~ ... ,,, "",.~ "'.~ -~.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (tongrEssional REcord

th PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 89 CONGRESS SECOND SESSION

VOLUME 112-PART 8

MAY 3, 1966, TO MAY 18, 1966 (P}l<7ES 9511 TO 10980)

UNITED STATES <70VERNMENT PRINTIN<7 OFFICE, WASHIN<7TON, 1966 9566 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE MayO, 1966 In this way the disruptions in the business The legislation we have asked for to loan program, which have sometimes oc­ Because I deem these articles of con­ achieve this has passed the Senate. It is siderable value to the current congres­ curred when disasters have struck various under active consideration in the House. It communities, can be avoided. is as necessary for small business as It is sional diScussion of the proper degree of The b1ll also Increases by $125 milllon the sound for the Government. congressional review of CIA activities, I amount of loans SBA may have on Its books SBA Is not the only Federal agency in ask unanimous consent that they be at anyone time. And we expect SBA to use need of more effective financing authority. printed. this authority to serve more firms than ever If selling certificates of participation makes There being no objection, the articles before. sense for SBA, it makes sense as well in our were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, These are necessary changes, If the Agency other programs. That Is why I have rec­ as follows: is to carry out the small business program ommended that the Congress authorize the I have proposed for the coming fiscal year. same sound fiscal procedures for agencies [From the New York Times, Our budget for fiscal year 1967 proposes throughout the Government. Apr. 25, 1966] that SBA make avallable about $725 mill10n This policy Is not original With this ad­ CIA: MAKER OF POLICY, OR TOOL?-8URVEY in loans, guarantees, and other commitments ministration. In 1954, In 1955, in 1956, and FINDS WIDELY FEARED AGENCY Is TIGHTLY to small business. That Is the largest again In 1958, President Eisenhower affirmed CONTROLLED amount of financing SBA has undertaken in his bellef that private capital should be (NOTE.-The Central Intelligence Agency, its entire history. It Is more than four times gradually SUbstituted for the Government's which does not often appear in the news, what the Agency accompllshed in 1960. investment in housing mortgages. This is an impressive program-as it must made headlines on two counts in recent 1954, be, if it is to keep pace with the growth of In for example, President Els'enhower days. The Agency was found to have inter­ small business during the past 4 years. said: "The polley of this administration is to ceded in the slander trial of one of its agents There are about 300,000 more small busi­ sell the mortgages now held (by the Federal in an effort to obtain his exoneration with­ ,ness firms operating in America today than National Mortgage Association) as rapidly as out explanation except that he had done its the mortgage market penuits." there were 4 years ago. bidding in the interest of national security. There were 20 percent fewer fallures among In 1955, again President Eisenhower made And it was reported to have planted at least all businesses last year, than there were in clear his position: "Private capital w1ll be five agents among Michigan State University 1961. You know only too well that the great gradually SUbstituted for the Government scholars engaged in a foreign aid project part of those fallures were among small investment until the Government funds are some years ago in Vietnam. Although the businesses. fUlly repaid and the private owners take specific work of these agents and the cir­ Profits after taxes In small manufacturing over responsib1l1ty for the program." cumstances of their employment are in dis­ corporations were nearly three times greater President Eisenhower appointed a Com­ pute, reports of their activities have raised in 1965 than they were in 1961. mission on Money and Credit, and in 1961 many questions about the purposes and Small business has taken a much greater the Commission's report called once again methods of the CIA, and about Its relation­ share of mllitary prime contract awards. In for the maXimum SUbstitution of private for ship to other parts of the Government and 1961 small firms obtained $3.6 bill10n of Federal credit. nongovernmental institutions. Even larger those awards. In 1965 the figure was $4.9 In 1962 President Kennedy's Committee on questions about control of the CIA Within bllllon-an increase of 36 percent in 4 years. Federal Credit Programs reported that "un­ the framework of a free government and So we are planning and working for a less the urgency of other goals makes pri­ about its role in foreign affairs are period­ growth industry-for almost 5 million busi­ vate participation infeasible, the methods ically brought up in Congress and among nesses, from the corner store to the small used shOUld facilltate private financing, and other governments. To provide background manufacturer-for those millions of men thus encourage longrun achievement of for these questions, and to determine what and women who by their initiative and deter­ program objectives with a minimum of Gov­ issues of publlc policy are posed by the mination and hope keep the wheels moving ernment aid." Agency's work, the New York Times has in our economy. And as recently as 1963 the Republlcan spent several months looking into Its af­ This blll is essential for their growth and members of the House Ways and Means Com­ fairs. This series Is the result. development. But it is only half the answer mittee, led by Congressmen BYRNES, CURTIS, (Following Is the first of five articles on to small business needs. UTI', BETI'S, SCHNEEBELI, and COLLIER, argued the Central Intelligence Agency. The arti­ It gives SBA the authority to carry out that "the administration also can reduce its cles are by a team of New York Times cor­ our program for the coming year. But it borrowing requirements by additional sales respondents consisting of Tom Wicker, John does not give it any money. of marketable Government assets." W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. Kenworthy, We proposed to the Congress last year a That Is what we are trying to do through and other Times staff members.) new way of providing the funds necessary the general legislation we have offered to WASHINGToN.-0ne day in 1960 an agent for our small business programs. Congress. We are trying to further the SUb­ of the Central Intelligence Agency caught a Today SBA has only a limited amount of stitution of private for publlc credit-wher­ plane in Tokyo, fiew to Singapore and money for its lending operations. That does ever and Whenever we can in our free enter­ checked into a hotel room in time to receive not mean the Agency is Without assets. Far prise system. We want to extend the prin­ a visitor. The agent plugged a lie detector from it. It has in its revolving fund-in its ciple of private participation to SBA, and to into an overloaded electrical circuit and loan portfollo---loan paper worth almost $1V:z its sister agencies throughout the Govern­ blew out the lights in the bUilding. b11lion. ment. In the investigation that followed, the These tremendous assests, owed to the Now it is my great pleasure to sign my agent and a CIA colleague were arrested and SBA by those who have borrowed from it in name to the Small Business Act Amendments jailed as American spies. past years, represent the taxpayer's money. of 1966. The result was an international Incident Their representatives In Congress have ap­ that Infuriated London, not once but tWice. propriated it to the SBA over the years, to be It embarrassed an American Ambassador. invested In small business concerns. NEW YORK TIMES RESPONSmLY It led an American Secretary of. State to But there is no reason for SBA to hold so REPORTS ON THE CIA write a rare letter of apology to a foreign large an inventory. It can and should be chief of state. able to sell its loans to private Investors. In Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, last Five years later that foreign leader was that way, It should be able to generate new week the New York Times published a handed an opportunity to denounce the funds for It expanded lending programs. series of five very illuminating articles perfidy of all Americans· and of the .CIA SBA has long had the authority to sell Its concerning the Central Intelligence in particular, thus increasing the apprehen­ seasoned loans, as well as to make them. It Agency. sion of his oriental neighbors about the has used that authority over the years-to Agency and enhancing his own political provide new capital for assisting more small The Times attached such significance position. businesses. to this series that it assigned several of Ultimately, the incident led the U.S. Gov­ What we are asking for Is a more efficient its top writers, including Tom Wicker, ernment to tell a lie in pUblic and then to and practical way of achieving that goal. Max Frankel, Bud Kenworthy, and John admit the lle even more pUblicly. We want to authorize the SBA to sell par­ ticipations In its loan portfollo---to sell Finney to ''lork as a team to research and PERSISTENT QUESTIONS shares In this great $1.5 bl1llon pool of out­ write them. The lle was no sooner disclosed than a standing loans. Those shares would be guar­ As one would expect from this team, world predisposed to suspicion of the CIA anteed by the SBA, and sold to private in­ the Times series on the CIA was top­ and unaware of what really had happened vestors large and small. The Federal Na­ notch. It was illuminating, incisive, and in Singapore 5 years earller began to repeat tional Mortgage Association, "Fannie Mae," responsible. The Times writers, avoiding questions that have dogged the Agency and Will act as trustee. the superficially sensational, raised a the U.S. Government for years. Once the certificates are sold, the proceeds number of provocative questions about Was this secret body, which was known w1ll come back to SBA. They will be avail­ to have overthrown rrovernments and In­ able for lending to other dynamic small firms the CIA and provided substantial factual stalled others, raised "armies, staged an in­ that are hungry for capital to produce and background to illuminate the search for vasion of CUba, spied and counterspied, es­ expand. the answers. tablished airlines, radio stations and schools May 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 9567 and supported books, magazines and busi­ Even when the control Is tight and effec­ threatened also to play some interesting tape nesses, running out of the control' of its sup­ tive, a more important question may concern recordings for the press. posed political master? the extent to which CIA information and Hastily, Washington confessed-not to the Was it in fact damaging, while it sought policy jUdgments affect political decisions in bribe offer, Which Is hotly denied by all om­ to advance, the national interest? Could it foreign affairs. cials connected with the incident, or to the spend huge sums for ransoms, bribes and Whether or not political control is being incident itself, but to _having done some­ subversion without check or regard for the exercised, the more serious question is thing that had merited an ,apology. consequences? whether the very existence of an emcient London, infuriated in the first instance by Did it lie to or influence the poUtical lead­ CIA causes the U.S. Government to rely too What it considered the CIA's mistrust of ers of the United States to such an extent much on clandestine and illicit activities, MI-6, now fumed a second time about that it really was an "invisible government" back-alley tactics, subversion and what is clumsy tactics in Washington: more powerful than even the President? known in omcial jargon as "dirty tricks." ACTING ON ORDERS These are questions constantly asked Finally, regardless of the facts, the CIA's around the world. Some of them were raised reputation in the world is so horrendous and Errors ot bureaucracy and mishaps of again recently when it was disclosed that its role In events so exaggerated that it is chance can easily be found in the Singapore Michigan state University was the cover for becoming a burden on American foreign incident, but critics of the CIA cannot easily some CIA agents in South Vietnam during policy, rather than the secret weapon it was find in it proof of the charges so often raised a muitimilllon-dollar technical assistance intended to be. about the agency-"control," "making program' the university conducted for the The Singapore incident, with its bizarre pollcy," and "undermining pOllCy." regime of the late President Ngo Dinh Diem. repercussions 5 years later, is an excellent The agent in Singapore was acting on di­ Last week, it also became known that an lesson in how that has happened, although rect orders from Washington. His superiors Estonian refugee who was being sued for none of the fears of the critics are justified In the CIA were acting within the directives slander in a Federal district court in Balti­ by the facts of the particular case. of the President and the National Security Council. The mission was not contrary to more was resting his defense on the fact PROBLEM IN SINGAPORE that the alleged slander had been committed American foreign policy. was not undertaken in the course of his duties as a CIA agent. The ill-fated agent who blew out the lights to change or subvert that pollcy, and was not In a public memorandum addressed to flew from Tokyo to Singapore only after a pro­ dangerously foolhardy. It was not much the court, the CIA stated that it had ordered longed argument inside the CIA. Singapore, more than routine--and would not have the agent, Juri Raus, to disclose no further a strategic Asian port with a large Chinese been unusual in any intelllgence service In details of the case, in order to protect the popUlation, was soon to get its independence the world. Nation's foreign intelllgence apparatus. Mr. from Britain and enter the Malaysian Feder­ Nevertheless, the Singapore incident-the Raus Is claiming complete legal immunity ation. Should CIA recruit some well-placed details of which have been shrouded in the from the suit on the ground that he had spies, or should it, as before, rely on MI-6, CIA's enforced secrecy-addad greatly to the acted as an official agent of the Federal the British secret service, and on Britain's rising tide of dark suspicion that many peo­ Government. ability to maintain good relations and good ple throughout the world, including many Such incidents, bringing the activities of sources in Singapore? in this country, harbor about the agency and the CIA into dim and often dismaying public Allen W. DUlles. then director of the CIA, its activities. vIew, have caused Members of Congress and decided to infiltrate the city with its own Carl Rowan, the fonner director of the many pUbUcatlons to question ever more agents, to make sure that the British were U.S. Information Agency and former Ambas­ persistently the role and propriety of one of sharing everything they knew. Although the sador to Finland, wrote last year in his syndi­ Washington's most discussed and least un­ decision was disputed, it is not uncommon In cated column that "during a recent tour of derstood institutions. Some of the misgiv­ any intelllgence service to bypass or double­ east Africa and southeast Asia, it was made ings have been shared by at least two Amer­ check on an ally. clear to me that suspicion and fear of the ican Presidents. Harry S. Truman and John (On Vice President HUMPHREY'S visit late CIA has become a sort of Achllles heel of F.Kennedy. last year to the capitals of Japan, South American fcreign pollcy." A WIDE EXAMINATION Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines, Secret President Sukarno of Indonesia, Prince Service agents found at least three "bugs," To seek reliable answers to these ques­ Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodia's Chief of or listening devices. hidden in his private State, President Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, tions; to sift, where possible, fact from fancy quarters by one of his hosts.) and theory from condition; to determine former President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana what real questions of public policy and The agent who flew from Tokyo to Singa­ and many other leaders have repeatedly in­ international relations are posed by the ex­ pore was on a recruiting mission. and the lie sisted that behind the regular American istence and operations of the CIA,the New detector, an instrument used by the CIA on government there is an "invisible govern­ York Times has compiled information and its own employees, was intended to test the ment." the CIA. threatening them all with opinions from informed Americans through­ rel1abilltyof a local candidate for a spy's job. infiltration, subversion and even war. Com­ out the world. When the machine shorted out the llghts munist China and the Soviet Union sound It has obtained reports from 20 foreign in the hotel, the Visiting agent, the WOUld-be this theme endlessly. correspondents and editors with recent serv­ spy and another CIA man were discovered. "The Invisible Government" was the phrase Ice In more than 35 countries and from re­ They wound up in a Singapore jail. There applied to American intelllgence agencies, porters In Washington who interviewed more they were reported to have been "tortured"­ and partiCUlarly the CIA, in a book of that than 50 present and former Government om· either for real, or to extract a ransom. title by David Wise and Thomas B. Ross. It cials, Members of Congress and military THE PRICE WAS HIGH was a bestseller In the United States and officers. Secret discussions-apparently through among many government omclals abroad. ThIs stUdy, carried out over several months, CIA channels-were held about the posSI­ disclosed, for Instance. that the Singapore af­ SUBJECT OF HUMOR billty of buying the agents' freedom with SO prevalent is the CIA reputation of men­ fair resulted not from a lack of political con­ increased American foreign aid, but Wash­ trol or from recklessness by the CIA, but ace In so much of the world that even hu­ ington eventually decided Singapore's price morists have taken note of it. The New from bad fortune and dlplomatlc blundering. was too high The men were subsequently It found that the CIA, for all Its fearsome released. Yorker magazine last December printed B cartoon showing two natives of an unspec­ reputation. Is under far more stringent politi­ Secretary of State Dean Rusk-the Ken­ cal and bUdgetary control than most of its ified country watching a volcano erupt. nedy administration had succeeded to omce One native Is saying the other: "The CIA did critics know or concede, and that since the in January 1961-wrote a formal apology to Bay of Pigs disaster in Cuba In 1961 these Premier Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore and it. Pass it along." controls have been tightly exercised. promised to discipllne the culprits. In southeast Asia, even the most rational The consensus of these Interviewed was That appeared to have ended the matter leaders are said to be ready to believe any­ that the critics' favorite recommendation until last fall, when Premier Lee broke away thing about the CIA. for a stronger rein on the Agency-a con­ from the Malaysian Federation and sought to "Like Dorothy Parker and the things she gressional committee to oversee the CIA­ establish himself for political reasons as said," one observer notes, "the CIA gets would probably provide little more real con­ more nearly a friend of Britain than of the credit or blame both for what it does and trol than now exists and might both restrict United States, although his anti-American­ for many things it has not even thought of the Agency's effectiveness and actually shield ism was short of procommunism. doing." it from those who desire more knowledge Many earnest Americans, too, are bitter about its operations. To help achieve this purpose, Mr. Lee dis­ closed the 1960 "affront" without giving any critics of the CIA. A MATTER OF WILL details, except to say that he had been olIered Senator EUGENE J. MCCARTHY, Democrat, of Other important conclusions of the stUdy a paitry $3.3 million bribe When he had de­ Minnesota, has charged that the agency "is include the following: manded $33 million. making foreign polley and in so doing is as­ While the institutional f<;lrms of political The State Department. which had been SUming the roles of President and Congress." control appear effective and suIDcient, it Is routinely fed a denial of wrongdoing by CIA He has introduced a proposal to create a spe­ really the will of the political omcials who officials who did not know of the Rusk apol­ cial Foreign Relations Subcommittee to make must exert control that is Important and that ogy, described the charge as false. Mr. Lee a "full and complete" study of the effects of has most often been lacking. then published Mr. Rusk's letter of 1961 and CIA operations on U.S. foreign relations. 9568 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -'SENATE May 3, 1966

