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ANCIENT INDIA All Bights Reserved ANCIENT INDIA CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Date ANCIENT INDIA All Bights reserved ANCIENT INDIA BY S. KRISHNASWAMI AIYANGAE, M.A. Member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Oreal Britain and Ireland Fellow of the Roijal Bistorical Society, London. Member ol the Board of Studies, and Examiner in History and Economics. Vnirersity of Madras Mysore Education Serria: WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY VINCENT A. SMITH, M.A., I.C.S. (retired) ' Author of the ' Early History of India LONDON: LUZAC & Co., IC great kussell isteeet MADEAS: S.P.C.K. DEPOSITORY, VEPBEY 1911 1)5 4-04- /\fl 6 ^,©XKg^ PRINTED AT THE :. PKESS, VEPBKY, MADRAS 1911 "^QXYS^ ) INSCRIBED TO THE :ME:M0RY OP JOHN WEIE [Inspector-General op Education in JIybore] ( November 1, 1909—July 31, 1911 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022968840 PEEFACE The first chapter deals with the early portion of Indian History, and so the title ' Ancient India ' has been given to the book. The other chapters deal with a variety ot subjects, and are based on lectures given on different occa- sions. One was originally prepared as my thesis for the M.A. Degree Examination of the University of Madras. The favourable reception given to my early work by historical and oriental scholars encouraged me to put my researches into a more permanent form, which a liberal grant from the Madras School Book and Literature Society has enabled me to do. I have to thank the editors and publishers who have so kindly allowed me to reproduce articles which first appeared in their respective periodicals. Amongst these are Sir Eiehard Temple, Mr. G. A. Natesan, the Committee of the South Indian Association, Mylapore, and the Mythic Society, Bangalore. I also desire to acknowledge the assistance which has been given me in the publication of the work by the Eev. Canon Sell, and my obligation to Mr. Vincent A. Smith for his valuable Introduction. Chamaeajendbapet, i S. K. Ba.xgalobe City, A2ifn(st 1, 1911. ) CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION- IX CHAPTER I A HISTORICAL SURVEY UP TO A. D. 700 1 II HISTORY OF SOUTH INDIA 29 III STRUGGLE FOE EMPIRE IN SOUTH INDIA ... 40 IV INDIA AT THE DAWN OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA 54 V THE MYS(JEE STATE—A RETEO- SPECT ... 76 VI THE CHOLA EMPIRE IN SOUTH INDIA ... 90 VII SRI RAMANU.TACHARYA, HIS LIFE AND TIMES 192 VIII THE MAKING OF MYSORE ±22 IX VISHNCVARDHANA •254 X BI.T.IALA ... 261 XI MYSORE UNDER THE WODEYABS... 272 XII THE VALUE OP LITERATURE IN THE CONSTIiUCTION OF INDIAN HISTORY 814 XIII THE THIRD TAMIL SANGAM 330 XIV THE AUGUSTAN AGE OF TAMIL LITERATI 'RE 836 XV SOME POINTS IN TAMIL LITERARY HISTORY 873 CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER XVI SELF-IMMOLATION WHICH IS NOT SAT! ... ... ... 385 ,, XVII agnikula: the fire-race ... B90 „ XVIII THE AGE OF NAMMALVAE ... 896 „ XIX TIRUMANGAI ALVAR AND HIS DATE. 402 APPENDIX.—NOTES ... ... ... 415 ERRATA ... ... ... ... 416 INDEX ... ... ... ... 419 MAPS SOUTH INDIA ABOUT A.D. 1100 FACING ... 140 SOUTH INDIA AT THE SANGAM PERIOD FACING ... 369 INTEODUCTION The request made to me by Mr. S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar that I should prefix to his volume of collected essays on the literarj' and political history of Southern India, a few words of introduction met with ready acceptance, because nothing gives me greater pleasure than to watch the steady progress made by Indian- born students in the investigation of the ancient history of their country. It would be easy to name many recent Indian authors who have made important and solid contributions to accurate knowledge of the early history of India. Among such writers, Mr. Krishnaswami Aiyangar holds an honourable place and if he had leisure greater than that which official duties permit, he might, perhaps, produce that Eatiif History of Southern India which is so much wanted and can be written only by a scholar familiar with the country and one or more of the Dravidian verna- culars. The collection of papers now offered to the public does not profess to be such a history. It is simply a reissue of essays printed on various occasions at different times, and in some cases now subjected to slight revision. A volume of the kind which is rather materials for history than history itself, necessarily suffers from unavoidable overlapping and repetition, and from a lack of unity. But notwithstanding the defects inherent in an assemblage of detached essays XU INTBODUCTION I can cordially recommend this book as being a reada- ble and generally sound introduction to the study in detail of the history of the South. The first chapter, ' A Historical Survey up to A. T>. 