DOCSLIB.ORG

Compendium of Sanitation Technologies in Emergencies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Compendium of Sanitation Technologies in Emergencies Compendium 1st Edition of Sanitation Technologies in Emergencies Compendium 1st Edition of Sanitation Technologies in Emergencies Robert Gensch (GTO), Amy Jennings (BORDA), Samuel Renggli (Eawag), Philippe Reymond (Eawag) We would like to thank the following individuals and their organisations/institutions for their invaluable contributions to this publication: Djilali Abdelghafour, Nienke Andriessen, Leonellha Barreto-Dillon, Andy Bastable, Magdalena Bäuerl, Benjamin Bernan- dino, Damian Blanc, Franck Bouvet, Patrick Bracken, Chris Buckley, Marc-Andre Bünzli, Chris Canaday, Daniel Clauss, Benjamin Dard, Malcolm Dickson, Paul Donahue, Georg Ecker, Miriam Englund, Marta Fernández Cortés, Suzanne Ferron, Claire Furlong, Sergio Gelli, Feline Gerstenberg, Moritz Gold, Celia González Otálora, Peter Harvey, Oliver Hoffmann, Tineke Hooijmans, Andrews Jacobs, Heidi Johnston, Christopher Kellner, Anthony Kilbride, Sasha Kramer, Jenny Lamb, Günther Langergraber, Anne Lloyd, Andreas Ludwig, Christoph Lüthi, Saskia Machel, Grover Mamani, Adeline Mertenat, Mona Mijthab, Alexander Miller, Patrice Moix, Paolo Monaco, Bella Monse, Hans-Joachim Mosler, Burt Murray, Arne Pane sar, Thilo Panzerbieter, Jonathan Parkinson, Dominique Porteaud, Nick Preneta, Torsten Reckerzügl, Bob Reed, Stefan Reuter, Romain Revol, Nina Röttgers, Johannes Rück, Vasco Schelbert, Jan-Christoph Schlenk, Jan-Hendrik Schmidt, Stephanie Schramm, Jan Spit, Haakon Spriewald, Steve Sugden, Annkatrin Tempel, Elisabeth Tilley, Erika Trabucco, Tobias Ulbrich, Lukas Ulrich, Claudio Valsangiacomo, Joel Velimsky, Grégoire Virard, Sophia von Dobschuetz, Barbara Ward, Cornelia Wiekort, Megan Wilson-Jones, Alexander Wriege-Bechthold, Imanol Zabaleta, Fiona Zakaria, Chris Zurbrügg Our special thanks for hosting the online We would like to acknowledge platform of the compendium go to: support from: The Global WASH Cluster The German Federal Foreign Office The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance and The Swiss Agency for Development and its Secretariat hosted by GIZ Cooperation (SDC) Foreword Sanitation has the potential to save lives; poorly implemented or man- aged sanitation does not. Reality has taught us that to safe-guard lives we must look beyond the toilet, considering the full sanitation chain: from the toilet via collection, transport, treatment to the safe disposal or reuse. The complexity of the issue, combined with the wide range of contexts and crisis settings remains a challenge to many organisations – an acknowl- edged gap in the sector. How can we all ensure a high quality of response with regard to sanitation? This publication is an essential contribution to the sector – providing an excellent capacity building and decision support tool for sanitation solu- tions in humanitarian contexts. Thereby it helps to improve the coordina- tion that we as a Cluster strive for, as good coordination can only take place if all actors in the feld have the required tools and technical capac- ity, and speak the same technical language. By producing a humanitarian counterpart publication to the existing Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, widely used in the development sector, this document also contributes to the complementarity between the humanitarian and development WASH realms. Together with the Global WASH Cluster partners and under the leadership of German WASH Network, Eawag and the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, the creation of this publication has been an amazing collaborative effort with contributions from a multitude of international sector experts and organisations – striving to present the whole spectrum of sanitation tech- nologies and systems, being as unbiased to single