CHAPTER 2

GENERAL REVIEW

2.1 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Following the Declaration of Independence in August 17th, 1945, the Ministry of

Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia was formed in the couple days later, August

19th, 1945. Mr. Raden Djohoadisoerjo became the first Foreign

Minister of Indonesia. First Indonesia Diplomatic Mission was sent to Netherland to negotiate with the regarding acknowledgment of Indonesian independence. The following sections briefly describe the development of the

Ministry related to its roles and duties from the independence era until the present time and the main task of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs through diplomacy:

1. Seek sympathy and support from the international community, build solidarity

with friends in all fields and with various efforts to gain support and

recognition for Indonesia's independence

2. Negotiate and make an agreement:

- Linggarjati approval - recognition of RI include Java and Madura

1948 Renville agreement - recognition of the Republic of Indonesia includes

Java and

- 1949 KMB Agreement - Indonesia in the form of a Federal State> 1950

Indonesian Diplomacy succeeded in restoring the integrity of the Republic of

Indonesia by canceling the Round Table Conference Agreement (KMB)

The first five years of Indonesian independence was a decisive period in the struggle for the establishment of independence which was a historical part that determined the Character or Character of Indonesian foreign policy.

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The spirit of Diplomacy of the Struggle that enabled Indonesia to finally gain broad support from the international community at the in 1950.

INDEPENDENCE

1928, October

The Second Youth Congress in gave birth to the Youth Oath which pledged one

Nation, Motherland and Language for Indonesia, which was the basis of the formation of national identity.

1945, August

Soekarno and proclaimed Indonesian independence on Friday,

August 17, at 10 am at Pegangsaan Timur (now Jalan Proklamasi), Jakarta.

The first cabinet of the Republic of Indonesia was formed just two days after the

Proclamation of Independence. Ahmad Soebardjo became the first Indonesian Foreign

Minister. August 19 became the day of the establishment of the Indonesian Ministry of

Foreign Affairs.

1945, September

Gambir Field (now Monas Field) is an arena for thousands of to listen to

President Soekarno's speech welcoming the Indonesian Proclamation of Independence.

1946, April

Indonesia sent its first diplomatic mission to the Netherlands to negotiate with the

Allies and the Netherlands.

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1946, August

Indonesian rice aid diplomacy for Indian people who are being hit by famine. The

Indian government retaliated by sending drugs, clothing and machinery needed by

Indonesia.

1947

"Indonesia Office" or the Office of Indonesian Affairs was established in ,

Bangkok, and New Delhi to become the official representative of the Republic of

Indonesia, as well as through the Dutch economic blockade of Indonesia.

The radio "Voice of Free Indonesia" was broadcast for the first time from Yogyakarta.

1947, March

Indonesia and the Netherlands signed the Linggarjati Agreement, where the Dutch recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia as limited to Java, Sumatra and

Madura.

The Egyptian government represented by Abdul Mounem expressed his official recognition of Indonesia's independence.

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1947, October

The arrival of the Committee of Good Offices to Indonesia, carried out the mandate of the UN Security Council to overcome the dispute between Indonesia and the

Netherlands. The members of the Commission are Judge Richard C. Kirby (Australia), former Prime Minister Paul van Zeeland (Belgium), and Chancellor of the University of North Carolina Dr. Frank B. Graham (USA).

1948

Mufti Agung Haji Amin El Husni visited Indonesia to convey the support and sympathy of the Palestinian people for the struggle for Indonesian independence.

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1948, January

The Indonesia-Netherlands ceasefire agreement was signed on board the USS Renville.

Representing the Indonesian side was Prime Minister Amir Sjarifuddin. The Renville

Agreement is the work of the Three Nations Commission (KTN).

1948, September

The Vice President concurrently Prime Minister of the Republic of Indonesia

Mohammad Hatta conveyed the principles of Indonesian foreign policy that were free and active before the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) Working

Committee Meeting.

1948

To penetrate the Dutch economic blockade, the Indonesian Minister of Prosperity Dr.

AK Gani departed on a diplomatic mission to Cuba to develop trade relations with Latin

American countries. In the same year, Indonesia signed a trade contract with US businessmen and fostered relations with the World Bank.

1948, December

The Netherlands held a second military aggression against Indonesia. President

Soekarno, Vice President Moh. Hatta and Foreign Minister were captured by the Dutch in the capital city of Yogyakarta and then exiled to Bangka Island,

Sumatra.

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The Indonesian Emergency Cabinet Session then appointed the Minister of Prosperity

Sjafruddin Prawiranegara to form the Emergency Government of the Republic of

Indonesia (PDRI). AA Maramis who was in New Delhi at the time became PDRI's

Foreign Minister.

1949, January

The UN Security Council passed a resolution so that the Netherlands and Indonesia immediately stop all military activities. The Netherlands was asked by the UN Security

Council to immediately release all political prisoners detained since the beginning of

Military Aggression II.

