Journal of Seybold Report ISSN NO: 1533-9211

A Review on Phytochemistry and Medicinal Properties of Camara Linn.

Mayuri Patole*, Vipul Patil, Shitalkumar Patil

*Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Ashokrao Mane College of Pharmacy, Peth Vadgaon, Dist.- Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Pin-416112, India.

e-mail- *[email protected]

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Abstract:

Traditionalmedicine,knowledgeof medicinal ,andthestudyof scientific chemical principlecan contribute tothe discoveryof newand cheapest medicines. Lantana camara plantistreatment ofmanyillnessesand is used for different medicines forpeople. Thechemical composition of theentireLantana camara planthasbeen researched inan extensive way byscientistsand researchers across theglobeinthelastfewdecades.Lantana Camara as wellasthe pharmacological biological operations. Such studies identifiedLantanacamara therapeutic potential in modern medicines, as well as a potential candidate fordrugdiscovery. This study gives a glimpseof ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology.

Keywords: Herbs, Lantana camaraLinn., Phytochemistry,Pharmacology.

Introduction:

Herbage are an excellent resource basefor the traditionalmedicineand herbalindustriesand theyprovidealarge number of livelihoods and health care to Indian residents[1]. Modernmedicinal products, mainlyherbal innature,are nowa dayusedto treat the disease.Differentherbalformulations exist now a day [2].The WHOacknowledged this factin the early 1970'sandurged government to use herbal medicinestoprevent diseaseand promote health.Herbal medicinesbecame popular in thehealthcaresector. In recent years,the consumption of those formulationsand botanicals has increased. The different partsof the plants contain various constituents that have different pharmacological effects.Medicinalplants arean important source of compounds whichare medically important. Medicinal plants have been used since the ancient times to treat different forms of health problems [3].

Avarietyofbioactive moleculesare available for the manufacture of new medicinal drugs bysystemicstudy of these plants.The pharmacological examination of various plantsused indifferent modern medicinalsystemsrecently becamemore andmoreinvolved.In recent decades, manyplantshave beendetailed studiedusing advanced scientific mechanism andwiderange of medical properties, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatoryactivity, anti-diabetic activity, anthelmintic activity andlarvicidal activity, etc. [4].

One of the plants isLantana camara Linn.The wordLantanacamaraderived from the sense oftheLatinwordlento,isto bend. Ghaneri(Marathi) commonly known as Lantana camara.It isan ornamentalflowering plantbelonging to theVerbenaceaefamily. Lantana camarais usedfortreatingwounds, swellings, ulcers, cataracts, bilious fever,itching, eczema,and rheumatism in traditionalmedicine systems[5]. Differentparts of theLantana camara is used to treatflu,fever, whooping cough,asthma, chicken pox, bronchitis,eyeinjuries andhighbloodpressure.Lantana camara has conducted scientific studies for various treatments such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antipyretic, insecticide, antimicrobial, woundhealing. NowadaysthisLantana camara plantisused in many advancedtechniqueslikeheavymetal phytoextraction, particulate emissionphytoremediation and much more[6].

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InLantanacamaraphytoconstituents are presentinallparts whichhasbeenpublishedin variousliteratures.Over the lastfewdecades, scientistsand researchers around theglobehave researchedin an elaboratemanner thechemicalcompositionofthe entire Lantana plant [7].The main purposeof thisis toprovidea completereport of the literature onits phytoconstituentspresent in every section of the Lantana camara.The plant iswidely spread through Indianstatesof Uttarakhand,UttarPradesh, Himachal Pradesh,and the North-East [8]. Thepresent analysisaims to reporta completeliterature onits phytochemistry and pharmacological operations. Lantana camara is frequentlyused asatraditional medicine, andin some areasas firewood and grassland [9].

Figure No.1 The plant of Lantana camara Linn.

Taxonomy:

LantanacamaraLinn.(Kingdom: Plantae, Subkingdom: Tracheobionta, Superdivision: Spermatophyte, Division: Magnoliopsida, Subclass: Asteriated, Order: , Family: , Genus: Lantana,Species: shrub lantana (Lantana Camara), Trailing Lantana (Lantana Motevidensis), Popcorn Lantana (Lantana Trifolia), Lantana Horrida, Lantana Urticoides, Lantana Involucrata, Lantana Pastazensis, Bandana Cherry Lantana, Bandana Pink Lantana, Pink Dawn Lantana, Pot of Gold Lantana[10].

