Compendium 1st Edition of Sanitation Technologies in Emergencies Compendium 1st Edition of Sanitation Technologies in Emergencies Robert Gensch (GTO), Amy Jennings (BORDA), Samuel Renggli (Eawag), Philippe Reymond (Eawag) We would like to thank the following individuals and their organisations/institutions for their invaluable contributions to this publication: Djilali Abdelghafour, Nienke Andriessen, Leonellha Barreto-Dillon, Andy Bastable, Magdalena Bäuerl, Benjamin Bernan- dino, Damian Blanc, Franck Bouvet, Patrick Bracken, Chris Buckley, Marc-Andre Bünzli, Chris Canaday, Daniel Clauss, Benjamin Dard, Malcolm Dickson, Paul Donahue, Georg Ecker, Miriam Englund, Marta Fernández Cortés, Suzanne Ferron, Claire Furlong, Sergio Gelli, Feline Gerstenberg, Moritz Gold, Celia González Otálora, Peter Harvey, Oliver Hoffmann, Tineke Hooijmans, Andrews Jacobs, Heidi Johnston, Christopher Kellner, Anthony Kilbride, Sasha Kramer, Jenny Lamb, Günther Langergraber, Anne Lloyd, Andreas Ludwig, Christoph Lüthi, Saskia Machel, Grover Mamani, Adeline Mertenat, Mona Mijthab, Alexander Miller, Patrice Moix, Paolo Monaco, Bella Monse, Hans-Joachim Mosler, Burt Murray, Arne Pane sar, Thilo Panzerbieter, Jonathan Parkinson, Dominique Porteaud, Nick Preneta, Torsten Reckerzügl, Bob Reed, Stefan Reuter, Romain Revol, Nina Röttgers, Johannes Rück, Vasco Schelbert, Jan-Christoph Schlenk, Jan-Hendrik Schmidt, Stephanie Schramm, Jan Spit, Haakon Spriewald, Steve Sugden, Annkatrin Tempel, Elisabeth Tilley, Erika Trabucco, Tobias Ulbrich, Lukas Ulrich, Claudio Valsangiacomo, Joel Velimsky, Grégoire Virard, Sophia von Dobschuetz, Barbara Ward, Cornelia Wiekort, Megan Wilson-Jones, Alexander Wriege-Bechthold, Imanol Zabaleta, Fiona Zakaria, Chris Zurbrügg Our special thanks for hosting the online We would like to acknowledge platform of the compendium go to: support from: The Global WASH Cluster The German Federal Foreign Office The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance and The Swiss Agency for Development and its Secretariat hosted by GIZ Cooperation (SDC) Foreword Sanitation has the potential to save lives; poorly implemented or man- aged sanitation does not. Reality has taught us that to safe-guard lives we must look beyond the toilet, considering the full sanitation chain: from the toilet via collection, transport, treatment to the safe disposal or reuse. The complexity of the issue, combined with the wide range of contexts and crisis settings remains a challenge to many organisations – an acknowl- edged gap in the sector. How can we all ensure a high quality of response with regard to sanitation? This publication is an essential contribution to the sector – providing an excellent capacity building and decision support tool for sanitation solu- tions in humanitarian contexts. Thereby it helps to improve the coordina- tion that we as a Cluster strive for, as good coordination can only take place if all actors in the feld have the required tools and technical capac- ity, and speak the same technical language. By producing a humanitarian counterpart publication to the existing Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, widely used in the development sector, this document also contributes to the complementarity between the humanitarian and development WASH realms. Together with the Global WASH Cluster partners and under the leadership of German WASH Network, Eawag and the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, the creation of this publication has been an amazing collaborative effort with contributions from a multitude of international sector experts and organisations – striving to present the whole spectrum of sanitation tech- nologies and systems, being as unbiased to single technical solutions as possible. In a next step, the Global WASH Cluster is delighted to host the online ver- sion of this compendium together with the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance. We are grateful to the partners and donors, who have made this possible through their past and continuous support. Dominique Porteaud Global WASH Cluster Coordinator Table of Contents Introduction Background and Target Audience 8 Structure and Use of the Compendium 8 Compendium Terminology 9 Sanitation System Template and Technology Selection 12 Disaster and Crisis Scenarios 14 Emergency Phases 16 Key Decision Criteria 17 Technology Overviews for Different Contexts 20 PART 1: Technology Overview General Technology Overview (including Cross-Cutting Issues) 22 Sanitation Technologies in Different Emergency Phases 23 Sanitation Technologies for Challenging Ground Conditions 24 Water-Based and Dry Sanitation Technologies 25 U User Interface 26 U.1 Dry Toilet 28 U.2 Urine Diversion Dry Toilet 30 U.3 Urinals 32 U.4 Flush Toilet 34 U.5 Controlled Open Defecation 36 U.6 Shallow Trench Latrine 38 U.7 Handwashing Facility 