technical solutions as possible. In a next step, the Global WASH Cluster is delighted to host the online ver- sion of this compendium together with the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance. We are grateful to the partners and donors, who have made this possible through their past and continuous support. Dominique Porteaud Global WASH Cluster Coordinator Table of Contents Introduction Background and Target Audience 8 Structure and Use of the Compendium 8 Compendium Terminology 9 Sanitation System Template and Technology Selection 12 Disaster and Crisis Scenarios 14 Emergency Phases 16 Key Decision Criteria 17 Technology Overviews for Different Contexts 20 PART 1: Technology Overview General Technology Overview (including Cross-Cutting Issues) 22 Sanitation Technologies in Different Emergency Phases 23 Sanitation Technologies for Challenging Ground Conditions 24 Water-Based and Dry Sanitation Technologies 25 U User Interface 26 U.1 Dry Toilet 28 U.2 Urine Diversion Dry Toilet 30 U.3 Urinals 32 U.4 Flush Toilet 34 U.5 Controlled Open Defecation 36 U.6 Shallow Trench Latrine 38 U.7 Handwashing Facility 40 S Collection and Storage/Treatment 42 S.1 Deep Trench Latrine 44 S.2 Borehole Latrine 46 S.3 Single Pit Latrine 48 S.4 Single Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) 50 S.5 Twin Pit Dry System 52 S.6 Twin Pit with Pour Flush 54 S.7 Raised Latrine 56 S.8 Single Vault Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilet (UDDT) 58 S.9 Double Vault Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilet (UDDT) 60 S.10 Container-Based Toilet 62 S.11 Chemical Toilet 64 S.12 Worm-Based Toilet (Emerging Technology) 66 S.13 Septic Tank 68 S.14 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) 70 S.15 Anaerobic Filter 72 S.16 Biogas Reactor 74 S.17 Hydrated Lime Treatment (Emerging Technology) 76 S.18 Urea Treatment (Emerging Technology) 78 S.19 Lactic Acid Fermentation (LAF) Treatment (Emerging Technology) 80 S.20 Caustic Soda Treatment (Emerging Technology) 82 C Conveyance 84 C.1 Manual Emptying and Transport 86 C.2 Motorised Emptying and Transport 88 C.3 Simplified Sewer 90 C.4 Conventional Gravity Sewer 92 C.5 Stormwater Drainage 94 C.6 Transfer Station and Storage 96 T (Semi-) Centralised Treatment 98 PRE Pre-Treatment Technologies 100 T.1 Settler 102 T.2 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) 104 T.3 Anaerobic Filter 106 T.4 Biogas Reactor 108 T.5 Waste Stabilisation Ponds 110 T.6 Constructed Wetland 112 T.7 Trickling Filter 114 T.8 Sedimentation and Thickening Ponds 116 T.9 Unplanted Drying Bed 118 T.10 Planted Drying Bed 120 T.11 (Co-)Composting 122 T.12 Vermicomposting and Vermifiltration (Emerging Technology) 124 T.13 Activated Sludge 126 POST Tertiary Filtration and Disinfection 128 D Use and/or Disposal 130 D.1 Application of Stored Urine 132 D.2 Application of Dried Faeces 134 D.3 Application of Pit Humus and Compost 136 D.4 Application of Sludge 138 D.5 Fill and Cover: Arborloo and Deep Row Entrenchment 140 D.6 Surface Disposal and Sanitary Landfill 142 D.7 Use of Biogas 144 D.8 Co-Combustion of Sludge (Emerging Technology) 146 D.9 Leach Field 148 D.10 Soak Pit 150 D.11 Irrigation 152 D.12 Water Disposal and Groundwater Recharge 154 D.13 Fish Ponds 156 PART 2: Cross-Cutting Issues X Initial Situation 160 X.1 Assessment of the Initial Situation 160 X.2 Rehabilitation of Existing Infrastructure 161 X.3 Soil and Groundwater Assessment 162 X.4 Institutional and Regulatory Environment 165 X Conceptual Aspects 166 X.5 Resilience and Preparedness 166 X.6 Exit Strategy, Hand-Over and Decommissioning of Infrastructure 168 X.7 Urban Settings and Protracted Crisis Scenarios 169 X.8 Solid Waste Management 171 X.9 Cholera Prevention and Epidemic Management 173 X Design and Social Considerations 176 X.10 Inclusive and Equitable Design 176 X.11 Child Excreta Management 179 X.12 Hygiene Promotion and Working