M.A. HISTORY - I YEAR DKH11 : HISTORY OF TAMILNADU UPTO 1967 A.D. SYLLABUS Unit - I Introduction : Influence of Geography and Topography on the History of Tamil Nadu - Sources of Tamil Nadu History - Races and Tribes - Pre-history of Tamil Nadu. SangamPeriod : Chronology of the Sangam - Early Pandyas – Administration, Economy, Trade and Commerce - Society - Religion - Art and Architecture. Unit - II The Kalabhras - The Early Pallavas, Origin - First Pandyan Empire - Later PallavasMahendravarma and Narasimhavarman, Pallava’s Administration, Society, Religion, Literature, Art and Architecture. The CholaEmpire : The Imperial Cholas and the Chalukya Cholas, Administration, Society, Education and Literature. Second PandyanEmpire : Political History, Administration, Social Life, Art and Architecture. Unit - III Madurai Sultanate - Tamil Nadu under Vijayanagar Ruler : Administration and Society, Economy, Trade and Commerce, Religion, Art and Architecture - Battle of Talikota 1565 - Kumarakampana’s expedition to Tamil Nadu. Nayakas of Madurai - ViswanathaNayak, MuthuVirappaNayak, TirumalaNayak, Mangammal, Meenakshi. Nayakas of Tanjore :SevappaNayak, RaghunathaNayak, VijayaRaghavaNayak. Nayak of Jingi : VaiyappaTubakiKrishnappa, Krishnappa I, Krishnappa II, Nayak Administration, Life of the people - Culture, Art and Architecture. The Setupatis of Ramanathapuram - Marathas of Tanjore - Ekoji, Serfoji, Tukoji, Serfoji II, Sivaji III - The Europeans in Tamil Nadu. Unit - IV Tamil Nadu under the Nawabs of Arcot - The Carnatic Wars, Administration under the Nawabs - The Mysoreans in Tamil Nadu - The Poligari System - The South Indian Rebellion - The Vellore Mutini- The Land Revenue Administration and Famine Policy - Education under the Company - Growth of Language and Literature in 19th and 20th centuries - Organization of Judiciary - Self Respect Movement. Unit - V Tamil Nadu in Freedom Struggle - Tamil Nadu under Rajaji and Kamaraj - Growth of Education - Anti Hindi & Agitation. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 1 BOOKS FOR REFERENCE Baliga B.S. Balasundaram. N Studies in Madras Administration, 2 Vols., Madras 1949 "The Dravidan Movement in Madras" in State Politics in India, 1967. Dikshitar, V.R.R. Studies in Tamil Literature and History Edward Thomson Rise and Fulfilment of British Rule in India Hardgrave L. Robert The Dravidan Movement Kanakasabai, V. The Tamils 1800 years ago Krishnaswami, A. Tamil Country under Vijayanagar KrishnaswamiAiyangar S Beginning of South Indian History; Ancient India and South Indian History and Culture. Mahalingam T.V Kanchipuram in the Early South Indian History and Culture; South Indian Policy Majumdar, R.C History and Culture of the Indian People Meenakshi, C Administration and Social Life under the Pallavas MukerjeeNilamani Ryotwari System in Madras Pillai. K.K Social History of the Tamils Rajayyan. K. History of Madurai Rajayyan. K. South India Rebellion : The First war of Indian Independence; Administration and Society in the Carnatic; A History of British Diplomacy in Tanjore; Rise and Fall of the Poligars in Tamil Nadu; History of Tamil Nadu upto 1565; History of Tamil Nadu from 1556 to the present day. Raman. K.V. The early History of the Madras Region Retnaswamy. M. Some Influence that Made the British Administrative System RajamanikkamPillai. M. PallavarVaralaru (Tamil) RajamanikkamPillai. M. CholarVaralaru (Tamil) Sastri. K.A.N. A History of South India; The Cholas; The Sangam Age; The Pandyan Kingdom SrinivasaAiyangar P.T. History of the Tamils Subramanian. N. The Sangam Polity, History of Tamil Nadu upto 1526 Vridegirisan Nayaks of Tanjore Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 2 UNIT - I : INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY Introduction : Influence of Geography and Topography on the History of Tamil Nadu - Sources of Tamil Nadu History - Races and Tribes - Pre-history of Tamil Nadu. SangamPeriod : Chronology of the Sangam - Early Pandyas – Administration, Economy, Trade and Commerce - Society - Religion - Art and Architecture. INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRPAHY ON THE HISTORY OF TAMILNADU Geography governs history. The geographical features of a country like coastal lines, mountains, rivers, rainfalls, climate, irrigation and natural resources, determine the political, social, cultural and economic life of its people. Likewise, nature influences the choice of occupations, mental and physical efficiency, standard of life, social customs and institutions of the people. Geography dominates man and he is largely subject to it. For instance, the British, the Greek and the Tamils established empires and colonies beyond the sea mainly due to their sea