Senator STEPHEN M. YOUNG, Democrat, of They may be unaware that since then Moreover, some of the Nationalist Chinese Ohio, has proposed that a joint Senate-House supervision of intelligence activities has been are still in northern Burma, years later, and committee oversee the CIA because, "wrapped tightened. When President Eisenhower still fomenting trouble and infuriating gov­ in a cloak of secrecy, the CIA has, in effect, wrote a letter to all ambassadors placing ernments in that area, although they have been making foreign pollcy." them in charge of all American actiVities in not been supported by the CIA or any Amer­ M~.yor Lindsay of New York, while a RepUb­ their countries, he followed it with a secret ican agency for a decade. lican Member of Congress, indicted the CIA letter specifically exempting the CIA; but In 1958, a CIA-aided operation involving on the House floor for a long series of fl­ when President Kennedy put the ambassa­ South Vietnamese agents and Cambodian ascos, including the most famous blunder in dors in command of all activities, he sent rebels was interpreted by Prince Sihanouk recent American history-the Bay of Pigs In­ a secret letter specifically including the CIA. as an attempt to overthrow him. It failed vasion of Cuba. It is stlll in effect but, like all directives, but drove him farther down the road that Former President Truman, whose admin­ variously interpreted. ultimately led to his break in diplomatic rela­ Istrat;on established the CIA in 1947, said OUT OF A SPY NOVEL tions with Washington. In 1963 that by then he saw "something about The critics, qUick to point to the Agency's INDONESIAN VE-lI,{TURE the way the CIA has been functioning that publicized blunders and setbacks, are not In Indonesia in the same year, against the is casting a shaclow over our historic posi­ mollified by its genuine achievements-its advice of American diplomats, the CIA was tions, and I feel that we need to correct it:' precise prediction of the date on Which the authorized to fly in supplies from Taiwan KENNEDY'S BITTERNESS Chinese Communists would explode a nuclear and the Philippines to aid army officers rebel­ And President Kennedy, as the enormity device; Its fantastic world of electronic de­ ling against President SUkarno in Sumatra of the Bay of Pigs disaster came home to him, vices; its use of a spy, Oleg Penkovsky, to and Java. An American pilot was shot down said to one of the highest officials of his ad­ reach into the Kremiin itself; its work in on a bombing mission and was released only ministration that he wanted "to splinter the keeping the Congo out of Communist oon­ at the insistent urging of the Kennedy ad­ CIA in a thousand pieces and scatter it to the trol; or the feat--straight from a spy novel­ ministration In 1962. Mr. Sukarno, naturally winds:' of arranging things so that when Gamal enough, drew the obVious conclusions; how Even some who defend the CIA as the in­ Abdel Nasser came to power in Egypt the much of his fear and dislike of the United dispensable eyes and ears of the Govern­ management consultant who had an office States can be traced to those days is hard ment--for example Allen Dulles, the Agency's next to the Arab leader's and who was one to say. most famous Director-now fear that the of his principal advisers was a CIA operative. In 1960, CIA agents in Laos, disguised as cumulative criticism and suspicion, at home When the U-2 incident is mentioned by "military advisers," stuffed ballot boxes and and abroad, have impaired the CIA's effec­ critics, as It always is, the emphasis is usually engineered local uprisings to help a hand­ tiveness and therefore the Nation's safety. on the CIA's-and the Eisenhower adminis­ picked strongman, Gen. Phoumi Nosavan, They are anxious to see the criticisms an­ tration's-blunder in permitting Francis set up a "pro-American" government that swered and the suspicions allayed, even If­ Gary Powers' flight over the Soviet Union was desired by President Eisenhower and in some cases-the Agency should thus be­ in 1960 just before a scheduled summit con­ Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. come more exposed to domestic politics and ference. Not much is usually said of the in­ This operation succeeded--so much so to compromises of security. calculable Intelligence value of the undis­ that it stimulated Soviet intervention on the "If the establishment of a congressional turbed U-2 flights between 1956 and 1960 side of leftists Laotians, who counterattacked committee with responsiblllty for intelligence over the heartland of Russia. the Phoumi government. When the Ken­ would quiet public fears and restore pUblic And when critics frequently charge that nedy administration set out to reverse the confidence in the CIA," Mr. Dulles said in an CIA operations contradict and sabotage of­ policy of the Eisenhower administration, it interview, "then I now think it would be flcial American policy, they may not know found the CIA deeply committed to Phouml worth doing despite some of the problems it that the CIA is often overruled in its policy Nosovan and needed 2 years of negotiations would cause the Agency," judgments. and threats to restore the neutralist regime Because this view is shared in varying de­ As an example, the CIA strongly urged of Prince Souvanna Phouma. gree by numerous friends of the CIA and be­ the Kennedy administration not to recog­ Pro-Communist Laotians, however, were cause its critics are virtually unanimous in nize the Egyptian-backed Yemeni regime never again driven from the border of North calling for more "control," most students of and warned that President Nasser would not Vietnam, and it is through that region that the problem have looked to Congress for a quickly pUll his troops out of Yemen. Am­ the Vietcong in South Vietnam have been remedy. bassador John Badeau thought otherwise. supplled and replenished in their war to de­ In the 19 years that the CIA has been in His advice was accepted, the republic was stroy st1ll another CIA-aided project, the existence, 150 resolutions for tighter con­ recognized, President Nasser's troops re­ non-Communist government in Saigon. gressional control have been introduced­ mained-and much military and political CATALOG OF CHARGES and put aside. The statistic in itself is evid­ trouble followed that the CIA had foreseen and the State Department had not. It was the CIA that built up Ngo Dinh ence of Widespread uneasiness about the CIA Diem as the pro-Ameriean head of South and of how little is known about the Agency. Nor do critics always give the CIA credit where it is due for its vital and daily service Vietnam after the Frencl., through Emperor For the truth is that despite the CIA's In­ Baa Dai, had found him ina monastery cell ternational reputation, few persons In or out as an accurate and encyclopedic source of qUick news, Information, analysis and deduc­ in Belgium and brought him back to Saigon of the American Government know much as Premier. And it was the CIA that helped about its work, its organization, its super­ tion about everything from a new police chief in Mozambique to an aid agreement persuade the Eisenhower and Kennedy ad­ vision or its relationship to the other arms ministrations to ride out the Vietnamese of the executive branch. between Communist China and Albania, from the state of President SUkarno's health to storm with Diem-probably too long. A former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of the meaning of Niklta S. Khrushchev's fall These recorded incidents not only have Staff, for instance, had no idea how big the from power. prompted much soul searching about the CIA budget was. A Senator, experienced in Yet the critics favorite indictments are influence of an instrument such as the CIA foreign affairs, proved in an interview, to spectacular enough to explain the world's on American policies but also have given the know very little about, but to fear very much, suspicions, and fears of the CIA and its oper­ CIA a reputation for deeds and misdeeds far its operations. ations. beyond its real intentions and capacities. Many critics do not know that Virtually A sorry episode in Asia in the early 1950's Through spurious reports, gossip, misun­ all CIA expenditures must be authorized in is a frequently cited example. CIA agents derstandings, deep-seated fears and forgeries advance-first by an administration commit­ gathered remnants of the defeated Chinese and falsifications, the Agency has been ac­ tee that includes some of the highest-ranlr­ Nationalist armies in the jungles of north­ cused of almost anything anyone wanted to ing political officials and White House staff west Burma, supplied them with gold and accuse it of. assistants, then by officials in the Bureau of arms and encouraged them to raid Commu­ It was been accused of: the Budget, who have the power to rule out nist China. or reduce an expenditure. Plotting the assassination of Jawaharlal One aim was to harass Peking to a point Nehru, of India. They do not know that, instead of a blank where it might retaliate against Burma, forc­ Provoking the 1965 war between India and check, the CIA has an annual bUdget of a Ing the Burmese to turn to the United States llttle more than $500 milllon---only one-sixth Pakistan. for protection. Engineering the "plot" that became the the $3 blllion the Government spents on its Actually, few raids occurred, and the army overall intelllgence effort. The National Se­ pretext for the murder ot the leading Indo­ became a troublesome and costly burden. nesia generals last year. curity Agency, a cryptographic and code­ The CIA had enlisted the help of Gen. Phao breaking operation run by the Defense De­ Srlyanod, the police chief of Thailand-and Supporting the rightist army plots in Al- partment, and almost never questioned by a leading narcotics dealer. The Nationalists, geria. outsiders, spends twice as much as the CIA. with the planes and gold furnished them. by Murdering Patrice Lumumba in the Congo. The critics shrug aside the fact that Presi­ the agents, went into the opium business. Kidnaping Moroccan agents in Paris. dent Kennedy, after the most rigorous in­ By the time the "anti-Communist" force Plotting the overthrow of President quiry into the Agency's affairs, methods and coUld be disbanded, and the CIA could wash Kwame Nkrumah, of Ghana. problems after the Bay of Pigs, did not its hands of it, Burma had renounced Amer­ All of these charges and many slmllarto splinter it after all and did not recommend ican aid, threatened to quit the United Na­ them are fabrications, authoritative officiais congressional supervision. tions and moved closer to Peking. outside the CIA insist. May 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 9569 The CIA's notoriety even enables some For it is upon information provided by the River near Langley, Va., the story was only a enemies to recover from their own mistakes. CIA itself that those who must approve its satisfying episode in the back-alley version A former American official unc.onnected with activities are usually required to decide. of "Struggle for Freedom." the Agency recalls that pro-Chinese ele­ It is the CIA that has the money (not un­ ments in east Africa once circulated a docu­ limited but ample) and the talent (as much How CIA PuT "INSTANT AIR FORCE" INTO ment urging revolts against several govern­ as any agency) not only to conceive but also CONGo--INTERVENTION OR SPYING ALL IN A ments. When this inflammatory message to carry out projects of great importance­ DAY'S WORK backfired on its allthors, they promptly and commensurate risk. (NOTE.-Following is the second of five spread the word that it was a CIA forgery de­ ACTION~ D' NOT SUCCESS articles on the Central Inte1l!gence Agency. signed to discredit them-and some believed The articles are by a team of New York the falsehood. It is the CIA, unlike the Defense Depart­ ment With its service rivalries, budget con­ Times correspondents consisting of Tom OBVIOUS DEDUCTION cerns and political involvements, and unlike Wicker, John W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. "Many otherWise rational African leaders the State Department with its international Kenworthy, and other Times staff members.) are ready to take forgeries at face value," diplomatic responsibilities and its VUlnera­ WASHINGTON, April 25.-At the Ituri River, one observer says, "because deep down they bility to criticism, that is freest of all agen­ a miles south of Nia Nia in the northeast honestly fear the CIA. Its image in this part cies to advocate its projects and press home Congo, a Government column of 600 Congo­ of the world couldn't be worse." its views; the CIA can promise action, if not lese troops and 100 white mercenaries had The image feeds on the rankest of fabrica­ success. been ambushed by a rebel force and was tions as well as on the wildest of stories­ And both the Agency and those who must under heavy fire. Suddenly, three B-26's for the Eimple reason that the wildest of sto­ pass upon its plans are shielded by security skimmed in over the rain forest and bombed ries are not always false, and the CIA is often from the outside oversight and review under and strafed a path through the rebel ranks involved and all too often obvious. Which Virtually all other officials operate, at for the forces support,ed by the United When an embassy subordinate in Lagos, home and abroad. States. Nigeria, known to be the CIA station chief Thus, while the survey left no doubt that At the controls of the american-made had a fancier house than the U.S. ambassa­ the CIA operates under strict forms of con­ planes were anti-Castro Cubans, veterans of dor, Nigerians made the obvious deduction trol, it raised the more serious question the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961, about who was in charge. whether there was always the substance of 3 years before. They had been recruited by a When president Joiio Goulart of Brazil control. purportedly private company in Florida. fell from power in 1964 and CIA men were In many ways, moreover, public discussion Servicing their planes were European me­ accused of being among his most energetic has become too centered on the question of chanics solicited through advertisements in opponents, exaggerated conclusions as to who control. A more disturbing matter may be London newspapers. Guiding them into ac­ had ousted him werenatural. whether the Nation has allowed itself to tion were American "diplomats" and other It is not only' abroad that such CIA in­ go too far in the grim and sometimes deadly officials in apparently civilian positions. volvements-real or imaginary-have aroused business of espionage and secret operations. The sponsor, paymaster, and director of all dire fears and suspicions. Theodore C. Sor­ One of the best-informed men on this sub­ of them, however, was the Central Intelli­ ensen has written, for instance, that.the ject in Washington described that business gence Agency, with headquarters in Langley., Peace Corps in its early days strove manfully, as "ugly, mean, and crueL" The Agency Va. Its rapid and effective provision of an and apparently successfully, to keep its ranks loses men and no one ever hears of them "instant air force" in the Congo was the free of CIA infiltration. again, he said, and when "we catch one of climax of the Agency's deep involvement Other Government agencies, American them" (a Soviet or other agent), it becomes there. newspapers and business concerns, charitable necessary "to get everything out of them and The CIA's operation in the Congo was at foundations, research institutions and uni­ we do it with no holds barred." all times responsible to and welcomed by versities have, in some cases, been as dillgent secretary Rusk has said publicly that there the policymakers of the United States. as Soviet agents In trying to protect them­ is a "tough struggle going on in the back It was these policymakers who chose to selves from CIA penetration. They have not alleys all over the world." "It's a tough one, make the Agency the instrument of political always been so successful as the Peace Corps. it's unpleasant, and no one likes it, but that and military intervention in another nation's Some of their fear has been misplaced; is not a field which can be left entirely to the affairs, for in 5 years of strenuous diplomatic the CIA is no longer so dependent on clan­ other side," he said. effort it was only in Langley that the White destine agents and other institutions' re­ The back-alley struggle, he concluded, is House, the State Department, and the Penta­ sources. But as in the case of its overseas "a never-ending war, and there's no quarter gon found the peCUliar combination of tal­ reputation, its actual activities in the United asked and none given." ents necessary to block the creation of a pro­ States-for instance, its aid in financing a STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM Communist regime, recruit the leaders for a center for international studies at the Mas­ pro-American government, and supply the sachusetts Institute of Technology-have But that struggle, Mr. Rusk insisted, is advice and support to enable that govern­ made the fear of infiltration real to many "part of the struggle for freedom." ment to survive. scholars and businesses. No one seriously disputes that the effort The revelation that CIA agents served to gain intelligence about real or potential IN DARK AND LIGHT among Michigan State University scholars in enemies, even about one's friends, Is a vital From Wiretapping to influencing elections, South Vietnam from 1955 to 1959 has con­ part of any government's activities, particu­ from bridge blowing to armed invasions, in tributed to the fear. The nature of the larly a government so burdened with respon­ the dark and in the light, the Central In­ agents' work and the cIrcumstances of their sibility as the U.S. Government in the 20th telligence Agency has become a vital instru­ employment are In dispute, but their very century. ment of American pollcy and a major com­ involvement, even relatively long ago, has But beyond their need for information, ponent of American Government. aroused concern that hundreds of scholarly how far should the political leaders of the It not only gathers information but also and charitable American efforts abroad will United States go in approVing the clandestine rebuts an adversary's information. It not be tainted and hampered by the suspicions Violation of treaties and borders, financing only organizes its own farftung operations of other governments. of coups, influencing of parties and govern­ but also resists an adversary's operation. Thus, it is easy for sincere men to believe ments, without tarnishing and retarding Against the Soviet Union alone, it per­ deeply that the CIA must be brought "to those ideas of freedom and self-government forms not only certain of the services per­ heel" in the Nation's own interest. Yet they proclaim to the world? formed in Moscow by the KGB, the Com­ every well-informed official and former official And how much of the secrecy and auton­ mittee for state Security, but also many With recent knowledge ot the CIA and its ac­ omy necessary to carry out such acts can or of the political, intelligence and military tivities who was interviewed confirmed what should be tolerated by a free society? services performed by pro-SOViet Communist secretary of State Rusk has said publicly­ There are no certain or easy answers. But parties around the world. that the CIA "does not initiate actions un­ these questions cannot even be discussed When the Communist and Western worlds known to the high policy leaders of the Gov­ knowledgeably on the basis of the few began to wrestle for control of the vast, ernment." glimpses--accidenta1 or intentional-that undeveloped Congo in 1960 after it had The New York TImes survey left no doubt the public has so far been given into the gained independence from Belgium, a modest that, Whatever its miscalculations, blunders private world of the CIA. little CIA office in Leopoldvllle mush­ and misfortunes, whatever may have been the That world is both dUll and lurid, often at roomed overnight into a virtual embassy and situation during its bumptious early days and the same time. miniature war department. during its overhasty expansion in and alter A year ago, for instance, it was reported This was not to compete with the real the Korean war, the Agency acts today not on that some of the anti-Castro Cuban survivors U.S. Embassy and military attaches but to its own but with the approval and under the of the Bay of Pigs were flying in combat in apply the secret, or at least discreet, capaci­ control ot the political lead~rs of the U.S, deepest, darkest Africa. Any Madison ties of the CIA to B seething contest among Government. Avenue publisher would recognize that as many confi1cting forces. But that virtually undisputed fact raises right out of Ian Fleming and James Bond. Starting almost from scratch, because the in itself the central questions that emerge But to the bookish and tweedy men Who Belgians had forbidden Americans even to trom the sUrvey: What is control? And who labor In the pastoral setting of the CIA's meet with Congolese otncials, the CIA dis­ guards the guards? huge building on the banks of the Potomac persed its agents to learn Congolese poUtiea 9570 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 3, 1966 from the bush on up, to recruit likely leaders longeVity of the world's major politlcal lead­ President and the National Sec1fI'lty Council, and to finance their bids for power. ers, keeping track of the world's arms traffic the President's top advisory group on defense Capable of quickly gathering information and of many arms manufacturtng enterprises and foreign pOlicy. from all sources, of bUying informants, and and supplying a staggering fiow of informa­ All information-m1litary, political, eco­ disbursing funds without the bureaucratic tion, rumor, gossip, and analysis to the Pres­ nomic, scientific, industrial-is grist for this restraints imposed on other Government ident and all major departments of Govern­ division'S mill. Perhaps no more than one­ agencies, the CIA soon found Joseph Mo­ ment. fifth-by volume and not necessarily impor­ butu, Victor Nendaka, and Albert Ndele. For all this, the CIA employs about 15,000 tance--comes from agents overseas under Their eventual emergence as President of the persons and spends about a hal! billion dol­ varying depths of cover. country, Minister of Transportation and head lars a year. Most information is CUlled from foreign of the national bank, respectively, proved a Its headquarters, the brain and nerve cen­ newspapers, scientific journals, industry tribute to the Americans' judgment and ter, the information repOSitory of this publications, the reports of other Govern­ tactics. sprawling intelligence and operations system, ment departments and intelligence serVices So pervasive was the CIA infiuence that Is a modern, eight-story building of precast and foreign broadcasts monitored by CIA the agency was widely accused of the assas­ concrete and inset windows-a somewhat stations around the world. sination of Moscow's man, Premier Patrice superior example of the faceless Federal Lumumba. Correspondents who were in the style--set in 140 acres of lawn and woodland ALL SORTS OF EXPERTS Congo are convinced the CIA had nothing overlooking the south bank of the Potomac The Intelligence Division is organized by to do with the murder, though it did play 8 miles from downtown Washington. geographical sections that. are served by a major role in establishing Cyrille Adoula In this sylvan setting, somewhat resem­ resident specialists from almost every pro­ as :Mr. Lumumba's successor for a time. bling an English deer park, about 8,000 CIA fession and disc1pline--linguists, chemists, Money and shiny American automobiles, employees-the top managers, the planners, physicists, biologists, geographers, engineers, furnished through the logistic wizardry of and the analysts--live, if not a cloistered life, psychiatrists and even agronomists, geol­ Langley, are said to have been the deciding at least a kind of academic one with the ma­ ogists, and foresters. factors in the vote that brought Mr. Adoula terials they are stUdying or the plans they Some of the achievements of