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Enabling Residents of Lebanon to Purify Local

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Enabling Residents of Lebanon to Purify Local Water Purification Technology in Lebanon 1 Water Purification Technology in Lebanon: Enabling Residents of Lebanon to Purify Local Water Sources, Ensuring Safer and Healthier Water for Their Community Jamie S. Boon The Hague Humanitarian Cooperative for Water The Hague University of Applied Sciences 15003701 Water Purification Technology in Lebanon 2 Abstract Lebanon is witnessing and enduring a severe humanitarian, socioeconomic and political crisis, with over 1.5 million displaced individuals from Syria who are seeking asylum in Lebanon, where there is a harsh deterioration of water quality, due to contamination which ensures the water is not adequate to be used for consumption, preparation of food, hygiene purposes or horticulture. In the current situation, due to the lack of funding and support, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) have decreased the volume of clean drinking water per person to an emergency quantity of 15 litres per person per day, which is far less than the need for an individual, to meet basic hygiene and health requirements. This paper investigates what is the most plausible and efficient way to implement water purification technology into Lebanese communities to provide more accessible and affordable potable water sources, ensuring safe and healthy water for their communities. The approach uses methodology of numerous interviews and observations to gain insight into the operations of United Nations (UN) humanitarian organisations, non- governmental organisations (NGOs) and non-profit organisations working in the water and sanitation hygiene (WaSH) intervention and the problems they are encountering. It further aims to gain insight into the Syrian crisis and what impact water purification technology has on displaced Syrians residing in informal tented settlements (ITSs). The results demonstrate the struggles being witnessed in Lebanon and the inability of active organisations to provide residents, refugees and displaced persons with adequate quantity of water to meet basic hygiene and health requirements, showing a gap in the Lebanese market for technology which can remove biological and chemical contamination from water to create potable water, like the technologies available to The Hague Humanitarian Cooperative for Water (HHCW). Keywords: Water, Displaced Persons, Technology, Lebanon, Syrian Crisis Water Purification Technology in Lebanon 3 Background Lebanon is situated in the Middle East and is recognised as the smallest country on mainland Asia. In 2013 Lebanon had a population of 4.43 million, which increased in 2018 to an estimated 6.23 million. This is a population increase of nearly a third, over 1.5 million, during the past five years. Lebanon currently hosts an estimated 1.8 million refugees and displaced persons, primarily from Syria and Palestine (Central Intelligence Agency, 2018), the highest per capita proportion of refugees in the world. The largest ethnic group in Lebanon is Arabic, which accounts for 95 percent of the population. There are 18 recognised religious groupings in Lebanon, four Muslim sects, 12 Christian sects, the Druze sect and Judaism. The largest branches of the Islam faith are Sunni and Shia, which represent 27 percent of Lebanon’s population each. Therefore, 54 percent of the population is Muslim and 40.5 percent Christian (United States Department of State, 2011). Refugees are displaced people who are fleeing conflict or persecution and are therefore not within their own country. These people are unable to return due to conflict, oppression, threat to life, deprivation, poverty, civil war, natural disasters or a founded fear of prosecution on grounds of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a social group. Refugees are protected and defended in international law, and therefore must not be exiled or returned to situations where their freedom and life are at risk (UNHCR, 2011). An asylum seeker is an individual who has requested international protection and sought refugee status which has not yet been processed or determined. This responsibility has been derived from The Refugee Convention, 1951 in relation to the status of refugees which is an internationally recognised obligation for territories or counties to protect individuals and determine whether they are an asylum seeker or refugee (UNHCR, 2014). Furthermore, an individual who is Water Purification Technology in Lebanon 4 not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law is referred to as a stateless person. These individuals endure having no nationality of any country and can be born stateless or become stateless (United Nations, 1954). Since 1917 Palestine has witnessed ongoing conflict. In 1947 the United Nations proposed a partition plan for Palestine for the creation of independent Arab and Jewish States, which resulted in the declaration of independence of Israel in 1948 and the Arab-Israeli War which Israel won in 1949. During this conflict hundreds of thousands