GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU STANDARD SEVEN TERM - I VOLUME - 3 SCIENCE SOCIAL SCIENCE A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu Department of School Education Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime VII Std Science Term-1 EM Introduction Pages.indd 1 09-03-2019 2.44.09 PM Government of Tamil Nadu First Edition - 2019 (Published under New Syllabus in Trimester Pattern) NOT FOR SALE Content Creation The wise possess all State Council of Educational Research and Training © SCERT 2019 Printing & Publishing Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational Services Corporation www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in II VII Std Science Term-1 EM Introduction Pages.indd 2 09-03-2019 2.44.09 PM STANDARD SEVEN TERM - I VOLUME - 3 HISTORY 108 7th Social Science_Term I English Unit 01.indd 108 09-03-2019 2.52.24 PM CONTENTS History Unit Titles Page No. 1. Sources of Medieval India 110 2. Emergence of New Kingdoms in North India 100 Emergence of New Kingdoms in South India: 112 3. Later Cholas and Pandyas 4. The Delhi Sultanate 128 Geography 1. Interior of the Earth 143 2. Population and Settlement 171 3. Landforms 188 Civics 1. Equality 196 2. Political Parties 203 Economics 1. Production 200 E - Book Assessment Digi - links Lets use the QR code in the text books ! How ? • Download the QR code scanner from the Google PlayStore/ Apple App Store into your smartphone • Open the QR code scanner application • Once the scanner button in the application is clicked, camera opens and then bring it closer to the QR code in the text book. • Once the camera detects the QR code, a url appears in the screen.Click the url and goto the content page. 109 7th Social Science_Term I English Unit 01.indd 109 09-03-2019 2.52.24 PM Unit -1 Sources of Medieval India Inscriptions: Temple Wall, Copper Plate & Palm Leaf Learning Objectives To acquaint ourselves with Sources of the study of medieval India Temples, mosques, tombs, palaces and forts as important sources Literary and inscriptional texts Accounts of Arab and Turkish travellers Introduction: Do you know the famous words of The periods from A.D. (CE) 700 to 1200 and Khafi Khan, a courtier of Emperor from A.D. (CE) 1200 to 1700 are classified as Aurangzeb? He says, ‘It is the duty of Early Medieval and Later Medieval periods, an historian to be faithful, to have no respectively, in Indian history. Numerous and hope of profit, no fear of injury, to show varied sources are fortunately available to the no partiality on one side, or animosity historians engaging in the study of Medieval on the other, to know no difference India. Added to the information that can be between friend and stranger, and to gleaned from inscriptions, monuments and write nothing but with sincerity.’ coins are the accounts left by Arab, Persian and Turkish chroniclers. These accounts are rich in Sources detail and have given first-hand information on Sources are the supporting materials, the life of kings, though they provide very little documents or records in the form of evidence information on the life of the common people. that help to reconstruct the past. The opinions of the courtiers and chroniclers are often one-sided, written in a hyperbolic Classication of Sources language, exaggerating the king’s achievements. Let us now explore the various sources available Primary SourcesSecondary Sources for the study of the history of Medieval India. 110110 7th Social Science_Term I English Unit 01.indd 110 09-03-2019 2.52.25 PM We examine the details of political, Copper-plate grants, which were treated as economic and socio-cultural developments legal documents, have signifi cant source value. with the aid of sources. Th e Islamic-Persian practices and the relatively Primary Sources: Inscriptions, monuments high cost of copper plates made palm leaf and and coins, and the information available in paper cheaper alternatives from 13th century them. onwards. Secondary Sources: Literary works, chronicles, Several copper-plate grants issued during travelogues, biographies and autobiographies. the later Chola period (10th to 13th century) Inscriptions record gift s to individual priests or teachers who were Hindu, Buddhist, or Jaina, or to persons of eminence. Both the giver and the receiver are very elaborately described. By contrast, most stone inscriptions diff er in their content. In stone inscriptions, the benefi cence of a donor is recorded. Th e major focus is upon the giver. Tiruvalangadu plates of Rajendra Chola I and the Anbil plates of Sundara Chola are notable examples. Uttiramerur inscriptions in Kanchipuram district provide details of the Rock Inscription way in which the village administration was Inscriptions are writings engraved on conducted. solid surfaces such as rocks, stones, temple walls and metals. Th e king’s royal decrees, dedications and donations, monuments raised in commemoration of victories in wars, those built in memory of deceased warriors, contain rich information about the concerned era. Copper plate Inscription Various types of lands