To help Indonesia being attacked by the Netherlands, India with the support of Burma held an Asian Conference on Indonesia in New Delhi. The conference was chaired by

Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. All delegates present at the time, from Asian countries to Australia and New Zealand from the Pacific, condemned the Dutch

Military II Aggression.

The Burmese government (now Myanmar) provided support for Indonesia's struggle against the Netherlands by allowing the Indonesian-owned "Indonesian Airways"

Dakota RI-001 to operate in Burma. Seulawah aircraft is a gift from the to President Soekarno.

In addition, Burma also provided radio equipment assistance that enabled Indonesia to establish a radio communication network between the central government of Indonesia on Java - PDRI in Sumatra - Indonesian Representative in Rangoon - RI's mission to the

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UN in New York.

1949, July

The Inter-Indonesian Conference was held among "federal countries" in the Dutch East

Indies, such as: Central Java, Bangka, Belitung, Riau, West Kalimantan, Great Dayak.

In the Conference, these countries supported the surrender without conditions of their sovereignty to the Republic of Indonesia.

1949, December

The Round Table Agreement was signed in The Hague, ending the conflict between

Indonesia and the Netherlands.

On the same day (December 27, 1949), the Deputy Kingdom of the Netherlands handed over formal power to the Government of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS) in Jakarta, represented by Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX as Acting Prime Minister of RIS.

RIS President Soekarno then formed his first cabinet. The Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the RIS is Mohammad Hatta.

The United States (US) became the first country to open diplomatic representation in

Jakarta after the surrender of Dutch sovereignty to RIS, just three days after the Round

Table Conference in The Hague. Merle Cochran became the first US Ambassador to

Indonesia. The US move was immediately followed by Britain, the Netherlands and

China.

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THE EARLY TIME OF THE KIPRAH INDONESIA DIPLOMATION

1950

During a visit to Pakistan, President Soekarno met and expressed his appreciation to the

Pakistani soldiers who fought on the Indonesian side during the revolution against the

Dutch.

1950, August

Indonesia was restored as the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

1950, September

Indonesia is officially accepted as the 60th member of the United Nations (UN).

1950, December

Negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands regarding the issue of West Irian.

The Indonesian delegation was led by . In the negotiations, the Dutch refused to surrender West Irian to Indonesia

1955

PM Chou En-Lai of the People's Republic of and Indonesian Foreign Minister

Soenario signed the Two Citizenship Agreement in Jakarta. PM Chou En-Lai was in

Indonesia in order to attend the Asia-Africa Conference.

1955, April

The Asia-Africa Conference (KAA) was held in , April 18-24. A total of 29 countries from both continents attended the Conference, including 5 initiators from

Burma, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The KAA was the first conference

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The 1955 KAA marked the rise of colonized nations, with the agreement of the Dasa

Sila Bandung which affirmed relations between nations based on the principle of independence and justice.

1956

Indonesia for the first time sent Garuda Contingent troops to a UN peacekeeping mission in the Sinai Desert, Middle East.

1956, May

President Soekarno signed Law No. 13 of 1956 concerning the unilateral cancellation of the Indonesian-Dutch Union, due to Dutch hostility and its refusal to return West

Irian to Indonesia.

In the same year, President Soekarno traveled to US, China, the and

Yugoslavia to gain support for the struggle to reclaim West Irian.

1958, January

Indonesia and Japan signed a Peace Agreement in Jakarta. The signing of the

Indonesian side was Dr. .

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1959

Laili Roesad was appointed as the Indonesian Ambassador to Belgium and

Luxembourg. He is Indonesia's first female ambassador.

1960, August

On August 17, Indonesia declared diplomatic relations with the Netherlands and prepared the military to free West Irian. To follow up on this, various missions to get weapons assistance were sent, among others, to China, the Soviet Union and

Yugoslavia.

1960, September

President Soekarno before the 15th UN General Assembly held a speech entitled

"Building the New World" (To Build the World Anew).

In the speech, President Soekarno called for the "New Emerging Forces" (NEFOS) to rise towards a more just and balanced world order, surpassing the domination of major countries in the world that are ideologically divided into Western and Eastern Blocs.

To make this happen, Indonesia met with the heads of government of Ghana, India,

Egypt and Yugoslavia to prepare for the holding of the Non-Aligned I Movement

Summit in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961.

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1961

The Non-Aligned Movement I Summit was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. President

Soekarno and Prime Minister Nehru from India were sent by a forum to deliver the results of the First GNB Summit, each to Washington and to Moscow.

The 1961 NAM Summit and the 1955 Asia-Africa Conference confirmed the historical role of the Republic of Indonesia in building a new world order for developing countries based on the principles of independence, peace and justice.

