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DIGITAL PHILIPS TECHNICAL LIBRARY

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

F. DOKTER and J. STEINHAUER

Macmillan Education Original German edition © N.Y. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken, Eindhoven, 1969 English edition© N.Y. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken, Eindhoven, 1973

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1973

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission.

SBN 333 13360 9

ISBN 978-1-349-01419-4 ISBN 978-1-349-01417-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-01417-0

First published in English by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Toronto Melbourne Dublin Johannesburg and Madras

PHILIPS Trademarks of N.Y. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken Preface

Digital techniques represent one of the most modern developments in the field of electronics. In the space of a few years, they have come to play a leading role in measuring and data-processing systems, and their impor• tance is still growing. The associated explosive development of digital components, circuits, instruments and systems makes it difficult even for the specialist to keep abreast of the literature in this field, and it will be clear that the student or the specialist in other disciplines will find this task even harder. Despite the volume and complexity of the modern literature on digital techniques, there are very few books which provide a general survey of the whole field such as is needed by someone who wants to teach him• self the subject. Textbooks generally only deal with highly specialized problems. The same is true of textbooks on related subjects such as , sequential , coding theory, etc. Moreover, the bulky handbooks of digital techniques are intended more as a work of reference for the specialist than as a guide to the student. The authors hope that the present book will help to fill the above• mentioned gap. It has been planned to give as systematic an introduction as possible to all topics of importance in digital techniques. Theoretical derivations are only given where absolutely necessary for the understand• ing of the subject matter. Each chapter includes not only the theoretical basis of the topic discussed, but also specimen calculations and discussion of practical problems. For those who would like to go deeper into various matters, an extensive bibliography is provided. This book grew out of practical laboratory work, and will probably appeal most to the practical man. The authors will be grateful for com• ments and criticism which might help to improve later editions of this book. F. DOKTER J. STEINHAUER

v Contents

Table of Symbols ix Chapter

1 Analog and Digital Techniques in Electronic Measurement and Data Handling 1 Analog and digital representation of physical quantities-The basic functions of electronic data handling systems-The advantages and disadvantages of analog and digital systems

2 Coding 18 Introduction-Some terms and concepts from information theory-The representation of numbers-Coding numbers in the binary notation-Efficiency criteria for codes-The detection and correction of transmission errors-Coding complete texts by means of binary digits-Chain codes

3 Switching Algebra 82 The historical development of switching algebra-Definition of the basic functions-Survey of the functions of one and two input variables-Rules of calculation in switching algebra• Logical diagrams giving a visual representation of the rules of calculation of switching algebra-The practical application of switching algebra-Simplification methods in switching algebra-The NAND and NOR functions in switching algebra- The limits of classical switching algebra

4 Technical Realization of the Basic Logical Functions by Electronic Means 125 Survey of the commonly used logical systems-Preliminary remarks-- logic-Resistor- logic (RTL) -Diode-transistor logic (DTL)-Increasing the switching speed -Monolithic integrated circuits-Circuits with field effect vii ~ll CONTENTS -Survey of the various basic circuits-The use of NAND and NOR circuits in logical systems-Pulse gates-Bistable multi vibrators- Monostable multivibrators - The astable multivibrator-The Schmitt trigger-Output

5 The Design and Calculation of the Basic Logical Circuits 183 The transistor as a -Calculation of a switching stage• Calculation of basic logical circuits-Designing a pulse gate• Design of a Schmitt trigger

6 The Technology of Electronic and Digital Modules 210 The properties of electronic switches-Vacuum tubes-Gas filled tubes-Transistors-Digital modules with discrete com• ponents-Miniature electronics--Thin film switching circuits-Monolithic integrated circuits References 253 Index 265 Table of Symbols

NOTATION OF INPUTS AND OUTPUTS OF LOGIC CIRCUITS USED IN THIS BOOK

G =input of a (e.g. NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR gate) S* = forcing input of a bistable s R T J = preparatory inputs of a bistable K D v C = clock or command input of a bistable Q = output of all logic elements in general

SURVEY OF LOGIC SYMBOLS USED IN THIS BOOK (according to the IEC pro• posal from March 1970; except the bistables)

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS OF SWITCHING ALGEBRA USED IN THIS BOOK

mathematical Logic function example manner of speaking symbol

Negation - Q = (Jl Q is not G1

Conjunction Q =G1·Gz Q is G1 and G2 (AND function)

Disjunction Q = G1 + Gz Q is G1 or Gz (OR function) +

Equivalence - Q = (G1 = Gz) Q is G1 equivalent G2 ix X mathematical Logic function example manner of speaking symbol Antivalence :it'= Q = (G1 :it'= G)2 Q is G1 antivalent G2

NAND function l\ Q = G1 l\ G2 Q is G1 nand G2

NOR function v Q = G1 V G2 Q is G1 nor G2

c Q = G1 c G2 Q is G1 implicates G2 Implication ::::> Q = G1 => G2 Q is G2 implicates G1

QUANTITY SYMBOLS USED IN THIS BOOK In general values are represented by the appropriate letter

List of symbols A = d.c. current gain of a transistor (common base) B = d.c. current gain of a transistor (common emitter) b =width C = capacitance c = stiffness of a spring d = thickness e = digital basic unit F =force f = frequency I= current (d.c., maximum (peak) values) i =current (instantaneous values) or number of components per circuit K = damping coefficient I= length m =mass n = speed of rotation P =power p =pressure Q =quantity R = resistance r = internal resistance of a transistor or a diode T = temperature t =time V =voltage (d.c., maximum (peak) values) TABLE OF SYMBOLS xi v = voltage (instantaneous values) or velocity x =measured quantity e =strain p = resistivity oc = small (a.c.) current gain (common base) {3 =small signal (a.c.) current gain (common emitter)

Subscripts The various values may be indicated by following subscripts A = anode terminal K = cathode terminal E = emitter terminal B = base terminal or substrate for MOS devices C = collector terminal D = drain terminal G =gate terminal S = source terminal (for FETs only). as third subscript: short circuit between the terminal not mentioned and the reference terminal 0 =as third subscript: the terminal not mentioned is open circuited F =forward R =reverse E = input of a specified circuit A = output of a specified circuit S =surface M = maximum peak value (A V) = average value (RMS) = root mean square value (BR) = breakdown Z = zener L =load N = normal active operating range of a transistor I = inverse operating range of a transistor a= ambient c =case j =junction 511 = storage th =thermal tot =total n =floating xii DIGITAL ELECTRONICS sat = saturation sp = speed-up on = transistor switched on off = transistor switched off max = maximum min = minimum 1 =internal

Conventions for the use of subscripts 1. For the subscripts normally the appropriate lower case letter is used Examples: Ie = input current of a specified circuit Va = output voltage of a specified circuit 2. For transistors and upper case letters are used. For currents the first subscript indicates the terminal carrying the current. Examples: Ie =collector current IE = emitter current For transistors two subscripts are used to indicate the points between which the voltage is measured. Examples: VeE= collector-emitter voltage VBE = base-emitter voltage For diodes a forward voltage is represented by the subscript F and a reverse voltage by R. 3. Supply voltages for transistor circuits may be indicated by repeating the terminal subscript. Examples: Vee. VEE• VBB· In general supply voltages may be indicated by some other subscript. Examples: V1nd = supply voltage for indicator tubes v. = supply voltage in general