700 ' is a well-written summary. The hypothesis (p. 17) that the Sakas of Seistan were disturbed and set in motion towards India by pressure from the Sassanian dynasty of Persia established in a.d. 226 may yet be verified. The next three chapters give an excellent general review of the salient facts of early South Indian history so far as known. If the author (p. 67) is correct in saying that the Gurjjaras are mentioned in the Tamil epic poem called Manimehlialai, "the composition of that work cannot be much anterior to A. D. 500, inasmuch as the Gurjjaras do not seem to have entered India before the middle of the fifth century. He holds (p. 75) that the epic is earlier than the time of Varahamihira (A. D. 533), because the poet uses a reckoning of the asterisms which was superseded by the improved system of the Hellenizing astronomer. Many of the essays now collected, I may observe, make valuable contributions to the history and chro- nology of Indian, and especially of Tamil literature. The older histories of Indian literature were restricted to the discussion of works written in Sanskrit and Prakrit. The ideal history of the vast literature of India should give almost equal attention to the noble works in the Southern languages, among which Tamil is pre-eminent. The translations published by Mr. Gover, Dr. Pope, and a few other scholars suffice to prove the high ethical and artistic value of the Tamil INTRODTTCTION XIll compositions. So far as 1 can judge Mr. Krishnaswami Aiyangar is right in dating the best period of Tamil literature in the second and third centuries of the Christian era. The most important and generally interesting chapter in the hook is the sixth (pp. 90-191), which gives an admirable abstract of the political history of the Cholas, with a detailed account of their system of Government and village administration, well deserving of attentive study. The Chola dynasty was singularly prolific in kings of more than ordinary capacity, from the middle of the ninth century to the end of the reign of Kulottunga in a. d. 1118. It is clear from the details on record that the administration of the kingdom ' was highly systematized ' from an early date. For instance, there is abundant evidence that ' the lands under cultivation were carefully surveyed and holdings registered at least a century before the famous Dc-mes- day record of Wilham the Conqueror'. There-survey of 1086 was exactly contemporaneous with the English record. ' The Cholas were great builders ; builders not only of cities and temples (sometimes for strategic purposes sometimes in obedience to the dictates of their vanity), but also of useful irrigation works '. It is lamentable to be obliged to record the disgraceful fact that ' when the lower Coleroon anient (dam) was built, the struc- ture (that is to say, the noble temple of Gangaikonda- puram),was dismantled of a large part of the splendid granite sculptures which adorned it, and the enclosing wall was almost wholly destroyed in order to obtain material for the work.' By the kindness of Mr. Eea, XIV INTBODTJCTION I have been supplied with photographs of some of the surviving figure sculptures, a few of which will be pub- lished in my forthcoming History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon. They may, perhaps, be considered "the finest known Hindu sculptures, and certainly take rank among the best. A fully illustrated monograph on Gangaikondapuram and Chola art generally would be of great interest. The discussion in Chapter VII of ' Sri Eamanuja- •charya, his Life and Times ', throws much light upon an important epoch in the story of Indian religious development. The origin and growth of the State of Mysore are treated at length in two chapters. But the identifica- tion of the ancient Mahisha Mandala with Mysore must, as Dr. Fleet has shown, be given up. Mahish- matl appears to have been the capital of the Mahishas, and Ij now represented by Mandhata on the Narbada. The later chapters dealing with certain special problems, chiefly concerned with Tamil religious and literary history, are of less general interest. Oxford, VINCENT A. SMITH. February 8, 1911. CHAPTER I A HISTORICAL SUBVEY UP TO A.D. 700 In attempting to look back upon our own history, the first essential would appear to be the marking of a few of the more salient features, so that we may group round these a number of minor events and incidents. This will give us perspective ; and whatever imperfection there may be in detail it will make the whole presentable. If, at this distance, we take a retrospect, the history of India of the Aryan invasions would appear, like our own Himalayas at a great distance, all smooth but for a few peaks of commanding height. ' Happy is the nation w'hose annals are a blank,' said Carlyle, and if we can derive comfort from this seeming blankness, we shall perhaps be in a delusion.
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