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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314835756 3 short articles in Jan Goldman, ed., The Central Intelligence Agency: An Encyclopedia of Covert Ops, Intelligence Gathering... Chapter · December 2015 CITATIONS READS 0 144 1 author: Priscilla Roberts City University of Macau 551 PUBLICATIONS 85 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Frank Altschul, 1887-1981: A Political and Intellectual Biography View project China, Hong Kong, and the Long 1970s: Global Perspectives View project All content following this page was uploaded by Priscilla Roberts on 25 March 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. The Central Intelligence Agency The Central Intelligence Agency An Encyclopedia of Covert Ops, Intelligence Gathering, and Spies VOLUME 1 Jan Goldman, Editor Copyright © 2016 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Central Intelligence Agency: an encyclopedia of covert ops, intelligence gathering, and spies / Jan Goldman, Editor. pages cm ISBN 978-1-61069-091-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-61069-092-8 (ebook) 1. United States. Central Intelligence Agency—Encyclopedias. 2. Intelligence service— United States—Encyclopedias. I. Goldman, Jan. JK468.I6C457 2016 327.1273003—dc23 2013042649 ISBN: 978-1-61069-091-1 EISBN: 978-1-61069-092-8 20 19 18 17 16 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents VOLUME ONE List of Entries vii Preface xiii Introduction xv Timeline of Central Intelligence Agency and Intelligence Activities, 1939–2015 xxi A–Z Entries 1–412 VOLUME TWO: DOCUMENTS List of Primary Documents vii 1940s 413 1950s–1960s 463 1970s–1980s 543 1990–2014 649 Bibliography 841 Editor and Contributors 849 About the Editor 855 Index 857 v List of Entries Afghanistan 1 Agee, Philip 4 Air America 5 Air Reconnaissance 8 ajax, Operation 10 Alec Station 12 Al Harethi Drone Strike 14 Allende Gossens, Salvador 16 Ames, Aldrich 17 Angleton, James 19 Animal Farm 21 Arbenz Guzmán, Jacobo 22 artichoke, Operation 26 Assassination 27 A-12 Blackbird 29 azorian, Project 31 Barnett, David 35 Bay of Pigs Invasion 36 Berlin Blockade and Airlift 38 Berlin Spy Carousel 41 Berlin Tunnel 43 Bird & Sons 44 Bissell, Richard Mervin, Jr. 45 Blackmail 46 Blowback 47 bluebird, Project 48 Book of Honor 50 Boyce, Christopher 50 Brigade 2506 52 vii viii | List of Entries Buckley, William F. 54 Casey, William 57 Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 58 Central Intelligence Agency Information Act of 1984 59 Central Intelligence Group 61 chaos, Operation 62 Cherkashin, Victor 64 Chile 65 Church Committee 67 Clandestine Services 70 Coercive Interrogation 71 Colby, William 73 Cold War and the CIA 76 Communications Intelligence 78 congress, Operation 81 Contractors 84 Contras 87 Copeland, Miles 88 corona Program 90 Counterterrorism Center 91 Cuba 95 Cubela, Rolando 98 “Curveball” 100 Cyber Security 101 Dark Alliance Series 103 Data Mining 104 Dawe, Amos 105 Dead Drop 106 Deutch Rules 107 Disinformation 111 Domestic Spying 112 Donovan, William 114 Dooley, Thomas A., III 116 Double Agents 118 Drones 120 Drug Trafficking 122 Dulles, Allen 125 echelon System 129 List of Entries| ix Eclipse Group 130 Eisenhower, Dwight David 131 Electronic Intelligence 134 Falcon and Snowman 137 “Family Jewels” 139 Farfield Foundation 142 Favaro Affair 143 FBI Relations 144 5412 Special Group 145 Ford Foundation 146 Foreign Broadcast Information Service 147 Freedom of Information Act 149 Front Organizations 151 Garber, Joy Ann 153 Gee, Elizabeth Ethel 154 Gehlen, Reinhard 155 Gladio Network 157 Glomar Explorer 159 Goleniewski, Michael 160 Golitsyn, Anatoliy 161 Goss, Porter 162 Guatemalan Intervention 164 Guevara, Che 166 Gulf of Tonkin Incident 168 gusto, Project 171 Handwriting Analysis 173 Hekmati, Amir 175 Helms, Richard 177 Hersh, Seymour 178 Howard, Edward Lee 181 ht-lingual, Operation 182 Hughes-Ryan Amendment 183 Huk Rebellion 185 Human Intelligence 187 Huston Plan 189 Hypnosis 189 Image Intelligence 193 Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency 195 x | List of Entries Intelligence Oversight Act of 1980 197 Intelligence versus Law Enforcement 198 Invisible Ink 199 Iran-Contra Affair 201 Italian General Election of 1948 203 ivy bells, Operation 205 Joint Inquiry into the Terrorist Attacks of September 11 207 Kampiles, William 211 Kent, Sherman 212 Kilim Affair 213 Kiriakou, John 214 Kirkpatrick Report 216 Koecher, Karel 218 Komer, Robert 219 Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (KGB) 221 Kopatzky, Aleksandr 223 Lansdale, Edward 225 Lee, Andrew 226 Legal Restrictions on the Central Intelligence Agency 228 Lockheed 230 Lovestone, Jay 232 Lumumba, Patrice 233 Masri Case 237 Mass Media (Information) Operations 240 McCarthy, Mary O. 241 merlin, Operation 242 mkultra, Project 244 moby dick, Project 246 mockingbird, Operation 247 mongoose, Operation 249 moses, Operation 251 Mujahideen in the Soviet-Afghan War 253 National Intelligence Council 257 National Photographic Interpretation Center 259 National Security 261 National Security Act of 1947 264 National Security Council Directive 4-A 266 List of Entries| xi National Security Council Directive 10/2 267 National Security Decision Directive 17 269 Nicholson, Harold James 271 Nosenko, Yuri 273 Office of Strategic Services 277 Olson, Frank 278 Open Source Center 280 Osama bin Laden, Killing of 281 Panetta, Leon 285 Paramilitary Operations, Covert 287 Penkovsky, Oleg 289 Peterson, Martha 290 Philby, Kim 292 phoenix Program 294 Plumbers, Watergate 296 Political Operations, Covert 297 Politicized Intelligence Analysis 298 Popov, Pyotr 300 Powers, Francis Gary 301 Predator Drone 303 Presidential Finding 306 Qala-i-Jangi Uprising 309 Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty 313 Reagan Doctrine 315 Recorded Future, Inc. 317 Recruitment, Central Intelligence Agency 318 Red Cell Report 319 red sox, Operation 320 Rendition 321 Rockefeller Commission 324 Roosevelt, Kermit, Jr. 326 Senate Torture Report 329 September 11 Attacks 331 September 11 Attacks, Warning of 335 Shackley, Theodore G. 336 Signals Intelligence 337 Six-Day War 340 xii | List of Entries slammer, Project 342 Smith, Walter Bedell 343 Snepp, Frank 345 Spann, Johnny 346 Special Activities Division 348 Special Projects, Office of 349 stargate, Project 352 Sterling, Jeffrey A. 354 Stockwell, John R. 355 straggle, Operation 356 Swift Project 357 Team A–Team B Exercise 359 Tenet, George 360 303 Committee 362 Tibet 363 Top Hat 366 Tora Bora 367 Torture 369 Tower Commission 371 track two, Operation 373 Vietnam War, Covert Operations in 377 wappen, Operation 381 War on Terror and the CIA 382 Weapons of Mass Destruction 386 Webster, William 389 Welch, Richard 390 Whitlam Coup 391 Wilson, Charlie 394 Wilson, Edwin 396 Wilson, Valerie Plame 397 Wisner, Frank 399 Woodruff, Freddie, Murder of 401 World Intelligence Review 402 Young, George Kennedy 405 Yurchenko, Vitaly 406 Zelikow Memo 409 Zenith Technical Enterprises 410 Preface An encyclopedia is a publication that provides information on many subjects or on many aspects of a specific subject. Readers use the encyclopedia for a quick refer- ence. The Central Intelligence Agency: An Encyclopedia of Covert Ops, Intelligence Gathering, and Spies provides quick reference but also goes beyond this simple definition. This encyclopedia contains more than a record of alphabetically arranged entries. What makes this an extraordinary publication is how the reader is given an encapsulation of information along with the supporting evidence for fur- ther research. The Central Intelligence Agency will begin the demystification of a subject that is typically surrounded by ambiguity. This two-volume publication focuses on a government agency that has often been shrouded in secrecy and misperception. During the history of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), previous authors have sought to portray the organiza- tion’s work as threatening the workings of a democratic state and as the necessary requirement of a sovereign world power. The purpose of this book is to state objec- tively and with clarity the history of the CIA through those categories best known to this organization. However, The Central Intelligence Agency is not just a history or description of the CIA; rather, these volumes are about the CIA. In other words, this publication is about the people, events, actions, and decisions that have been associated with this organization. This publication discusses how the CIA carried out covert opera- tions and intelligence gathering and describes the people responsible for espionage operations who worked both for and against America’s national security interests. Also covered are those tasks that this organization does uniquely for the govern- ment, such as participating in secret operations, stealing information, and conduct- ing espionage. The encyclopedia contains 216 alphabetically
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