1961, December

President Soekarno issued the Tri Komando Rakyat (Trikora) which called on the

Indonesian people to liberate West Irian from Dutch colonialism. The Mandala

Command was formed in Makassar to organize an armed struggle to free West Irian.

1962, August

The was signed by Indonesia and the Netherlands. According to the contents of the agreement, the Dutch surrendered West Irian to the UN Provisional

Government (UN Temporary Executive Administration, UNTEA)

1963, May

UNTEA handed over West Irian to Indonesia. To commemorate the struggle for liberation of West Irian, a Memorial Monument was erected in Banteng Square on

August 18.

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1963, September

Indonesia severed diplomatic relations with , following the establishment of the Federation of Malaysia which covered the former British colonies in North

Kalimantan.

President Soekarno called for "physical confrontation" with Malaysia, which led to many armed incidents between Indonesian volunteers and Malaysian soldiers assisted by Britain, Australia and New Zealand along the border area in northern Kalimantan.

ORDE NEW “DIPLOMATION PERIOD”

1965, September

Communist rebellion was foiled. The New Order regime was born and returned the basic principles of Indonesia's foreign policy to be free and active. The new government began to restore relations with friendly countries in the region and internationally.

1966–1998:

The prominent duties of the Foreign Ministry’s diplomacy include:

1. Recognition of West Irian

2. Recognition of Indonesia as an island country following diplomatic struggle

within the framework of UNCLOS (United Nation Convention on Law of the

Sea)

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3. Improving cooperation with ASEAN countries

4. Attaining international recognition of East Timor

5. Serving as the chairman of Non-Aligned Movement to fight for the interest of

developing countries

6. Serving as the chairman of APEC and G-15

7. Increasing cooperation in development

1998–Present:

MoFA's main tasks are redirected to:

1. Preventing the country's potential disintegration

2. Contributing to the economic recovery efforts

3. Bolstering Indonesia's image

4. Improving the quality of service and protection for Indonesian citizens

2.2 Function of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Referring to Presidential Regulation number 56 in 2015 on the Ministry of

Foreign Affairs, in Chapter I on Position, Duties and Functions, section 5, of the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs has the functions as follows :

a) Formulation and establishment of policies in the field of foreign relations and

foreign policy;

b) Implementation of policies in the field of implementing foreign relations and

foreign policy;

c) Implementation of technical guidance and supervision of the implementation

of policies in the field of the implementation of foreign relations and foreign

policy;

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d) Implementation of analysis and development in the field of the

implementation of foreign relations and foreign policy;

e) Substantive implementation of support to all organizational elements within

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Representatives of the Republic of

Indonesia;

f) Fostering and providing administrative support within the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs and Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia;

g) Implementation of education and training in foreign fields;

h) Management of state property or wealth that is the responsibility of the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia .

2.1.2 Vision of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

The vision of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia as follows:

' The realization of Diplomacy Authority to Strengthen the Nation's Identity as

Maritime State for the People's Interest '

The realization of the Diplomacy Authority is the implementation of Indonesia's relations with other countries that are respected and respected by the international community because of Indonesia's active role and leadership in various international cooperation.

Strengthening the National Identity is the strengthening of identity / characteristic that marks the existence of the Indonesian nation that distinguishes it from other nations in the world.

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The Maritime State is a country where most of its territory is water and manages its sea area to maintain sovereignty and increase prosperity and develop an integrated marine economy by optimizing the utilization of marine resources in a sustainable manner and building maritime defense and connectivity.

For the benefit of the people is the fulfillment of the needs and livelihoods of the people in order to bring prosperity to the wider community, nation and country. The vision statement above illustrates the commitment that will be fought for and realized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, especially through the implementation of its duties and functions ( core competency ) as a relationship management agency and foreign policy implementer with the determination of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs's performance "Diplomacy for the People, Grounded Diplomacy", which means the performance of diplomacy carried out by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs must be felt by the people.

2.3 Mission of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs In order to achieve this vision, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has set 3 (three) missions that will be implemented by all organizational units and Unit during the period 2015-2019, as follows:

1. Strengthening the role and leadership of Indonesia as a maritime country in

international cooperation to advance national interests

Strengthening is making it stronger than before.

Roles are active participation and participation.

Leadership is the value of authority that is a consideration and international

trust in the position of Indonesia, so that it has a value influence on policy in

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international forums. Leadership can be shown including through the role of

mediator and stabilizer.

The Maritime State is a country where most of its territory is water and

manages its sea area to maintain sovereignty and increase prosperity and

develop an integrated marine economy by optimizing the utilization of marine

resources in a sustainable manner and building maritime defense and

connectivity.

International Cooperation is an activity or business carried out by the state that

concerns bilateral, regional and international aspects to achieve a common

goal. Advancing is achieving or bringing to a better condition.

