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Improving Sanitation in Cold Regions Maryanne Leblanc and Robert A

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Improving Sanitation in Cold Regions Maryanne Leblanc and Robert A WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE JUNE 2019 Improving Sanitation in Cold Regions Maryanne Leblanc and Robert A. Reed with William Kingdom, Catalog of Technical Options for Martin Gambrill, and Diego Juan Rodriguez Household-Level Sanitation About the Water Global Practice Launched in 2014, the Word Bank Group's Water Global Practice brings together nancing, knowledge, and implementation in one platform. By combining the Bank's global knowledge with country investments, this model generates more repower for transformational solutions to help countries grow sustainably. Please visit us at www.worldbank.org/water or follow us on Twitter @WorldBankWater. Improving Sanitation in Cold Regions: Catalog of Technical Options Disclaimer © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Acknowledgments This report is a product of the Water Global Practice. It was prepared by a team led by Diego J. Rodriguez (Senior Water Resources Management Specialist, Water Latin America and Caribbean, World Bank) and Martin P. Gambrill (Lead Water and Sanitation Specialist, Water Global Practice, World Bank) and comprising Maryanne Leblanc (Consultant) and Robert A. Reed (Consultant). The team would like to thank the following for their contributions and support: William Kingdom (Lead Water and Sanitation Specialist, Water Global Practice, World Bank); Maria-Angelica Sotomayor Araujo (Practice Manager, Water Global Programs, World Bank); Alex Bakalian (Lead Water and Sanitation Specialist, Water Global Practice, World Bank); Jon Strand (Consultant); Matthijs Schuring, (Operations Officer, Water Global Practice, World Bank); G. V. Jones and Associates, Inc; and Elisabeth Kvarnström. The team would also like to thank the following for their constructive feedback in peer-reviewing the document: Srinivasa Rao Podipireddy (Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist, Water South Asia Region, World Bank); Jean-Martin Brault (Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist, Water Middle East and North Africa Region, World Bank); Björn Vinnerås (Associate Professor, Swedish University of Agricultural Science), and William Kevin Tayler (Consultant). Also providing comments were P. Sinha and Jenna Senecal (Swedish University of Agricultural Science), Chris McGahey (Consultant), and Manuel Marino (Consultant). This work was made possible by financial contributions from the Water Partnership Program (WPP). Cover photo: Robson Machado from Pixabay. Cover design: Jean Franz, Franz & Company, Inc. iii Improving Sanitation in Cold Regions: Catalog of Technical Options Contents Disclaimer ............................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... vii Introduction ........................................................................................................... vii Effects of Cold Temperatures on Sanitation ..................................................................... viii Recommended Options .............................................................................................. viii Note ...................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Objective of the Catalog of Technical Options .................................................................... 1 What Do We Mean by Sanitation? .................................................................................... 1 What Do We Mean by Cold Regions? ................................................................................. 1 How Many People Are Affected? ..................................................................................... 3 Origin of the Catalog ................................................................................................... 3 Who Is the Catalog for? ................................................................................................ 4 Report Structure ........................................................................................................ 4 Notes ...................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 : Sanitation Is a System, Not Just a Toilet ............................................................... 5 Effects of Cold Temperatures on the Sanitation Service Chain ................................................ 9 Selection Factors ..................................................................................................... 12 The Enabling Environment .......................................................................................... 15 Notes .................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 3 : Technical Options for Improving Sanitation .......................................................... 17 Summary of Technological Options ................................................................................ 17 Common Elements in On-Site Sanitation Systems .............................................................. 26 Improved Simple Pit Latrines ....................................................................................... 35 Container-Based Sanitation ......................................................................................... 44 Low-Flush Toilet with Soakpit ...................................................................................... 51 Greywater Disposal ................................................................................................... 57 Note ..................................................................................................................... 58 Appendix : Practical Experience in Cold Regions ................................................................... 59 Experience in Alaska and Canada .................................................................................. 59 The Erdos Project, China ............................................................................................ 62 Sanitation in Peri-Urban Areas of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia ..................................................... 62 Sanitation in Greenland ............................................................................................. 64 iv Improving Sanitation in Cold Regions: Catalog of Technical Options Glossary .................................................................................................................... 65 References ................................................................................................................. 68 Boxes Box 1.1 Sanitation Is More Than a Toilet ...................................................................................................... 1 Box 1.2 The Alaska Water and Sewer Challenge .......................................................................................... 2 Box 1.3 What Do We Know? ......................................................................................................................... 3 Box 2.1 Choice of technology ........................................................................................................................ 8 Figures Figure ES.1 Pit Latrine Use in the Cold Season ........................................................................................... vii Figure 2.1: Typical Sanitation Service Chain ................................................................................................. 5 Figure 2.2 Effect of Water Availability on Sanitation Choice ........................................................................ 6 Figure 2.3: Common Sanitation Options ....................................................................................................... 7 Figure 2.4 Pit Latrine with Frozen Excreta .................................................................................................... 9 Figure 3.1 Possible Sludge Treatment Technologies and End Uses ............................................................ 33 Figure 3.2 Improved Simple Pit Latrine ....................................................................................................... 35 Figure 3.3 Pit Latrine ................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 3.4 Raised Pit Latrine
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