with Affected Communities 179 X.13 Market-Based Programming 182 Appendix Glossary 186 References 190 Bibliographic References 198 making by providing the necessary framework for de- Introduction signing a sanitation system, by giving concise informa- tion on key decision criteria for each technology, facili- tating the combination of technologies to come up with full sanitation system solutions and linking it to relevant Background and Target Audience cross-cutting issues. The publication can be seen as a starting point to access relevant information for the Appropriate and adequate sanitation solutions are crucial design of suitable sanitation system solutions. The users for the protection of human and environmental health in are also directed to additional information through fur- emergencies. In recent years there has been an increas- ther referen ces in the publication and through an inter- ing number of sanitation innovations, appropriate for a active online version (www.washcluster.net/emersan- variety of humanitarian contexts and a stronger sector compendium) with additional information and tools (case focus on the entire sanitation service chain (from the toi- studies, pictures, video tutorials, a comprehensive library let via collection and conveyance to the final treatment and a forum). and safe disposal and/or reuse). This publication is not a detailed design manual, rather Building on these developments, the Compendium of it is a user-friendly toolkit meant to facilitate informed Sanitation Technologies in Emergencies provides a com- decision-making in designing emergency sanitation sys- prehensive, structured and user-friendly manual and tems. As such, the publication is meant to be used in con- planning guide for sanitation solutions in emergency set- junction with other available publications and tools. tings. It serves as a systematic overview of existing and emerging sanitation technologies appropriate for use in humanitarian emergency settings along the entire sani- Structure and Use of the Compendium tation service chain. The target audience includes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iowa Code Chapter 138 Migrant Labor Camps
    Iowa Code Chapter 138 Migrant Labor Camps 138.1 Definitions. When used in this chapter unless the context otherwise requires: 1. "Camp operator" means the person who has been granted a permit, in accordance with the provisions of this chapter, to operate a migrant labor camp, or portion thereof. 2. "Chemical toilet" means a nonwater carriage toilet facility where human waste is collected in a container charged with a chemical solution for the purpose of disinfecting and deodorizing such waste. 3. "Communicable disease" means any of those diseases regulated by state or local communicable disease laws, ordinances, or regulations. 4. "Department" means the Iowa department of public health. 5. "Director" means the director of public health or the director's designee. 6. "Garbage" means all putrescible animal or vegetable wastes resulting from the handling, preparation, cooking, or consumption of food at a migrant labor camp. 7. "Migrant" means any individual who customarily and repeatedly travels from state to state for the purpose of obtaining seasonal employment in agriculture, including the spouse and children of such individuals, whether or not authorized by law to engage in such employment. 8. "Migrant labor camp" means one or more buildings, structures, shelters, tents, trailers, or vehicles or any other structure or a combination thereof together with the land appertaining thereto, established, operated, or maintained as living quarters for seven or more migrants or two or more shelters. A camp shall include such land or quarters separate from one another if the migrants housed therein work at any time for the same person and the total number of migrants in all such camps is seven or more.
