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Heat Capacity The practical General chemistry The title of the No. 4021101-The4 objectives experiment 1 Introduction Safety lab rules + equipment and glassware 1- determination of the density of water Determination of the 2 2- comparison between the density of density different solutions Determination of the Determination of surface tension of different 3 surface tension of liquids liquids using capillary rise method Determination of the determine the viscosity of a number of 4 viscosity of liquids liquids by means of Ostwald viscometer Quantitative determination of the concentration of HCl by 5 neutralization a standard NaOH solution. Quantitative neutralization Determination the Molarity, Normality and 6 strength of CH3COOH using 0.1 N NaOH Laboratory Safety OSHA Laboratory Standard • Requires a Chemical Hygiene Plan • Rules for safe handling of hazardous chemicals Health Hazards • Hazardous chemicals cause acute or chronic health effects. • Acute exposure – short duration & high concentration • Chronic exposure – long duration & low concentration Health Hazards • Routes of exposure • Contact with skin and eyes • Inhalation • Ingestion • Injection • Types of health hazards • Toxic • Flammable • Corrosive • Carcinogenic Health Hazards • Acute • Rashes • Dizziness • Coughing • Burns • Chronic • Joint pain • Neurological disorders • Tumors Health Hazards • Protective measures • safety rules • Chemical Hygiene Plans • fume hoods • glove boxes • Personal protective equipment (PPE), e.g. goggles, apron • Student must inform of latex allergy Physical Hazards • Spilled liquid • Broken glassware • High pressure or vacuum • Gas cylinders • Cryogenic liquids • Electrical equipment • Lasers • Magnetic fields NFPA Classification System RED – Flammability Hazard 4=rapidly burns 3=easily ignited 2=ignited by heat 1=preheated to ignite 0=will not burn BLUE – Health Hazard YELLOW – Instability Hazard 4=lethal 4=ready explosion 3=serious injury 3=explosion upon heating 2=temporary injury 2=violent upon heating/pressure 1=irritation 1=unstable upon heating/pressure 0=no hazard 0=stable – Special Hazard ACID= acidic COR= corrosive OX=oxidizing chemical W =violent with water ☢= radioactive Chemical Waste • Use smallest possible waste containers • Chemical hygiene personnel will collect waste Injury • Lab Injuries • cuts • chemical burns • thermal burns • Flush injury with cool water for 15 minutes • Call for help • chemical splash on eyes • flush eyes in eyewash for 15 minutes • Flush other areas of the body with safety shower. • Remove clothing after running the shower. • Reported all accidents to the Safety Director Lab Rules • Read Safety Rules •Never look into a • Wear safety goggles when container as you working with chemicals, flames, or heating devices are heating it •Never leave a heat source unattended • If you wear contact lenses •use tongs or gloves let your teacher know before handling Heated metal and • Keep all long hair glass tied back •Do not place hot glassware • Foot wear that completely directly on lab desk or in cold water covers the foot is required •Never return unused chemicals to • You should wearing suitable their original container lab coat •Never Eat or drink in the lab Lab End • Clean Up • Return equipment to proper places • Turn off all faucets and clean sinks • Lock all drawers • Close and lock all windows • Turn off gas and ventilation switches Lab Equipment Beakers • Beakers are used for holding various chemicals. • Not for measuring precisely. • Sizes vary. Graduated Cylinder • Used to precisely measure the volume of liquids or run experiments. • Read from the meniscus at eye level. • Plastic ring always on top if applicable. • Sizes vary. Erlenmeyer Flask • Used to approximately measure the volume various liquids. • Useful for mixing by swirling • Sizes vary. Volumetric Flask • Used to prepare precise standard solutions. • They are only good for 1 specific volume. • Comes in many sizes Funnel • Used to safely transfer substances from one container to another. Pipet, Pump, and Bulb • Used to precisely measure the volume of liquids in small amounts. Digital pipette Berol Pipet • Disposable pipets used to transfer small amounts of chemicals. • Graduated pipets can precisely measure small amounts of chemicals. Reagent Bottle • Used to store, transport, or view reagents such as acids or bases. • Brown bottle to store the light sensitive reagents. Rubber Stoppers • Used to close flasks and test tubes. • The holes allow the insertion of glass tubing, probes, or thermometers as needed by the experiment. Test Tubes and Rack • Used to hold chemicals/tubes while experimenting. • Not for measuring precisely. • Waft! • Aim away from faces. • Sizes vary. • Label tubes. Buret and Buret Clamp • Used for precisely Buret measuring dispensed liquids • Holds buret to ring stand. Single burette clamp Test Tube Brushes • Cleaning. • You must clean tubes before and after you use. Test Tube Holder • Used for carrying or holding hot test tubes. Thermometer • Measuring temperature. • Use metric!! hot plate and magnetic stirrer • Used to