these experts to power. Russian, Czechslovak, Egyptian, may be hatching. are prodigious, if reports filtering through and Ghanaian agents were simply outbid Formerly, the CIA was scattered through the secrecy screen are even half accurate. where they could not be outmaneuvered. many buildings in downtown Washington, For instance: In one test after Mr. Adoula had been which increased the problems and expense of From ordinarily available information, re­ elected, rival agents of East and West almost security. liable actuarial and life-expectancy studies stumbled over each other rushing in and out In the early 1950's, a $30 million appropri­ have been prepared on major foreign leaders. of parllamentary delegates' homes. On the ation for a new, unitary headquarters was In the case of one leader, from not-so­ day of the rollcall, American and Czech rep­ inserted without identification in the budget ordinarily available information, physicians resentatives sat one seat apart in the gallery of another agency-and promptly knocked gleaned important health data: They made with lists of members, winking at each other out by a congressional committee so befud­ a urinalysis from a specimen stolen from a in triumph whenever a man pledged to the dled by CIA secrecy that it did not know hospital in Vienna Where the great man was one turned out to have been picked off by the what the item was for. being treated. other. Ultimately Mr. Adoula won by four When Allen W. Dulles, then Director of the CIA shipping experts, through sheer ex­ votes. CIA, came back in 1956 with more candor, pertise, spotted the first shipment of SOViet MORE THAN MONEY he asked for $50 million, and Congress gave anns to Cuba before the vessels had cleared By the Congo period, however, the men him $46 million. He justified the bite that the Black Sea. at Langley say they had learned that their he proposed to take out of a 750-acre Gov­ Some anthropologists at CIA headquarters earlier instincts to try to solve nasty political ernment reservation on the Potomac by say­ devote their time to helpful studies of such problems With money alone had been over­ ing the site with "its isolation, topography, minor-but strategically crucial-societies as taken by the recognition of the need for far and heavy forestation" would provide the those of the hill tribes of Laos and Vietnam. more sophisticated and enduring forms of agency with the required security. One woman has spent her professional infiuence. While the Whitish-gray bUilding is un­ lifetime in the Agency doing nothing but "Purchased?" one American commented. dOUbtedly as secure as fences, guards, safes, collecting, stUdying, collating, analyzing, and "You can't even rent these guys for the and elaborate electronic devices can make it, reporting on everything that can be learned afternoon." the location is hardly a secret. A large sign about President Sukarno of Indonesia-"and And so the CIA, kept growing in size and on the George Washington Parkway pointing I mean everything," one official reported. scope. to "Central Intelligence Agency" has been HEAVY WrrH PH. D.'S By the time Moise Tshombe had returned removed, but thousands of people know you can still get to the same building by turning It Is the Agency's boast that it could staff to power in the Conger-through American any college from Its analysts, 50 percent of acquiescence, if not design-it became ap­ off on the same road, now marked by the sign "BPR"-"Bureau of PUblic Roads." whom have advanced degrees and 30 percent parent that hastlly supplied arms and planes, of whom have doctorates. as well as dollars and cars, would be needed There, beyond the affable guard at the gate, is the large, rectangular structure with Sixty percent of the Intelligence Division to protect the American-sponsored Govern­ personnel have served 10 years. Twenty-five ment in Uopoldv1lle. four wings, the ground-level Windows barred, This, apparently, was a job for the Defense which stands as the visible symbol of what is percent have been With the CIA since 1947, Department, but to avoid a too obvious supposed to be an invisible operation. when the Agency was established. The American involvement, and In the interests For organizatlonai purposes, CIA head­ heaviest recruiting occurred during the Ko­ quarters is divided into four divisions, each rean war-primarlly, but by no means exclu­ of speed and efficiency, the Government again sively, among Ivy League graduates. turned to the CIA. under a Deputy Director-plans, intelligence. The Agency had the tools. It knew the science and technology, and support. The Division of Plans is a cover title for Cubans in Miami and their abl11ties as pilots. what is actually the division of secret opera­ WHAT THE DrvrSIONS DO It It had the front organizations through which tions, or "dirty tricks." is charged With they could be recruited, paid, and serviced. The Division of Science and Technology is all those stratagems and wiles-some as old It could engage 20 British mechanics With­ responsible for keeping current on develop­ as those of Rahab and some as new as satel­ out legal complications and furnish the tac­ ing techniques in science and weapons, in­ lites--assoc1ated with the biack and despised tical expertise from its own ranks or from cluding nuclear weapons, and for analyzing arts of espionage and SUbversion. Americans under contract. photos taken by U-2 reconnaissance planes The operations of the CIA go far beyond Moreover, some CIA agents eventually felt and by space sate1l1tes. the hiring and training of spies who seek out compelled to fiy some combat missions them­ The Division of Support is responsible for informers and defectors. selves In support of South African and procuring equipment and for logistics, com­ It was the Plans Division that set up clan­ Rhodesian mercenaries. The State Depart­ munications and security, including the CIA destine "black" radio stations in the Middle ment denied this at first-then insisted the codes. East to counter the propaganda and the Americans be kept out of combat. The Division of Plans and the Division of open incitements to revolution and murder But it was pleased by the overall success Intelligence perform the basic functions of by President Gama! Abdel Nasser's Radio of the operation in which no planes were the Agency. They represent the alpha and Cairo. lost and all civilian targets were aVOided. omega, the hand and brain, the dagger and It was the Plans Division that master­ the lamp, the melodrama and the monograph minded the ouster of the Arbenz govern­ MEANWHILE, IN OTHER AREAS of the intelligence profession. Their pres­ ment in Guatemala in 1954, the overthrow of In the years of the Congo effort, the CIA ence under one roof has caused much of the Premier Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran in was also smu!:,gling Tibetans in and out of controversy that has swirled about the CIA 1953 (two notable successes) and the Bay of Communist China, draWing secrets from Col. since the Bay of Pigs. Pigs invasion in 1961 (a resounding fail­ Oleg Penkovsky of Soviet mllltary IntelU­ It is the responsibility of the Intelligence ure). gence, spying on Soviet missile buildups and Division to assemble, analyze, and evaluate Among the triumphs of the Pians Division withdrawals in Cuba, masterminding scores information from all sources, and to produce are the development of the U-2 high-alti­ of lesser operations, analyzing the world's daily and periodical intelligence reports on tude plane, which between 1956 and May press and radio broadcasts, predicting the any country, person, or situation for the 1960, when Francis Gary Powers was May 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 9571 shot down by a Soviet rocket, photographed A THIN COVER creet. Their telephone numbers are listed much of the Soviet Union; the digging of a This olllcial cover is so thin as to be mean­ under "Central Intelligence Agency" or tunnel Into East Berlin. from which CIA ingless except to avoid embarrassment for "U.S. Government," but no address is agents tapped telephone' cables leading to the host government. These agents usually given. Anyone wanting the address must SOViet m111tary headquarters In the East­ are readily identifiable. know the name of the office director, whose ern Zone and the acquisition of a copy of The chief of station is recognized as the telephone number and address are listed. Premier Khrushchev's secret speech to the man with a car as big as the Ambassador's At one time these field offices sought out 20th party congress in 1956 denouncing Sta­ and a house that is sometlmes--as in Lagos, scholars, businessmen, students, and even lln's excesses and brutalities. Nigeria-better. ordinary tourists whom they knew to be plan­ LmERALS IN THE CIA In practically all the allied countries the ning a trip behind the Iron Curtain and asked The CIA analyst.Fidel Castro's Communist The simplest and most modest of such United Arab Republic, in the. hope that it leanings or ,the possibUlty that the Soviet can predict upheavals or at least be famlllar risky. often profitable. sometimes disastrous with new rulers, if their bids for power are Union would ship mlsslles to Cuba. human efforts are reported to be carried out Aimost everyone. however. generally con­ in the friendly nations of Western Europe. successful. cedes,the necessity for gathering intelligence The CIA, long in advance, had information In Britain, for instance, CIA agents are on the plan by which Algerian Army officers to guide the Government in its worldwide said to be little more than contact men with involvements....Criticism goes beyond the overthrew Ahmed Ben Bella last June-but it British intelligence, with British Kremlinol­ did not know the month in which the officers value or accuracy of CIA reports. For infor­ ogists and other scholars and experts. mation-gathering often, spllls over at the would make their move. and it nad nothing With MI-6, its London counterpart. the to do with plotting or carrying out the, coup. scene of action into something ,else-subver­ CIA compares notes and divides responslblll­ sion. counteractivitYi sabotage. political,and , Thanks to. contacts with Gamal Abdel ties on targets of mutual interest, The Nasser beforehe.seized power in Egypt, the economic intervention and other kinds of Agency. haVing come a painful cropper in "dirty tricks." Often the intelligence gath­ CIA had almost Intimate dealings with the Singapore a few years ago. now leaves spying Nasser government before the United States erer. by design or force of circumstance, be­ In Malaysia, for instance, to' the old COm­ comes an activist in the affairs he was set to ,drew his ire by reneging on its promised aid monwealth sleuths while probably offering to build the Aswan Dam. watch. in return the CIA's copious material from ON-THE-SCENE ACTION Some of these Egyptian ties lingered even IIidonesia. through therec.ent years ofl?trained rjlla­ CIA analysts, reading the' punchcards of Generally cooperative arrangements also tions. Through reputed informants like their computers in Virginia can determine prevail in countries such as Canada and Italy Mustafa Amin" a prominent Cairo editor. that a new youth group in Bogota appears and. to a somewhat lesser degree, in France. the CIA is said in the United Arab Republic to havefallen under the control of suspected In West Germany, a major cold war battle­ to have obtained the details of a.Soviet­ Communists, but it takes an agent on the ground, the CIA is much more active. Egyptian arms dealln 1!l64 and other similar spot to trade information with, the local The CIA runs an office in Bonn for general Information. Thus, Mr. Amin's arrest .last police. collect photographs. and telephone coordination. Another In Berlin conducts fall may have closed some important chan­ taps of those involved. organize and finance a special activities such as the famous wiretap nels and it gave the United Arab RepUblic countermovement of, say. young Christians tunnel under East Berlin, a brilliant tech­ the opportunl.ty to demand greater American or democratic labor youth, and help them nical hookup that eavesdropped on Soviet aid in return for playing down its "eVidence" erect billboards iUld turn mimeograph ma­ Army headquarters. It was exposed in 1956 of CIA activity in Cairo. chines at thenext election. '.• , When East German workmen, digging on an­ Dozens--'-at tlines' hUndreds-of CIA men other project, struck,' a weak spot in the A TALENT FOR SECRET WAR have been employed on TaiwiUl to train men tuiniel and caused it to collapse. The CIA's talent for secret warfare is who will be smuggled into Communist China A CIA office in Frankfurt supervises some known to have been tested twice In Latin and to interview defectors and refugees who of the United States own espionage opera­ America. It successfully directed a battle come out; to train Chinese Nationallststo fiy tions against the Soviet Union, interviews of "liberation" against the leftist govern_ the U-2; to identify and befriend those who defectors and recruits.agents for service in ment of C61. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman in wlll move into power after the departure of CoIrimunist countries. Guatemala in 1954. Seven years llllter, a the Nationallsts' President Chiang Kai-shek; , In. Munich, the CIA supports a variety of CIA-sponsored army jumped off from secret to beam propaganda broadcasts at the main­ research groups and such major propaganda bases in Guatemala and Nicaragua for 'the land; to organize, harassing operations on outlets as Radio Free Europe, which broad~ disastrous engagement at' Cuba's Bay of the islands just off the shore of the mainland. casts to Eastern Europe. and Radio Liberty. Pigs. and to prOVide logistic support for other CIA ainied at the 'Soviet Union. . Not so melodramatically. the Agency runs operations in Laos, Thalliuld. Vietnam, the JOSS FOR REFUGEES dozens of other operatiOns throughout the PhUlppines, and Indonesia. hemisphere. . , . Besides e'ntertaining and informing mil­ It provides "technical assistance" to most In these and dozens of other instances, an lions of listeners In Communist nations. agent who is merely ostensibly gathering in­ Latin nations by helping them establlsh anti­ these nominally "prIvate" outlets provide Communist pollee forces. It promotes anti­ telllgence is in reallty an actiVist attempting employment for many gifted and knowledge­ to create or resolve a situation. Communist front organizations for students. able refugees from Russia, Poland, Hungary. workers, professional and businessmen. Because a great many such activists are and other countries. also in the field for a variety of purposes other farmers, and political parties. It arrsnges They also solicit the services of Informers .for contact between these groups and Ameri­ than open or clandestine information gath­ inside the Communist world. monitor Com­ ering, the involvement of falllble human be­ can labor organizations. institutes. and foun­ munist broadcasts, underwrite anti-Com­ dations. ings in the most dangerous and murky areas munist lectures and writings by Western of CIA operations causes most of the Agency's . It has poured money into LatIn American intellectuals and distribute their research election campaigns in support of moderate failures and difficulties and gives it its fear­ materials, to scholars and journalists in all some reputation.' candidates and against leftist leaders such continents. as Cheddi Jagan, of British Guiana. Men. by and large. call control machines But there is said to be relatively little but not events, and not,always themselves. direct CIA spying upon the U.S. allies. It spies upon SOViet, Chinese, and other It was not, after all. the shooting down of a Even In such undemocratic countries as Communist infiltrators and diplomats and U-2 inside the Soviet Union in 1960 that Spain and Portugal, where more independ­ attempts to subvert their programs. When caused worldwide pol1ticalrepercussions and ent CIA activity might be expected. the op­ the CIA learned last year that a Braz1llan a Soviet-American crisis;' each side could eration is reliably described as modest. youth had been killed in 1963, allegedly in have absorbed that in some sort of "cover." The American Agency has a special Inter­ an auto accident, while studying on a It was' rather the Soviet capture of a llving scholarship at the Lumumba University in est, for instance, in keeping track in Spain Moscow, it mounted a massive publicity cam­ American pilot. Francis Gary Powers, that of such refugees from Latin America as Juan could not be explained away and that Rus­ Peron of Argentina. Nevertheless, It relies paign to discourage other South American sians did not want explained away. so heavily on the information of the Span­ fam1l1es from sending their youngsters to the But the CIA invariably develops an inter­ ish pollce that American newspapermen are Soviet Union. est in its projects and can be a formidable often a better source for American EInbassy In southeast Asia over the last decade, the advocate in the Government. officials than the CIA office. CIA has been so active that the Agency in When it presented the U-2 program in In much of Africa, too, despite the formi­ some countries has been the principal arm of 1956. fear of detection and diplomatic reper­ dable reputation it has among governments, American policy. cussions led the Eisenhower administration the CIA takes a back seat to the intelligence It is said, for instance, to have been so to run some "practice" missions over Eastern agencies of the former colonial nations, Brit­ successful at infiltrating the top of the Indo­ Europe. The first mission to the Soviet ain and France, and concentrates on gather­ nesian Government and Army that the Union. in mid-1956. over Moscow and Lenin­ ing information about Soviet, Chinese, and United States was reluctant to disrupt CIA grad. was detected but not molested. It did, other COmmunist effort..> there. (The Congo covering operations by withdrawing aid and however. draw the first of a number of secret has been the major exception.) The Agency information programs in 1964 and 1965. diplomatic protests. complles lists of travelers to Moscow, Prague, What was presented officially In Washington or Peking, attempts to infiltrate their embas­ as toleration of President Sukarno's insults After six missions the administration and provocations was in much larger measure halted the fiights. but the ·CIA pressed for sies and checks on arms and aid shipments through African airfields. a desire to keep the CIA fronts in business as their resumption. Doubts were finally over­ long as possible. come. and' 20 to 25 more fiights were con­ AN EYE ON POTENTIAL REBELS Though it is not thought to have been in­ ducted., with SovIet fighter planes in ~ The Agency is thought to have attempted volved in any of the maneuvering that has pursuit of at least some of them. to 1nftltrate the security services of some curbed President SUkarno's power in recent cxn-OOS-Part 8 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -.SENATE Ma,y 9, 1966 9574 '~.- , , -.,- ...... I.. months, the Agency was well poised to tollow in the last year the CIA is said to have cur­ commlttees. Many other CIA-run fronts and events and to predict the emergence ot anti­ tailed these activities someWhat. Otflces, however, exist primarily to gather COmmunist forces. COngressional investigation of tax-exempt mall from and to provide credentia1ll for its LINKS TO POWER toundatlons In 1964 shOWed that the J. M. overseas agents. Kaplan Fund, Inc., among others, had dis­ Thus, the ram1flcations ot CIA activities, Atter helping to elect Ram6n Magsaysay bursed at least $400,000 for the CIA In a at home and abroad, seem aimost endless. as President of the Philippines in 1953, but­ single year to a research institute. This In­ Though sate111tes, electl"onics, and' gadgets tressing the tamily government ot Ngo Dlnh Bt1tute, in tum, financed research centers in have taken over much ot the sheer drudgery Diem and Ngo Dlnh Nhu In South Vietnam Latin America that drew other support trom ot espionage, there remains a deep involve­ in 1954, and assisting in implanting the re­ the Agency tor International Development ment of human beings, Who project the gime of the strong man Phouml Nosavan In (the U.S. Foreign Aid Agency), the Ford Agency Into awkward diplomatic situations, Laos in 1960, the CIA agents responsible ob­ Foundation and such universities as Harvard raising many issues ot policy and ethics. viously became for long periods much more and Brandeis. That Is why many persons are convinced Intimate advisers and effective links to Among the Kaplan Fund's other previous that In the CIA a sort of Frankenstein's Washington than the formally designated contribUtors there had been eight tunds or monster has been created that no one can American Ambassadors in those countries. foundations unknown to experts on tax­ tUlly control. And When the Kennedy administration exempt charitable organizations. Five ot By Its clandestine nature, the CIA has tew came Into otflce in 1961, the President con­ them were not even listed on the Internal opportunities to explain,justify, or detend clUded that the CIA had so mortgaged Amer­ Revenue service's list ot toundations entitled itselt. It can don the cloak ot secrecy and ican Interests to Phouml Nosavan that there to tax exemption. label all its works as neceasary to further was at first no alternative to deallng with MAGAZINE GOT J"UNDS some "nllltional Interest." And It can qUietly him. lobby tor support Inside the Government and Moreover, the CIA's sklll at moving qUickly Through similar channels, the CIA has among Intluenclal Members ot Congress and and In reasonable secrecy drew tor it many supported groups of exiles from Cuba and With the President. assignments In southeast Asia that would refugees from Communism in Europe, or But a "national interest" that Is not a normally be given to the Detense Depart­ anti-Communist but liberal organizations ot persuasive detense to men who have their ment. It was able, for Instance, to fiy sup­ Intellectuals such as the Congress tor Cul­ own ideas ot the "national interest"-along plies to the Meo tribesmen In Laos to help tural Freedom, and some ot their newspapers With secrecy Itself-has the inevltabie effect them fight against the pro-Communist and magazines. '. of convincing critics that the Agency has Pathet Lao at a time when treaty obllgatlons Encounter magazine, a well-known anti­ plenty to hide besides Its code-books. forbade the assignment ot American mllltary Communist intellectual monthly with edi­ The imaginations and consciences of such advisers to the task. tions in Spanish and German as well as Eng­ critics are certainly not set at rest when they In South Vietnam, the CIA's possession ot llsh, was for a long time-though it Is not learn, tor instance, that in 1962 an outraged energetic young men with polltlcal and now-one ot the indirect beneficiaries ot CIA President Kennedy-obvlously differing with llngulsltlc talents proved much more success­ funds. Through arrangements that have the Agency about the "national interest"­ ful In wresting mountain and jungle villages never been publicly explained, several Ameri­ forced the CIA to undo a particUlarly clumsy from Communist contl"ol than the Pentagon's can book publishers have also received CIA piece of sabotage that might have blackened special forces. subsidies. the Nation's name all around the world. But the CIA was also deeply commltted to An even greater amount ot CIA money ap­ the Ngo brothers and was tricked by them parently was spent on direct, though otten CIA OPERATION: A PLOT 8cuTTLED--PLAN To Into supporting their private pollee forces. secret, support of American scholars. The DOCTOR CUBAN SUGAR DEPICTS CONTROL These were eventually employed against the Massachusetts Institute of Technology PROBLEM Buddhist political opposition, thus provoking opened a Center of International Studies (NOTE.