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A Design Study Me T Rop"Ol Itan Air Transit System

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A Design Study Me T Rop NASA CR 73362 A DESIGN STUDY OF A MET R OP"OL ITAN AIR TRANSIT SYSTEM MAT ir 0 ± 0 49 PREPARED UNDER, NASA-ASEE SUMMER FACULTY FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM ,IN Cq ENGINEERING SYSTEMS DESIGN NASA CONTRACT NSR 05-020-151 p STANFORD UNIVERSITY STANFORD CALIFORNIA CL ceoroducedEAR'C-by thEGHOU AUGUST 1969 for Federal Scientific &Va Tec1nical 2 Information Springfied NASA CR 73362 A DESIGN STUDY OF A METROPOLITAN AIR TRANSIT SYSTEM MAT Prepared under NASA Contract NSR 05-020-151 under the NASA-ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program in Engineering Systems Design, 16 June­ 29 August, 1969. Faculty Fellows Richard X. Andres ........... ......... ..Parks College Roger R. Bate ....... ...... .."... Air Force Academy Clarence A. Bell ....... ......"Kansas State University Paul D. Cribbins .. .... "North Carolina State University William J. Crochetiere .... .. ........ .Tufts University Charles P. Davis . ... California State Polytechnic College J. Gordon Davis . .... Georgia Institute of Technology Curtis W. Dodd ..... ....... .Southern Illinois University Floyd W. Harris .... ....... .... Kansas State University George G. Hespelt ........ ......... .University of Idaho Ronald P. Jetton ...... ............ .Bradley University Kenneth L. Johnson... .. Milwaukee School of Engineering Marshall H. Kaplan ..... .... Pennsylvania State University Roger A. Keech . .... California State Polytechnic College Richard D. Klafter... .. .. Drexel Institute of Technology Richard S. Marleau ....... ..... .University of Wisconsin Robert W. McLaren ..... ....... University'of Missouri James C. Wambold..... .. Pefinsylvania State University Robert E. Wilson..... ..... Oregon State University •Co-Directors Willi'am Bollay ...... .......... Stanford University John V. Foster ...... ........... .Ames Research Center Program Advisors Alfred E. Andreoli . California State Polytechnic College Dean F. Babcock .... ........ Stanford Research Institute SUDAAR NO. 387 September, 1969 i NOT FILMED. ppECEDING PAGE BLANK CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1--INTRODUCTION .... ............. ... 1-1 CHAPTER 2--DESIGN SUMMARY. ......... ....... 2-1 2.1 MAT Location .................... ..... 2-1 2.2 Market and Routes..................... 2-1 2.3 Avionics................. ....... 2-2 2.4 Aircraft . ...................... 2-3 2.5 Terminals . ....................... 2-3 2.6 Costs and Benefits .................... 2-4 CHAPTER 3--AIRCRAFT ....................... 3-1 3.1 General Configuration .................. 3-1 3.1.1 Design Criteria .................. 3-1 3.1.2 Possible Designs ................. 3-2 3.1.3 VTOL vs STOL ................... 3-7 3.1.4 Final Candidate Designs .............. 3-9 3.1.5 Selected Design ......... .......... 3-12 3.1.6 Fuselage Design .................. 3-15 3.2 Performance...... ................... 3-23 3.2.1 Terminal Area .................... 3-23 3.2.2 Cruise Performance ................ 3-34 3.2.3 Stage Profiles .................. 3-34 3.2.4 Performance Summary ................ 3-44 3.3 Structures and Weights . ................. 3-47 3.3.1 Materials and Fabrication ............. 3-47 3.3.2 Fuselage....... .............. 3-49 3.3.3 Wing Structure .................. 3-51 3.3.4 Weights ...................... 3-51 3.4 Power Plants . ...................... 3-51 3.5 Costs.. .... ...................... 3-54 3.5.1 Aircraft Cost............. ..... 3-54 3.5.2 Maintenance . ................... 3-54 CHAPTER 4--AVIONICS ..................... 4-1 4.1 Description of the MAT Avionics System .......... 4-1 iii Page 4.2 Enroute Navigation System ........ ........... ... 4-4 4.3 Terminal Guidance System ............. ........ 446 4.4 Collision Avoidance .......... ............... 4-it 4.5 Communications and Data Processing ..... ..... ; . 4-13 4.5.1 Aircraft/Communication Terminal......... ; . 415 4.5.2 Communication Terminal/Central Control Facility ; . 4-15 4.5.3 Air Terminal/Central Control Facility .. ; . 4-17 4.5L4 Functions of the Central Facility ... ...... 4-18 4.5.5 Operational Requirements for Air/Ground Communica­ tion Systems ......................... 4-22 4.5.6 Requirements for the Ground Communications , . 4-24 4.5.7 Alternate Systems and Methods Considered . .. 4-25 4,5.8 Codes .......... ........ .. ;. 4-28 4.5.9 Message Length ........... .........; . 4-32 4.5.10 Voice Communications... .. a.... ......... 4-33 4.5.11 Frequency Bands ........... ........ .. 4-33 4.5.12 Time-Sharing .......... .............. 4-34 4.5.13 Ground Communication ............... .. 435 4.5.14 The System Chosen. ....... .... ... 4-35 4.5.15 Data Form and Modulation ..... ..... 4-36 4.5.16 Code ........... ........... ; . 4-36 4.5.17 The Time/Frequency System ... ....... .. 