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An Inventory of the Vascular Plants of Amistad National Recreation Area,Val Verde Co., Texas

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An Inventory of the Vascular Plants of Amistad National Recreation Area,Val Verde Co., Texas 8 LUNDELLIA DECEMBER, 2013 AN INVENTORY OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF AMISTAD NATIONAL RECREATION AREA,VAL VERDE CO., TEXAS Jackie M. Poole Wildlife Diversity Program, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 4200 Smith School Road, Austin, Texas 78744, U.S.A. Abstract: Amistad National Recreation Area is a 23,186 ha property in Val Verde County, Texas. A floral inventory was conducted in 2003–2004, producing a checklist of 699 taxa with 99 infraspecific taxa, 686 species, 402 genera, and 106 families. There are 651 native taxa and 48 introduced. No federally or state listed plants were documented. Seventeen species of conservation concern were verified within the park. Thirteen taxa endemic to Texas were recorded. Plant communities were also noted and compared to those previously reported for the site. Amistad National Recreation Area The climate of Amistad NRA is semi- (Amistad NRA) is located in southwest Texas arid, with hot summers and mild dry winters along the U.S.-Mexico border near the town (Golden et al., 1982; Natural Fibers Infor- of Del Rio, Texas. The recreation area extends mation Center 1987). Rainfall occurs pri- along the Rio Grande from above Langtry to marily in two time periods: April through just above Del Rio, and up two tributaries of June and September through October, with the Rio Grande, the Pecos, and Devils Rivers, .80% of the annual precipitation occurring for dozens of miles. The recreation area was from April to October. Average annual created after the construction of Amistad precipitation in Del Rio is 469 mm (18.5 Dam that was built in 1969 below the in). However, precipitation tends to fall confluence of the Rio Grande and the Devils erratically, with monthly and yearly totals River. Lake Amistad International Reservoir often straying far from the average. During has approximately 1,432 km (890 mi) of the August 1998 flood, 432 mm (17.02 in) of shoreline with numerous coves and inlets, rain, almost the average annual rainfall, fell 869 km (540 mi) in the United States and during one day, in contrast to the average 563 km (350 mi) in Mexico. The park’s annual precipitation in 1956 that was only boundary is mostly unfenced. Amistad NRA 110.2 mm (4.34 in). During the field sessions is located in Val Verde County, Texas of this study (April 2002 to October 2003), a (Figure 1) and consists of 23,186 ha year long drought was broken, and precip- (57,294 ac), including areas covered by the itation was above average most months. reservoir (NPS 2006). Except for some Average monthly temperatures vary from upland areas beyond the main body of the 10uC (50u F) in winter to 27uC (81u F) in reservoir (including five Hunt Areas), the summer. Temperatures can be quite hot, actual land area of the NRA fluctuates with especially in the summer, with an average of changing reservoir levels. The national recre- 124 days over 32uC (90uF). Freezing tem- ation area’s boundary is generally defined as peratures occur on average only 19 days a the reservoir surface and shore area up to the year (National Weather Service 2003). 348.8-meter (1,144.3-foot) elevation contour Geologically Amistad NRA is fairly above mean sea level, with a pool conserva- homogeneous (Bureau of Economic Geolo- tion level contour of 340.5 meter (1,117 feet) gy 1977). Most of the outcropping and above mean sea level. Water in the reservoir is underlying rock is Cretaceous limestone. used for municipal and irrigation purposes The Salmon Peak and Buda limestones are for communities downstream along the Rio the most common, while the Del Rio clay Grande (NPS 2004). (calcareous and gypsiferous clay), is locally LUNDELLIA 16:8–82. 2013 NUMBER 16 POOLE: PLANTS OF AMISTAD NATIONAL RECREATION AREA 9 FIG. 1. Amistad National Recreation Area with plot locations. common at some sites. Along the narrow exposed limestone bedrock also occur. The Rio Grande corridor of the park, upstream rest of the Devils River within the recreation from the confluence with the Pecos River, area as well as the drainages of San Pedro the Devils River limestone replaces the Creek are in the Dev Series (very gravelly others as the most common rock type. Some clay loams). The Pecos River (within the minor outcrops of the Eagle Ford formation recreation area boundary) has little soil (shales, siltstones, and limestone) and the development, and is mapped as Langtry- Pliocene or Pleistocene Uvalde gravel for- Rock outcrop association. Although the mation also occur within Amistad NRA association is mostly composed of limestone boundaries. rock outcrops, Langtry soils are rocky clay Most of the soils within Amistad NRA loams. are shallow, rocky and alkaline (Golden et al. The upland soils of Amistad NRA also 1982). The rivers and drainages