faring tendency. Geography also shapes the history of people from time to time. History proves that in the plains, empires were established. Whereas, in the hills and deserts petty kingdoms were founded. Likewise, the people who live in cold places are more active and those in. hot places are easily tired. Thus geography has a vital share in moulding the history of people. Tamil Nadu is the land of Tamil-speaking people. It is situated in the southern most part of the Indian Sub-Continent. The Tamils of the third Sangam occupied the present states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andrapradesh and Tamil Nadu. .It had natural boundaries. Tamil Nadu was bounded on, the south by the Indian Ocean, on the west by the Arabian Sea, on the east by Bay of Bengal and on the north-east by the Tirupati hills and on the north and north west by the Mysore Plateau. A small island of Ceylon is situated to the south east of peninsular India. At Kanyakumari, the three seas merge and it symbolishes unity. It is a place of pilgrimage. Pilgrims appear to have kept alive the link between north and south India. Geographical Division Geography of the Tamil land influenced the Tamils of the Sangam period, to a large extent. According to Tblkappiyam, the Tamil speaking people were divided into four major Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 3 divisions based on the geographical auditions. They were the people of the mountain (Kuringi), of the forest (Mullai), of the plain (Marudom) and of the sea coast (Neidal), Towards the end of the sangam epch, the Tamil added one more division, ie. paalai (Desert). People Jed different, ways of life and different cultures evolved in these regions. Historical Division Historically, TamiSaham was divided into four major divisions - Paodyanadu, Gholanadu, Cheranadu and Pallavanadu. They were ruled by Pandya, Chola, Chera and Pallava inters respectively Madurai was the important city of Tamils. Tamil academy flourished at Madurai. Western ghats and Eastern ghats. Tamilaham is triangular in shape. The Decean is a plateau and its western edge is a steep brink called the Western Ghats. The Plateau has a graduall fall to the lower brinks aiding in the Eastern Ghats. The Western ghats and the eastern ghats run parallel to the west and east coasts of the Peninsula. The Western ghats form an excellent natural, frontier. A gigantic sea wall, from Kasarkodu in the north, to Aralvaioli in the South forms another natural frontier. The Eastern ghats and western ghats meet at Nilgris. The Doddabetta a peak in the Nilgris is 8760 feet in height. Nilgris receives abundant rainfall and it is famous for its luxurious vegetation and excellent scenary. South of the Nilgris is the famous Palghat gap which is about twenty miles from north to south. It forms the main entrance from the Camatic to the Malabar Coast. South of Palghat gap, there is the famous Anaimalai. It has a peak with the height of 8841 feet. This is one of the highest peaks in South India. The Western Ghats continue south from this gap as far as Cape Cormorin. Aramboli and Shencottah are the passes found on the terminus of the Western hills. These passes provide routes between Travancore and Pandyan Kingdom. All the rivers that flow towards Tamil Nadu originate from the Western Ghats Ooty. Kunoor, Kotagiri. Erkad and Kodaikkanal are some of the important hill stations existing on these hills. Again, Palani, Madurai, Anaimalai, Satyamangalam, Thekkadi', Dimbam and Pollachi are the important places located on the southern part of this ghats. Valuable, teak, rose-wood, coffee, pepper are grown abundantly in these areas. These hilly areas have been the dwelling places of the tribal people like Kadar, Irular, Pulayar and Muduvar. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 4 The Eastern ghats is not so attractive as the western ghats. They are scattered and broken. Geologically, they seems to be distinctly older than the western ghats. They are different in productivity and scenery. The detached and discontinuous nature of the hills provided free intercourse between the plateau and coastal plain. Most of the rivers of Tamil Nadu flow towards Bay of Bengal, cutting across the Eastern ghats. River System Tamilaham has a fine river System, Karviri, Palar, Vaigai, Pennar, Vellar, Tamiraparani, Paraliyar, Bharathappuzha and Periyar are the important rivers in Tamil Nadu. Though, they are short in length and small in size, they supply a substantial amount of water needed for cultivation. The Kaviri known as the 'South Indian Ganges' is famous for its sacred character, beautiful scenary and the maximum use of its water. It was celebrated in Tamil literature and history. It runs 475