-Following is the tourth of five ar­ the coup d'etat by mllltary leaders in 1963 with a grant of $300,000 from the CIA in ticles on the Central Inte111gence Agency. that brought down the Ngos. 1951 and continued to take agency tunds The articles are by a team of New York In Thailand, the CIA has now begun a until the link was exposed, causing great Times correspondents consisting ot Tom program of rural defense against COmmunist embarrassment to MIT's scholars working Wicker, John W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. subversion. Acting through foreign aid ot­ in India and other countries. Kenworthy and other Times staff members.) flees and certain airlines, agents are working The Agency's support tor MIT projects gradually dwindled, but the tear ot compro­ WASHINGTON, April 27.-on August 22, with hlll tribes along the Burmese and Laos 1962, the S.S. Streatham Hill, a British borders and helping to build a provincial mising pUblicity led the university to decide a year ago to accept no new CIA contracts. freighter under SoViet lease, crept into the police network along the borders of Laos and harbor ot San Juan, P R., for repairs. Cambodia. Similar embarrassment was felt at Mich­ igan State University after the recent dis­ Bound tor a Soviet port with 80,000 bags ot FURTIVE OPERATIONS Cuban sugar, she had damaged her propeller closure that CIA agents had served 011 its Few Americans realize how such operations payroll in a foreign-aid project in South on a reet. as these may alIect Innocent domestic situa­ Vietnam from 1955 to 1959. The university The ship was put in drydock, and 14,135 tions-the extent to which the dispatch ot a contended that no secret intelligence work sacks were otfloaded to tacll1tate repairs. planeload of rice by a subsidized carrier, Air was done by the agents, but it teared that a Because ot the U.S. embargo on Cuban im­ America, In Laos causes the Agency' to set dozen other overseas projects now under way ports, the sugar was put under bond in a furtive operations In motion within the customs warehouse. would be hampered by the suspicions ot . Sometime during the layup, agents ot the United States. other governments. When Air America or any other false­ Central Intelllgence Agency entered the cus­ The CIA was among the first Government toms shed and contaminated the otfloaded front organizations has run Into financial agencies to seek the valuable services of dltllcultles, the Agency has used Its influence sugar with a harmless but unpalatable sub­ American scholars--an idea now widely stance. In Washington and throughout the United emUlated. ManY./lcholars continue to serve States to drum up some legitimate sources Later, a White House otflcial, running the Agency as consultants, While others work through some Intelligence" reports, came of Income. on research projects frankly presented to Unknown to most of the directors and upon a paper indicating the sabotage. He their superiors as CIA assignments. investigated, ,had his suspicions confirmed, stockholders of an airline, for Instance, the At a meeting of the American Political CIA may approach the leading otflcials of the and Informed President Kennedy, much to Science Foundation here last tall, however, the annoyance ot the CIA command. company, explain its problem and come away at least two speakers said too many scholars with some profitable air cargo contracts, 'rhe President was not merely annoyed; were still taking on tull-tlme intelligence he was furious, because the operation had In other domestic offshoots of the CIA's services. They also warned that the part­ foreign dealings, American newspaper and taken place on American territory, because it time activities ot others could infiuence their would, it discovered, provide the Soviet magazine publishers, authors and' univer­ judgments or reputations. sities are often the beneficiaries of direct or Union With a propaganda field day, and be­ Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty pro­ cause It could set a terrible precedent tor indirect CIA subsidies. vide cover for CIA-financed organizations A secret transfer of CIA funds to the State chemical sabotage in the undeclared "back­ that draw upon the research talents ot alley" struggle that rages constantly between Department or U.S. Information Agency, for American scholars and also service scholars example, may help finance a scholarly InqUiry the West and the Communist countries. with Invaluable raw material. The Free Mr. Kennedy directed" that the doctored and publication. Or the Agency may channel Europe Committee even advertises tor public research and propaganda money through sugar not leave Puerto Rico. This was more contributions without revealing its ties to easily ordered than done. and It finally, re­ foundatlons--legltlmate ones or dummy the U.S. Government. fronts. quired the combined efforts of the CIA, the Radio Swan, a CIA station in the Carib­ Justice Department, the Federal Bureau ot The CIA Is said to be behind the efforts bean that was partiCUlarly active during the Investigation, the State Department, cus­ of several foundations that sponsor the 'Bay of Pigs Invasion, maintains unpubllclzed toms agents and harbor authorities to dis­ travel of social scientists In the Communist contacts with private American broadcasters. intrigue the Intrigue. world. The vast majority of Independent The CIA at tlmes has addressed the Amer­ The Soviet Union never got its 14.135 sacks foundations have warned that this practice Ican people directly through public relations of sugar; whether it was compensated for casts suspicion on all tl"aveling scholars, and men and nominally Independent citizens them has not been disclosed. May 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 9575 It would be unfair to conclude thatth1S President was not Inherent In the project but gence Division was not allowed to know about was a typical CIA operation. On the. other was the result of a lack of coordination and the "dirty tricks" being planned and carried hand, It cannot be dismissed as merely the controls. out by the Plans Division. unwise Invention of some agent who let his "The operation," he said, "just went along anti-Communist fervor get out of control. regardiess of the pOlltical circumstances." STEVENSON IN THE DARK There Is good reason to believe that a A second serious control question derives Many of the highest Government officials high-level political decision had been taken from the special position of the CIA as the are told nothing of some of the Agency'S ac­ to sabotage. where feasible, the Cuban econ­ Government's fountain of necessary Infor­ tivities because. In the course of their own omy. The sugar project. harum-scarum as mation. This appears to be at once the ma­ duties. they do not "need to know." It was, developed from a general polley de­ jor advantage and a principal hazard of the It Is now well establlshed, for instance. termination In the Plans Division of the CIA, CIA operation today. that until the disaster unfolded, Adlai E. and the general policy, If not the specific ....Policy... Allen W. DUlles, the former CIA Stevenson. the U.S. representative to the plot, presumably had the approval of the Chief, once said, "must be based on the best United Nations, knew nothing of the Bay of Interagency, sub-Cabinet group responsible estimates of the facts which can be put to­ Pigs plan. As a resUlt, he and his Govern­ for reviewing all operations that could have gether. That estimate in turn should be ment, suffered grievous hurnillation after he political consequences. given by some agency which has no axes to publlc1y misstated the facts. This was not, then, a well-laid plan that grind and which itself is not wedded to any In years past. CIA secrecy reached some ab­ went sour In the operation; It was a badly partiCUlar policy." surd proportlons--with high-level employees laid plan that was bound to cause trouble. This point is often made by the CIA and Identifying themselves solemnly at cocktail It Is Instructive because It 11lustrates many its defenders. They cite, for instance, the parties as "librarians" and "clerks." In Its of the control problems In CIA operations Agency's accurate estimate on Soviet misslle early days, for Instance, CIA employees who, and makes plain why, from the outset, so strength, as a contrast to the Inflated esti­ In their private lives. needed to apply for many questions have been so persistently mates that came from the Pentagon In the credit were Instructed by the Agency to say, raised by so many critics about the ade­ late fifties. The latter, they say, were surely when asked for an employer'S reference: quacy of these controls. Influenced by service rivalries and budgetary "Call Miss Bertha Potts" at a certain number. It was not long, of course. before the lend­ A MAJOR CONCERN battles--such as the AII' Force's desire for more missiles of Its own. The CIA has no ers who were told to call Miss Potts would say First, there Is the preeminent concern such vested Interest and little to gain by dis­ gleefully: "Oh, you work for the CIA." whether the CIA, despite Its disclaimers to torting or coloring Its reports and estimates. For many years prior to 1961, a good many the contrary, does on occasion make policy­ Mr. DUlles-llke Secretary of State Dean critics had been aware of the control dan­ not willfully. perhaps, but simply because Rusk-insists that no CIA operation "of a gers inherent In the CIA's peculiar position. of Its capacity to mount an operation and political nature" has ever been undertaken In 1954. Senator MIKE MANSFIELD, Democrat, pursue It wherever It may lead Without day­ "without appropriate approval at a high po­ of Montana., obtained 34 cosponsors for a by-day guidance or restriction from ,the po­ litical level in our Government" outside the blll to create a 12-member joint committee on Utlcal departments of the Government. CIA, Inte1l1gence to keep watch over the CIA, Operations like that of sabotaging the The problem is that the facts presented much as the Congressional Joint Committtee Cuban economy can lead to such dangerous to the Government by the CIA are some­ on Atomic Energy does over the Atomic episodes as the sugar doctoring; they can ac­ times dramatic and Inevitably tend to in­ Energy Commission. quire a momentum and life of their own, the spire dramatic proposals for clandestine op­ Allen Dulles, who was completely satisfied consequences of Which cannot be anticipated erations that the Agency's men are eager to with the scrutiny provided by four carefully by political officers who may have given them carry out, and that they believe can--or selected subcommittees of the Senate and original approval. might-succeed. House Armed Services and Appropriations Thus. It shOUld be noted that, In the sugar Committees, went to work. He succeeded in LONG ODDS CAN HELP tampering, the CIA and Its agents unques­ cutting away 14 of Mr. MANSFIELD'S cospon­ tionably believed they were operating within Even long odds sometimes work to the sors, and the blll was defeated, 59 to 27. approved Instructions, and consequently re­ Agency's advantage. General Eisenhower, sented what they regarded as "Interference" for Instance, has written that he undertook BOARD HEADED BY KILLIAN by the White House officer who reported It to aid pro-Western rebels in Guatemala in A year later the second Hoover Commission to the President. 1954 because Mr. Dulles told him the opera­ also recommended a congressional joint Another example of operations assuming a tion had only a 20-percent chance to succeed. committee. as well as a presidentially ap­ life of their own occurred In 1954 during the If the CIA Director had estimated a better pointed board of conSUltants on intelUgence CIA-engineered revolution against the Com­ chance than that, General Eisenhower wrote activities. munist-oriented President of Guatemala, in his memoirs, he would have been un­ To forestall the first, Mr. Dulles acqUiesced Jacobo Arbenz Guzman. realistic, unconvincing and overrUled. in the second, and in January 1965, President A P-38 fighter, piloted by an American. Command of the facts-at least the best Eisenhower named a board of consultants on bombed a British ship, the Spring-Fjord, facts avallab1e--plus zeal to do something foreign tnte111gence activities. with James R.' which was lying off-shore and was believed about them, many critics fear, can make the KUlian, Jr., president of the Massachusetts to be carrying aircraft to the Arbenz govern­ CIA an unanswerable advocate. not for a Institute of Technology, as chairman. ment. Only one of the three bombs exploded, vested budgetary or policy interest. but for Those fam1llar with the board's work in and no crew members were injured. The its own sincere notions of how to proceed. the Eisenhower years say it performed a ship, which was actually carrying coffee and And its advantage of prOViding the facts on useful function on the technical side, where cotton, was beached. which decision must be made, these critics Dr. KllIlan. for instance, was a powerful Richard M. Bissell, a former CIA deputy fe~l. can enable it to prevail over the advice advocate in the development of the U-2. director for plans. has admitted that the or fears of political officers. However, it is generally agreed that the bombing was a "sub-incident" that "went Thus, in 1958, Ambassador John Allison board did not give very critical attention to beyond the established limits of policy." strongly opposed the plan of Allen Dulles "black" operations, and then only after the An outstanding example of an operation to aid the rebel movement in Sumatra fact. with polltical consequences was the dispatch against President Sukarno of Indonesia. But In 1954 there was also established by the of Francis Gary Powers on the U-2 fI1ght Mr. Dulles had won the powerfUl support of National Security Councll-which advises from Pakistan to Norway across the Soviet his brother. secretary of State John Foster the President on defense and foreign polley Union on May 1, 1960, just before the Paris Dulles. matters-what came to be known as "the summit meeting and the scheduled visit of Ultimately, the plan went forward-with special group," or the "54-12 group," after President Eisenhower to Moscow. the result that an american pilot was shot the date (December 1954) of the secret di­ down and captured by the Sukarno forces. rective ordering Its formation. UNRESOLVED QUESTION causing a conspicuous deterioration of rela­ This directive also prOVided the basic The U-2 photoreconnalssance fiights had tions between Indonesia and the United charter for the agency's countersubverslve been going on for nearly 5 years. with fabu­ States. The plan was not unapproved; it and counter-Communist activity. Until lously profitable results. It was established was just unwise. that time, these activities had been under­ practice for the President to approve in ad­ A third problem of control arises from the taken under authority of a secret memoran­ vance a set of fI1ghts within a given time necessary secrecy that surrounds the Agency. dum from President Truman issued in 1947 span, and there was also established machin­ To protect its sources of Information, to per­ and Inspired principally by the Italian, ery for the approval of each fI1ght by the mit it to proceed with any form of clandes­ Czechoslovak and Berlln situations, then Secretary of Defense. Yet, to this day, no tine operations. to guard the Nation's pollti­ acute cold-war issues. one then in the top counclis of the Govern­ cal relations with most other countries, it is The 54-12 group was-and stul is--com­ ment Is able to say With certainty whether necessary for the CIA to be shielded-and posed of the President's special assistants for the Powers fiight. the last in a series of siX, Congress has so shielded it, by law-from national security affairs, the Director of the was specifically approVed by Thomas S. Gates, the ordinary scrutlny,investlgatlon and pUb­ CIA, the Deputy Secretary of Defense and Jr., then the Secretary of Defense. lic disclosure of activities that other Govern­ the Under Secretary (or Deputy Under Sec­ One Senator has said that the U-2 fI1ght ment agencies must undergo. retary) of State for Political Affairs, plus was a perfectly legitimate operation or great Within the Agency, until the Bay of Pigs other omcers consulted occasionally on par­ value. and that the embarrassment to the disaster of 1961 in Cuba, even the Intelll- ticular proposals. 9576' MllYyL 8', li}86 'The grbl!'i> seems to bavebeen created, of the total U.S. intell1gence effort:" ',Mr.' ~C~" W'~f$ta.tefor Far Eastern cern over the problem of control, and it was Fourth, the President sent a letter to ev~i-y Affairs,,-was, grY~l1 a free: band in getting rid given responslb1llty for passing on intell1­ Ambassador te111ng bim he was "in charge of of the 4m,erica,D. 'puppet", Premier Phoumi gence'operations beforehand. However, be­ the entire diplomatic mission" at ,his post, Nosavan":,,wllOse backiilgby the CIA Prest­ cause of the fraternal relationship of Allen including not only foreign service personnel dent~Jiliower had speCificallY approved­ Dulles and John Foster Dulles, because of but "also the representatives of all other aIld reinst.ating Souvanna Phouma at the their close relations witb President Eisen­ U.S. agencies." These representatives of: head of a' neutralist government. hower and because Allen Dulles bad the other agencies were to keep the Ambas,sador ' By general !lgreementof virtUally every power to give it the facts on which it had to "fully informed of their views and actiVities" official interviewed, the CIA does not now base its decisions, the 54-12 group during and would abide by the Ambassador's deci~ , directly make policy, and its operations are the Eisenhower adm1n1stration is believed by sions "unless in some partiCUlar instanCeyou under much mClrerigorous surveillance and knowledgeable' sources to have exercised and they are notified to the contrary.'" ' control than before. 'Nevertheless, there con­ little control. The President followed this letter, Which tinue tQ be-and probably always wUl be­ was made publiC, with a secret communica­ instances Where the controls simply do not THE CLASSIC DISASTER tion, saying he meant it and specifically'iIi­ At the Bay of Pigs, just after President work. eluding CIA men among those responsible: UNCERTAIN BOUNDARIES, Kennedy took office in 1961, the worst finally to the Ambassador. happened;' all the fears expressed through Richard Bissell, who as deputy director for the yea.rs came true. A BLOW TO BUNDY plans was largely responsible for the U-2 re­ The Bay of Pigs must take its place in Perhaps the most important cbange in connaissance triumph and for the Bay of bistory as a classic example of the disaster control procedures, bowever, involved the Pigs disaster, bas explained why this must that can occur when a major international 54-12 group within the political rankeof, be. operation is undertaken in deepest secrecy, the Administration, and it came Without any '~'You can't take on operations of this is politically approved on the basis of facts Presidential initiative. scope," he has said, "draw narrow bound­ provided by those who most fervently advo­ The Bay of Pigs had dealt a severe psy­ aries of policy ar~>undthemand be abSOlutely cated it, is carried out by the same advo­ chological blow to McGeorge Bundy, who as sure that those boundaries will never be cates, and Ultimately acquires a momentum the President's Assistant for National Secu­ overstepped." of Its own beyond anything contemplated rity Affairs was a member of the group, and Recently, for instance, the CIA was ac­ either' by the advocates or those who sup­ perhaps also to his self-esteem. Thereafter cused of supporting Cambodian rebels who posedly controlled them. he set out tightening up the surve1llanceof oppose Prince Norodom Sihanouk, the head Responsible officlais of the Eisenhower ad­ CIA operations, subjecting them to search­ of'state. Even some senior U.S. Foreign ministration report, for instance, that the ing analysis before and not after the event. Service officers said they were not sure that invasion plan was not even in existence, as The hard-eyed Mr. Bundy was notably re­ the agency's firm denials meant no agent in such, when they went out of office on Janu­ lentless at that kind of administration. the field, no obscure planner in the huge ary 19, 1961; there was nothing but a Cuban The President accepted the advice of the CIA building in Virginia, had strayed from refugee force, available for whatever the in­ Taylor and Klllian investigations on two im­ the strict boundaries of policy. coming administration might ultimately de­ portant questions. A high 'degree of control of CIA activities cide to do With it. First, he decided not to limit the CIA to exists, however, and inquiry produced this ,Yet the testimony of Kennedy administra­ intelllgence gathering and not to shift clan­ picture of the control11ng agencies and how tion officIals-Theodore C" Sorenson and destine operations to the Pentagon, or toa well thecontrol works: Arthur M.Schlesinger, Jr., for instance-is special agency created for the purpose. THE ,54-12 GROUP These ideas had found favor among some that the matter was presented to Mr. Ken­ The 54-12' group ,1sihe heart of the control nedy by the CIA advocates as if it were al­ sections of the State Department, among many public critics and even among some system. Its members nOw' are Adm. William ready committed to it and would have to F.Raborn, the,cIA director; U. Alexis John­ cancel it rather