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English Translations Challenges and Challenges Opportunities Household Improving for Sanitation the in Ger Areas Ulaanbaatar of WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Public Disclosure Authorized Challenges and Opportunities for Public Disclosure Authorized Improving Household Maryanne Leblanc and Robert A. Reed Sanitation in the Ger with William Kingdom, Martin P. Gambrill, and Diego Juan Rodriguez Areas of Ulaanbaatar Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized About the Water Global Practice Launched in 2014, the Word Bank Group's Water Global Practice brings together nancing, knowledge, and implementation in one platform. By combining the Bank's global knowledge with country investments, this model generates more repower for transformational solutions to help countries grow sustainably. Please visit us at www.worldbank.org/water or follow us on Twitter @WorldBankWater. Challenges and Opportunities for Improving Household Sanitation in the Ger Areas of Ulaanbaatar Maryanne Leblanc and Robert A. Reed with William Kingdom, Martin P. Gambrill, and Diego Juan Rodriguez Improving Sanitation in the Ger Areas of Mongolia DISCLAIMER © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Please cite the work as follows: Leblanc, Maryanne E., Reed, Robert A., with Kingdom, William, Gambrill, Martin P., and Rodriguez, Diego J. 2017. Challenges and Opportunities for Improving Household Sanitation in the Ger Areas of Ulaanbaatar. Washington, DC: World Bank. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Cover photos: World Bank Cover design: Jean Franz, Franz & Company, Inc. i Improving Sanitation in the Ger Areas of Mongolia ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is a product of the Water Global Practices. It was prepared by a team led by Diego J. Rodriguez (Senior Water Resources Management Specialist, Water Latin America and Caribbean, World Bank) and by Martin P. Gambrill (Lead Water and Sanitation Specialist, Water Global Programs, World Bank), and comprising Maryanne Leblanc (Consultant), and Robert A. Reed (Consultant). This report is based on preliminary reports that were produced by G. V. Jones & Associates, Inc.; by Dr. Robert A. Reed (Consultant); and by Gilles Roger (Consultant) with the Mongolian Marketing Consulting Group (MMCG), Vismay Parikh (Consultant), and Narantsatsral Choinzon (Consultant). The team would like to thank the following for their contributions and support: Jim Anderson (Country Manager, Mongolia, World Bank); William Kingdom (Lead Water and Sanitation Specialist, Water Global Programs, World Bank); Maria-Angelica Sotomayor Araujo (Practice Manager, Water Global Programs, World Bank); Ousmane Dione (Country Director, Vietnam, World Bank); Taehyun Lee (Senior Economist, GMF East Asia and Pacific, World Bank); Toyoko Kodama (Water and Sanitation Specialist, Water PM Strategy & Operations, World Bank); Christopher “Rey” Ancheta (Senior Sanitary Engineer, EASPS, World Bank); Jon Strand (Consultant); Matthijs Schuring (Operations Officer, Water Global Programs, World Bank); Otgonbayar Yadmaa (Program Assistant, Ulaanbaatar, World Bank); Bolormaa Gurjav (Resource Management Analyst, BPSES, World Bank); Arailym Murat (Team Assistant, EACMF, World Bank); and Elisabeth Kvarnström. The team would also like to thank the following for their constructive feedback in peer reviewing the document: Srinivasa Rao Podipireddy (Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist, Water South Asia Region, World Bank); Jean- Martin Brault (Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist, Water, Middle East and North Africa Region, World Bank); Björn Vinnerås (Associate Professor, Swedish University of Agricultural Science); and William Kevin Tayler (Consultant). Also providing comments were Prithvi Simha and Jenna Senecal (Swedish University of Agricultural Science); and Erdene Ochir Badarch (Operations Officer, Social Development, East Asia and Pacific, World Bank). The team also wishes to thanks the many representatives of the Governments of Mongolia and of Ulaanbaatar who contributed their time and effort as well as information, experiences, plans, and views to the report, including members of the Office of the Capital City Governor and the Office of