gift ed by the Chola kings are known from the inscriptions and Monuments copper plates. Th ey are: Temples, palaces, mosques, Vellanvagai - land of non-brahmin tombs, forts, minars and proprietors Brahmadeya - land gift ed to Brahmins minarets are called by the Shalabhoga - land for the maintenance collective name monuments. of a school Th e Sultans of Delhi introduced a new type Devadana - land gift ed to temples of architecture. Th e monuments they built had Pallichchandam - land donated to Jaina arches, domes and minarets as the main features. institutions Th e inscriptions in these monuments contain 111 7th Social Science_Term I English Unit 01.indd 111 09-03-2019 2.52.25 PM Dilwara Temple Mt. Abu Hampi - Vijayanagar rich information, which can be used to construct (all in and around Delhi) and Charminar history. The medieval Khajuraho monuments (Hyderabad) are the important mosques (Madhya Pradesh) and temples in Konark belonging to the medieval times. (Odisha) and Dilwara (Mt.Abu, Rajastan) The forts of historical importance are Agra constitute valuable sources to understand the Fort, Chittor Fort, Gwalior Fort and Delhi religion-centered cultural evolution in northern Red Fort as well as the forts of Daulatabad India. Temples in Thanjavur (Brihadeshwara), (Aurangabad) and Firoz Shah Kotla (Delhi). Gangaikonda Cholapuram and Darasuram Palaces in Jaipur, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur signify symbolise the magnificent structures the the greatness of the Rajput dynasty that wielded Later Cholas built in Tamil Nadu. Vitala and enormous power from these places. Qutb Minar Virupaksha temples at Hampi similarly speak and Alai-Darwaza, the tombs of Iltutmish, of the contribution of Vijayanagara rulers (15th Balban and all the Mughal rulers are the other century). prominent structures recognised as valuable sources of information. Cities in ruin such as Firozabad and Tughlaqabad in north India and Hampi in south India remain rich repositories of the history of medieval India. Coins The picture and the legend on the coins convey the names of kings with their titles and portraits, events, places, dates, dynasties and logos. The composition of metals in the coins gives us information on the economic condition of the Charminar empire. Mention of king’s achievements like military conquests, territorial expansion, trade Quwwat-ul Islam Masjid, Moth-ki- links and religious faith can also be found in the Masjid, Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri Dargah coins. 112 7th Social Science_Term I English Unit 01.indd 112 09-03-2019 2.52.26 PM Devaram composed by Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar and compiled by Nambiyandar Nambi, Manikkavasakar’s Thiruvasagam, all were scripted during the Chola times. Jayadeva’s Gita Govindam (12th century) was a follow-up of the Bhakti Movement in South India. Kabir Lakshmi Coin of Ghori Coins of Khalji Das, a 15th century mystic poet, also had an Muhammad Ghori had stamped the figure influence on the Bhakti Movement in India. of Goddess Lakshmi on his gold coins and had Secular Literature his name inscribed on it. This coin tells us that this early Turkish invader was in all likelihood Madura Vijayam and Amuktamalyatha liberal in religious outlook. were poems composed by Gangadevi and Krishnadevaraya respectively that help us gain Copper Jitals are available for the study of insight into the events and individuals associated the period of the Delhi Sultans. Silver Tanka with the Vijayanagara Empire. Chand Bardai’s introduced by Iltutmish, Ala-ud-din Khalji’s Prithiviraj Raso portrays the Rajput king’s gold coins, Muhammad-bin-Tughluq’s copper valour. We have no Indian accounts about what token currency are indicative of coinage as well happened during the Turkish invasion of India. as the economic prosperity or otherwise of the For pre-Islamic periods, the only exception was country of the time. Kalhana’s Rajtarangini (11th century). A jital contained 3.6 Books, Biographies and Autobiographies grains of silver. Forty- eight jitals were equal to 1 Minhaj-us-Siraj, patronised by Sultan Nazir- silver tanka. ud-din Mahmud of Slave Dynasty, wrote Tabakat-i-Nasiri. The compendium deals with the period from the conquest of Muhammad Ghori to A.D. 1260. The compendium was named after his patron. In the 13th century, Hasan Nizami, a migrant from Ghazni wrote. Taj-ul-Ma’asir towards the end of Iltutmish’s Religious Literature rule. It provides information about Qutb-ud- Devotional movement in South India and din Aibak and is considered the first official later in North resulted in the development history of the Delhi Sultanate. Zia-ud-Barni, of bhakti or devotional literature. The a courtier of Muhammad Tughluq, wrote Chola period was known as the period of Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi, in which he dealt with the devotional literature and works such as history of Delhi Sultanate from Ghiyas-ud-din Kamba Ramayanam, Sekkizhar’s Periyapuranam, Balban to the early years of the reign of Firoz Nalayira Divyaprabhandham, composed by Shah Tughluq.