of Palestinians fled their homes and became refugees in surrounding Arab countries, whilst Jews were expelled or fled their homes in Arab countries. The Six-Day War broke out in 1967 where Israel claimed control of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights. In 1973 the Yom Kippur War between a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel took place for 19 days which Israel narrowly won. During the 1990’s peace talks were held which led to the Oslo Accords. These however, were not implemented due to the assassination of the Israeli Prime Minister by a radical Israeli youth group. In 2000, the Palestinian uprising broke out due to the failed Oslo Accords. In response, Israel built a wall surrounding the West Bank to prevent another uprising and attacks from Palestinian territory. The increased support of Hamas, the radical Islamist political grouping present in Palestine caused further conflict which has been ongoing since 2005 (Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, 2015). In January 2011 the Arab Spring reached Damascus in Syria. This revolutionary wave instantly questioned the leadership of President Bashar Al-Assad, due to the discontent with the Assad government. The call for his removal was violently suppressed and therefore led to an armed conflict being fought by the Syrian government and their international allies against a complex web of rebel groups, of mainly Sunni lineage (Cantin Paquet, 2017). As a direct consequence of Water Purification Technology in Lebanon 5 the conflict, millions of Syrians became forcibly displaced, internally or forced to flee Syria to neighbouring countries for safety. The Government of Lebanon (GoL) believes it is subject to a situation of mass influx. Therefore, individuals who fled from Syria to Lebanon after March 2011 are now referred to as displaced persons. Under Lebanese laws and regulations, GoL reserved its sovereign right to determine the status of Syrian refugees and deprived them of registration with United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (Government of Lebanon and United Nations, 2018). According to UNHCR, worldwide there are 68.5 million forcibly displaced people due to human rights violations, conflict and violence. Currently, in 2018, there is an estimated 25.4 million refugees worldwide, 19.9 million under UNHCR mandate and 5.4 million Palestinian refugees are registered by United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). There are an additional 3.1 million asylum seekers and estimated 10 million stateless persons (UNHCR, 2017). Currently, Lebanon is host to over 1.8 million refugees and displaced persons. This comprises of 1.5 million Syrians who fled the conflict in Syria, of which only 997,905 are registered with UNHCR, 34,000 Palestinian Refugees from Syria (PRS), 35,000 Lebanese returnees from Syria and nearly 300,000 Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon (PRL) who are registered with UNRWA (Government of Lebanon and United Nations, 2018) and over 500,000 displaced Syrians. Groundwater is water that is found underground stored in aquifers that are recharged by rain and melting snow that seeps beneath the land’s surface. Water on the surface of the planet like streams, rivers, lakes and oceans are referred to as surface water. Lebanon is home to 16 perennial rivers and 23 seasonal rivers, a total of 39 rivers, which have a total river flow of about 3,900 million cubic meters (mcm), where 700 mcm is estimated to flow into neighbouring countries. Water Purification Technology in Lebanon 6 Lebanon has two dams; Qaroun dam on the Litani River and Chabrouh dam which captures runoff from Laban Spring. Quaroun dam has a storage capacity of 220 mcm, where 30 mcm is being utilised for water supply and irrigation with the rest being used for electricity generation (MOE, UNDP, ECODIT, 2011), estimated between seven and ten percent of Lebanon’s total annual power needs (AQUASTAT, 2008). Much of the Lebanese surface water comes from the capture of spring resources, where Lebanon has more than 2,000 springs. Of their 1,200 mcm yearly yield, the total annual exploited volume is 637 mcm. Additionally, Lebanon has several lakes which are not currently being exploited as it would present major technical challenges (MOEW , 2010). 80 percent of Lebanon’s potable water is extracted from groundwater sources, while over 50 percent of their irrigation water comes from underground wells and boreholes. Over recent years the number of private wells has significantly increased due to economic development, urban expansion and population growth. The exploitation of aquifers and data provided by the Lebanese Ministry of Energy and Water (MOEW) clearly represents evidence of well exhaustion or the increase of well salinity. According to MOEW, there are 22,500 unlicensed private wells and 20,324 licensed, where there is an ongoing concern of the regulation of the illegal wells. Public wells produce 42 percent of total water extraction, where private wells produce 57 percent; 29 percent from licensed wells and 28 percent from unlicensed wells (MOEW , 2010).
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