Ethnic Minorities Development Plan Ethnic Minorities Development Plan Document Stage: Draft Project Number: 36455 May 2007 PRC: Central Yunnan Roads Development Project Prepared by Yunnan Provincial Communications Department for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The ethnic minorities development plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. DRAFT ETHNIC MINORITIES DEVELOPMENT PLAN Central Yunnan Roads Development Project May 2007 Yunnan Provincial Communications Department The ethnic minorities development plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Endorsement of the Ethnic Minorities Development Plan Yunnan Provincial Communications Department (YPCD), through the Central Government, has requested a loan from ADB to finance part of the Central Yunnan Roads Development Project. This Ethnic Minorities Development Plan (EMDP) represents a key requirement of ADB and will constitute the basis for ensuring the equitable sharing of project benefits and specifying required mitigation measures to address the adverse efforts for the ethnic minorities in the project area. The EMDP complies with PRC laws and local regulations but includes some additional enhancement measures and implementation and monitoring arrangements. YPCD hereby endorses the contents of the attached EMDP and ensures that funds will be made available as stipulated in the budget. YPCD has discussed the EMDP with relevant local officials and has obtained their concurrence. Approved on 27 April 2007 Director, YPCD i TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. BACKGROUND 2 A. Project Description 2 B. Legal Framework 2 1. Government Policies, Plans, and Programs on Ethnic Minorities 2 2. ADB Indigenous People’s Policy 3 C. Poverty Reduction and Development 3 III. ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA 7 A. Population and Location 7 B. Main Ethnic Groups 7 1. Yi 8 2. Bai 8 3. Hani 8 4. Dai 9 5. Miao 9 6. Lisu 9 7. Hui 9 C. Socioeconomic Characteristics of Minority Communities in PA 10 1. Poverty 10 2. Household Size 10 3. Income Pattern 11 4. Landholding 12 5. Education and Income Generation Skill 13 6. Economic Geography Categories 17 D. Comparative Vulnerable Groups 17 E. Target Areas and EMs groups 18 IV. ISSUES 19 A. HIV/AIDS and STIs Issues 19 B. Gender aspects 21 V. STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION 24 A. Perceived Project Benefits 24 1. Agricultural Produce 25 2. Migrant labor 26 3. Promoting Off-farming Business 28 4. Benefits for Social Services 29 VI. ETHNIC MINORITY ACTION PLAN 30 A. Project Benefit and Enhancement Measures 30 1. Project Benefits 30 2. Enhancement Measures 31 B. Project Impact and Mitigation Measures 31 1. Land Acquisition and House Demolition 32 2. HIV/AIDS and other transmissible Disease 32 3. Human and drug trafficking 33 4. Community Disturbance during project construction 33 C. Complementary Poverty Reduction Measures 34 ii D. Consultation and Disclosure 35 E. Implementation Arrangements and Funding 35 F. EMDP Monitoring and Evaluation 36 1. Implementation Agencies 36 2. Monitoring and Reporting 36 Annex 1 – Terms of Reference for the EMDP External Monitor iii LIST OF TABLES TABLE 3.1 ETHNIC MINORITY POPULATION IN PROJECT AREA ...........................................................7 TABLE 3.2 POVERTY INCIDENCE AND MINORITY DISTRIBUTION IN PA AND YUNNAN ..........................10 TABLE 3.3 HOUSEHOLD SIZE..........................................................................................................10 TABLE 3.4 PERCENTAGE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD BY MALE AND FEMALE.......................................11 TABLE 3.5 HOUSEHOLD GROSS INCOME BY NATIONALITY GROUPS .................................................11 TABLE 3.6: HOUSEHOLD INCOME PATTERN AMONGST MINORITY GROUPS IN THE PROJECT AREA.....11 FIGURE 3.1 INCOME PATTERN AMONGST SURVEYED HOUSEHOLDS BY ETHNIC GROUPS .................12 TABLE 3.7 HOUSEHOLD LANDHOLDING DIFFERENTIALS AMONGST MINORITY GROUPS IN THE PA .....13 FIGURE 3.2 AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD LANDHOLDING BY NATIONALITY GROUPS ..................................13 TABLE 3.8 AVERAGE EDUCATION YEAR OF HH MEMBER .................................................................13 TABLE 3.9 YEARS OF EDUCATION OF ADULTS BY NATIONALITY GROUPS..........................................14 TABLE 3.10 NUMBER OF MEMBERS WITH SPECIAL OFF-FARMING SKILLS IN HH ...............................14 TABLE 3.11 ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS AMONGST MINORITY GROUPS IN THE PROJECT AREA .........15 FIGURE 3.3 HOUSEHOLD GROSS INCOME BY NATIONALITY GROUPS................................................15 FIGURE 3.4 AVERAGE EDUCATION YEARS OF HOUSEHOLD ADULT MEMBER ....................................15 