    [Show full text]
  • A Novel Waste Water Treatment Plant for the Disposal of Organic Waste from Mobile Toilets
    A Novel Waste Water Treatment Plant for The Disposal of Organic Waste from Mobile Toilets A Novel Waste Water Treatment Plant for The Disposal of Organic Waste from Mobile Toilets G. BONIFAZI, R. GASBARRONE, R. PALMIERI, G. CAPOBIANCO, S. SERRANTI Departments of Medical Sciences and Biotechnologies and of Chemical Eng. Materials, Environment- Sapienza University of Rome, Abstract The EU wastewater management industry is continuously looking for innovative technological solutions that can enter the market with a reduced environmental impact. This paper focuses on the problems associated to the disposal of human waste and on the specific market of the so-called mobile toilets. These are independent portable units equipped with sanitary tools that use chemical agents to disinfect the vessel and not connected to the sewer network. With growing awareness towards effective sanitation, mobile toilets have gained immense popularity in recent years and are now widely used at construction sites, event venues, public places, and in several other application like temporary refugee housing, migrants’ camps, military missions, cases of natural disasters, airplanes, trains, campers, caravans and campsites. This paper illustrates a new process for the disposal of organic waste from mobile toilets. Keywords: Waste Water Treatment Plants, Chemical Portable Toilets, Use of sludges in agriculture. 1. Introduction into surface and ground water and to avoid toxic effects on soil, plants, animals and humans. In The use of sludge in agriculture within the EU is most cases, national authorities have currently regulated only by the limits of heavy implemented policies supporting the use of metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) listed in sludge in agriculture, as it is considered to be the Council Directive 86/278/EEC.
    [Show full text]
  • NFPA 70®-2020 Edition National Electrical Code® TIA Log No.: 1598 Reference: 406.9(C), Exception No
    NFPA 70®-2020 Edition National Electrical Code® TIA Log No.: 1598 Reference: 406.9(C), Exception No. 2(new) Comment Closing Date: August 23, 2021 Submitter: Kerry Stackpole, Plumbing Manufacturers International (PMI) www.nfpa.org/70 1. Add a new Exception No. 2 to Section 406.9(C) to read as follows: 406.9 Receptacles in Damp or Wet Locations. … (C) Bathtub and Shower Space. Receptacles shall not be installed within a zone measured 900 mm (3 ft) horizontally and 2.5 m (8 ft) vertically from the top of the bathtub rim or shower stall threshold. The identified zone is all-encompassing and shall include the space directly over the tub or shower stall. Exception No. 1: In bathrooms with less than the required zone the receptacle(s) shall be permitted to be installed opposite the bathtub rim or shower stall threshold on the farthest wall within the room. Exception No. 2: In a dwelling unit, a single receptacle shall be permitted for an electronic toilet or personal hygiene device such as an electronic bidet seat. The receptacle shall be readily accessible and located on one of the following: (1) The wall behind the toilet but not behind the tank (2) The opposite side of the toilet from the bathtub or shower Substantiation: It is quite common for a toilet to be located next to a bathtub or shower in a residential bathroom. The existing text in NFPA 70 could prevent the installation of a receptacle that is necessary for the operation of an electronic toilet (also known as a “smart toilet”) or personal hygiene device (e.g., electronic bidet seat) where a toilet is located within 3 feet horizontally of a bathtub or shower.
    [Show full text]
  • Flushing Money Away?
    Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority Making Paradise Possible Are you flushing money away? WATER USE If every American home with older, inefficient toilets replaced them with new high efficiency toilets, we would SAVE save nearly 640 billion gallons 67% of water per year, equal to OLDER LOW more than two weeks of flow Toilets account for approximately 27 percent of a home’s TOILET FLOW over Niagara Falls. indoor water consumption. Toilets are also a major source of wasted water due to leaks or inefficiency. Jiggling the handle is not a solution! It’s a symptom of something that could cost you Replacement of older toilets with low flow models can hundreds of dollars while wasting thousands of gallons save approximately 4,000 gal per year per person. of water each year. A simple way to test your toilet for Whether you're remodeling a bathroom, building a new leaks is to add a few drops of food coloring to the top home, or simply replacing an old, leaky toilet, a Water- tank, wait a few hours and see if any color seeps down into the bowl. Sense labeled toilet is a great option. FKAA can help. WaterSense Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority has a wide variety of , a program Toilets use either a siphonic sponsored by the U.S. or a wash-down method to conservation tools and methods available for you to use. remove waste from the bowl. Please contact any of our offices and ask about how you Environmental Protection e siphonic method, more can start saving right away.
