttéé dd’’’AAnntttaannaannaarrriiivvoo --- EEccoolllee SSuuppéérrriiieeuurrree ddeess SScciiieenncceess AAggrrroonnoommiiiqquueess août 2005. UNIVERSITÉ D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE SUPERIEURE DES SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES DEPARTEMENT INDUSTRIES AGRICOLES ET ALIMENTAIRES PROMOTION ANDRAINA ( 1999-2004 ) Mémoire de fin d’étude en vue de l’obtention du diplôme d’ Ingénieur Agronome spécialisé en « Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires ». Etude de faisabilité de l’extraction de l’huile essentielle de Lantana camara dans la région d’Amparafaravola --- Cas de la Société RANOMANITRA – par : Andrianandrianina Miarihaja RAJAONARISON tuteur : Professeur Jean RASOARAHONA présenté en 17 août 2005. Remerciements J’aimerais témoigner de la gratitude envers les personnes qui ont contribué à la réalisation du présent mémoire. Tout d’abord, je rends infiniment grâce à Dieu car Il m’a toujours donné une bonne santé et de la volonté pendant toute ma recherche. Je témoigne ici ma reconnaissance à Monsieur Richard RANDRIATIANA, professeur chargé de nombreux cours à l’Ecole supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, qui a fait l’honneur de présider le jury de ce mémoire. Et puis, j’adresse mes vifs remerciements à Monsieur Jean Aimé RANDRIANALIJAONA, Chef du Tronc Commun, qui a eu la gentillesse de siéger parmi les membres de jury. Hommage à lui pour la profonde recherche qu’il a entreprise dans le domaine de l’huile essentielle de Lantana camara. Egalement merci à Monsieur Juslain Nomenjanahary RAHARINAIVO, Directeur de la Société RANOMANITRA, de m’avoir encadré lors de la conduite de cette recherche. Il faut savoir gré à lui pour son inestimable soutien technique. Ensuite, je remercie Monsieur Jean RASOARAHONA, Chef du département Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires, notre tuteur, qui a accepté de juger ce travail, et qui a toujours apporté son indispensable appui. Mes remerciements s’adressent de même à tous les enseignants, du tronc commun et du département I.A.A., qui nous ont formés durant ces cinq années d’étude. Je remercie infiniment toute ma famille qui m’a soutenu tout au long de mes études. Enfin, je ne saurais oublier de remercier tous mes amis qui m’ont offert leur aide, de quel ordre que ce soit, pour l’aboutissement de ce travail. i SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE …………………………………………………………………...i LISTE DES FIGURES ...................................................................................... iv LISTE DES TABLEAUX .................................................................................... v LISTE DES ANNEXES ..................................................................................... vi LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ........................................................................ vii GLOSSAIRE .................................................................................................... viii Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 I.-Généralités sur Lantana camara de Madagascar ............................................... 1 I.1.-SYSTEMATIQUE ET CARACTERISATION DES VARIETES MALGACHES ............... 2 I.1.1.-Systématique et noms vernaculaires .................................................................2 I.1.2.-Caractérisation des Variétés malgaches ...........................................................4 I.2.-BIOLOGIE DE LANTANA CAMARA MALGACHE .................................................. 5 I.3.-UTILISATIONS DE LANTANA CAMARA ............................................................... 5 I.3.1.-Vertus Thérapeutiques .......................................................................................5 a) Décoction* des feuilles : .....................................................................................5 b ) Bain* dans l’infusion de feuille : ...........................................................................5 c ) Infusion* des feuilles et des racines : ....................................................................5 d ) Extraits aqueux* ....................................................................................................5 e ) Huile essentielle* : .................................................................................................6 f ) Précaution d’emploi ...............................................................................................6 I.3.2.-Autres utilisations ...............................................................................................6 a ) Parfumerie et cosmétique ......................................................................................6 b ) Bienfaits écologiques et agronomiques .................................................................6 I.4.-SYNTHESES DES INVESTIGATIONS MENEES SUR L ’HUILE ESSENTIELLE DE LANTANA CAMARA DE MADAGASCAR .......................................................... 7 I.4.1.-Propriétés physico-chimiques ............................................................................7 I.4.1.1.-Paramètres d’extraction .................................................................................7 I.4.1.2.-Rendements d’extraction ................................................................................7 I.4.1.3.-Propriétés physiques de l’essence ..................................................................8 I.4.1.4.-Compositions chimiques de l’huile essentielle de Lantana camara ..............8 I.4.1.5.-Variation de la composition chimique suivant quelques critères ................10 I.4.1.5.1.-Selon la variété de Lantaniers ...............................................................10 I.4.1.5.2.-Selon l’altitude et la partie végétale extraite .........................................10 1.4.1.6.-Caractéristiques organoleptiques de l’huile essentielle des radriaka ........11 I.4.2.-Aspects commerciaux de l’huile essentielle de Lantana camara ...................11 I.4.2.1.-Les acteurs économiques intervenant dans la filière « huile essentielle de Lantana camara »......................................................................................................11 UUnniiivveerrssiiittéé dd’’’AAnnttaannaannaarriiivvoo -- EEccoolllee SSuuppéérriiieeuurree ddeess SScciiieenncceess AAggrroonnoommiiiqquueess ii I.4.2.1.1.-Agents d’approvisionnements en matières premières et agents extracteurs .............................................................................................................11 a) Agents d’approvisionnements en matières premières ..................................11 b) Agents extracteurs ........................................................................................12 I.4.2.1.2.-Différents niveaux de vente et de transformation .................................12 a ) Exportateurs .................................................................................................14 b ) Courtiers et négociants ................................................................................14 c ) Industries de la parfumerie ..........................................................................14 d ) Fabricants des produits finis ........................................................................14 1.4.2.2.-Flux commerciaux de l’essence de Lantana camara ...................................15 a ) Au départ du lieu de production ......................................................................15 b ) Au départ des négociants .................................................................................15 c ) Au départ des industries utilisatrices finales ....................................................16 1.4.3. - Les échanges internationaux ..........................................................................16 Conclusion Partielle ..............................................................................................................17 II.-Caractérisation de l’extraction d’huile essentielle de Lantana camara d’Amparafaravola .................................................................................................. 1 II.1.-CONTEXTE GEOGRAPHIQUE ........................................................................19 II.1.1.-Localisation de la zone de récolte ...................................................................19 II.1.2.-Caractéristiques globales de la forestière ......................................................21 II.1.3.- Climat ..............................................................................................................21 II.1.3.1.-Description du diagramme ombrothermique ..............................................22 II.1.3.2.-Température ................................................................................................23 II.1.3.3.-Pluviométrie ................................................................................................23 II.1.3.4.-Vents, humidité et cyclones .........................................................................24
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