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The Position of Tusi Within Area of Liangshan Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav Dálného východu Diplomová práce Bc. Jan Karlach Pomocí barbarů ovládat barbary: Postavení tusi v oblasti Liangshanu By Barbarians Control Barbarians: The Position of Tusi within Area of Liangshan konzultant: Praha 2014 Mgr. Jakub Hrubý, Ph.D. 1 Za vedení práce děkuji Mgr. Jakubu Maršálkovi, Ph.D. Za konstruktivní připomínky, neocenitelnou pomoc v podobě mnoha desítek hodin strávených nad textem a za všeobecnou výraznou podporu děkuji konzultantovi této práce, Mgr. Jakubu Hrubému, Ph.D., bez něhož by tato práce nemohla ve své stávající podobě vzniknout. Projektu Erasmus Mundus MULTI a s ním spojeným semestrálním pobytem na Hong Kong Polytechnic University vděčím za rychlý a snadný přístup k pramenům a literatuře, stejně jako za možnost načerpat energii v inspirativním a motivujícím akademickém prostředí. Sunim Choi, Ph.D., Mgr. Nině Kopp a Mgr. Ondřeji Klimešovi, Ph.D. vděčím za pomoc při hledání a určování vhodných pramenů a literatury, jakožto i za tematickou inspiraci a neutuchající podporu. RNDr. Ivaně Frolíkové pak za převedení ručních náčrtků map do vektorové elektronické podoby. Poděkování si zaslouží rovněž Devon Williams, M.A., ač permanentně vzdálen na druhé straně zeměkoule, nikdy ani na vteřinu neváhal podat pomocnou ruku, stejně jako Marc Todd, B.A. V neposlední řadě musím poděkovat Zheng Jianzhongovi 鄭建中 za pomoc při luštění mnohdy nečitelných znaků z moderních přetisků původních místních kronik. 2 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně, že jsem řádně citoval všechny použité prameny a literaturu a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. V Hongkongu dne 1.1.2014 Bc. Jan Karlach 3 Abstrakt Práce se zabývá analýzou podoby politiky nepřímé správy jihosichuanské periferní oblasti Liangshanu, kterou se císařský dvůr snažil implementovat skrze dědičné úřady jím dosazených místních vládců (čín. tusi či tuguan). Využívá informací, které pocházejí především z pramenů v klasické čínštině (oficiální historie, místní kroniky, etnografické studie a další dokumenty) a z literatury v českém, anglickém, francouzském a čínském jazyce. Je rozdělena na tři vzájemně související části. První kapitola nastiňuje původ, proměny a vývoj nepřímé správy periferních území ležících v oblasti jihozápadní Číny, jejímž vrcholem byl „režim místních vládců“ (čín. tusi zhidu), pomocí kterého centrální dvůr ovládal periferie své říše za vlády dynastií Yuan, Ming a Qing. Tento popis pokrývá zhruba rozmezí od období Válčících států (5. stol. př. n. l.) až do počátku 20. století. Druhá část práce je věnována geografickému, historicko-politickému a etnohistorickému popisu oblasti Liangshanu. První a druhá kapitola společně vymezují teoretický rámec pro závěrečnou část. Třetí kapitola je dále rozdělena do čtyř bloků a poskytuje etnohistorický popis několika reprezentativních úřadů místních vládců a genealogií rodů, které je ovládaly. Analyzuje postavení místních vládců v rámci a vůči tradiční společnosti liangshanského etnika Wumanů (především vůči místní aristokratické společnosti „černých kostí“), a také jejich vztah k centrálnímu dvoru z pozice úředníka. Dále poukazuje na rozpory mezi teoretickým projektem režimu místních vládců a jeho praktickým fungováním, jakožto i na vztahy, které měli místní vládci mezi sebou v rámci území Liangshanu a ojediněle též mimo tento rámec. Práce dochází k závěru, že v Liangshanu panovaly výrazné rozdíly mezi teorií a praxí v oblasti pravidel režimu místních vládců definovaných císařským dvorem, což bylo dáno odlišnou strukturou wumanské a čínské společnosti, a císařský dvůr musel těmto rozdílům svá pravidla přizpůsobit. Práce je první svého druhu v českém akademickém prostředí, přináší proto i vhodnou českou nomenklaturu pro klíčové termíny používané v zahraniční literatuře v souvislosti s danou problematikou. Klíčová slova Císařská Čína, režim ohlávek a opratí, režim místních vládců, místní vládce, Liangshan, Jianchang, tusi, tuguan, tumu, nzymo 4 English Abstract This M.A. thesis analyses the politics of indirect rule within the peripheral area of Liangshan in southern Sichuan, which the imperial court tried to implement thru appointment of hereditary offices of indigenous chieftains (ch. tusi or tuguan). It uses primary sources in classical Chinese from official histories, local gazetteers, ethnographic studies and other documents, as well as secondary literature in Czech, English, French, German and Chinese. This thesis is divided into three interrelated chapters. The first chapter outlines the origin, changes and development of systems of indirect rule in Southwest China. The final stage of the development this political mechanism was a so-called “native chieftain system” (ch. tusi zhidu), through