than approve it. Mr. Soren­ members of the staff of the advisory coInmit­ tee. But it was stoutly opposed by Allen son, Deputy ,Under Secretary pf State ,for sen even wrote in his book, "Kennedy," that PoUticatAjI'{i-irs; Cyrus, R. ,'vance, Depl,lty Mr. Kennedy had been subtly pushed to be Dulles, who argued that this would result no less "):lard" In his anti-Castrolsm than in duplication and rivalry, and 'that the two Secretary of Defense, and two presidential functions were interdependent, though he assistants,BUl D.Moyers and Walt W. RoB­ President, Eisenhower supposedly had been. tow, W:hobitve replaced McGeorge Bundy in The ultimate disaster and its various admitted that they hadnot been working in harness on the Bay ot Pigs operation. ' representlngthe White House. " causes need no retelling. Their effect was ,This, grClUP pleets once a week with a de­ graphically described by an official who saw The two committees of inquiry agreed with, Mr. DUlles, and so, finally, did the'Presi-' tailed agenda. It coll-centrates almost ex­ the shaken Mr. Kennedy immediately after­ clusivelyon operations. ,It approves all pro­ ward.The President, he said, "wanted to dent. ' second the committees recommended, and posed operations and it passes in great detail splinter the CIA in a thousand pieces and on expenditures,as small as $10,000 that have scatter it to the winds." the president enthusiastically agreed; that, the CIA should leave sizable military opera­ poUticalJmpl1calJons or could prove em­ ; At the same time, to Clark M. Clifford, a barrassing !fdiScovered. Any diff~rlmces are Washington lawyer and close friend, who had tions to the Pentagon and henceforth limit' itself to operations of a kind in which U.S., referred first to theCRbinet leveland then, if written the legislation setting up the CIA necessary, ,to the President. during the Truman administration, Mr. Ken­ involvement would be "plausibly deniable;;' This, however, has proved to be a rUle of While the group approves, every "black" nedy said fiatly and poignantly: operalJon, i1; dOel1, not Ilecessarily clear all the "I could not survive another one of thumb'in Which it is often difficult to hide the thumb. routine In~ll1gence-gather1ng,)activitlesof these." the agency. Nor"onceapproval has been AN INQtl'IllY ORDERED SOMETHING LIKE SECRECY given fora ,'~black" operation, does it main- But because he could not simply abolish For instance, the later creation of an air tainarunningsuperyisionoverevery detail the Agency, much less its function, the Presi~ force of anti-Castro Cubans to fly for the of its execution. " , , dent decided he would "get it under control. Congolese Government was carried out and , under a given policy decision approving a First,he,ordered a thorough investigation managed by the CIA, not by the Pentagon,' guerr1lla,operation ~l1a,certaincountry,for bya group headed by Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor despite the recommendation. " instance, ,tb,e ,54-,.1~group might also have to and composed also of Allen Dulles, Adm. The obvious reason was that the Agency approve SQine!J1ing as specific ltnd important Arlelgh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations, could do the job in something like secrecy,' as a bridge 1;lIPW1ng, , Bu,t the overall pro­ and Attorney General ROBERT F. KENNEDY. while Defense Department involvement gram Would go,oIl,PY its«:llf,uIlder the direc­ Second on'Mr. Clifford's advice, the Presi­ would have been necessarily more open, ad- tion of agents in the field. " dent recr~ated the old board of consultants vertising the backing of the United States under the ,title of the Foreign Intelligence for the "instant air forCe." iniREAlr'OF THE BUDGET , Committee and asked Dr. Killian to resume It is beyond dispute, however,that ',the Another' .formot controlts that of the the chairmanship. (Mr. Clifford became a Bay of Pigs was'a watershed in the Ufeof purse string. member and later succeeded Dr. Killian as the CIA and its infiuence on policymaking. ,The CIA's f\Jlnual requelilt,for funds, which chairman.) The President directed the Before that, no matter how much adminis­ is hidden largely in the Defense Department committee to investigate the whole intel11­ trative control and political approval there bUdget, is the responsibility of the head of gence community from "stem to stern," rec­ may have been, Mr. Dulles ran the Agency the BUdget Bureau's International Division. ommend changes and see that they were largely as he saw fit. The request has usua:ny fared well, but in the carried out. He was able :to do so because he could fiscal year,1965, for the first time'in several Third, after a decent interval, the Presi­ almost always get "approval"-and thus ad­ years, it was cut back sharply by tbe Bureau. dent replaced Allen DUlles with John A. Mc­ here to the forIns of control-from his broth­ Ancither form of budgetary control centers Cone, a former Chairman of tbe Atomic En­ er in the State Department or from Presi­ on the Agency's "slUsh fund," Which used to ergy Commission. He told the new Director dent Eisenhower, with both of Whom he had be about $lOO-mUliona year and is now in that he was not to be simply the Director of the closest relations of trust and liking. ''the, tens of Inill1ons:' ,One official bas said the CIA but should regard his primary task The effect of the Kennedy shakeup was that "the CIA can't spend a dollar without as "the coordination and effective guidance immediately apparent-on pOUcy in Laos, for Bureau of Budget approval." But another May 3, J9-,66 9577 olficial put a. somewha.t different ligh.\; on have made some 200 recommendations, of It. Is doubtful whether such things could how the "slush fund" is handled. which the President accepted 95 percent. happen today if an Ambassador Is forcefill Suppose, he said. that country X is having . 'I1ley take credit for persuading' President enough in establishing his authority. an election and the candidates backed by Kennedy and secretary of Defense Robert S. In the last 4 years the Ambassadors have the U.S. Government seem headed for defeat. McNl':mara to create the Defense IntelIlgence been kept much better informed, and their The Ambassador and the CIA station chief­ Agency, combining the separate service In­ relations with CIA chiefs of station have the Agency's chief in that country-may for­ telllgence divisions.' This had been recom­ been consequently more cordial.. Ambassa­ ward a request for some fast money to spread mended b'y Secretary of Defense Gates and dors Clare Timberlake and Edward Gullion around. by Lyman Kirkpatrick, inspector general' of were completely posted on CIA operations The request, when reviewed and cleared the CIA, as a resillt of the widely differing during the Congo crisis and worked closely by the middle levels of the State Department estimates of the so-caIled "misslle gap" in with the Agency. So, apparently, was Henry and the CIA, goes to the 54-12 group .for the late 1950's made by the Intelligence arms cabot Lodge after he took over the Embassy review. . . ., of the services. '' in Saigon in 1963. ' This group Will· first, decide. whether the Another official in a position Of. authority, While the Ambassador may not always be money shoilld be spent, how the CIA shoilld however, believes that the. board does little completely master in his own house, neither spend it and how much shoilld be made more than provide a "nice audit" of CIA op­ does it seem to be true--as a staff report of available. Then the request goes to the erations and that any "control" it. exercises Is Senator HENRY M. JACKSON'S Subcommittee Budget Bureau to .be justified in budget largely ex, ppst facto. ,He asked what could on National Security Staffing and Operations terms against other needs. be expected from a board, that met orily a few said in 1962-that the primacy of the Am­ days a month. bassador, supposedly established by the Ken­ A CALL BRINGS THE MONEY , "By 5 in the afternoon," he said, "the guys nedy letter, was largely "a polite fiction," For example, this olficial· said, bnesuch can't remember what they were told in the For example, Robert F. Woodward, Ambas­ project was recently trimmed by the Budget morning." sador to Spain, vetoed a man chosen to be Bureau from $3 to $1.7 mUlion. But in the Even the members concede that their work the CIA's Spanish station chief. And the last week of the election, the CIA ran out of has been· aimed primarily at ImprOVing the ,State. Department, while still complaining funds just as it needed some more billboards efficiency and methods of the CIA, rather about the size of some CIA stations, Is now plastered, and It was able to get the money than at control of Individual operations. supposed to approve the number of agents simply by a phone call to the Budge1; Bureau. Thus, if the board does Investigate some In each diplomatic mission. ' This olficla1 explained that there had to be "black" operations, its emphasis Is placed on In secret testimony before the Senate For­ some way of providing "quick-turn money" Whether It was done well or could have been eign Relations Committee in the summer of under tight controls and audit. more successful, rather than on the polltical ,1965, Under Secretary of State Thomas C. It should also be noted that this form' of question of whether It should have been done Mann made plain that the creation· of the control is purely bUdgetary and not substan­ at all. Imbert m1li.tary junta in the Dominican tive. The Bureau of the BUdget does not One member reported,' however, that the Republlc in May was a State Department, interpose any policy judgment but simply CIA now brought some of Its proposals to the and not a CIA, idea. weighs a proposed operation against total committee' for prior discussion, If not spe­ Asked whether the CIA would have set money avallable and the outlays for other , clfic approval. This Is not an unmixed bless­ up the junta without orders from State, Mr. projects. ing. Mann replied: FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE ADVISORY BOARD While the board might advise against some "I wlll say that In the past this may risky scheme, it also might not; in the latter have been; I do not know, But since I Another control Agency is the Foreign In­ case Its weight added to that of the CIA, arrived in January 1964, I have had an telligence Advisory Board. This group has would present the responsible political of­ understanding first with Mr. McCone and nine members. Four have had extensive gov­ ficials in the 54-12 group with an even more now with Admiral Raborn, and I am sure ernment experience. powerful advocacy than usual. " the Department has, even more importantly, The chairman, Clark Clifford, was special An advantage of the board Is its direct link that the polley Is made here [at State) and counsel to President Truman from 1946 to to the President. Since this is augmented, that nothing Is done without our consent." 1950. Among the other members, Robert D. at present, by Mr: Cliffor:d's close personal and This "nothing" probably goes too far, since Murphy, former career Ambassador and for­ political ties to President Johnson, any rec­ there remaIn areas of ambassadorial igno­ mer Under Secretary of State for Political ommendations the committee makes carry rance. An Ambassador is not always in­ Alfalrs, hall had personal experience in clan­ great weight with the bureaucrats of the CIA, formed of "third party" spying in his coun­ destine operations, for he prepared the way even before they appear in a Presidential or­ try-for example; spying in France on the for the American landing in North Africa in der. Chinese Communists there. Nor is he given 1942. He Is now a director of Corning Glass. STATE DEPARTMENT AND AMBASSADORS specific details on counterespionage and in­ Gordon Gray, a director of the R. J. Reyn­ Also exercising some control over the CIA formation gathering about which he may be olds Co. and a newspaper owner, was secre­ generally informed, tary of the Army under President Truman are the State Department and Ambassadors, Secretary of State Rusk has confided to his If the CIA has "bought the madam," as and later was President Eisenhower's special one official put it, of a house of ill fame assistant for national security affairs. Frank associates that he is now quite certain the CIA is doing nothing affecting official polley patronized by influential citizens or officials Pace, Jr., chairman of the Special Advisory of a host country, the Ambassador does not Board, Air Force SysteIns Command, was di­ he does not know about, But he added that he was also sure he was the only one' in the know it and probably doesn't want to, He rector of the Bureau of the Budget in 1949-50 would, however, have the dubious benefit of and Secretary of the Army from 1950 to 1953. State Department Informed about some of 'the things being done, any information the madam might disclose. Two members are scientists connected with These are the four institutional forms of Industry-Wllliam O. Baker, vice president In Despite this information gap as high as charge of research for the Bell Telephone the Under Secretary and Assistant Secretary "control" of the CIA that now exists-save Laboratories, a member for many years of levels, State Department officers with a need for congressional oversight and the all-im­ the Science Advisory Board of the Air Force, to know are far better informed about opera­ portant role of the Agency's Director. And and Edwin H. Land, chairman and president tions than before the Bay of Pigs. the New York Times' survey for these of the Polaroid Corp., a former adviser to Moreover, in the 54-12 group and In Inter­ articles left little doubt that the newly the Navy on guided m1sslles and an expert agency Intelllgence meetings, State Depart­ vigorous functioning of these four groups on photography. ment officers are now more read:, to speak has greatly improved coordination, more There are two mllltary representatives­ out and more llkely to be heeded on proposed nearly assured political approval, and sub­ General Taylor, former chairman of the Joint intelligence operations that they' beHeve stantially reduced the hazards implicit In Chiefs of Staff and former Ambassador to would compromise larger pollcy interests. CIA operations. South Vietnam, and Admiral John H. Sides President Kennedy's secret letter to the Nevertheless, the Agency stlll remains the commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet from: Ambassadors also had some effect in chang­ fount of information on which many pollcy 1960 to 1963. Dr. William L. Langer, the ninth ing a dangerous situation. decisions rest, and the source of facts, member, is professor of history at Harvard In 1954, William J. Sebald resigned as Am­ selected or otherwise, on which to justify and a frequent Government consultant. bassador to Burma because of continued its own projects. The board meets an average of 1 or 1'h CIA support to Chinese Nationalists In north­ Nevertheless, the CIA enjoys an Inherent days a month. It is subdiVided Into two­ ern Burma despite all his protests. In 1956, advantage in any confiict with the State man panels specializing in various fields, James B. Conant, Ambassador to West Ger­ or Defense Departments because of its un­ which meet more frequently. Individual many, was not told about the tunnel under deniable expertis~specially in economics members also take field inspection trips. Mr. East Berlin. In 1960, In Laos, Ambassador and sclence--and because it Is free from Clifford went recently to South Vietnam; Mr. Winthrop G. Brown was often bypassed as such political entanglements as trying to Gray has been on extensive trips to the Mid­ the CIA helped prop up the American-backed bulld up a missile bUdget (as In the case of dle East and southeast Asia. Premier Phouml Nosavan, against his advice. the Air Force) or of having to justify the There is divergent opinion on the control The same year, the Ambassador in MalaysIa recognition of a foreign leader (as In the value of this board. SOme of Its members knew nothing of the Singapore operation that case of State). are highly pleased with their own work. They ultimately was to embarrass the State De­ And, nevertheless, in its legitimate need for point out that over the last 47'2 years they partment In 1965. secrecy, the CIA simply cannot be 5ubJe<;ted 9578 to as much publ1c or even official scrutiny as of the CIA's role hi 1nfonnlng the Govern- acts. 'Mr.;''ntI11es, 1~~'J. Edgk- Hoover, who all other agencies undergo. ment as fully as possible. ' wasreappolnteCi-he8:d of the'Federal Bureau A CALL FOR MORE CONTROL It is In this kind of Intellectual effort to :of In.VestlgatiOI1 at the same thne, had great separate fact from fancy, evidence from sus­ prestige and wllSthoUght .to lend continuity For all these reasons and because of occa­ picion, decision from preference, opinion _and sta~lUty to the new administration. sional blunders, there has been no abatement from policy, and consequence from guess In fact,' Mr. Dulles' continuance In office In the demand of critics for more and that effective control of the CIA must begin, set. the stage for the Bay of Pigs and the stronger control. InevitablY, their call is for In the opinion of most of those who have grea.t crisis of the CIA. some form of Increased supervision by the been surveyed by the New York Times. In that incredible dram,a of 1961, it was people's Representatives In Congress, usually And It is when these qualltles have been Mr. Dulles' weaknesses as CIA Director­ by a jOint committee of the two Houses. lacking, the same officials and experts believe, rather than, lIS so often before, his The Times survey Indicated a widespread that the CIA most often has become involved strengt~that came to the fore. He was feellng that such a committee would do the in those activities that have led to widespread committed to the Cuba inVasion plan, at all Agency's vital functions more harm than charges that It Is not controlled, makes its costs, against Whatever objections. The ad­ good, and that It would provide l1ttle 1! any own polley and undermines that or Its politi­ vocate ov~rcame the planner. solution to the central problem of control. cal masters. As President Kennedy and others Inter­ The history of the Central Intell1gence Inevitably, the contrast Is drawn between posed reservations and qualifications, Mr. Agency since 1947 makes one thing painfUlly John McCone and Allen W. Dulles, one of DUlles and his chief l1eutenant, Richard M. clear-that the control question, While real the most charming and imaginative men in Bissell, made Whatever changes were required and of the utmost importance, is one of "not Washington, under Whose direction the CIA In order to keep the plan alive. For in­ measures but men." The forms of control grew to Its present proportions and impor­ stance, they switched the landing Site from mean nothing 1! there is no w1ll to control, tance. the .Trinidad area to the Bay of Pigs, to and 1! there is a w1ll to control, then the A GAMBLING MAN achieve more secrecy, thereby accepting an form of it is more or leas irrelevant. Digging a Wiretap tunnel from West to Inferior beachhead site and separating the Such a w1ll can only come from the high East Berlin, fiylng spy planes beyond the refugee force of Invaders from the Escam­ political olliclals of the administration, and reach of antiaircraft weapons over the Soviet bray Mountains, where they were supposed to It can best be inspired In them by the direct Union, and finding a Laotian ruler In the operate as guerrillas, by 80 miles of swamp. example of the President. cafes of Paris were romantic projects that Above all, lacking ,his old rapport with But even the PresIdent probably could not kindled Mr. Dulles' enthusiasm. Sometimes President Eisenhower and his brother, lack­ impose his w1l1 on the Agency In every case the profits were great; sometimes the losses ing a coldly objective approach to his plan, without the understanding, the concurrence were greater. Mr. Duiles never realized that President and the vigorous and elliclent cooperation To Allen DUlles, a gambl1ng man, the possl_ Kennedy suffered from more than tactical of the second most Important man In the b1l1ty of the losses were real but the chance reservations. matter of control-the Director of the CIA. of success was more Important. These misgivings-in reallty a reluctance A 20-percent chance to overthrow a leftist to approve the Invasion-forced the frequent THE CIA: QUALITIES OF DIRECTOR VIEWED AS regime in Guatemala through a CIA-spon­ , <;hanges In plans, each weakening the whole, CHIEF REIN ON AGENCY sored invasion was all he wanted to give It until whatever chance of success there might have been was gone. (NOTE.-Followlng is the last of five articles a try. He charmed President Eisenhower on the Central Intelligence Agency. The ar­ With tales of extraordinary snooping on such AT A CRITICAL HOUR ticles are by a team of New York Times rulers as President Gamal Abdel Nasser of the It was John McCone who replaced Allen correspondents consisting of Tom Wicker, United Arab Republic and with accounte of DUlles at the CIA's most critical hour. After John W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. Ken­ the romantic derring-do of Kermit Roosevelt the Bay of Pigs fiasco, it had barely escaped worthy, and others.) in arousing Iranian mobs against Mohammed dismemberment or at least the divorce WASHINGTON, April 28.