that have vary by location. From the park’s uppermost not been permanently flooded contain reaches on the Rio Grande to Langtry, the primarily riparian type soils. Along the Rio soils are primarily the Mariscal-Lozier asso- Grande, the soils (Rio Grande Series) are ciation (shallow, rocky loams) and the deep, loamy and silty. Near the end of the Lozier-Shumla association (shallow loamy Amistad NRA boundary along the Devils to gravelly loamy soils). From Langtry to River, the soils are unstabilized, nearly Seminole Canyon, the soils are the same as barren, sandy, gravelly, rocky sediments those along the Pecos, the Langtry-Rock (Riverwash soil map unit) that wash in from outcrop association. Below Seminole Can- the surrounding limestone hills. Areas of yon to Evans Creek, the Langtry-Rock 10 LUNDELLIA DECEMBER, 2013 outcrop association is still frequent, but photographs, there is little record of what other soils such as the Felipe and Zorra soil the vegetation was like. The springs at the association (shallow gravelly clays and stony mouth of Big Satan Canyon along the loams, respectively), the Valverde silty clay Devils River maintain one of the more loam (a deep soil), and the Zorra-Rock interesting wetland plant communities outcrop complex (mostly Zorra soils but found within Amistad NRA, probably due some rock outcrops) are also common. The to their escape from inundation. The same soils of the uplands within the Amistad NRA is true for Dead Man Springs along the boundary along the Devils River are primar- Pecos River. Indian Springs has recently ily Langtry-Rock outcrop and Zorra-Rock resurfaced with a drop in lake level, but it outcrop as are Hunt Areas 1 and 3. The rest will take decades, or more likely centuries, of Amistad NRA is a mix of mainly Felipe for the vegetation to return to pre-lake and Zorra soils, Zorra-rock outcrop, Val- composition and structure. Likewise the verde silty clay loam, and the Olmos very vegetation that has been subjected to gravelly loam (a shallow soil). fluctuating lake levels has been drastically Topographically Amistad NRA consists changed. Most recently emergent sites are of rolling hills and plateaus dissected by vegetated by a combination of non-native numerous small drainages and steep-sided and primary successional native species. canyons. Three major drainages systems Even the substrate and soil have been highly (Rio Grande, Devils, and Pecos Rivers) cut altered, with soils washed away leaving bare, through the area. The confluence of the Rio exposed, cracked limestone. Thus, there is Grande, Devils River, and San Pedro, Evans probably little hope for these sites to return and California Creeks form a large basin to their former species composition. with a more gently rolling topography, but Climate, geology, soils, topography and this area is now submerged beneath the hydrology are the major influences on plant reservoir. Vertical relief within the recreation communities. Three Texas ecoregions, South area varies depending on location and lake Texas Plains (also referred to as Tamaulipan level, but most of the hill and plateaus rise Brushland), Edwards Plateau and Trans- 15–46 m (50–150 ft) above the surrounding Pecos (or Chihuahuan Desert), converge terrain. Sheer cliffs occur along the Rio within Amistad NRA (Hatch et al. 1990). Grande, Devils and Pecos Rivers. Indian From the south, South Texas Plains mixed Cliffs (see cover) along the Devils River rises shrublands of blackbrush (Acacia rigidula), 61m (200 ft) above the river. Elevation guajillo (Acacia berlandieri) and Texas ba- within Amistad NRA varies little, due to the rometer bush (Leucophyllum frutescens) min- elevational boundary. However elevation gle with the oak (Quercus spp.)-juniper does range from a low of 284 m AGL (Juniperus spp.) woodlands of the Edwards (930 ft) along the Rio Grande below the dam Plateau which are primarily found north and to a high of 373 m AGL (1224 ft) in Hunt east of the park. And from the west, creosote Area 1. bush (Larrea tridentata) and lechuguilla The primary source of groundwater in (Agave lechuguilla), indicator species of the the park is from the Edwards-Trinity Chihuahuan Desert (Trans-Pecos ecoregion), aquifer. Most of the major springs within blend with both of the aforementioned Amistad NRA have been permanently cov- ecoregions. The semi-arid nature of this ered or occasionally flooded. Goodenough landscape is tempered somewhat by the Springs was the third largest spring in Texas presence of springs, rivers, and the human- (Brune 1981), and despite being covered created reservoir. These water features pro- with over 40 m (131 ft) of water, still vide wetter microhabitats, allowing the pres- manages to produce a small flow. Aside from ence of more mesic vegetation than would scattered plant collections and historical normally be encountered in this region. NUMBER 16 POOLE: PLANTS OF AMISTAD NATIONAL RECREATION AREA 11 Land-use history has also shaped the with the recreation area and the flora, as vegetation.
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