FIGURE 3.5 HOUSEHOLD INCOME VS EDUCATION............................................................................16 FIGURE 3.6 HOUSEHOLD INCOME VS HOUSEHOLD LANDHOLDING....................................................16 TABLE 3.12 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VILLAGE FOUND IN THE PROJECT AREA ...........................15 TABLE 4.1 KNOWLEDGE ON HIV/AIDS AMONG SURVEYED HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS ............................19 TABLE 4.2 POSSIBLE APPROACHES TO ADAPT EXPERIENCE FROM BAOLONG TA .............................20 TABLE 4.3 EDUCATION LEVEL OF WORKING AGE BY GENDER..........................................................21 TABLE 4.4 OFF-FARMING INCOME GENERATION SKILLS BY GENDER ................................................21 TABLE 4.5 GENDER LABOR DIVISION ..............................................................................................22 TABLE 4.6 GENDER DISAGGREGATED DATA ON DECISION MAKING..................................................22 TABLE 5.1 VILLAGERS’ PRIORITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT...................................................................24 TABLE 5.2 HOUSEHOLDS COULD PRODUCE GREATER YIELDS IN THE CONDITION OF:.......................26 TABLE 5.3 LONG TERM MIGRANT LABOR BY SOCIAL GROUPS .........................................................26 TABLE 5.4 SHORT TERM MIGRANT LABORS IN THE PROJECT AREA..................................................27 TABLE 5.5 LONG TERM MIGRANT LABOR OF SELECTED COUNTIES IN THE PROJECT AREA ...............27 TABLE 5.6 HOUSEHOLDS WITH OWN OFF-FARMING LOCAL BUSINESS ..............................................28 TABLE 5.7 NUMBER OF MEMBERS WITH SPECIAL OFF-FARMING SKILLS IN HH .................................28 TABLE 6.1 POTENTIAL BENEFITS IDENTIFIED BY VILLAGERS IN THE PROJECT AREA..........................30 TABLE 6.2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS IDENTIFIED BY VILLAGERS IN THE PROJECT AREA ...........................31 TABLE 6.3 SUMMARY OF EMDP 2007–2010 ..................................................................................37 iv ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ACWF – All China Women’s Federation BP – Bank Procedures CDC – Center for Disease Control DPA – Direct Project Area EMDP – Ethnic Minorities Development Plan FGD – Focus Group Discussion GDP – Gross Domestic Product HIV/AIDS – Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. IDU – Intravenous Drug Users IPA – Indirect project area km – Kilometer MIS – Management Information System M&E – Monitoring and Evaluation NGO – Non-governmental Organization OP – Operational Manual PA – Project Area PADO – Poverty Alleviation and Development Office PEC – Project Execute Company YEAC – Yunnan Ethnic Minority Affaires Committee PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal PRC – People’s Republic of China STI – Sexually Transmitted Infection WDS – Western Development Strategy WF – Women’s Federation YPG – Yunnan Provincial Government I. INTRODUCTION 1. This ethnic minorities development plan (EMDP) has been prepared to ensure the equitable sharing of project benefits and to specify required mitigation measures to address adverse effects for ethnic minorities1 in the Project area (PA) of the Central Yunnan Roads Development Project (the Project) in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Adequate measures to enhance the economic conditions of vulnerable groups, including ethnic minorities have been integrated in Project design. Provisions for special mitigation measures have been included in the resettlement plan, which will help ensure that vulnerable groups, including ethnic minorities adversely affected by resettlement will also benefit from the project. Current government policies and programs for minority nationalities further help to protect and enhance project benefits to ethnic minority groups. The EMDP synthesizes information from these various sources to form a stand-alone document, which ensures compliance to Asian Development Bank (ADB) Policy on Indigenous Peoples. 1 Ethnic minority groups refers to those groups that are different from the majority ethnic group—the Han. 2 II. BACKGROUND A. Project Description 2. The proposed Expressway connects to the ending point of the ongoing Yuanmou- Wuding Expressway in Wuding County of Chuxiong Yi Minority Autonomous Prefecture, and passes through Fumin County and Wuhua District of Kunming Municipality, linking with Kunming Northwest Ring Road before entering Kunming City. The expressway is 64.7km long and with 4.2km of connector roads. The Project will also include upgrading 190km of local roads in Wuding, Fumin, Xishan and Wuhua counties/districts and expansion of four township passenger centers in Wuding, Fumin,