National Interest is a mandate that has been stated in the 1945 Constitution and

in the period 2015-2019 focused on achieving a prosperous, democratic and

just Indonesia.

2. Strengthening the role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the cornerstone of

implementing foreign relations with the support and active role of all national

stakeholders.Stabilizing is improving; confirm. Roles are active participation

and participation. Corners is as the front guard and locomotive and coordinator

role.The Executor of Foreign Relations is the executor of every activity

involving bilateral, regional and international aspects carried out by the

Government at the central and regional levels, or its institutions, state

institutions, business entities, organizations, non-governmental organizations,

or Indonesian citizens.

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Active Support and Roles are support, assistance, positive participation and

active participation.

National Stakeholders are all domestic parties who have interests and are

related to the issue of foreign relations.

3. Realizing the capacity of a qualified Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

and Representatives.

Realizing is to implement and administer.

The capacity of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the ability of the Ministry of

Foreign Affairs to create value where these capabilities are obtained from

various types of resources owned by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Qualified is capable of carrying out tasks well; master high skills (skills, skills).

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has compiled a strategic framework aimed at

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs based on Trisakti, Nawa Cita, and the vision

and mission of the President of Indonesia, as well as the National Medium

Term Development Plan (RPJMN) for 2015-2019, with the determination of

"Diplomacy for the People". Based on the 2015-2019 vision and mission of

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs also outlines

strategic objectives and targets based on three perspectives, namely

stakeholders perspective, internal business process perspective, and learning &

growth perspective, which illustrate causal relationships.

2.1.4 Policy Analysis and Development Agency of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia

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The Policy Analysis and Development Agency (abbreviated BPPK) is one of the supporting elements in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.

The Policy Analysis and Development Agency is under and responsible to the

Minister. The Agency for Policy Analysis and Development is headed by the Head of the Agency.

The Policy Analysis and Development Agency has the task of carrying out analysis and development in the fields of political policy and foreign relations. In carrying out its duties, the Policy Analysis and Development Agency carries out functions:

1. Preparation of technical policies, plans and programs for analysis and

development in the field of political policy and foreign relations;

2. Conducting analysis and development in the field of political policy and

foreign relations;

3. Monitoring, evaluating and reporting on the implementation of studies and

developments in the fields of political policy and foreign relations; and

4. Implementation of the administration of the Policy Analysis and

Development Agency.

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2.4 Related Regulations

There are 5 regulations related to the main tasks and functions of the Ministry of

Foreign Affairs, namely:

UU no. 1 of 1982 concerning ratification of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic

Relations along with its Optional Protocol concerning the Obtaining Citizenship

( Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and Optional Protocol to the Vienna

Convention on Diplomatic Relations and Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations concerning the Acquisition of Nationality, 1961 ) and

Ratification of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations along with its Optional

Protocol on Matters to Obtaining Citizenship ( Vienna Convention on Consular

Relations and Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations concerning the Acquisition of Nationality, 1963 ).

UU no. 2 of 1982 concerning Endorsement of Special Missions ( Convention on

Special Missions, New York 1969 ).

UU no. 37 of 1999 concerning Foreign Relations.

UU no. 24 of 2000 concerning International Agreements.

RI Presidential Regulation number 56 of 2015 concerning the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs, in Chapter I concerning Position, Task and Function, article 5, the Ministry of

Foreign Affairs carries out its functions.

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2.5 Policy Analysis and Development Agency of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia

The Policy Analysis and Development Agency (abbreviated BPPK) is one of the supporting elements in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.

The Policy Analysis and Development Agency is under and responsible to the Minister.

The Agency for Policy Analysis and Development is headed by the Head of the

Agency.

Organization Structure

Head of Agency : Siswo Pramono

Headquarters : Roeslan Abdul Gani Building, Lt. 2-4, Jl. Pejambon No.6. Central Jakarta, 10110

Website : www.kemlu.go.id

2.5.1 Tasks and Functions

Tasks and functions The Policy Analysis and Development Agency has the task of carrying out analysis and development in the fields of political policy and foreign relations. In carrying out its duties, the Policy Analysis and Development Agency carries out functions:

1. preparation of technical policies, plans and programs for analysis and development in the field of political policy and foreign relations;

2. conducting analysis and development in the field of political policy and foreign

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3. monitoring, evaluating and reporting on the implementation of studies and developments in the fields of political policy and foreign relations; and

4. implementation of the administration of the Policy Analysis and Development

Agency.

2.5.2 Structure of the Organization

The Policy Analysis and Development Agency consists of:

1. Secretariat of the Agency for Policy Analysis and Development ;

2. Center for Policy Analysis and Development of the Asia Pacific and Africa Region (P3K2

Aspasaf);

3. Center for the Study and Development of American and European Regional Policy (P3K2

Amerop); and

4. Center for Multilateral Policy Research and Development (Multilateral P3K2).

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