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Business Models for Fecal Sludge Management in India

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Business Models for Fecal Sludge Management in India RESOURCE RECOVERY & REUSE SERIES 18 (SPECIAL ISSUE) ISSN 2478-0529 Business Models for Fecal Sludge 18 Management in India Krishna C. Rao, Sasanka Velidandla, Cecilia L. Scott and Pay Drechsel About the Resource Recovery & Reuse Series Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) is a subprogram of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) dedicated to applied research on the safe recovery of water, nutrients and energy from domestic and agro-industrial waste streams. This subprogram aims to create impact through different lines of action research, including (i) developing and testing scalable RRR business models, (ii) assessing and mitigating risks from RRR for public health and the environment, (iii) supporting public and private entities with innovative approaches for the safe reuse of wastewater and organic waste, and (iv) improving rural-urban linkages and resource allocations while minimizing the negative urban footprint on the peri-urban environment. This subprogram works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations University (UNU), and many national and international partners across the globe. The RRR series of documents present summaries and reviews of the subprogram’s research and resulting application guidelines, targeting development experts and others in the research for development continuum. RESOURCE RECOVERY & REUSE SERIES 18 (SPECIAL ISSUE) Business Models for Fecal Sludge Management in India Krishna C. Rao, Sasanka Velidandla, Cecilia L. Scott and Pay Drechsel The authors waste disposal / transport / treatment plants / urban areas / public-private partnerships / stakeholders / nongovernmental Krishna C. Rao is a development professional with more organizations / financial viability / funding / marketing / than 15 years of experience in providing decentralized, pricing / investment / operating costs / cost recovery / benefits small-scale infrastructure solutions for the poor through / profitability / risk / technology / government procurement an enterprise-based approach in the areas of energy, / taxes / energy recovery / nutrients / biogas / composting / water, transport, telecommunication and sanitation. He is households / case studies / India / a graduate from New York University (NYU) in the United States, and a Reynolds Fellow in Social Entrepreneurship. ISSN 2478-0510 (Print) Since 2012, Krishna has been working on providing ISSN 2478-0529 (Online) end-to-end sanitation solutions with a specific focus on ISBN 978-92-9090-903-3 reuse in developing countries. Copyright © 2020, CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land Sasanka Velidandla has diverse experience of almost and Ecosystems (WLE), International Water Management 20 years in industry, entrepreneurship, and the non-profit Institute (IWMI). sector. He is a graduate in Industrial Engineering of the University of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, and has an Fair use: Unless otherwise noted, you are free to copy, MBA from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. duplicate or reproduce, and distribute, display, or For the past 10 years, Sasanka has been working on transmit any part of this report or portions thereof without sustainability, decentralized wastewater management, permission, and to make translations, adaptations, or solid waste management, and fecal sludge management. other derivative works under the following conditions: Cecilia L. Scott is a development consultant with over nine ATTRIBUTION: The work must be referenced according years of experience in sanitation and renewable energy, to international citation standards, while attribution focused on implementation of community-led enterprises in no way suggest endorsement by WLE, IWMI or the and solutions. She has a bachelor's degree in mechanical author(s). engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology NONCOMMERCIAL: This work may not be used for (MIT) in the United States. For the past four years, Cecilia has commercial purposes. worked on fecal sludge management in India. SHARE ALIKE: If this work is altered, transformed or built upon, the resulting work must be distributed only Pay Drechsel is a Senior Fellow/Advisor – Research Quality under the same or similar license to this one. Assurance at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka, and leads the Rural-Urban All the figures in the report were created by the authors and Linkages subprogram of the CGIAR Research Program on designed by Ashima Desai. Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). He is an environmental scientist with over 25 years of experience in the agriculture- Front cover photograph: Desludging in Leh, India (photo: sanitation interface working on the safe reuse of wastewater Anshuman Agarwal, BORDA). and organic municipal waste. Series editor (science): Pay Drechsel, IWMI English editor: Robin Leslie Rao, K. C.; Velidandla, S.; Scott, C. L.; Drechsel, P. 2020. Business Design and layout: Twist Open UX, India models for fecal sludge management in India. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 199p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 18: Special Disclaimer Issue). doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.209 The opinions expressed in this report and any possible errors are the responsibility of the authors. / resource recovery / resource management / reuse / faecal They do not reflect the position of the CGIAR Research sludge / waste management / business models / value chains / Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) or of the waste treatment / desludging / sanitation / hygiene / Sustainable institutions and individuals who were involved in the Development Goals / solid wastes / septic tanks / toilets / preparation of the report. ii Acknowledgments (Research Associate, CDD Society), Subrodeep Dutta (Owner, Greenery Bio Compost & Animal Farming Pvt. Ltd.), The authors acknowledge and are grateful for the Anil Yadav (Senior Research Associate, Centre for Science information provided by the partners of the National Faecal and Environment), Abhimanyu (Project Officer, Rural Sludge and Septage Management Alliance (https://www. Development Organisation [RDO] Trust), Anantha Murthy washinstitute.org/nfssm.php). The contribution made (Project Engineer, CDD Society), Rajkumar Sampath by Shubhra Jain (Consultant), Kanakeshwar Devangan (Executive Director, RDO Trust), Mohammed Wasim (Consultant), Reema Parikh (Consultant), and Gaurav Shringi (Project Manager, Vilholi Waste Management System), (Program Coordinator, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Shriram Bharathan (Lead – Ecosystem Engagement, Tide [WASH] Institute) in collecting and analyzing data Technocrats Private Limited), and Ajeet Oak (Director, is gratefully acknowledged. Primove Infrastructure Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.). The authors are grateful to the following key informants The authors are grateful to the following people and for sharing their valuable insights and knowledge: Rakesh organizations for reviewing the case studies: N. B. Mazumdar Chandra (Controller, Delhi State Branch, Sulabh International (Sulabh), Loknath (Gramalaya), Abhijit Banerjee (FINISH Social Service Organisation [Sulabh]), R. C. Jha (Senior Society), Sarith Sasidharan and Ananya Ghosh (Ernst & Scientist, Sulabh), Manoj Kumar (Museum Curator, Sulabh), Young), Sanjay Singh (PSI India), Ulka Sadalkar (3S - a N. B. Mazumdar (Honorary Director General, Sulabh), K. Saraplast Enterprise), Suresh Gupta (IPE Global), Santhosh Lokanathan (Project Manager, Gramalaya), Abhijit Banerji Ragavan, Suneethi Sundar and Ganesh Kumar (Indian (Secretary, Governing Body, FINISH Society), Ananya Ghosh Institute for Human Settlements), S. M. Malaiaman (Senior Consultant, Ernst & Young), Deepak Pradhan (M&E Thirumudikari (Joint Director, Directorate Town Panchayat, Expert, Ernst & Young), Bibhudatta Sahu (Senior Consultant, Government of Tamil Nadu), Manas Rath and Snehit Prakash Ernst & Young), Satya (Private desludging operator, (Blue Water Company), Sandhya Haribal (CDD Society), Baripada), Shubhashish (Private desludging operator, Srinivas Chary and Malini Reddy (Administrative Staff Balasore), Nilesh (Junior Engineer, Delhi Jal Board), Nand College of India), Sampath Kumar (RDO Trust), Valentin Kishore, Rajkumar, and Ramesh (members, Bihar Rajya Post (WASTE), and Dirk Walther (Deutsche Gesellschaft Tankers Association), G. K. V. Ravichandra (Senior Manager für Internationale Zusammenarbeit [GIZ], India). – Programs, PSI India), Ulka Sadalkar (Cofounder, 3S), Sanjay Singh (Director – Programs, PSI India), Anoop and Francis (Origami Technologies, Trivandrum), Kesavan Thiru Collaborators (Executive Officer, Karunguzhi Town Panchayat), Prakash (Health Department, Trivandrum City Corporation), Ajmal, International Water Nyas, Rajendra, and Siddhi (members, Sewage and Septic Management Institute (IWMI) Tank Cleaners’ Associations, All Kerala Cleaning Contractors Welfare Association, and All Kerala Sewage and Septic Cleaning Vehicle Owners Association), Mohit, Pawan Kumar and Premkumar (members, Ganganagar Desludging Water, Sanitation and Union), Satvir Singh (member, Kaktiya Owners Septic Hygiene (WASH) Institute, India Tank Association), Kumbharkar (Project Director, Sumeet Facilities), Arumugam Kalimuthu (Program Director, WASH Institute), Praveen (Senior Analyst, IPE Global), Satish Donors (Director, Divija Construction Pvt. Ltd.), Ritesh Kumar Suman
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