4-37 4.5.18 The Communication Terminal System .. ..... .. 4-43 4.5.19 Voice Communications ..... ......... .... .. 4-44 4.5.20 Ground Communications ..... .......... ..... 4-44 4.5.21 Some Performance Characteristics of the Chosen System ...................... 4-45 4.5.22 Conclusion .......... ........ ...... 4-47 4.6 Performance Monitoring .. .... ........ 4-48 CHAPTER 5--TERMINALS ................. .. 5-1 5.1 Introduction ........... ............ .5-1 5.2 Comparison of VTOL and STOL Terminals z... .... ....... 5-2 5.2.1 STOL Terminal ....... ........... .. .. 5-4 5.2.2 Arresting Gear for STOL Runway ........... ..". 5-8 iv Page 5.2.3 VTOL Terminal .... 5-11 5.2.4 VTOL vs STOL Terminal ............... 5-13 5.3 VTOL Terminals ...... ................ 5-14 5.3.1 Classification into Types ............. 5-14 5.3.2 Metro Terminals . ................. 5-16 5.3.3 Suburban Terminals ................. 5-23 5.3.4 Airline Terminals . ........ ........ 5-25 5.4 Passenger and Baggage Flow . ............. 5-25 5.4.1 Commuter Handling--Gaining Access to and Leaving the System ........ .............. .. 5-27 5.4.2 Commuter Handling--Queueing ... .......... 5-30 5.4.3 Commuter Handling--Center of Gravity Control . 5-39 5.4.4 Airline Passenger--Baggage Handling .... .... 5-39 5.4.5 Airline Passenger--Gaining Access to the System . 5-43 5.5 Maintenance Facilities ....... ......... .... 5-43 5.5.1 Daily Line Maintenance .............. 5-43 5.5.2, Overhaul Facilities. .............. 5-44 5.5.3 Emergency Maintenance ............... 5-44 5.6 Future Studies ................... ...... 5-45 CHAPTER 6--ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN FACTORS .......... 6-1 6.1 Noise ................... ............ 6-1 6.1.1 Measurement and Sources . ........... 6-1 6.1.2 Human Response to Noise . ........... 6-9 6.1.3 Present Noise Levels of Aircraft ......... 6-21 6.1.4 Needed Research and Development for Further Noise Reduction ........... ............ 6-31 6.2 Other Environmental and Human Factors (Accelerations, rate of pressure, change, cabin atmosphere, windows). .6-33 CHAPTER 7--MARKET AND OPERATIONS ANALYSIS ..... ...... 7-1 7.1 Delineation of Study Area ............. ..... 7-1 7.2 Trip Generation Model . ..... ............ 7-6 7.3 Selection of Terminal Locations . ............ 7-20 7.3.1 Terminal Siting Criteria ............ 7-22 7.3.2 Bay Area Terminal Complex ............. 7-23 7.4 Routes and Schedules ........ ........... 7-26 CHAPTER 8--SYSTEMS EVALUATION . ... .. 8-1 8.1 Economic Analysis .... ...... 8 1 8.2 HAT System Benefits--Components . .. .. .. .. 813 8.3 MAT System Benefits--Aggregate Evaluation... ... 820 8.4 Cost-Benefit Comparisons ............ ......... 821 8.5 Implementation Considerations ......... .. .. 8-22 8.6 Discussion . ..... .. 8.7 Conclusion .... .. 8-30 APPENDICES Appendix A--Increased Utilization .. .. .. ... A-I Appendix B--Dynamic Analysis of Arresting Systems. ... Bnl Appendix C--Suggested Research--Noise Reduction .. C- Appendix D--Lecture Program . ­ vi LIST OF TABLES Page 3-1 Summary of Various Configuration Characteristics .. .3-4 3-2 Changes in Flight Speed and Flight Time for a 35-Mile Stage Length Due to Flight Altitude.... ........... 3-40 3-3 MAT Block Analysis ......... ............. ... 3-44 3-4 MAT Aircraft Summary Characteristics .. ........... 3-46 3-5 Projected Airframe Technology (1980) ..... ..... ... 3-48 3-6 Weight Distribution .......... .......... ... 3-52 3-7 1980 Engine Data .......... ............... 3-53 5-1 Daily Morning Passengers ...... ............ 5-15 5-2 Details of Downtown Terminal Design... ........ 5-19 5-3 Automatic Entrance Gate Requirements... ........ 5-32 7-1 Projected Population for the Bay Region ........ 7-4 7-2 Bay Area Land Suitable for Urban Development . ..... 7-4 7-3 Characteristics of Centers of Population in the Bay Area 7-9 7-4 Total Commuter Daily Flow, Home-to-Job (100 per day) . 7-10 7-5 Passenger Flow Home-to-Job ..... ........ ..... 7-12 7-6 San Francisco-Los Angeles Air Traffic Potential--1980 7-13 7-7 Airline Inter-Connection Passenger Flow to Airports Per Day .............. ............ .... .... 7-14 7-8 Passenger Flow Time Distribution ...... ...... ..... 7-16 7-9 Potential MAT Airline Traveler Marker. ....... .. 7-19 7-10 Recommended VTOL Terminal Locations. ........ .. 7-20 7-11 Interterminal Route Distances ..... ........... 7-27 8-1 Initial Aircraft Costs .......... ......... 8-2 8-2 Navigation and Guidance Costs ....... ....... .. 8-3 8-3 Initial System Costs .......... ... .......... 8-5 8-4 Fixed Annual Operating Costs as Percentage of Initial Costs--Aircraft ........ ................... 8-7 8-5 Fixed Annual Operating Costs--Aircraft ..... ..... 8-8 8-6 Fixed Annual Operating Costs as Percentage of Initial Costs--Terminals, Control, and System Engineering . 8-9 8-7 Fixed Annual Operating Costs--Terminals Control and System Engineering ......... ...............
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