    [Show full text]
  • M. Silvia Díaz Cruz Damià Barceló Editors
    The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 36 Series Editors: Damià Barceló · Andrey G. Kostianoy M. Silvia Díaz‐Cruz Damià Barceló Editors Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Founded by Otto Hutzinger Editors-in-Chief: Damia` Barcelo´ l Andrey G. Kostianoy Volume 36 Advisory Board: Jacob de Boer, Philippe Garrigues, Ji-Dong Gu, Kevin C. Jones, Thomas P. Knepper, Alice Newton, Donald L. Sparks More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/698 Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment Volume Editors: M. Silvia Dı´az‐Cruz Á Damia` Barcelo´ With contributions by A.G. Asimakopoulos Á M. Al Aukidy Á D. Barcelo´ Á M. Badia-Fabregat Á M.J. Bernot Á G. Caminal Á A. Chisvert Á M.M. de Oliveira e Sa´ Á K. Demeestere Á M. Di Carro Á M.S. Dı´az-Cruz Á J.C.G. Esteves da Silva Á P. Gago-Ferrero Á C. Ianni Á J.R. Justice Á K. Kannan Á M. Li Á M. Lv Á E. Magi Á M.S. Miranda Á D. Molins-Delgado Á S. Montesdeoca-Esponda Á I.N. Pasias Á B.R. Ramaswamy Á A. Salvador Á J.J. Santana-Rodrı´guez Á Z. Sosa-Ferrera Á Q. Sun Á S. Tanwar Á N.S. Thomaidis Á H. Van Langenhove Á T. Vega-Morales Á P. Verlicchi Á T. Vicent Á B. Yang Á G.-G. Ying Á C.-P. Yu Á E. Zambello Editors M. Silvia Dı´az‐Cruz Damia` Barcelo´ Department of Environmental Chemistry Department of Environmental Chemistry IDAEA-CSIC IDAEA-CSIC Barcelona Barcelona Spain Spain University of Girona ICRA Girona Spain ISSN 1867-979X ISSN 1616-864X (electronic) The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ISBN 978-3-319-18808-9 ISBN 978-3-319-18809-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18809-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015944206 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • What Happens When We Flush?
    Anthropology Now ISSN: 1942-8200 (Print) 1949-2901 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uann20 What Happens When We Flush? Nicholas C. Kawa To cite this article: Nicholas C. Kawa (2016) What Happens When We Flush?, Anthropology Now, 8:2, 34-43 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19428200.2016.1202580 Published online: 29 Sep 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 17 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=uann20 Download by: [Tufts University] Date: 04 January 2017, At: 14:38 features reach far into our houses with their tentacles, they are carefully hidden from view, and we are happily ignorant of the invisible Venice What Happens When of shit underlying our bathrooms, bedrooms, dance halls, and parliaments.”1 We Flush? So what really happens when the mod- ern toilet goes “flush”? The human excreta it Nicholas C. Kawa handles most certainly does not disappear. Instead, a potential resource is turned into waste. But it hasn’t always been this way, and ost people who use a flush toilet prob- it doesn’t have to be. Mably don’t spend a lot of time thinking about where their bodily fluids and solids will journey after they deposit them. This is be- Dark Earths and Night Soils cause modern sanitation systems are designed to limit personal responsibilities when it Much of my research as an environmental comes to managing these most intimate forms anthropologist has focused on human rela- of excreta.