which the central court managed peripheral regions of its empire during Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. This chapter focuses on the development of these systems of indirect rule from the Warring States era (5th century BC) to the beginning of 20th century. The second chapter explores ethnographic, historico-political and ethnohistorical descriptions of Liangshan region. This chapter will then define the Liangshan region through geographical, political (the imperial court), and indigenous (ethnic) perspectives and therefore finalizes a theoretical framework for the final part of this thesis. The final chapter analyzes the roles of a typical native chieftain’s offices and the genealogies of clans that ruled them. This thesis illustrates status of these indigenous rulers within and stance towards the Wuman ethnic traditional society in the Liangshan region. It further describes the relationship of indigenous chieftains with the central court, the discrepancies between the theoretical design of the native chieftain system and how it functioned in reality, as well as the relationships between indigenous rulers and local “black bone“ aristocrats within the Liangshan region and beyond. The thesis concludes, that in Liangshan there were significant differences between theory and praxis in terms of following regulations defined by the central court. This situation stemmed from the different nature of social order within Chinese and Wuman societies. Therefore, the central court had to modify the rules according to these differences. This M.A. thesis is a pioneering project within Czech academia and has translated relevant terminology into Czech for future research. Keywords Imperial China, bridle and halter prefectures, native chieftancy system, native chieftain, Liangshan, Jianchang, tusi, tuguan, tumu, nzymo 5 Obsah Úvod ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Poznámka k transkripci, čínským znakům a tónovým značkám.......................................... 15 Teoretická východiska a nomenklatura..................................... ........................................... 17 Prameny, literatura, příručky a stav bádání..................................... ................................... 25 1. Nástin historie vývoje metod nepřímé správy okrajových oblastí čínské říše se __zaměřením na jihozápad .................................................................................................... 31 1.1 „Nepřítel nepřítele je můj přítel“ – období před prvním sjednocením........................... 31 1.2 „Pečovat o ctnostné barbary“ – dynastie Qin ................................................................. 34 1.3 „Ohlávky a opratě“ – dynastie Han ................................................................................ 35 1.4 „Experiment patron – klient“ – od Tří říší až k dynastii Sui ......................................... 40 1.5 „Jih byl odjakživa náš“ – dynastie Sui ........................................................................... 43 1.6 „Kdo má ohlávku a kdo drží oprať?“ – dynastie Tang ................................................... 45 1.7 „Ruce pryč“ – dynastie Song ......................................................................................... 48 1.8 „Zákon a pořádek“ – dynastie Yuan ............................................................................... 50 1.9 „Účel světí prostředky“ – dynastie Ming ....................................................................... 53 1.10 „Záchrana barbarů ze spárů tusiů“ – dynastie Qing ..................................................... 61 2. Geografie, Liangshan a „místo pro krále“ ....................................................................... 70 2.1 Geografie a topografie Liangshanu ................................................................................ 70 2.2 Liangshan a centrální dvůr ............................................................................................. 71 2.3 (Nuosu) Muddi – „místo pro krále“ ............................................................................... 81 3. Pozice tusi v Liangshanu .................................................................................................... 90 3.1 Jianchangské úřady a svrchovaný vládce Lili ................................................................ 90 3.2 Místní prefektura Mahu a náčelnictví Qianwanguan ................................................... 112 3.3 Pacifikační úřad 2. úrovně Qiongbu a místní chiliarchie Nuandaimi .......................... 127 3.4 Věhlasní nzymoové – náčelnictví Adu a pacifikační úřad 2. úrovně Shama ............... 144 Závěr .....................................................................................................................................
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