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Geographical Distribution:

Lantana camara is atropical nativeplant andoriginatedin CentralandNorthern South America and the Caribbean. Today, the Lantana camara isdistributed in nearly60countries, including NewZealand, Mexico,Florida,Trinidad,Jamaicaand Brazil. It isfoundinmany countries inAfrica includingKenya, Uganda, Tanzaniaand South Africa [11].

Before 19th century, Lantana camarawaspossibly introduced inIndia. Lantana camara is currently distributedinall of India. InIndia viz,Ghaneri (Marathi), Raimuniya (Hindi), Sage (English), Bunga pagar (Malaysia), Kembang telek (Indonesia),Yeesun (Thailand)Lantana camara isknown by different namesin variouslanguages [12].

Plant Morphology:

The Lantana camara is usually referred toaswild orred sage,it is a fragrant evergreen shrub,itgrows up to 1-2 min height,grows upto 2000m luxury intropical, subtropical and temperateregions. The species selected forLantanacamarais a lowstiff or sub concentrated shrubwitha tetrangularbase, rough warm pickleanda blackcurrant odour. The plant growsup to 1 to 3 meters inwidthand can reach up to2,5metres. Leaves oblong orovate,acute or sub-acute, serrate crenate, rugoseon, scab on both sides.Leaves andstemsare coated with furwhichis rough. Small flora (known as umbels) held in clusters. The colour is usuallyblackand most of thetime there are different shades ofwhite tored and the colour of the flowers usuallychangeswithage. Literally year-round flowershavea yellowthroatintheeye of theaxis. The calyx is asmall, slender corollatube, 6 to7 mm wideand dividedinto unequal lobes. Stamen withfourovaries intwo pairs. Theflowers of thepair form inthe oppositeleaf pot. The flowersaresmall, dome-shaped, 2-3 cm long andhave 20-40 Cecil flowers. Theroot system is verygoodandprovides the eve for new freshshoots [13].

Ethnopharmacology:

Lantanacamara is an essential medicinal plant in traditional medicine systems, with manyuses. It is being used to treat health problems in different parts of the world. Leafwounds, rheumatism,ulcers, catarrhalinfections,tetanus, rheumatoid arthritis, malaria, cancer,chicken pox,asthma, ulceration, inflammation, eczema, tumor, gallbladder fever,abdominalvisceral taxi,throat, measles, fever, cold andhighbloodpressure.In Ghana, the whole plantis poured to treat bronchitis, and milk powder was givento the roots asa vermilion. Lantanacamaraoilis usedtotreat skinitchingas an antiseptic forwolves.Decoctions were usedin prosa and external gulls [14].

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PartsUses ofLantanaCamara Linn.:

Seeds, stem, root, leaves and flowersarealsousedbeside the entire plant.

PARTS OF LANTANA USES CAMARA LINN. Seeds Berry fruitsareuseful in fistulas,ulcers, tumorsand arthritis. It is used as astringent in cutiginouseruptions, leprosy Stem ulcers,and used as a lotion. Roots These are usedtotreat a toothache. The leaf oilsused as an antiseptic for scars; Leaves Boiled Leaves and usedfor swelling andpainin the body. Itisusedtotreatchildren with chest problems. Weed flower Flowers serves as ahedge weed, providing perchsites for butterflies and mothsand coversnectar sources. It is used astherawmaterial forpaperpulp whichis also used Stalk in the manufacture of basketsandtemporary shelters and as biofuelforthe wrapping, writing and printing of paper. Table no. 1- Parts uses of Lantana camara Linn

Phytochemistry:

Phytochemical constituentsof the Lantanacamarahasbeeninvestigated extensively over the past only a few decades. The different parts of the Lantana camara are essential oils, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, phenyl ethanoic, oligosaccharides, quinine, saponins etc. [15].