    [Show full text]
  • The Blair VIP a Short History
    TheThe BlairBlair VIPVIP AA shortshort historyhistory PeterPeter MorganMorgan TheThe BlairBlair LatrineLatrine waswas developeddeveloped inin ZimbabweZimbabwe duringduring thethe earlyearly 19701970’’ss inin responseresponse toto aa feltfelt need.need. At that time pit latrines were known for their bad smells and uncontrolled fly breeding. They were both unpleasant to use and posed a serious health hazard. People often preferred to use the bush as a toilet. This may have been OK in remote areas and in the dry season. But in more densely populated areas and during the rains, such a method was undesirable. The Blair Latrine has been used by the Ministry of Health in its rural sanitation programme since 1975. The Blair Latrine was designed and developed at the MOH’s Blair Research Laboratory. The first experimental ventilated pit latrine was built in 1973, and after two years of testing, it became available for use by the Ministry of Health in May 1975. At that time details of this research and development were sent to South Africa and Botswana, where similar toilets were also constructed. Over 500 000 Blair latrines have been built in Zimbabwe since 1975, serving over 3 million people. The Blair Latrine later became known as the VIP (Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine). Long Life This Blair VIP was built at Henderson Research Station in 1976. It was still being used in 2010. LongLong Life!Life! This Blair VIP was also built at Henderson Research Station in 1976. It was still being used in 2010 and was in perfect condition. The pit was large, being 1.5m in diameter and 3m deep.
    [Show full text]
  • Ben Whaley: What I Write About When I Write About Gaming
    SUBMISSIONS GUIDELINES (/CONTACT) about (/about) CURRENT PRINT ISSUE (/LATEST-PRINT- commentary (/commentary) ISSUE) editorial board (/new-page) PREVIOUS ISSUES (/NEW-PAGE-4) advisory board (/new-page-2) STYLE GUIDE (/NEW-PAGE-1) bulletin of concerned asian scholars, 1968-2001 VISIT US ON TWITTER (https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rcra19/32/4? (HTTPS://TWITTER.COM/CRITICASIANSTDS) CAS (/) nav=toclist) 2019.24: Ben Whaley: What I Write About When I Write About Gaming DECEMBER 3, 2019 I am about twenty-five hours into The World Ends with You, a Japanese role-playing game about a socially-withdrawn teenager who inhabits an afterlife modeled on Tokyo’s youth district Shibuya, when I am thrust into yet another random battle against a group of pink jellyfish monsters. How I hate these jellyfish! They clone themselves when attacked and quickly multiply to overtake your screen. Having already bested this frustrating enemy multiple times during the last hour of play, I sigh and put down my Nintendo DS portable system. Despite what my colleagues and students might think, playing videogames for academic research is indeed hard work! Even if you don’t actively play videogames, you’ve likely heard the argument that classic Japanese games such as Space Invaders (1978) and Donkey Kong (1981) revitalized the North American gaming industry as it stood on the brink of collapse in the 1980s. These games, and others like it, continue to occupy a central place alongside manga (print comics) and animation within Japan’s transmedia ecosystem. Videogames are a pretty big deal in Japan: each year, over 250,000 people attend the annual Tokyo Game Show; Wi-Fi hotspots in Tokyo’s Akihabara electronics district allow passersby to download limited-edition content for their favorite portable games; Mario and Luigi appear on video quiz shows regularly broadcast throughout Tokyo subway cars; and the interactive urinal videogame developed by Sega known as Toylets (2011) even lets men compete in different mini games based on the volume and intensity of their pee.
