RMIT Classification: Trusted

Appendix A. Commercially available dry systems for houses and public facilities.

Company Capacity Automatic Electric Model Webpage /manual BioLan or 200 L (Populett) Manual Both With/without http://www.biolan.fi/english/default Naturum Biolan Populett 200 (tourist destinations) .asp?active_page_id=1 (Finland) BioLet (US) 3–4 people Both Both, solar Self-contained and central http://biolet.com (residential) fan Ez-loo Bio-Lux Up to 200 Manual, heat Electric Eco-Bio http://www.seiwa-denko.co.jp/ (Japan) times/day and sawdust by electricity Clivus Multrum CM40: 40K Semi- Both/solar Self-contained, central, foam flush, grey http://www.clivusmultrum.com.au/ visits automatic powered water http://www.clivusmultrum.com.au/product- CM20: 20K range#!/Commercial/c/20728119/offset=0&sort=nameAsc visits Eco Ethic 3–4 people full Both Both Waterless http://www.ecoethic.ca/ (Canada) time use MullToa 10, 25, 55, 65 (Clivus Multrum) Eco Flo Different Both Both Different models but for residential use http://www.ecoflo.net.au/ (distributor in Sun-Mar Centrex and Kazuba for Australia) outdoors Eco (NZ) 5 people Automatic Non- Urine separating, central, low flush: http://wctnz.co.nz/ electric African sanitation, Air , Clivus Multrum, Eco Let 240 XL(Residential) Eco John (US) 10 people Manual Non- Composting and incinerating http://ecojohn.com/ electric Eco Tech (Sun 6 people Manual Electric fan Urine separating http://ecotechproducts.net/ Mar) A few months Ekolet (Finish) 1–7 people/year Automatic Electric Multi-chambered http://ekolet.com/ Envirolet 16 people Both Both Double tank http://www.envirolet.com/ (US) Enviropro 80 uses/cycle Separates Non- Nature’s head http://www.enviropro.com.au/ urine electric Centrex 2000 (biodrum) Green toilet 2–4 people No ventilation Electric Privetti-freezing toilet http://www.pikkuvihrea.fi/fi/ (biolan) needed (Finland) Nature loo 6 people Manual and Electric Classic 650, Classic 750, Nature Loo mini http://www.nature-loo.com.au/main/ electric Nature loo Excelet: (All residential) Phoenix 2–8 people Manual Solar and Central systems, dry systems http://www.compostingtoilet.com/ (US) Electric Rota Loo 4–8 people Manual Non- Multi-chambered. RL650 http://www.rotaloo.com.au/ electric RL950, Maxi2000 (remote parks) [email protected] Terra Nova 40/day Maintenance Electricity Self-contained, central. Modified version http://www.berger-biotechnik.com/compost -toilets /- (Germany) once/month for fan of the Clivus multrum terranova-grp/index.php

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Separette Villa Unlimited user Automatic Both Urine diverting http://www.separett-usa.com/ (x-runner) Maintenance/ Incinerating http://www.abetterwaytogo.com.au/ week https://vimeo.com/user14047737 Sun-Mar 8 people --- Both Self-contained, central unit http://www.sun-mar.com/

2 RMIT Classification: Trusted

Appendix B. Commercially available dry sanitation systems intended for remote areas without access to water or electricity; they are also intended for large capacities.

Characteristics Photo Make of system: Biolan (Finland), Populett 300 (largest)

Type of system: urine separating, non-Electric, for cold climates.

Sizes/use per day: approx. 25 uses /day, approx. 10,000 uses per year. Capacity: Populett 200 and 300: 200 and 300 Litres, Dimensions: 89 x 93.5 x 55 cm (w,h,d).

Uses until clean out required: approx. 10,000 uses. Once the tank is full (approx. once a year), it can be replaced with another tank. Emptying the tank should be done with shovelling, turning the body of the toilet upside down or with a waste truck. The liquid canister should also be emptied at least once a year.

Power requirements: non-electric.

Bulking agent addition: Ideally, 0.2 to 0.5 litres of Biolan compost and bulking agent must be added every time after use.

Operational detail: Before use, place a layer about 5 cm thick of Biolan compost and toilet bulking material onto the intermediate bottom of the Biolan Populett to prevent the liquid separation system from getting clogged. Ventilation of the Biolan Populett is controlled by means of the disc valve in the seat top. Also, a gravel bed may be needed for the seep liquid. The bed should be covered by film-faced plywood or a concreted bottom structure. There should be enough space for the maintenance access route behind the toilet and for the post-composting procedure.

Operational constraints: The toilet waste freezes in frost. Freezing damages neither the unit nor the compost mass. Decomposition of the compost mass will continue when the air temperature rises. The capacity of the toilet can be increased by utilizing the urine- separating functionality of the Populett. The liquid tank should be emptied in the autumn. Its filling level needs to be monitored to prevent it from cracking due to freezing.