Theleaves contain a volatileoil, 0.22%, called lantanol,80% caryophylleneandlike bicyclic terpene and 10-12%I-d-phellandrene.

Driedflowers contain volatileoil 0.07%,InBarkLantanine 0.08%.

U.S.ALantana brassilinaceae, anassociatedspeciescontainingalkaloids,lantin-like quinine with antispasmodic effect,was reportedin thehospital. Toxicity isdue tothe presenceof toxictriterpenoids-lantadene (lantadene A, B, C, D). The leavescontain steroid,lancamarone, which is a fish poison and is considered cardiovascular.Roots are rich in oleanolic acid,a hepatoprotective triterpenoid [16].

A study of theleaves for the chemicalcompound obtained from essential oils identified30 compounds, mostly mono andsesquiterpenes were identified.Its essentialoilcontains

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phellandrene and lantanolicacid. In a test doneon sheep, theplant was discovered tocontain lantadene B, which istoxicindosagesof 200-300mg/kg. Research has shownthat the alkaloidit contains helptolower hypertension,stimulate deep respiration, but causesshiveringin dogs. It also stimulates bowel movementsand retards uterine movement in mice. Its alkaloids have lowlevelsof toxin andthereforemight justbeapotential cure for asthma, feverand arterialhypertension. Compoundsisolated from this plantarelancamarone andlactic acid [17].

LANTADENE C LANTADENE D

GERMACRENE A VALENCENE

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Pharmacological Activity:

Antibacterialactivity:

TheLantana camara ethanolic extractsantibacterial action. L. Montevidensis leaves and roots of normal and multi-resistant bacteriaisolatedfrom clinical material are presented against gram-positive andgram-negative strains. Themicrodilution procedure wasusedtoassessminimum inhibitoryconcentration(MIC). Theexcerpts showed antibacterialactivityagainst allbacteriaexamined,but theL. Montevidensisfreshleaf extract hasthebest effectagainstP. aeruginosa (MIC 8 mg / mL)andmulti-resistantE. Coli. These resultsareguiding newwork for both speciesto isolatethe constituents responsibleforthe behaviour [18].

Lantanacamara hasantibacterialproperties. Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Streptococcusspp.Bacteriain theunwashedfruit sampleis isolated fromthe epicarp. The minimum inhibitory concentration on theleaves Pseudomonas aeruginosais 12 mg / mlfor the methanol extract, and 48 mg / mlforthe ethanol extract. Inhibits minimum concentration up to Streptococcus spp.Theminimum inhibitory concentrationwas8 mg / ml formethanolextract and 4mg / mlfor ethanol extract, while 25 mg / ml forthemethanol extract and7mg / ml for the ethanol extractfor Staphylococcus aureus.Methanol extracts havethe highestactivity on8mg / ml Staphylococcus aureus, followedby 12mg / ml Pseudomonas aeruginosa and theleastwasonStreptococcusspp. of 25 mg / ml. Though the highest activity was onStreptococcus spp.with ethanolic extracts. Staphylococcus aureus at4 mg / mlfollowed at7mg / ml andPseudomonas aeruginosa at 48mg / ml wastheleast.Therefore,Lantanacamara leaves contain bioactive compounds and are believed to destroy microorganisms at various concentrations [19].

The antibacterial activity of lantic acidwasperformed using bioautographyassaysforGram- positive and Gram-negativebacteria. Lantic acid was found

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tohavestrongantibacterialactivity againstEscherichiacoli and Bacillus cereus, in which theminimuminhibition doses were 0.08 and0.1 ug,respectively, comparedto 0.05and 0.005 f ug or chloramphenicol. The findings indicatethat lantic acid has a wide spectrum of antibacterialactivityandmayhold potential as anantimicrobialnon-selective agent [20].

Anticanceractivity:

The anticancer activity ofeach extractof Lantana camarawas investigated againstlung carcinoma cell line by MTT test. Thehexane extractthat showed anticancer activity was purifiedby silicagel column eluted withethylacetate andmethanol. Theethyl acetate fraction that showed theanticancer activityagainst lungcancercellswasanalysedbyGC/MS. So, thepresentstudy is an additionfortheanticanceractivities of essential oils. Throughthis studywe stronglyrecommendevaluationof suchessential oilsin in-vivo experiments against differenttypes ofcancercells,as an initial step for clinicaltrials and chemotherapy of cancer disease [21].