the Mayor of the Capital City; the Implementing Agency of the Governor, Administration of Development Ger Area; the Director and many staff members of the Ulaanbaatar Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (USUG); the National Statistical Office of Mongolia; the Mongolian University of Science and Technology; the Water Service Regulatory Commission of Mongolia; the Standard Measurements Department and the Agency for Standardization and Metrology; the Ministry of Health; the Ministry of Construction and Urban Development; the Ministry of Industry and Agriculture; the Ministry of Labor; the Tuul River Basin Authority, Ministry of the Environment and Green Development; the Environmental and Green Development Agency of Capital City; and the 22nd Khoroo of Bayangol District and the 24th Khoroo of SGH District. Also in Mongolia, the team would like to thank Action Contre le Faim (ACF) and WASH Action, as well as the Mongolian Red Cross, World Vision, the Green City Association, The Asia Foundation, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Health Organization (WHO), UN-Habitat, Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). This work was made possible by financial contributions from the Water Partnership Program (WPP). ii Improving Sanitation in the Ger Areas of Mongolia CONTENTS Disclaimer i Acknowledgements ii Contents iii Abbreviations vii Executive Summary x Objective x Challenges and Options in Ulaanbaatar x Recommendations xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Objective and Scope 1 Origins of the Report 2 Why Sanitation Is Different in Cold Regions 2 Structure and Use of Report 3 Chapter 2 Global Sanitation Challenge and Particular Challenges in Cold Climates 4 Improving Sanitation—A Global Challenge 4 Benefits of Improving Sanitation 4 Sanitation Service Chain 5 Challenges of Improving Sanitation in Cold Regions 9 Selection Factors 11 Enabling Environment 14 Chapter 3 Improving Sanitation in Ger Areas 16 What Are Ger Areas 16 Socioeconomic Conditions 16 Institutional, Policy, Regulatory, and Financial Issues 18 Technical Issues 24 Chapter 4 : Options to Deliver Improved Sanitation Services in Ger Areas 26 Enabling Environment 26 Technical Options 27 Chapter 5 : Conclusions 32 General 32 Institutional 32 Laws, Regulations, and Standards 33 Financial Arrangements 33 Technical Options 34 iii Improving Sanitation in the Ger Areas of Mongolia Chapter 6 : Recommendations: 35 Immediate 35 Medium-Term Options 36 Glossary 37 Appendix 1: Practical Experience in Cold Regions 39 Experience in Alaska and Canada 39 Erdos Project, China 41 Sanitation in Greenland 42 Appendix 2: Recent Sanitation Projects in Mongolia 43 Appendix 3: Summary of Socioeconomic Survey Results 46 Appendix 4: Summary of Institutional Framework 55 Institutional Structure Governing Ulaanbaatar 55 Regulatory Framework Summary 58 Summary of Financial Framework 61 Appendix 5: Details of Recommended Sanitation Options 63 Common Elements in a Sanitation Service System (Links in the Sanitation Service Chain) 63 Improved Pit Latrines 67 Container-Based System: Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT) with Off-Site Treatment 77 Low-Flush Toilet with Soak Pit 85 Other Sanitation Technologies 90 References 92 Figure 2-1: Effect of Water Availability on Sanitation Choice 6 Figure 2-2: Possible Routes through the Sanitation Service Chain 8 Figure 2-3: Sanitation Ladder 8 Figure 2-4: Pit Latrine with Frozen Excreta 10 Figure 4-1: Wooden Improved Pit Latrine 27 Figure 4-2: Low-flush toilet with soakpit 30 Figure 4-3: Typical Unlined Soak Pit 31 Figure 4-4: Typical Lined Soak Pit 31 Figure A4-1: Sanitation Sector Institutions, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 57 Figure A4-2: Regulatory Framework in Mongolia 58 Figure A4-3: Simplified Revenue and Expenditure for Ulaanbaatar City 62 Figure A5-1: Improved Pit Latrine 67 Figure A5-2: Pit Latrine with Frozen Excreta 71 Figure A5-3: Raised Pit Latrine 73 Figure A5-4: Raised Pit Latrine with Mound 74 iv Improving Sanitation in the Ger Areas of Mongolia Figure A5-5: Arborloo 74 Figure A5-6: Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine 75 Figure A5-7: Double Pit Latrine 76 Figure A5-8: Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)
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