-As copious evi­ Mossadegh to restore the Shah to his throne. of Its InteU1gence and Operations Divisions. dence of a Soviet m1l1tary bUildup In Cuba, As long as his brother, John Foster Dulles, There were also new cries for greater control, -Including the Installation or antiaircraft m1s­ was Secretary of State, Allen Dulles had no and the men around President Kennedy were ,sUes, poured Into Washington In the summer need to chafe under political "control." The suspicious. of, If not hostile to, the Agency. of 1962, the Director of the Central Intell1­ Secretary had an almost equal fascination for Like Mr. Dulles, Mr. McCone devoted much gence Agency, John A. McCone, had a strong deVious, back-alley adventure in What he saw energy to resisting a formal congressional hunch about Its meaning. as a worldwide crusade. watchdog committee, to courting the senior He belleved such an arsenal half-way PERSONAL JUDGMENTS members of the Armed Services and Appro­ around the world from Moscow had ,to be Neither brother earned his high reputation priations ComInittees on Capitol Hill and to designed ult1ma.tely to protect even more by taut and businesslike administration. converting the members of a resuscitated Important Installations-lang-range offensive Both placed supreme confidence in their per­ Presidential advisory board to his view of missiles and nuclear weapons yet to be pro­ sonal jUdgments. Intelligence policies. vided. Colleagues recall many occasions on which But those who observed him work believe Mr. McCone told President Kennedy about Allen Dulles would cut off debate about, say, he also brought a keen InteU1gence and his hunch but specified that It was a per­ the Intentions of a foreign head of state energy to a tough-minded adIninlstration of sonal guess entirely lacking In concrete sup­ with the remark: "Oh, I know him person­ the Agency Itself.and to careful, challenging porting evidence. He scrupUlously refused to ally. He would never do that sort of thing." study of Its Intelligence estimates and impose his hunch on the contradictory docu­ Allen Dulles was also an accomplished poli­ recommendations. mentary and photo'lnalysis evidence being tician. Throughout his regime he main­ He broke down the rigid division betweeIi provided by the Intell1gence community over tained the best of relations with the late operations and analySis that had kept the which he presided. He continued to pass to Clarence Cannon of Missouri, who as chair­ CIA's analysts-Incredible as it seems-Ig­ the President and his advisers reports and man of the House Appropriations Committee, norant of the OperatloIUl Division's specific estimates-based on all available evidence-­ was the key figure In providing CIA funds. plan to Invade Cuba. And he began to sub­ that the Soviet Union was not likely to do Mr. Dulles kept personal control of the ject the CIA's own action programs to vigor­ what he bel1eved in his heart It was doIng. selection of other Members of Congress with ousrevlew .and criticism by the Agency's When the evidence that the Russians had responsibility for overseeing the CIA, with ownexp'erts. implanted offensive missiles in Cuba did come the result that he Invariably had on his side INCISIVE QUESTIONS In, Mr. McCone was among those around the those Members of the congressional estab­ President who argued for qUick, decisive air The Intellectual level of meetings among lishment who could carry the rest of Con­ intelligence ollic1als at the CIA and other action before the missiles could become oper­ gress with them. ative. But when the President decided on his agenCies improved greatly under Mr. McCone, ThUS, in the Dulles period at the CIA, there primarily because he put difficult and In­ blockade-and-ultimatum pollcy, Mr. McCone was a peculiar set of circumstances. An ad­ loyally supported It and helped carry It out. cisive questions to those preparing formal venturous Director, Incllned to rely on his analyses and plans, forcing them to chal­ In 1963, Mr. MCCone was personally In fa­ own often extremely good and Informed in­ vor of the proposed limited nuclear test-ban lenge and defend their own judgments. tuition, widely traveled, read, andexperi­ Above -all, he set the hard example himself treaty. He had backed such proposals since enced, With great prestige and the best con­ his years as chairman of the Atomic Energy of putting aside personal p:eference, In­ nections In Congress, whose brother held the formed guesses and long gambles in favor of Commission in the Eisenhower administra­ second highest offlce in the administration, tion. realistic weighing of available evidence and and whose President completely trusted and close adherence to administration policy. Nevertheless, because of his desire that the relied upon both, was able to act almost at facts shOUld be known as fUlly as possible, he 'He brought specialists and experts Into will and was shielded from any unpleasant conferences and declslonmaklng at a much furnished a CIA staff expert to assist Senator consequences. JOHN STENNIS, Democrat, of Mississippi, higher level of policy than before. Often chairman of an armed services subcommittee KENNEDY KEPT HIM IN OFFICE he took such men with him to meetings at and an opponent of the treaty. ,This angered When the Eisenhower adIninistratlon came the Cabinet level. This exposed them to the White House and the State Department, to an end In 1961, Allen Duiles' reappoint­ policy 'considerations as never before, and . but It was consistent with Mr. MCCone's view ment was one of President Kennedy's first put pollcyIIlakers more closely In touch with May 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 9579 the experts ~ on whose "facts" th",f· were Adm. WllUam F. Raborn, meets with them and many CIA operations could provide acting. somewhat more often. dramatic passages In campaign speeches. As Chairman of the U.S. Intelligence CONFLICTING VIEWS Politics. Any standing committee would Board-a group that brings together rep­ have to be bipartisan. This would give resentativeS from the Defense Inte1l1gence There are confilctlng opinions on the val­ minority party member8--as well as dis­ Agency, the state Department's Intelligence ue of these sessions. Some who participate sidents in the majority-unparalleled oppor­ unit and other8--Mr. McCone won a reputa­ say that they are "comprehensive," that the tunities to learn the secrets of the executive tion for objectivity by frequently overruling Director holds back nothing In response to branch and of foreign policy, and to make the proposals of his own Agency, the CIA. questions, that he goes Into "great detail on political capital of mistakes or controversial bUdget and operations" and Is "brutally SOME CRrnCISM, TOO pollcies. Republlcans, for Instance, armed frank," Others say that "we are pretty well with all the facts and testimony that Investi­ His regime was not without Its critics. filled In" but that the sUbcommlttees get gation could have disclosed, Inlght well have Many om.cials believe he narrowed the CIA's no precise Information on the bUdget or the wrecked the Kennedy administration after range of Interests, which was as wide as the number of employees and that the Director the Bay of Pigs. horizons under the Imaginative Allen Dulles. reveals only as much as he wants to. The COnstitution. The CIA acts at the di­ For instance, they say, he was slow to mo­ These conflicting Views probably refiect rection of the President and the National b1l1ze the CIA to obtain information about the composition and Interests of the SUb­ Security Council. If a congresslone.1 com­ nuclear programs in India, Israel, and other committees. Those on the Senate side In1ttee had to be informed in advance of natlonll. are said to be "lackadaisical" and "apathet­ CIA activities, covert and overt, there might Mr. McCone also tried, but failed, to end Ic," with some senators not wanting to know well be a direct congressional breach of the Interagency rivalries. He spent much time too mUCh. The House subcomIn1ttees are constitutional freedom of the executive in bitter. dispute with secretary of Defense said to be "alert, Interested and em.clent," branch and of the President's right to con­ Robert S. McNamara about divisions of labor with members Insisting on answers to ques­ duct foreign policy. and costs In technological programs and tions. Control. If a carefully chosen comIn1ttee about chains of command In Vietnam. He Is Representative GEORGE H. MAHON, Demo­ conscientiously tried to avoid all these reported to have feared the growth of the crat, of Texas, chairman of the House Ap­ dangers, It could probably exerclse little real Defense Intelllgence Agency as an Invasion propriations Comlmttee, has warned the ad­ "control" of the kind critics desire. At best, of CIA territory. In1nlstratlon it must Itself police the CIA for Instance, It could probably do little more With the state Department, too, rivalry budget more stringently than that of any than Investigate some questionable opera­ continued-and stlll does. Much of this can other agency because he and other Congress­ tions In secrecy and after they had taken be attributed, on the diplomats' side, to the men believe they should protect the sensi­ place, and then report privately to the Presi­ CIA's readier access to the upper levels of tive CIA bUdget, as It comes to them, from dent, who In1ght or In1ght not respond. Government and to its financial ab11lty to the congressional economy bloc and the Ideology. COngress is full of "professional underwrite the kind of research and field Agency's more deterIn1ned critics. anti-Communists" and has not a few "pro­ operations that State would like to do for As a result of this and other congressional fessional I1berals." In Its worldwide activi­ Itself. . representations, the CIA "slush fund" for ties, the CIA regularly takes covert actions. On the Agency's side, there Is undoubtedly emergencies has been reduced below $100 that would profoundly offend either or some resentment at the state Department's million. And-much to Mr. MCCone's an­ both-for Instance, supporting some non­ recently increased political control of CIA noyance-President Johnson's economy Communist leftist against a mllltary regime, operations. For Instance, until April 28, drives resulted In an adIn1nlstratlon reduc­ or vice versa. To report this kind of actiVity 1965, the day President Johnson ordered the tion In the Agency's budget. to Congress would be certain to set off publlc Marines Into Banto· Domingo, the CIA had Three things, however, are clear about this debate and recriminations and lay a whole reported the posslb1l1ty of a rebelllon and it congressional oversight. new set of domestic polltlcal pressures on the knew of three Communist-controlled groups NO REAL CONTROL agency. functioning In the Dominican RepUblic, but Pollcy. KnOWledgeable men In Washing­ the Agency had not suggested an Imminent One Is that the subcommlttee members ton do not accept the Joint Commlttee on threat of a Communist takeover. exercise no real control because they are Atomic Energy as a desirable model for over­ When the President and his .advisers be­ not Informed of all covert operations, either sight of the CIA. They point out that the came persuaded that there was such a threat, before or after they take place. Atomic Energy Committee has developed Its however, CIA agents supplied confirming In­ The second point regarding congressional own staff of experts in its fleld, in some telllgence---some of It open to challenge by oversight Is that a handful of men like sen­ cases abler men than those in the Atomic an alert reader. CIA om.clals seem a little ators CANNON and RUSSELL with their great Energy Commlssion, and these congressional red faced about this compliance, and the In­ prestige, do not so much control the CIA experts now have a vested interest In their timation Is that the CIA may have gone over­ as shield It from Its critics. own Ideas of atomic policy and projects. board In trying not to undermine but to Finally, even these establishment watch­ SUbstantiate a political policy declslon. dogs can be told just as much as the CIA AN EMPmE FORESEEN WITHIN THE BOUNOS OF POLICY Director thinks they should know. In fact, This, these sources fear, would be the out­ come of a joint committee on Intelllgence­ Mr. McCone's pride and the fierce loyalty one or two of the sUbcomIn1ttee members are known to shy away from too much secret In­ a new Intelllgence empire on Capitol Hlll to the Agency that he developed made him that could In time exert a direct pollcy In­ resentful of congressional and public criti­ formation, on the ground that they do not want either to know about "black" opera­ fiuence on the CIA, separate from and chal­ cism, not always to his own advantage. lenging the President's pollcy decisions. Nevertheless, as a result of his single-minded tions or take the chance of unwittingly dis­ closing them. This would diffuse rather than focus power efforts to control himself and his Agency, over the Agency and confuse rather than other former members of the Kennedy ad­ For all these reasons, there Is a large body of substantial opinion-In and out of Con­ clarify the problem of control. ministration-many of whom opposed his Other recommendations for a congres­ appolntment---now find It hard to recall any gress-that favors more specific monitoring of Intelllgence actiVity. sional Intervention have.been. advanced. time when Mr. McCone or the CIA in his time The most drastic-and In some ways the overstepped. the bounds of policy deliber­ The critics Insist that Congress has a duty periodically to investigate the actiVities of most Interestlng-'--would be to legislate. the ately. separation of the CIA's Intelllgence and Thus, they are Inclined to cite him as proof the CIA and other Intelllgence arms; to check on the CIA's relations with other executive analysis. function from the operations or of the theory that in the process of Govern­ "dirty tricks" function. ment men are more important than mechan­ departments, stUdy Its budget and exercise greater and more intelllgent oversight than President Kennedy, after the Bay of Pigs, IC8--and In support of the widespread rejected a proposal to create a new and au­ opinion among present and former om.clals the present diffused subcommittees, which operate without staff and with llttle or no tonomous intelllgence and analySis agency. that the problem of contr01l1ng the CIA must This plan would have covert politlca! opera­ begin with men Inside the Agency Itself. representation from members most con­ cerned with foreign affairs. tions under a small and largely anonymous The far more general belief is that Con­ section of the State Department. gress ought to have a much larger voice In A FOUNTAIN OF LEAKS EFFICIENCY DROP FEARED the control of the Agency. This belief Is But the overwhelming consensus of those reinforced by the fact that the congressional most knowledgeable about the CIA. now and If accepted, this plan would have had the control that now exists Is Ul-Informed, In the In tile past, does not support the Idea that great advantage, In terms of control, of di­ hands Of a chosen few, SUbject to what the Congress should "control" the CIA. A num­ vorcing "black" operators and their schemes Agency wishes to tell even these few, and from the source of information on which occasionally apathetic. ber of reasons are adduced: the decision to act must be xnade. Thus, There are four subcommittees of the Sen­ Security. Congress Is the well-known the covert operators would have no more In­ ate and House Armed Services and Appro­ fountain of more leaks than any other body formation than anyone else In government,: priations COmmittees to which the Director In Washington. The political aspirations of no power to shape, color, wlthhqld, or man­ reports. ~ ~ . and pressures on Members make them eager ufacture Information, and could, ~ in effect. Mr. McCOne met about once a month with to appear In print; they do not have the do only wha~ they wex:e told to do by politi­ the subCOmmittees. The present Director, executive responslbUlty weighing on them, cal authorities. CO~GRESSIONAL.RECORD '-,SENA" ,~- ~' ~ 9580,. r ,.. (. ." :' < .; " .• ,,_", ',-' .-.> .'

It would also reduce the sheer size and One former ofilcial said quite seriously that IWIORN~ , , • power.of the CIA within the Government. he was not sure how much the Nation,would Knowledgeable sources' say the CIA itself. much of which Is based on its ,combination lose in vital services it all the activities of in its day-to-day business. is ,a,bureau~1 of functions-providing information, pro­ the CIA apart from those dealing with tech­ like ,any other. functioning routlD'ely what­ posing action, and having the abll~ty to nological espionage-satellltes and the like­ ever the quality Of its .le~ership. These carry it ,out. had their budgets arbitrarily reduced by half. sources argue that the experience and pro-. - On the other hand, as Mr. Kennedy con­ A number of others suggested that it was fessionallsm of Its staff are so great that any clUded, SUch a divorce might well lower the possible for a great many of the CIA's infor­ lack of these qUalities in Admiral RabOrn is total overt and covert efficiency of the intel­ mation-gathering functions and study proj­ scar~ely felt. , ' " . ligence effort. Those Who favor the present ects to be handled openly by tbe State De­ But they do not agree that "Red" Raborn combined agency insist that InteIllgence and partment, if only Congress would appropri­ is just a front man. He'1s dUferent---il8 would action ofilcers must be close enough to ad­ ate the money for it. be expected-from any Director who pre­ vise' one another-with analysts checking But the State Department Is traditionally ceded him. but there is evidence avallable to operators, but also profiting from the opera­ starved for funds by Members of Congress suggest that he may not be. such an un­ tors' experiences in the field. who scoff at the "cookie pushers",and the fortunate choice as has been suggested in a , Moreover, they point out that so-called "striped-pants boys." The same Members number of critical articles in the press. paramllltary operations ate more easHy are often quite w1l1ing to appropriate big The adm1ralis said to have President transferred on paper than in fact to the De­ sums, ll.lmost bUndly, for the secret. "tough" Johnson's confidence, although in a different fense Department. They note that the De­ and occasionally glamorous activities of the way from the confldence President Kennedy partment, for instance, can by law, ship arms spies, saboteurs. and mysterious experts of placed in Mr. McCone. The latter,was a only to. recognized goyernments that under­ the CIA. valued member of the group that argued out take 'certain obligations in return, and can­ As another example of what a speCially high policy and influenced the President's not legally arm or assist, say, rebel groups organized, responsible congressional investi­ decisions, not with facts but also with opin­ or mercenaries, even for laUdable purposes. gation might discover, some officials ex­ ions and recom.mendations. Nor 'c,ould the Defense Department easily pressed their doubts about the National Admiral RabOrn Is said to to make little lj.cquire the skill, the convenient "covers," Security Agency. This Defense Department effort to exert such an tnfiuence on poliCy. the political talents. and bureaucratic fiexi­ arm speciaUzes in making and breaking Partly, this is because Mr. Johnson appar­ blllty required for quiCk, improvised action codes. spends about $1 bUUon a year-twice ently does not want the CIA Director in such in time of crisis. as much as the CIA-and, in the opin,1on of a role-and among those intervlewed by the As evidence of that, there is the case of many who know its work, hardly earns its New York Times there was a belief that one the successful poUtical and mllltary organi­ keep. reason John McCone left the post was that he zationof hlll tribesmen in Vietnam carried But to most of those interviewed, the could not playas Influential a role as he had out bythe CIA some years ago. When the question of control ultimately came down in the Kennedy administration. Army won control of the operation in a to the caliber and attitude of the men who The main reason for the admiral's ap­ bureaucratic infight. the good beginning was run the CIA, and particularly it~ Director. proach, however, Is his Navy background. He lost in a classic bit of mllltary mismanage­ The present Director, Admiral Raborn, is regards blmself as having more of a semce ment and the tribal project collapsed. a man who earned a high reputation as the and staff Inlsslonthana policymaking Job. As for the State Department's taking over developer of the Navy's Polaris missile but He believes it Is hIs duty to lay the best covert operations, the opponents ask how who had no previous experience in inteIll­ available facta before "the President and could the Department survive the inevitable gence work. Nor Is he partiCUlarly close to those other hIgh ofilcials who make or In­ exposure of some bit of polltical skulduggery President Johnson or to other high admin- fiuence policy, so that their Judgments may in some other country, when it is supposed istration officials. . be as Informed as pos8ible~ To enter into to be the simon-pure vessel of the United INAUSPICIOUS START policy discussions as an advocate, in his view. States proper diplomatic relations? The admiral took ofilce on a bad day-the would inevitably compromise hIs role as an A LESS DRASTIC PLAN one on Which Mr. Johnson dlspatched the Impartial and objective soUrce of infor­ A far less drastic but perhaps more feasi­ Marines to Santo Domingo last April. matIon. ble approach would be to add knowledge­ Admiral Raborn and his predecessor. Mr. Among knowledgeableofilcials, moreover, able congressional experts in foreign affairs McCone, lunched together in downtown Admiral Raborn is credited with at least two to the mllitary and appropriations subcom­ Washington that afternoon, unaware of the administrative developments within the mittees that now check on the CIA. imminent intervention. As they parted, Agency-bOth stemming, again, from bis Along this Une is the idea backed by Sen­ Admiral Raborn offered Mr. McCone a ride to Navy background. ator McCARTHy-that a subcommittee of the Langley, Va., headquarters of the CIA. LONG-RANGE, PLANNING the Senate Foreign Relations Committee But Mr. McCone said he was going home to He has installed an operations center,not should be added to the existing watchdogs. pack his clothes. unlike a mmtary command post or a Navy Such men as J. W. FULBRIGHT. Democrat, of Those who know of this exchange have a ship's "C.oIllbat Information center." In it, Arkansas. chalrman of the Senate Foreign hunch that if Mr. McCone had accepted the round~the-clock duty officers constantly Relations Committee, MIKE MANSFIELD of invItation and returned to the turmoil that monitor communications of every sort, They Montana, the Senate Democratic leader, and quickly developed in his old ofilce. the his­ can instantly communicate with the White GEORGE D. AIKEN of Vermont, a Republican tory of the intervention might have been House, State Department, Pentagon, and member of the Foreign Relations Commit­ different. Many are inclined to blame Ad­ agents in the field, by means of the Agency's tee, might bring greater balance and sensi­ miral Raborn, in any event. for the mish­ Wizardry with machines and electroni~. tivity ,to the present group of watchdog sub­ mash of hasty evidence the CIA contrived This represents primarily a drawing to­ committees. to justify the State Department's claim that getherandstreamllning of capabilities the Most of those interviewed In the New York there was a threat of a Communist uprising. Agency already had', but It is rated as a posi­ Times survey for these articles also believed One reason the admiral was chosen. after tive advance In CIA efficiency. that the, CIA sho.uld have no influence on the President Johnson had searched for 6 The other Raborn innovation is a Navy­ selection 'of members of the subcommittees. months