Disposal of waste: The compost is removed and placed nearby. Emptying can be done by shovelling, turning the toilet upside down, or tipping it with a truck. The liquid can be used as fertilizer for ornamental plants, or as a source of nitrogen for another compost. The liquid can be diluted 1:5. Recommended storing time is approximately one year.

Maintenance and operational guidance: Ideally, 0.2 to 0.5 litres of Biolan compost and bulking agent must be added every time after use. Mixing of the compost is required ideally every 10–15 times of use. This is done with the compost mixer, which should be left in its lower position in the ventilation pipe. The thermal seat can be cleaned with any domestic cleaning agents. There is no need to wash the toilet after emptying. http://www.biolan.fi/english/default4.asp?active_page_id=651

Installation: A gravel bed is needed. The bed should be covered by film-faced plywood or a concreted bottom structure.

Hazards during service: There are no hazards during service since it only requires the addition of the bulking agent. The storage tank can be easily replaced once it is full; let the full container compost further, if necessary. Emptying of the container should be done after a minimum of 12 months to prevent microbiological risks.

Lack of maintenance risks: The lack of maintenance prevents the composting process from taking place, producing a bad smell and preventing the removal of potential microbiological pathogens. It is very important to always add bulking material and to make 3 RMIT Classification: Trusted

sure that ventilation is working and that the liquid is separated.

Make of system: Phoenix (US), Model PF-201: 350 litres (largest)

Type of system: mixing device, electric and solar, for hot climates.

Sizes/use per day: annual capacity at 23ºC: 36,000. 100 uses/day during summer, 50 uses/day in fall and 25 uses/ day in winter. 350-litre tank. Dimensions: 102 x 213 x 157.5 cm (w,h,d).

Uses till clean out is required: Approx. 36,000 if 100 uses/day. 72,000 uses if 50 uses/day until clean out.

Power requirements: electric and solar. Photovoltaic system available.

Bulking agent addition: white wood shavings at least every few hundred uses.

Operational detail: Inoculum is sprayed on top of the compost pile with a programmable automatic liquid spray system. The Phoenix also includes rotating tines (forks) to mix the bulking material. Excess liquid is drained to leachate or contained in an evaporation holding tank. Ventilation is provided by a 5-watt direct current fan. Air baffles provide aeration. Finished compost is removed through the lower access door. Liquid is separated from solids. The tank must rest upon a smooth, level, flat surface. There must be convenient access and adequate space in front of the Phoenix for maintenance. Ideally, the basement should have a nearby door in front of the Phoenix so that composted material can be shovelled directly into a wheelbarrow or another container.

Operational constraints: Sunlight is required, consistently cold conditions result in unhealthy and unpleasant maintenance.

Disposal of waste: Removal of compost every 2 years. Liquid: ground disposal on site, off-site disposal with a holding tank and evaporation on-site. A second evaporation system could be installed (only in hot climates).

Maintenance and operational guidance: Frequent, thorough maintenance is required: spraying liquid, adding bulking material and mixing the compost pile. Inoculum is sprayed on top of the compost pile with a programmable automatic liquid spray system. The mixing should be done every 500 uses. Bulking agent addition should be done at least every few hundred uses. http://www.compostingtoilet.com/?page_id=427

Installation: Clearance is required.

Hazards during service: There are no hazards during service since the inoculum is sprayed automatically. Emptying the container should be done after a minimum of 12 months to allow the composting process to occur and remove the microbiological pathogens. Gloves and mouth covers should be worn when emptying the container.

Lack of maintenance risks: Not maintaining the Phoenix will lead to the compost filling up past the top maintenance door and clogging the fan. The fan will most likely burn out. If wood shavings are not added during this time, sludge will occur and leak out the top maintenance door. The Phoenix will not need to be replaced, but it will take a large effort to get it working again.

4 RMIT Classification: Trusted

Make of system: EnviroLet (Canada/ S), Model: Envirolet Waterless remote system (largest) for cold climates.

Type of system: non-electric, waterless.

Sizes/use per day: 12-18 uses /day. Dimensions: 63.5 W x 72.39 L x 83.82 H cm (w,h,d). (25" W x 33" L x 28.5" H)

Uses till clean out is required: Approx. 2190 uses (around 6 months) when used 12 uses /day. It is emptied by using the built-in Rake bar (bottom bar). For commercial use, it is emptied 2 or 3 times a year.

Power requirements: non-electric and solar systems available.

Bulking agent addition: Premix starter kit and compost accelerator (inoculum) needed as well as peat moss.