heat substances. • Stirred a mixture by magnet at different speeds Bunsen Burner • Used to heat substances quickly or if > 400oC is needed. • Do not use with flammable substances. Rubber Tubing • Used for a variety of things. • Example: – Connecting Bunsen burner to gas valve stem. – Connecting glass tubing together. – Connecting condenser to condenser water tap Wire Mesh or Gauze • Used to absorb and spread the heat of flame. • Keeps glassware from cracking and breaking. • Part of ring stand set-up. Clay Triangle • Used to hold a crucible in place on a ring stand. • Also helps absorb and spread heat of flame. • Part of ring stand set-up. Crucible and Cover • Used for heating substances. • Can withstand high direct heat. Crucible Tongs • Used to carry crucible. Beaker Tongs • Used to carry beakers • With rubber ends to hold beaker tightly Mortar and Pestle • Used to grind substances into powder or slurry. spatula • Used to scoop chemical powders. • Not a measuring instrument. • Ours do not have handles. Glass Rods • Used to stir substances. • Clean in between uses. Capillary Tubes • Used to collect liquid through the process of capillary action. Petri dish Watch Glass • Used to show chemical reactions. Dropper and Bottle • Used to measure out small amounts of liquids for experiments. Wash Bottle • Usually contains deionized water. • Handy for rinsing glassware and for dispensing small amounts of dH2O for chemical reactions. Gravity Filtration and vacuum filtration • To separate precipitated materials from liquids Goggles and Apron • Used to protect your eyes and clothing from damage. • These are a must in lab!! Digital Balance • Used to accurately measure mass. • Different digits according to needed quantity • Example: The first balance can be used to weigh 0.01 g not 0.0001 g Density Definition • In general, density is defined as the mass of substance per unit volume ρ = m / v •The SI unit of density is kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) •It is also frequently represented in the cgs unit of grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) Why is density important:• Density show how different materials interact when mixed together. Examples: •Wood floats in water because it has a lower density. • Helium balloons float because the density of the helium is lower than the density of the air. •Density is a key concept in analyzing how materials interact in fluid mechanics, weather, geology, material sciences, engineering, and other fields of physics The objectives of this laboratory are:• • to measure the density of a liquid and solid using different methods. •Each method has different precisions of measurement. •You will need to keep this in mind when recording your data. Part A: Density of a liquid Graduated Cylinder Method: Choose a liquid, record its identity. Volume: Read to ± 0.1 mL Mass: Read to ± 0.01g (top loading balance) calculate the density of the liquid. Pycnometer Method: A “pycnometer” is a flask, usually made of glass, with a close-fitting ground glass stopper so that air bubbles may escape from the apparatus. This enables the density of a fluid to be measured precisely accurately. Step 1: • Rinse and dry your pycnometer before using. • Calibrate the flasks volume using water, wipe all excess water off of the pycnometer before weighing! •All masses are recorded to ± 0.0001g using the analytical balance. Step 2: Using the same liquid as before, determine the density with your calibrated pycnometer as follows: pycnometer 52 Get the Mass of water contained by the pycnometer By using density Calculate the volume of water contained by the pycnometer Volume of the pycnometer 53 Part B: Density of a Solid Obtain a solid sample from your. Use the larger of the two samples. Record the identity. Water Displacement Method 1. Get the Mass of the solid: Read to ± 0.01g (top loading balance) 2. Using the mass , determine the volume of your solid via water displacement. 3. Calculate the density using the mass-volume relation. 54 The level of the liquid rises due to displacement. The difference in volume is the volume of the object. 9.0mL All volumes using this method 6.0 mL must be reported to 0.5 mL. 9.0 mL 3.0 mL 6.0 mL The volume is accurate because the liquid fills in completely around the irregular shape! 55 Pycnometer Method: •Get the mass of the solid. •Place the solid in your pycnometer and weight to ± 0.0001g on the analytical balance. •Fill the pycnometer with water making sure there are no bubbles when the stopper is replaced. Record the mass. 56 Calculations: Mass Pycnometer + solid + water - Mass Pycmometer + solid Mass water surrounding the solid Mass water Volume of water Volume of Density of surrounding the surrounding the solid solid solid solid using density using the solid Subtract the volume of mass water from the total pycnometer volume 57 Answer the following questions: 1.If 25 g of a liquid occupies 20 cm3 in a measuring cylinder, what is the density of the liquid? a) 0.25 g cm-3 -3 -3 b) 0.8 g cm c) 1.25 g cm d) 5 g cm-3 2.You have a rock with a volume of 15cm3 and a mass of 45 g.
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