This leavesextracts arefound to haveanticanceractivities, Triterpenes isthe activeprinciple whichisresponsibleforthese beneficial effects. leaveson Liver cancerHepG2cell lines. Wefound Methanol extracts of Lantanacamaraleaveshave phytochemical compounds that areinhibitorier, scavenging free radicals withless anticancer activities [22].

Anti-inflammatory activity:

Anti-inflammatory activitywas reportedusingaquaticanimal models from the Lantana camara plant. Ananti-inflammatory activity test is performedusing carrageenan- inducedlung edema and pleurisy mice.The doses showed significant(p < 0.05) anti- inflammatory. Therefore, the extractmaypossess substanceswithanti-inflammatory. The resultof thisstudy supportstraditional useof this plantfor painandinflammatory diseases [23].

Lantanacamara aqueousextract has beendocumented foritsanti-inflammatoryactionin albino rats. Treatment withextract (500mg / kg body weight)rat carrageenanmediated paw oedema testsignificantlyreduced paw volume [24].

Antioxidant activity:

methanolic extracts ofLantana camarawasreported antioxidantactivity. Thisextractwas demonstratedforpotentialradical scavengingactivity (DPPH), xanthine oxidase inhibition activity, and potential antioxidant activity bytheGriess-Ilosvaymethod. Lantanacamara extractsexhibit greatpotential forantioxidant [25].

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EthanolextractLantanacamarainin-vitrostudies camaraexhibited significantantioxidant activity. Therapywith theextract reduced the level oflipid peroxidation in urolithicrat kidneys. The DPPHradicalscavenging assay andtheNitricOxidefreeradicalscavenging assay wereperformed in-vitro. In both assays the extract exhibited strong antioxidant properties [26].

TheLantana camara leaves antioxidantactivity. The camara registeredareductionin power activity andaradicalscavenging assay of1, 1- diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Younger leaves had stronger antioxidant actionthanolderormatureleaves but had higher antioxidant effect onleafextracts [27].

Wound healing activity:

The waterdistillate of Lantanacamaraflowerswere reported ‘woundhealing’ activityon albinorat excisionand incisionwoundmodels of Wistarstrain.Theanimalsweredivided into four groups, each with 6 animals. No treatment was foundon group I (control). Group II animals were treatedwith5%w/wpovidone iodine (positive control).GroupIII and IV group5% and 10% ointment, Lantana camara essential oiltreatment.Wound healing parameterssuch aswoundcontraction rate andepithelialduration were observed forthe emission model, whiletensilestrength (skinrupturepower) was observed in theincisionmodel.Theresultswere analyzedusingaOne-way ANOVAthrough a multiple comparison test of Tukey’s[28].

Wound healing action of Lantanacamaraleavesextract in rats. In both modelstheanimalswere dividedintotwo groups of 12 each.Lantana camara ontest groupanimals(100 mg/kg/day) was treated with water-likeextract. Wounds were treatedwiththeextract enhancedsignic. Wound contraction rate (98%), collagen synthesis, and wound healing time decreased[29].

Larvicidal activity:

Aqueous leaf extracts of Lantanacamarawasreported larvicidal activity. Thelarvae necessitated 80mg/100ml concentrationof the aqueous extract for100%mortalityin six hours. This study proved that the aqueous leaf extract of Lantanacamaraand Catharanthus roseus canbe usedasan effective larvicidaldrug for controlling mosquitolarvae [30].

Methanol and ethanol extractofleaves and flowersofLantana camarawas reported mosquito larvicidal activity. Larvicidal effect on 3 and 4 instar larvae of mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Culex rd.th.quinquefasciatus have been investigated in a dose

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dependent manner for 24 hrs. with 1.0 mg/ml concentration ofextracts of Lantana camara maximum mortality was observedin Aedes aegypti exposedfor24 hr. [31].