Operational detail: Six-way aeration and evaporation process. Dual fans, operating with natural microbe action, continuously circulate a large volume of air at a high flow rate around a specially shaped aeration basket. The aeration basket lines the inside of the system and maximizes waste surface area for better efficiency. This eliminates the turning of waste. Aerator bar with mulcherators is used to improve the composting; this is done occasionally. A wind turbine is included for the non-electric models. An optional solar power kit is available for the 12V system. BP SX 50 Photovoltaic modules are part of BP Solar SX 36 multi-crystalline cells in series charge batteries in any climate. A solar kit is ideal to keep the 12VDC battery charged. Details here: http://www.envirolet.ca/50wsolar.html. Filter drain. More details on the operation here: http://www.envirolet.ca/faq.html#howempty.

Operational constraints: It is intended for use in cold climates. Flexible drain and vent duct pipe accessories prevent breakage of pipe connections due to freezing temperatures.

Disposal of waste: Compost is removed twice a year and placed nearby.

Maintenance: System start-up: 1. Spread Envirolet® Premix Starter Kit evenly over Paper Mat. 2. Gently sprinkle one glass of warm water over Premix Starter material inside Envirolet System. Day to day: Add 1/4 cup of Peat Moss (standard, garden variety) per person per day through the Bowl (Self-Contained Systems) or through the Service Panel (Remote Systems). is also recommended to be added after each use. Week to week: 1. Agitate the mass by pulling the Aerator Bar (top bar) back and forth. 2. Add Sancor™ Microbe Accelerator evenly over the mass once every two weeks with a glass of warm water (see package instructions). NOTE: Only use the Rake Bar (bottom bar) when emptying your Envirolet System. Emptying the Envirolet®: It is necessary to remove the Bottom Panel for access to the soil collecting Tray. You may also need to remove the Bottom Panel to clean or inspect your 2-Stage Pre-Sediment Filter. http://www.envirolet.com/101.html

Installation: Clearance of 33 inches (83 cm) is required.

Hazards during service: There are no risks while servicing since the agitation (once a week) is performed with the Aerator Bar (the container is not opened). The Microbe accelerator is added per fortnight with a glass of warm water through the top bowl, minimizing the risks. The microbiological risks when emptying the Envirolet are low if the faeces have been stored for a minimum of 12 months (Schönning et al., 2007). Gloves and mouth covers should be worn when emptying the container.

Lack of maintenance risks: Lack of agitation prevents the aeration and smell starts to appear. Not adding the microbe accelerator does not speed up the composting process and prevents the removal of pathogens. The toilet should be emptied twice a year depending on use. To prevent any microbiological risk, the compost should be removed after a minimum of 12 months; however, it may be removed earlier in the Envirolet if the Microbe accelerator is added frequently.

5 RMIT Classification: Trusted

Make of system: Kazuba, Model: STK, KL2-pmr

Type of system: urine separating, non-electric, waterless.

Sizes/ use per day: 10,000-15,000 uses per year. Approx. 40 uses / day. Dimensions: tank: width: 2.20 m long, 1.0 m in length, 0.8 m height (just the tank), 3.87 m height (with chimney), KL2-pmr: House: height: 2.42 m, width: 2.34 m. Toilet bowl: 47 cm height, 35 cm diameter.

Uses till clean out is required: approx. 15,000 uses per year.

Power requirements: non-Electric system.

Bulking agent addition: no bulking agent is needed.

Operational detail: The STK is an autonomous, sealed, solution. A simple and robust design, manufactured in medium density polyethylene, it contains no internal moving parts. Using the sun’s energy to heat the system and the wind to turn an extractor, the STK creates a near constant flow of air inside the unit. The air flow reduces the water content of the waste through evaporation and dehydration (up to 90% of faecal matter is water), thus significantly lowering the volume along with the burden of servicing. The STK is used like an ordinary toilet (there is no straw or sawdust to add), except there is no ‘flush’. The flow of air generated by the system ensures odour-free operation.

Operational constraints: It is intended for use in hot climates. It needs exposure to sun and wind for liquid to evaporate. Solid waste is composted and can be disposed of on or off site. The system can be placed next to water. Suppliers claim it can also operate in cold climates as long as it is positioned where wind and sun can be accessed.

Disposal of waste: Compost is removed twice a year and placed nearby.

Maintenance: Depending on the frequency of use, servicing is usually carried out once or twice a year. In circumstances of low frequency of use, servicing can take place every 2 or even 3 years. Servicing can be carried out in one of two ways, either on or off site. Onsite servicing: Solid waste is eventually dried inside the STK to a point where it is odour- and pathogen-free and can be disposed of on site. Disposal involves emptying the baskets of solid waste by hand and disposing either by further composting, by burial or by incineration. Liquid waste: If it accumulates, a is used. http://kazuba.eu/en/the-stk/

Installation: Clearance is required.

Hazards during service: The Kazuba does not require regular service. It only has to be emptied once a year. The main microbiological risks are low as long as the waste has been stored for a year. Gloves and mouth covers should be worn when emptying the container.

Lack of maintenance risks: The main risk is to have the toilet full and the material not composting, creating bad odours and not removing the pathogens.

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