40 S Collection and Storage/Treatment 42 S.1 Deep Trench Latrine 44 S.2 Borehole Latrine 46 S.3 Single Pit Latrine 48 S.4 Single Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) 50 S.5 Twin Pit Dry System 52 S.6 Twin Pit with Pour Flush 54 S.7 Raised Latrine 56 S.8 Single Vault Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilet (UDDT) 58 S.9 Double Vault Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilet (UDDT) 60 S.10 Container-Based Toilet 62 S.11 Chemical Toilet 64 S.12 Worm-Based Toilet (Emerging Technology) 66 S.13 Septic Tank 68 S.14 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) 70 S.15 Anaerobic Filter 72 S.16 Biogas Reactor 74 S.17 Hydrated Lime Treatment (Emerging Technology) 76 S.18 Urea Treatment (Emerging Technology) 78 S.19 Lactic Acid Fermentation (LAF) Treatment (Emerging Technology) 80 S.20 Caustic Soda Treatment (Emerging Technology) 82 C Conveyance 84 C.1 Manual Emptying and Transport 86 C.2 Motorised Emptying and Transport 88 C.3 Simplified Sewer 90 C.4 Conventional Gravity Sewer 92 C.5 Stormwater Drainage 94 C.6 Transfer Station and Storage 96 T (Semi-) Centralised Treatment 98 PRE Pre-Treatment Technologies 100 T.1 Settler 102 T.2 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) 104 T.3 Anaerobic Filter 106 T.4 Biogas Reactor 108 T.5 Waste Stabilisation Ponds 110 T.6 Constructed Wetland 112 T.7 Trickling Filter 114 T.8 Sedimentation and Thickening Ponds 116 T.9 Unplanted Drying Bed 118 T.10 Planted Drying Bed 120 T.11 (Co-)Composting 122 T.12 Vermicomposting and Vermifiltration (Emerging Technology) 124 T.13 Activated Sludge 126 POST Tertiary Filtration and Disinfection 128 D Use and/or Disposal 130 D.1 Application of Stored Urine 132 D.2 Application of Dried Faeces 134 D.3 Application of Pit Humus and Compost 136 D.4 Application of Sludge 138 D.5 Fill and Cover: Arborloo and Deep Row Entrenchment 140 D.6 Surface Disposal and Sanitary Landfill 142 D.7 Use of Biogas 144 D.8 Co-Combustion of Sludge (Emerging Technology) 146 D.9 Leach Field 148 D.10 Soak Pit 150 D.11 Irrigation 152 D.12 Water Disposal and Groundwater Recharge 154 D.13 Fish Ponds 156 PART 2: Cross-Cutting Issues X Initial Situation 160 X.1 Assessment of the Initial Situation 160 X.2 Rehabilitation of Existing Infrastructure 161 X.3 Soil and Groundwater Assessment 162 X.4 Institutional and Regulatory Environment 165 X Conceptual Aspects 166 X.5 Resilience and Preparedness 166 X.6 Exit Strategy, Hand-Over and Decommissioning of Infrastructure 168 X.7 Urban Settings and Protracted Crisis Scenarios 169 X.8 Solid Waste Management 171 X.9 Cholera Prevention and Epidemic Management 173 X Design and Social Considerations 176 X.10 Inclusive and Equitable Design 176 X.11 Child Excreta Management 179 X.12 Hygiene Promotion and Working with Affected Communities 179 X.13 Market-Based Programming 182 Appendix Glossary 186 References 190 Bibliographic References 198 making by providing the necessary framework for de- Introduction signing a sanitation system, by giving concise informa- tion on key decision criteria for each technology, facili- tating the combination of technologies to come up with full sanitation system solutions and linking it to relevant Background and Target Audience cross-cutting issues. The publication can be seen as a starting point to access relevant information for the Appropriate and adequate sanitation solutions are crucial design of suitable sanitation system solutions. The users for the protection of human and environmental health in are also directed to additional information through fur- emergencies. In recent years there has been an increas- ther referen ces in the publication and through an inter- ing number of sanitation innovations, appropriate for a active online version (www.washcluster.net/emersan- variety of humanitarian contexts and a stronger sector compendium) with additional information and tools (case focus on the entire sanitation service chain (from the toi- studies, pictures, video tutorials, a comprehensive library let via collection and conveyance to the final treatment and a forum). and safe disposal and/or reuse). This publication is not a detailed design manual, rather Building on these developments, the Compendium of it is a user-friendly toolkit meant to facilitate informed Sanitation Technologies in Emergencies provides a com- decision-making in designing emergency sanitation sys- prehensive, structured and user-friendly manual and tems. As such, the publication is meant to be used in con- planning guide for sanitation solutions in emergency set- junction with other available publications and tools. tings. It serves as a systematic overview of existing and emerging sanitation technologies appropriate for use in humanitarian emergency settings along the entire sani- Structure and Use of the Compendium tation service chain. The target audience includes