Antihyperglycemic activity:

Methanol extract of the leaves Lantana camara antihyperglycemic activity. Lantanacamara has been documentedin diabetic ratsinduced with alloxane. Oral administration ofextract of methanol fromLantana camara(400 mg / kg body weight) leaveshavecausedbloodglucose levelsin alloxane-induced diabetic ratstodecreaseto 121.94 mg / dl [32].

Methanolextractlantana camarafruit from hypoglycaemic activityhasbeen shown streptozotocin-induceddiabeticrats (Wister albinorats). Drugtherapyat dosesof100and 200 mg /kgbodyweightthat reduction instreptozotocin-serumglucoselevelsindiabeticrats. Extract treatment also improved bodyweight,HbA1c profile, and liver cell regeneration [33].

Haemolytic activity:

TheLantana camara aqueous extracts hemolytic activity and itssolventfractionswere performed at fourdifferentconcentrations (125, 250, 500, 1000 μg / ml) usingmodified spectroscopic method. Thewaterextractand theirnon-soluble fractionsexhibit extremelylow haemolytic behaviour towardshuman erythrocytes [34].

Antifungal activity:

Aqueous crude extract andsolvent extractsuchas Methanol,Ethylacetate, Chloroformwere measuredatconcentrations of 2mg / mL,4mg / mL and8mg / ml.Testsrevealedthat,relative toregular fluconazole(15μg / ml),allthree solventextractsdisplayedsubstantial inhibition athigher rates.It wasconcluded that leaves of Lantana camara pickedcrudeandsolventextract.Lantana camarahasantifungal activityagainst pathogenicColletotrichumfalcatumand can be usedtocontrol red rotdiseaseas anaturalfungustoxicant, thus reducing synthetic fungiciderelianceto somedegree[35].

Lantana Camara had been screened forantimicrobial activityagainst Alternariasp.Which causes variousdiseasesoftheplants, particularlyinplants withvegetables. Anti-fungal operationwas conducted with three different concentrations ofVizextract,10 mg / ml, 15 mg / ml and20 mg / ml using the food poisoning plateprocess. A20 mg / ml Dose Lantana Camaraaction againstAlternariasp.wassignificant[36].

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Anti-fungalethanol operation,andLantana camarahotwater extract. The Lantanais shown against thered and whitefungus of wood destruction. Whilebothextractsshowedeffective antifungal action against white and brownfungi, ethanol extracts werehighlypotentat extremelylowconcentrations (0.01 %) [37].

Anti-ulcerogenic Activity:

Antiulcerogenic activity of methanol extract from the Lantana camara leaves. Aspirin, ethanol, and gastric lesions caused by cold-resistant stress were documented in rats. Pre- treatment oftheremoved rats (200 and 400 mg / kgbodyweight) showed a remarkableprotective effecton aspirin-induced, ethanol-inducedand cold- tolerantinducedulcersinrats. Theextractresultedin dose-basedantiulcerogenic actionin allmodels [38].

The Lantana camaramethanolextract ofanti-ulcerogenic activity was reported.administered orally at pyrolic-linkedratesgastric ulcer inducedethanol and duodenal ulcerinduced cysteamine [39].

Conclusion:

Lantanacamaraisasignificant medicinalherbwithvarious applications inthe therapeuticfolk andconventional systems.Thephytochemistryand pharmacologicalstudies showedthatdifferent aspects ofthe Lantanacamara wouldhelptoraiseawareness ofthe plant in society.

Acknowledgements: Theauthors wish to acknowledge professorsfor his inspiration.

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36. Srivastava D, Singh P. Antifungal potential of two common weeds against plant pathogenic fungi- Alternaria sps. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences; 2011; 2(3); 525528. 37. Tripathi S et al. Potential of Lantana camara Linn. Weed against wood destroying fungi. Indian Forest; 2009; 135 (3);403-411. 38. Thamotharan G et al. Antiulcerogenic effects of Lantana camara Linn. Leaves On in vivo test models in rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research; 2010; 3(3); 529-538 39. Mamta Saxena, Jyoti Saxena and Sarita Khare, et al., A brief review on: Therapeutic values of Lantana plant. Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS); March: 2012; 3(3); 1551-1554.

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