for a successor to Mr. McCone, was like system of long-range management plan­ WhUe the excuse for giving the Agency a that as' head of the Polaris project he had ning. He has assigned a group of ofilclals to voice is to make sure that only "secure" and shown great ablIlty to work With and IIlollify ','look ahead" for decades at the shape of the "responsible" Members of Congress are inquisitive Congressmen. world to come. .', . chosen. the net effect is that the Agency usu-, Another was that his mlIltary background , Outof this continuing study,the admiral ally manages to have itself checked by its made him an unUkely target for charges of hopes to be able to make more preCise plans best friends in Congress and by those who being too "soft" or ;too liberal for bls post. for the Agency's needs in manpower, money, can best shield it from more critical Mem­ The same consideration influenced President equipment, and organization In, say. 1975. so bers' like Senator McCARTHY and Senator Kennedy in choosing the conservative Re­ that It can be planned for right now. MANSFIJW). publican John McCone. and it Is notable There persists among-many interested in 'FUND SLASH PROPOSED that no leading figure of the DemocratIc the CIA, however,'a reluctance to accept the Finally. many observers ,consider that it Party, much less one of Its liberalS. has ever idea that the Agencyshoufd be 'headed by might be useful for some select nonperma­ been the Agency's Director. anyone other than an experienced, strdng nent committee of independent-minded Because of bls lack of experience in intelli­ executive with a Wide grasp ofinternational Members of Congress to make a' thorough, gence and international affairs, it is widely affairs and intel11gence work. strong ties to responsible study of the Whole intelllgence believed among present and former" ofilcials the administration and the knowledge and community. Such a group might set out to that Admiral Raborn was chosenprimarlly determination to keep the Agency's work determine how much' of the community's as a "front man." Ironically. the ,Congress within the Umits of pollcy and propriety. activity is actually needed or useful. and that he was supposed to impress is actually This concern has been ht;!lghtened by the how much Of the Whole apparatus might be concerned-interviews disclosed-because he departure from the White House of McGeorge reduced ill size and expense-and thus in the has not seemed to have the sure grasp of the Bundy. now president of the Ford Founda­ kind of visiblIlty that brings the CIA into Agency's needs and activities that would tion. As Mr. Johnson's representative on the disrepute overseas and sa home. most inspire confidence in it. 54-12 group, he' was probablY second only May 3, 1966 CONGRESsiONAL RE€ORD -'SENATE 9581 to the director' of the CIA in maintaining be a problem inrecruiting and keeping the ernment, and reltgion. He Is one of the "control" and took an Intense Interest In this high' caliber' of personnel upon whom the Nation's most profound historians and duty.' . Agency must rely both for doing useful work eloquent orators. Thus, If the White House replacements, and for keeping that work within proper Bill D.Moyers and Walt W. Rostow, prove bounds. In his address before the Good Gov­ either less interested or less forceful in rep­ ,C~UCIAL QUESTIONS ernment Society, Mr. Davis portrayed resenting the White House Interest in CIA Thus, there must be In this and in any the purposes which prompted the operations, and}f 4dmlral ~aborn's alleged admlnistratlonatlght, relentless, searching Founding Fathers to make the America lack of experleJ;lce, Inintelllgence and for­ review and analysis of the CIA and Its ac­ we love, and the conditions which must eign affairs handicaps him, effective control tivities, meeting squarely and answering be met if America Is to endure as a gov­ of the Agency could be weakened without honestly at least these questions: ernment of laws dedicated to the freedom any change at all in the official processes Is any proposed operation or activity llkely, of the individual. ' of control.' . on balance, to make a genuine and necessary PROMOTION DEBATE His address merits the consideration contribution, In the long view as well as of all thoughtful Americans, and for this Some people conclUded even before the the short, to legitimate American Interests reason ought to be as widely dissemI­ end of the adinlral's first year that the dUfi­ and aspirations in the, world, or Is It merely cultles of finding a, succession of suitable convenient, expedient, and possible without nated as possible'. On behalf of my col­ CIA dIrectors made it,advisable to promote regard to its wider implications or to the league [Mr. JORDAN] and myself, r ask impressive professionals from within the real necessity for: it? unanimous consent, that a COpy of this Agency. , , ' In sum, is the Government of a proud and address be printed 'at this point in the The most widely, respected of these is the honorable people relying too much on body of the RECORD. Deputy Director, Richard Helms, who was "black" operations, "dirty tricks," harsh said to have been Mr. McCone's choice to suc­ There being no objection, the address and illicit acts in the "back alleys" of the was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ceed him. world? Is there some point at which meet­ Others argue; however, that intelllgence Is ing fire with fire, force with force, subversion as follows: too'dangerous a thing to be left to profes­ with subversion, crime with crime, becomes AN ENDURING SOCIETY :slonal spies and that a loyal associate of the so prevalent and accepted that there no In addressing this distingUished aUdience, President's, with the political qUalifications longer remains any distinction of honor and I am not unmindful of the signal honor ac­ for a senior Cabinet position shoUld hold pride between grim and implacable adver­ corded me; for, in paying tribute to two the post. satles? such distinguished public servants, .the Whatever his identity, however, the prime These questions are a proper and neces­ Honorable SAM J. ERVIN, senior U.S. Senator conclusion of ,the ~ew York Times survey of sary concern for the people of the United from North. Carolina, and the, Honorable the Central Intelligence Agency is that its States. They are a proper and necessary con­ GERALD FORD Of Michigan, House minority Director Is or shOUld be the central figure in cern for Congress. But In the nature of the leader, we are privileged to do so in the name establishing and maintaining the actual sub­ case, neither: the people nor Congress can of George Washington, the first and greatest stance, of control, Whatever Its forms may easlly learn the answers, much less insure of all Americans. take. For if the Director insists, and bends that the answers are always the right ones. Even if the ingredients of history were not all his efforts to make sure, that the Agency present, I would be tempted to provide them serve the political administration of the Gov­ THE PRESIDENT'S TASK gratuitously. But, recognizing that the Im­ ernment, only blind chance or IneptitUde in That can only be done within the execu­ mortal name of WashingtonIs forever linked the field is llkely to take the CIA out of tive branch, by the highest authorities of with that of the Commonwealth of Virginia, polltical control. the Government. Controlllng the CIA is a I really have no choice but to anchor my CONCLUSIONS OF STUDY job that rests squarely upon the President text in history. As a provincial patriot none A number of other'conclusions also emerge of the United States, the Director of the was the equal of Washington, although he from the study: Agency, andthe officials appointed by the was as national In stature and outlook as he Whatever may have been the situation in President to check Its work. And if these was provincial. A grateful nation and a the past, and whatever misgivings are felt men are to insist that they do control the pridefUl Commonwealth justifiably olalm about Admiral Raborn, there is now llttle Agency, then they are the ones who must be him with equal felicity. We in North Caro­ concern in the Johnson ': administration or blamed if controL fails. lina take pardonable pride in proximity to among former high officials, and there is even "Those who believe that the U.S. such historic eminence. less evidence, that the CIA Is making or sabo­ Government on occasion resorts to force As a North Carolinian, however, I share taging foreign pollcy or otherwise acting on when it shouldn't," Richard Bissell, the CIA's with' all other North Carolinians the knowl­ its own. former Deputy Director, once said, "should edge that we have been nurtured in the spirit When CIA operations acquire a llfe of their in all fairness and justice direct their views of true humility. ,We have long since given own and outrun approved pollcy, they often to the question of national polley and not up any hope of ever establlshlng historic follow a pattern well known also In less se­ hide behind the criticlsm that whereas the primacy over Virginia. Having suffered "the cret arms of Government.. Diplomats fre­ President and Cabinet generally are enlight_ slings and arrows of outrageous fortune" 10' quentlysay more than they are told to say to ened people, there is an evil and ill-con­ these many years, we have been forced to other governments or otherWise exceed their trolled agency which imports this sinister cultivate an attitUde of expectancy for the Instructions. 'Foreign aid and propaganda element." future and one of resignation for the past. operations, though "pUblic," can commit the The New York Times study of ,the CIA sug­ It is true, of course, that the first English United states to practices and men In ways gests that It is not an inVisible government settlement in America was on North Caro­ not envisioned by.Washlngton. Mllltary op­ but the real government of the United States lina soil, In the years 1585-87, but we now erations can escalate by their own logic, and upon which the responsibillty must lie know that the first permanent English set­ when things go wrong the Pentagon has at whenever the Agency may, be found "out tlement in America was begun on April 26, times been more reluctant than the CIA in of control." For if that responsibillty Is 1607, at Jamestown, Va. To our persistent producing the facts. accepted, there can be no Invisible govern­ claim that the first white child was born In Nonetheless, whlle the CIA acts as the ment. North Carolina, we are always asked, "Why, Government's fountain of Information as well then, did you name her Virginia Dare?" as its "black" operating arm; while it is the Beginning In the early 1750's, and during CIA that both proposes operations and sup­ AN ENDURING SOCIETY the many years of westward expansion there­ plies the facts to, justify them, the danger of Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, on the after, we in North Carolina have always Its getting out of control of the administra­ evening of May I, 1966, the American prided ourselves upon the daring exploits of tion exists and ought to be taken seriously Good Government Society held its an­ Daniel Boone In opening up the Kentucky within and without the Government. The territory. Nor have we overlooked our claim Bay of Pigs stands, as enduring testimony to nual meeting in which it memorialized to the remarkable Christopher Gist who that fact. the enduring contributions made by served as companion and guide to young The task of 'coplng with this danger Is es­ George Washington to America. On George Washington in the early exploration sentially that of the President, his highest that occasion, Archie K. Davis, of of the Ohio territory. He, like Boone, once officials, and the Director of the CIA. It can Winston-Salem, N.C., delivered the liVed in the upper Yadkln River, section ot only be met peripherally by congressional principal address which he entitled "An North Carolina. But there, unhapp\ly, our oversight, and" then With increased danger Enduring Society." claims to explorer fame must end; for, as the of security leaks and domestic political pres­ Mr. Davis, who is currently serving as Virginia historians remind us, it was George sures on the Agency. Rogers Clark of Albemarle County, Va., who The charge!> against the CIA at home and president of the American Bankers As­ came to be known as the defender of Ken­ abroad are So widesprelld,and in many ways, sociation, has made contributions of the tucky and the conqueror of the Northwest. so' exaggerated,that. the effectiveness and utmost significance to his community, To make assurance doubly sure, his younger Inoraleof ,the· Agency may be seriously im­ his State, and his Nation in the fields of brother. Wlll Clark, and Meriwether LeWis paired., In pai'tlcular,there could ultimately banking" education, industry, good gov- teamed up as the famous Lewis and -Clark OXII--606-Part 8 9ti82 CONGRESSIONALRECORD'7'""SENA~ - - _.~, _'. c- , -.' . c.....t., ....., , . ' TE••.' ,-_,0,' ,expedition and l&1d claim to &11 the territory 1840, moving to New York for the practice ernor andthl! governed. ItWBll th811 &J1Cl hall now known as the great Pacific Northwest. of law. He died there at the tender age ot alwaYsbeen.tempere4.bfpni.~tic ~d­ Because' of this expedition, we are advised 31. A young man of such remarkable ac­ eratlons. These considerationS, Of coilisl!~a:re that the first white man to be burled on complishments could only have come from shaped and molded by chaJ1~ cJ.rcum- 'Iowa soil was a Vlrglnian, sergeant Floyd, Leesburg, in Fairfax County, Va., And was st,ances. " . - ' '.. . ;, ,.,.'., ., 'and the first white men to set eyes on what It purely coincidental that young Lt. Robert Prl!Sumably.the Ideal of conserVative goV~ 18 now the State of Idaho were obviously E. Lee, of Virginia, should have been called ernment wasl10chleved d~ngthe ye&rsofthe none·other than Lewis and Clark of Virginia. westward In the summer and fall of 1835 Vlrglnia dynasty of Presidenta which,wlth As, history qulte accurately reveals, the to help run the boundary line between the exception of4 years under the Presidency Virginians were not solely preoccupied wIth Michigan and Ohio? of John Adams, laste4 !tom 1789. to 1824. the Ohio territory and the Pacific Northwest. Most poignant of all perhaps, and most The Jacksonian era emerged In almost direct How else. indeed, could the great State of certainly to one of our honored guests this antithesis to Its conservative forerunner. Texas have been properly sired, nurtured, and evening, Is the sure knOWledge that a North But It was representative' of the times and launched upon her unerring course to future Carolinian, and none other than the afore­ refiected the growing Infiuence of those who eminence had It not been for Stephen F. mentioned Christopher Gist, saved the Ufe had settled west of the Alleghenies. The Austin, of Virginia, long known to history as of the future father of his country; for it common man demanded recognition and rep- the father of Texas? And but for the timely was on a bitterly cold day, Saturday, Decem­ resentation. . presence and daring leadership of Bam Hous­ ber 29, 1753, as they were crossing the ice­ The tragic era of the Civil War. and Its ton at the Battle of San Jacinto, Tex., in choked Allegheny River. that Maj. George equally tragic aftermath, was not unrelated 1836, 'would anyone dare contemplate any­ Washington slipped from their raft and was to the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The thing but Ignominious defeat at the hands retrieved from almost certain death by the UbiqUitous parallel of 36'30"-the southern of the Mexicans. ObViously, It goes without frost-bitten fingers of Christopher Gist. boundary of Missouri-was used to divide llaying that Bam Houston was born and bred We, in North Carolina, yield to Virginia In the 11 slave-holding States of the South a Virginian. many things', but on this one point and In from the 11 free States of the North. It was In defiance of the British Crown and the our affection for her noblest son we yield to assumed to be a compromise then In the obvious Injustices of taxation Without rep­ none. And yet, we share with all America. name of pragmatism, but It might have been resentation, one would hope that the house the legacy of a name Whose lasting greatness the first official act to set the stage. for civil arrest of Governor Tryon by an aroused citi­ js more indelibly associated with character conflict. Actually, it was 'not a. compromise zenry at old Brunswick Town. N.C., In 1766, than with deeds. As great as were his vic­ In that it fixed an arbitrary and rigid 'Une the Mecklenburg declaration of Independ­ tories In war and as remarkable as waS his of division. This was a departure from the ence on May 20, 1775, and the Halifax Re­ leadership of men, the Washington whom American system of government, for It de­ solves of April 12. 1776. by the North Caro­ we revere as the Father of our Country was, nied the flUidity of change. . llna Provincial Assembly, would not have above all else, a man of unquestioned ,Integ­ And who Is there to say that the Ameri­ gone generally unnoticed In the annals of rity, unswerving devotion to duty, rare per­ can Clvll War was not Inevitable ,and that opposition. But, In all candor, we must rec­ severance and deep religious convictions. only In the crucible of war could the ele­ ognize that the clarion call to arms by Pat­ Mere reference to the name George Wash­ ments of disunion have been ellmlnated and rick Henry and the Declaration of Independ­ ington Is suggestively connotatlv". He was the ties of a stronger 'unlon forged? The ence by Thomas Jefferson have tended to so Intimately associated, within the span of points of division were many and lay deep preserve Virginia's claim to primacy In the a llfetlme, With exploration, revolution, war, In the sectional differences and traditions of field of rebell10n. So Incensed and critically the birth of a nation and constitutional gov­ the past. But they were overcome, In time, abusive was Jefferson over North Ca.rollna's ernment that one naturally, and almost in­ In spite of bitterness and Injustices both presumption to this niche In history that a stinctively, focuses upon his day and age In real and fancied. Out of this stronger union 'North Carolinian, one "Shocco" Jones, was evaluating the evolutionary development of evolved the concert of power that proved to prompted to publish a treatise entitled "A our federated system of government. be the margin of victory In the great world Defense of the Revolutionary History of the The problems that confronted the framers wars of this century. Today, America stands State of North Carollna From the Aspersions of the Constitution were seemingly Insur­ alone as the greatest power on earth. She of Mr. Jefferson." This was published In mountable. In that day it was a question stands as a monument to freedom and as a 1834, In both Boston and Raleigh, and one of replacing the weak, and wholly Inadequate, symbol of hope in a very uncertain world. would suppose that the citizens of the two Articles of Confederation with a strong cen­ But her constitutional form of government. .states receiVed no llttle satisfaction In Its tral government. The great constitutional conceived and born In travall, .has never reading. debates of 1788 provided mighty arguments known a day when it was not on trial or The sharing of a common border by Vlr­ for and against a governmental concept that under pressure of changing circumstances. 