    [Show full text]
  • HEALTH ASPECTS of DRY SANITATION with WASTE REUSE Anne Peasey
    HEALTH ASPECTS OF DRY SANITATION WITH WASTE REUSE Anne Peasey Task No. 324 WELL STUDIES IN WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse Anne Peasey WELL Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse ii London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London WC1E 7HT © LSHTM/WEDC Peasey, A. (2000) Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse WELL Designed and Produced at LSHTM Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND Dry sanitation is defined in this report as the on-site disposal of human urine and faeces without the use of water as a carrier. This definition includes many of the most popular options for low- cost sanitation including pit latrines, Ventilated Improved Pits, SanPlats, etc. There has always been an interest in the reuse of human waste as a fertiliser, and there has been much recent work on the development of composting and other processes to permit human waste reuse. This report examines the practice of dry sanitation with reuse in Mexico, with a particular focus on health issues and the lessons to be learned from case studies and experience. DRY SANITATION WITH REUSE There are two distinct technical approaches to dry sanitation with reuse; · Dehydration. Urine and faeces are managed separately. The deposited faecal matter may be dried by the addition of lime, ash, or earth, and the contents are simply isolated from human contact for a specified period of time to reduce the presence of pathogens. · Decomposition (composting) In this process, bacteria, worms, or other organisms are used to break organic matter down to produce compost.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cultural and Environmental Unsoundness of the Chinese Public Squatting-Type Toilet: a Case Study Toward a Sustainable Excreta Treatment System
    Environ. Eng. Res. 2014 March,19(0), 0-0 Research Paper http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2014.19.0.0 pISSN 1226-1025 eISSN 2005-968X In Press, Uncorrected Proof The Cultural and Environmental Unsoundness of the Chinese Public Squatting-type Toilet: A Case Study toward a Sustainable Excreta Treatment System Jin-Soo Chang Molecular Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Biological & Genetic Resources Institute (BGRI), Hannam University (Jeonming), 505 Inno-Biz Park, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yeseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea Abstract The inconvenient truth of sustainable public squat toilet culture varies among nationalities. According to the adequate environmental management in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (YKAP), northern China, this culture may be comfortable to the people of China, yet uncomfortable to the non-Chinese. We conducted a series of field surveys and individual interviews (Chinese n = 1000 and non-Chinese (foreign visitors) n = 100) on several aspects of the public squat toilet: structural properties, waste disposal methods, important factors, and overall satisfaction level. The significant factors in response to the public squat toilets were cleanliness, odor, toilet paper, temperature, soap, other facilities, and presence of cubicles. These factors should be the policy priorities of local government. In addition, 66.2% of Chinese and 91% of foreign visitors desired type E toilets (two full-height partition walls per cubicle, with a door). The results illustrate the nature of a sustainable and aesthetic approach to the culturally and environmentally sound management of various types of public squat toilet in YKAP. The government needs to focus on the future-oriented and excreta treatment management of the sustainable toilet culture for the residents of, and visitors to, YKAP.
    [Show full text]
  • Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) Services in Nigeria} Public Disclosure Authorized
    Report No: AUS0000053 . Nigeria Sustainable WSS Services in Nigeria { Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) Services in Nigeria} Public Disclosure Authorized . {December 2017} . WAT . Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized . Document of the World Bank . © 2017 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. {YEAR OF PUBLICATION}. {TITLE}. © World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Technical Assistance to Fecal Sludge Management Services in Port Harcourt, Nigeria Selection #1222708 ASSESSMENT REPORT AND PROJECT DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED PILOT AREAS 1 August 2017 ii Project Development in Selected Pilot Areas EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The imperative for improving the collection, treatment, and disposal of human excreta is gaining increasing attention in international development efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Together for Waterless Toilets
    Together for waterless toilets This years biggest news, though the smallest toilet. You can read all about our tiny master on page 12 and 13. Separett 2021 Intro ”Our vision is to contribute to a higher quality of life for the many” This broschure has been created with accuracy. Products may differ slightly from image and reality. We reserve the right to make any product changes regarding appearance and content as well as errors in text and images 2 3 Intro Separett 2021 The journey towards hygenic toilet solutions Over 2,4 million people are at the moment not having www.separett.com access to a toilet. The result of this is the every year death of Look in to our blogg for thousands of adults and children. The contribution of interesting articles and Separett being able to provide toilet solutions that can give other fun reading people a higher quality of life all over the world is very important. We want to accelerate the development of hygenic toilet solutions for the population of the world. That is the mission of Separett. And we do it by developing sewage- and waterless toilets. It is a long journey I want to improve that is being guided by our Separett AB hearts more than our economical goals. It is only together that we can at Youtube. reach the goals being set by United nations regarding the security for Follow our Youtube channel for inspiration and advices safe water and sanitation around the world. As a part of the humanity and its progress towards sanitary toilet solutions are we at Separett together with a non-profit organisation sending toilets to areas in Peru where the need of toilet solutions are great.
    [Show full text]