'glnla and North Carolina, the 36' 30" par­ was both national and federal. It was a And in her comparatively brief existence of 8.1lel designated by Charles II In 1663, has question of proViding for the general welfare 177 years at least every generation has had no doubt occasioned this friendly but spir­ of the people Without destroying individUal good reason to express grave concern for her Ited rivalry over the years. We are stU! fight­ freedom. It was a question of delegating and future. Ing the American Civil War. Who went reserving certain well-defined rights and The very nature of man, With all his hu­ farthest up cemetery Ridge on that fateful duties between provincial and national au­ man fralltles, preempts any possib1l1ty of day of July 3, 1863, continues to be classed thorities. It was a question of putting to­ rigid consistency in the government of as a matter of high controversy. gether an effective, closely knit federation men--certalnly In a .democratlc society. To Virginians It was George E. PIckett. of States in which dUal authority was both VicissitUdes of change provide such constant To North Carollnlans It was James Johnston Inherent and necessary. Del1cate Indeed, to and often confilctlng pressures that they Pettigrew. Here again, a North Carollnlan, say the least. was this problem of balancing must be refiected In the attitudes· of both after lengthy Investigation, was constrained on the one hand, preserving on the other, government and the governed. to set the record stra.Jght. The author was providing national unity. }H'otectlng state Only the philosophic detachment afforded Chief .Justice Walter Clark of the State su­ rights and, above all else, allowing for future by time permits us to refer casually to that preme court, one whose judIcl&1 restraint change and modifications as the needs of period Immediately following the Civil War and dIspassionate temperament made for the people might require. When a mighty Congress was intent upon an objective and factual exposition. If there Provincial power was strong In those days. destroying the balance of power between the be Virginians In my hearing, I now, with no In fact, the Revolutionary War was a provin­ legislative and the executive branches of little trepidation, reveal the title of his pub­ cial war. The act of uniting 13 provinces Government. The impeachment proceedings lication: "North Carolina Regiments 1861­ under one central government, the assump­ against President Andrew Johnson were 65: First at Bethel; Farthest to the Front at tion of all provincial debts by this delegated denied In the U.S. Senate by the fateful Gettysburg and Chickamauga; Last at Appo­ authority and the ImpOSition of Federal tax margin of only one vote on May 26, 1866. mattox." levies were the accompl1shments of a people Anyone In that day might have been justi­ Congressman FORD may well wonder In dedicated to self-government. Remarkably fied In saying that a government so Infested 'What manner and to what degree Michigan effective was the political leadership of that with bigotry and hypocrisy could not possi­ Is beholden to the Commonwealth of day, and present always was the inspiring, bly survive. Virginia. Happy am I to relate publlcly, constructive Influence of George Washington. Or consider the rise of the popUlist move­ perhaps for the first time. the story of the The leaders of those days were, I presume, ment In the latter part of the 19th century, 'Toledo strip and the compromise, engi­ either l1beral or conservative, depending upon and its lnfiuence upon the course of govern­ neered by one Stevens Thompson Mason, one's point of view. Today, from our retro­ ment down to the present day. The labor that gave Ohio the disputed Toledo strip spective vantage point, we would find It dlfil­ movement of this century, and the decllnlng In return for which Michigan gained the cult to agree upon the assignment afde­ infiuence of the farmer, Whose relative nu­ northern peninsula wonderland from' Wis­ scriptlve labels. Was Hamilton a l1beral or a merical position In our society has decreased consin. Tom Mason had gone to Michigan conservative, ,and just what do we mean by a from 35 percent to 8 percent in the past 50 In 1829. A gratefUl citizenry elected him Jeffersonian Democrat or a conservative Re­ years, are a part of the pattern: The Great their first Governor In 1836, the year publlcan Party? Of this we may be certain: Depression of the early 1930's prOVided a Michigan gained statehood. He was re:' then, as now, the Ideal of government was to monumental and lasting Impact upon our elected In 1838 but refused renomination In balance the relationship between the gov- society. As profound 'as were the changes May 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RE.CORD -'SENATE 9583 wrought in government and In the attitudes of controversy: Does final authority rest at that of the State or of the community. to of the governed at that time, honesty re­ the State or Federal level? prOvide for ourselves a Wide range of social, quires us to recognize that what was revolu­ It is at this point that we must admit to economic, and ciVil needs seemingly not tionary then Is now accepted fact. and in a bellef that our -form of government Is otherwise available; hence, the concentration large measure an appropriate refiectlon of completely 1l1aglcal' If the Intent of Its of power at the Federal level. Congress can the w1l1 of the people. founders was to create an efficient system of only legislate, not administer; hence, the It Is yet too early to assess the SOCiological, government. Obviously, It was not. for concentration of power In the executive the philosophical, and the economic conse­ every conceivable condition was written into branch of Government. The President must quences of a nation at war for the past quar­ the Constitution-not for the purpose of In­ largely delegate the administrative functions ter of a century. Since 1941, the United suring efficiency or uniformity but solely for of his office; hence, the powerfUl authority, States has been deeply involved in world the purpose of guaranteeing Individual free­ and necessarily so, of a vast bureaucracy. affairs-an involvement prompted by hu­ dom In a well-ordered society. How else can It Is precisely In this situation that Indl· manitarian reasons as well as by the national one Interpret the duality of State and Fed­ vidual freedom occupies a rather precarious Interest. The burdens and pressures of this eral jurisdictions, and the system of checks foothold; for the very complexities of gov­ Involvement, coupled With remarkably dra­ and balances existing among the executive, ernment will not tolerate clearly defined matic developments In the fields of atomic the legislative, and the judicial branches of areas of authority.' Government of laws be­ energy, space science, and electronics are our Federal Government·?· The problem was comes blended With government of men. awesome to contemplate. to provide national unity and cohesion with­ Tolerances yield to Intolerances. The gov­ And yet, our Federal Government has per­ out destroying certain authorities and re­ erned complain of restrictions and a.buses formed no less remarkably. With all the sponslbUlties of State government.. The that bear the color of red and answer to the bU1lt-ln Inefficiencies of a democratic so": problem was also to provide a system of In­ name of tape. The administrators sense and clety, so necessary and so moglcal, With all ternal controls that would protect society expect I1ttle sympathetic understanding from the partisan polltics of a two-party system, against Itself-against the extremes of either those for whom they labor; so frustration so necessary and so natural, and with all the State despotism or of Individual license. The becomes the lot of all men. conflicting Interests of a heterogeneous so­ net result was a classic In terms of cumber­ In this garden of confusion the seeds of ciety, so necessary and so human, is It not some Inefficiency but a monument to human synthesis are nurtured. As the ramifications With pardonable pride that we contemplate understanding. of Government spread, the mogical yields to the dynamism, the resiliency arid the effec­ It is only within this context that we, the the logical, and Increasingly we hear pleas tiveness of our American system of govern­ people, may now fairly assess our steward­ for consol1datlon In the name of efficiency ment? In paying tribute to our honored ship. Have we been successfUl In preserving and for uniformity In the name of simplicity. guests this evening, we also pay tribute to this Intended balance of power within gov­ The tide swings In this direction because It their associates In government, to countless ernment and between the States and the Is the logical way out of confusion and In­ career officials and to the memory of our Federal Government? If not, has there been emclency. It should not come as a surprise Founding Father, George Washington. an overconcentratlon of power at the Federal to us, therefore, that Federal aid and regula­ Certainly, no citizenry has had greater level With a corresponding diminution of tion must necessarily bear the restrictions of cause for justifiable gratitUde and, conse­ authority and responsibIHty at the, State custodial responslb1l1ty and, In large meas­ quently, greater reason for preserving and level? Has this Imbalance been wrought by ure, refiect the Will of the benefactor. It protecting what Is a priceless heritage. It Is men of evil Intent, has It been the work of should not come as a surprise to us, there­ not to detract from the sincerity of this ob­ some despotiC or totalitarian hand or have fore, that unified systems of specialized regu­ servation when one suggests that the man­ positive forces at the Federal level simply latory bodies are much more practical than ner In which we have reacted to the phenom­ gained ascendancy over negative forces exist_ those systems which would attempt to pre­ ena of our times does ralse serious questions Ing at State levels of government? Finally, serve the duality of Federal and State super­ as to present and future Impllcatlons. Is this Imbalance a permanent condition or Vision. So expediency leads us steadily down To any student of history It Is clear that might we reasonably anticipate a correction the road we were warned not to travel. That changing patterns In the relationship be­ In keeping with cycl1cal movements In was at a time when IndiVidual freedom was tween government and the governed must be history? highly meaningful, for It had just been won. accepted as a normal clrcumstance--espe­ These questiOns, In my Judgment, provide In this sense, Individual freedom Is a rela­ clally In a democratic society whose govern­ the clUes, and perhaps the answers, to the tive matter. We of this generation cannot mental mechanism Is designed to provide for dilemma that confronts modern America. fUlly comprehend that which we have never freedom of expression, action and reaction Unquestionably, there has been a substantial lost; so our sense of obUgation Is not forti­ and flUidity of response. Therefore, our con­ erosion of local autonomy. No facet of our fied by an abiding sense of appreciation. We cern for the future must not be prompted by lives has been left untouched. Whether Clvll, tend to forget that local autonomy also the fact of change but rather by the impli­ social, or economic, the depth of Federal means local responsibl11ty and that "every cations of change. Nor must we be con­ penetration Is lI1Qtched only by Its breadth. right has Its corresponding duty." We take cerned so much by the magnitUde and While much can be attributed to justifiable for granted that Which we should be zeal· rapidity of recent trends and developments circumstances InvolVing national Interest, ously guarding. Our changing attitude Is 8. as by the attitude of the people and their honesty compels us to recognize that much refiectlon of our changing w1l1 Which, re­ representatives In government. can also be attributed to dereUctlon of re­ grettably, is no longer firmly anchored In the No one can seriously argue the necessary sponslb1l1ty at the local level. We the people, bedrock of beUef that IndiVidual freedom and constitutional role of our Federal Gov­ supposedly the champions of so-called States and Individual responslbl11ty are Inseparable. ernment In national defense and In- broad rights. have not been true and loyal defend­ So, we of the conservative faith decry the areas of public welfare. This general respon­ ers. In certain areas we have simply abdi­ harvests of others While fa111ng to till the slbUlty has obviously Involved penetration cated and yielded the ground by defaUlt. garden in our own backyard. Into many aspects of the clv1l, social, scien­ Loud In our criticism of the positive nature It seemed perfectly clear to James Madi­ tific and economic life of our people. The of Federal power, we have been singUlarly son, back In 1788, where the powers and question Is: Does our Federal Government apathetic In our support of counterbalanc­ responslbl11tles lay If the people were to presume to exercise these broad responsibil­ Ing forces. We have overlooked the key to preserve their provincial liberties and, there­ Ities as a theoretical right or within the con­ our constitutional heritage; namely, a gov­ fore, their Individual freedom. No misunder­ ernment of balance that can only be pre­ standing can be read Into his words When he stitutional framework of a federated repub­ served through the exercise of enUghtened lic In which the l1nes of re~ponslbUlty are said "the powers reserved to the several supposed to be clearly delineated? I hasten and responsible citizenship. The blame l1es States will extend to all the objects, Which, to add, however, that these lines of delegated with us, not with our representatives In In the ordinary course of affairs, concern the or retained responslbU1ty may not have been government because their actions are largely Uves, liberties, and properties of the people; drawn with precision. Amendments to the expressive of the will of the people or the and the Internal order, Improvement, and lack of It. prosperity of the State." There can be no contrary notWithstanding, no one would pre­ So, when we deplore the growing manifes­ sume to claim perfection for such a remark­ doubt that Madison believed fervently In pro­ able document either In the year of Its tations of Federal Intrusion Into our Ilves vincial responsibility and, In reserving pow­ ratification or now. But I profoundly believe and Into those areas once considered the ers to the several states, felt that primary domain of Individual responsibility and au­ concern for the welfare of the people must that the Intent of Its framers is as valid and thority, as exercised at the provincial level, vital to Individual freedom today as It was come from the people themselves. then. let us remember that we are not without If this Interpretation be correct, then the fault. Somewhere along the Une, we have theory would be appUcable to any form of Our Federal Government emerged as the not responded adequately to the pressures democratic society Whether national, a fed­ unifying force between 13 separate and dis­ of changing circumstances. Somewhere erated repubUc, State, or community. For a tinct governmental units. Today they num­ along the line, we have either falled to grasp democratic society to work. and thus pre­ ber 50, and In the Intervening 177 years the slgniflcance of these changes or, perhaps serve indiVidual freedom, the one common every effort has been made to tear this Union more correctly, have failed to associate our­ denominator, the sine qua non, must be a asunder, from nullification. to secession, to selves as responsible participants. responsible, cooperative citizenry, nurtured outright war. And always the question at Therefore, we have Increasingly relied upon In self-reliance and ftrmly belieVing In the Issue has been the same In any given area the agency of the Federal Government, not power of individual Initiative and creativity. C()NG~SSIONAL RECORO;~ SENaIDB' May 3~c 1966 'i'here must be a fusion of individual and Science Monitor of April 22. In it, the' metrie and ;ft.fchairniah,Mr.E.O.Cart~ community values so that self-assertion Is editors of this, distinguished newspa.per blended into cooperatIve enterprise among wnght, fPfttuiii, ,futerest fu better gov­ individuals. call for a "new start and a new dire'c­ ernment,and ,the legislative activity in The workabU1ty of such an Ideal system de­ tion" to the war on poverty. I ask Congress..:. " , pends not only upon enlightened leadership unanimous consent that the editorial be Their interest hasbeen mantfestedin but upon a high degree of political vitality printed in the RECORD. a resolution theyhiwe drawn up con­ and Intelligence among citizens. If the peo­ There being no objection, the editorial cerningthe controversial issue of unem­ ple become convinced that only an aU-power­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ployment compensation. ful Central Government can meet their needs, as follows: ' 'J this then the foresight of the Founding Fathers I 'ask unanimous consent that Will have been In vain and their grand de­ POVERTY PROGRAM IMPOVERISHED resoiution J:>e pJ;,1nted in the RECORD. sign for liberty will become no more than a Washington's antipoverty program is do­ '. TPere being no objection, the resolu­ study for future historians. If. on the oth­ Ing poorly. It Is undernourished in per­ ticinwasorderedtO be ,printed in the er hand, the people become convinced that formance, In national understanding of Its RECORD, as follows: '. alms and methods, and In Its own efforts to the power, and responslb1l1ty, to preserve REsot.UTi:ON OF THE BoARD OF DIRECTORS OF self-government stUl rests with them, then cope with the problems which face it. Like THE DALLAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, RE UN­ the course of future action is clear. those It Is designed to help, the program EMPLOYMENT CoMPENSATION, H.R. 8282 Each individual must reaffirm his personal itself Is badly In need of relief and rehab1l1­ beUef In his ability-as one person-to In­ tatlon. Whereas t1+ere is pending in the Congress fiuence the course of history to some degree For some reason which has not yet become of the United States, House Resolution 8282, and In some manner. There are far too many clear, the antipoverty program never got olf which, ,contains proposals for sweeping people----some of them In positions of great on a sound footing. Hardly had It begun changes In,the laws relating to unemploy- Infiuence--who seem to believe that the in­ than it ran ,Into bitter attacks from both ment Insurance; and ; dividual as a positive force Is obsolete in our politicians and sociologists. The politicians, Whereas such proPosals would result in a complex society. of whom Harlem's powerful Representative major incr~ase In the tax burden now car­ If, as is clearly apparent, the centraliza­ ADAM CLAYTON POWELL has been perhaps the ried by business alld Industry; and tion tendencies In American Government are most outspOken, saw In the program tre­ Whereas ,such proposals would upset the highly pronounced, is not the importance of mendous possibilities for political power. long-standing control by the individual pUblic opinion placed In bold relief as an Thus the program at once became the victim States of yarlous facets 'If the unemployment effective limitation on governmental power? of fierce political Infighting. compensation, program, ;Wlllch of necessity In such an environment, the larger ques­ As for the sociologists and social workers, vary, greatly from State' to State and area tion is whether the force of a democratic ma­ theY' quickly became sharply split over the to area; and jority can be directed to an Intell1gent course degree to Which the poor shOUld be encour­ Whereas such prqposa!s would eliminate of action. The question for each of us here aged to take over and run the program. Al­ the disqualification ,from unemployment Is whether we are doing all we can, indi­ though there was general agreement that coIIlpensationof workersWho qUit voluntar­ Vidually and In concert-to provide that kind those being helped should be encouraged to Ily WithO],lt good cause, who are discharged of leadership essential to an Intelligent take an active part In selecting local leaders. fo~w111ful lnlsconduct on the job, and who course of action. In many areas participation by the poor reft\.sesultab)e ,work ,While drawing compen­ Those who believe in the separation of themselves has been disappointingly low and sation benefits, all ,bf' which tend to de­ powers Inherent In our Constitution can only slow. !!troy ,the principles of hllrd ,work and self­ preserve reasonable state autonomy by pro­ Meanwhile, some long-established private reliance upon which this Nation was viding adequate State vitality. By State welfare agencies, foremost among them the founded; and " , ' vitality I refer to the effective development Salvation Army, are reporting' that, by a Whereas such proposals threaten the ex­ of the human' and natural resources of a strange tWist, the poverty program is hurt­ perience rating of employers Which has state under the guidance of local initiative. Ing them. Such groups have long provided proved most effective In,the past: Now, there­ State'vitality can thrive only where the com­ badly needed shelter and living to many on fore, be It posite attitude of Its citizens reflects a sense the lowest economic rungs through giving Resolved, That 'the board of directors of of pride, obligation, and determlnatlon­ them work at frankly subsistence wages. In the Dallas Cha.mber of Commerce opposes fired by imaginative resourcefulness. This Innumerable cases this has prOVided a1'efuge the passage of House Resolution 8282 and concept of citizenship is demanding in terms and a chance for rehabll1tatlon and progress. urges the congress to defeat such bill; and of talent and energy; and heavy burdens are while enabling the organization to spread be It further ,,' Imposed on those who would aspire to leader­ Its activities more broadly. Now the poverty Resolved,That copies of this resolution be ship. But it Is the only positive way left program wage scales are said to be making It forwarded to ,all Members of the U.S. Con­ In which we might hopefully restore the bal­ d1fflcult to find recruits. gressand to ,such other persons and or­ imce between Federal and local autonomy. In the country as a Whole there seems to be ganlzatlonsas the officers of the Chamber If this philosophy were broadly accepted a widespread lack of understanding about deem appropriate. " ,,' throughout the many States, Is It not likely all aspects of the program. In many cases Unanimously'a,dopteCl In regular meeting: that our representatives In government the confusion Is so great that the program March 18, 1966. would both reflect and respect this attitUde has become the butt of jokes and ridicule. of citizenship responslblllty? Nor was the situation ImprOVed by the events Progress which requires the sacrifice of In Washington on April 14 when Sargent ADDRESS BY GEN. WILLIAM H. fundamental principles Is progress at a price Shriver, Director of the program and widely we cannot alford to pay. Only through con­ held to be a fast friend to the poor, was booed DRAPER' REGARDING POPULA­ tinulng-and constructlve-,-applicatlon of and jostled at a "poor people's convention," TION pROBLEMS these fundamental principles In our society Clearly there Is an immediate and strong Mr. 'GRUENING. Mr. President, on can we justify our heritage and assure Its need to rethink, replan. and further explain economic, political, social, and spiritual the whole antipoverty program. Its general MoIiday it was my privilege to be present benefits to those who will follow us. purpose Is one which has won wide political when the national chairman of the The distingUished statesmen being hon­ and popUlar support In America-to attack }?,QPlllation 9risis Committee, Gen. Wil­ ored this evening have demonstrated a total the roots of those conditions which perpet­ liam H. Draper,addressed the National commitment to these principles. By word uate poverty from generation to generation. Press Club. .General Draper is very and by deed, In the hard and often pitiless But It Is clear that the chance for success Is much concerned about population prob­ glare of the political arena, they have sought being seriously undermined by the sense of lemsat home and overseas. to reassert and sustain the Ideals and Institu­ confusion and cross-purposes which over­ tions of Government so nobly advanced un­ hang the program. A new start and a new He reported on his 2-month trip to der the leadership of the Immortal Wash­ direction are needed. These will be more EuropeaildAfrlcawhere he met with Ington. easily attained If the program Is ,first given Government, United Nations, Interna­ Their mission Is no less our own. The re­ long and realistic stUdy. ' tional Pl~nned Parenthood. and Vatican ward for success will not only be progress. officials.'rhree men together, he said. It Will be an enduring SOCiety. can bring about a satisfactory world so­ UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION­ lution to the population crisis. The men he named ,were President Johnson, His POVERTY PROGRAM RESOLUTION OF BOARD OF DI­ RECTORS, DALLAS' CHAMBER OF Holiness,PopePaul VI, and U Thant. the IMPOVERISHED Secretary General of the United Nations. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President. I invite COMMERCE General Draper carefully spells out the the attention of Senators to an excellent Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, I would urgent need to bring the world's popula­ editoi-ial entitled "Poverty Program Im­ like to take this opportunity to com­ tion ;and the world's food supply into poverished," published in the Christian mend the Dallas, Tex., Chamber of Com- alinement. I ask unanimous consent