Basic Research Needs for Microelectronics Report of the Office of Science Workshop on Basic Research Needs for Microelectronics October 23 – 25, 2018 Cover image: A simplified schematic of a cross-bar circuit element designed for future low power, non-volatile memory or neuromorphic computing applications. “Row" and “column" metal interconnects form the cross-bar structure, with nanoscale memory elements residing at the intersections. Current research is focused on the design of these materials at the atomic level to enable dense digital and analog memory arrays with performance characteristics well beyond today’s circuits. Image courtesy of Argonne National Laboratory. DISCLAIMER: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government. MICROELECTRONICS Basic Research Needs for Microelectronics REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF SCIENCE WORKSHOP, OCTOBER 23-25, 2018 CHAIR: Cherry Murray, Harvard University CO-CHAIRS: Supratik Guha, Argonne National Laboratory and University of Chicago Dan Reed, University of Utah TECHNOLOGY LIAISON: Gil Herrera, Sandia National Laboratories PANEL LEADS: Panel 1: Microelectronics for Big Data at Future Facilities: Memory and Storage Kerstin Kleese van Dam, Brookhaven National Laboratory Sayeef Salahuddin, University of California at Berkeley Panel 2: Co-design for High Performance Computing beyond Exascale James Ang, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Thomas Conte, Georgia Institute of Technology Panel 3: Power Control, Conversion and Detection Debdeep Jena, Cornell University Robert Kaplar, Sandia National Laboratories Panel 4: Crosscutting Themes Harry Atwater, California Institute of Technology Rick Stevens, Argonne National Laboratory PLENARY SPEAKERS: Dushan Boroyevich, Virginia Tech University William Chappell, DARPA Tsu-Jae King Liu, University of California Berkeley Justin Rattner, Intel (retired) Michael Witherell, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory i REPORT OF THE BASIC RESEARCH NEEDS WORKSHOP REPORT WRITING: Khurram Afridi, Cornell University Simon Ang, University of Arkansas Jon Bock, Sandia National Laboratories Srabanti Chowdhury, Stanford University Suman Datta, University of Notre Dame Keith Evans, Great Lakes Crystal Technologies Jack Flicker, Sandia National Laboratories Mark Hollis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Noble Johnson, Palo Alto Research Center Ken Jones, Army Research Laboratory Peter Kogge, University of Notre Dame Sriram Krishnamoorthy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Matthew Marinella, Sandia National Laboratories Todd Monson, Sandia National Laboratories Sreekant Narumanchi, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Paul Ohodnicki, National Energy Technology Laboratory Ramamoorthy Ramesh, University of California at Berkeley Michael Schuette, Air Force Research Laboratory John Shalf, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Shadi Shahedipour-Sandvik, SUNY Polytechnic Institute Jerry Simmons, Sandia National Laboratories (retired) Valerie Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory Tom Theis, IBM (retired) OFFICE OF SCIENCE LEADS: Eric Colby, High Energy Physics Robinson Pino, Advanced Scientific Computing Research Andy Schwartz, Basic Energy Sciences SPECIAL ASSISTANCE: Administrative Katie Runkles, Basic Energy Sciences Editorial/Publication Joseph Harmon, Michele Nelson, Vicki Skonicki, Argonne National Laboratory ii MICROELECTRONICS Table of Contents Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................................................................v Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5 2. Priority Research Directions ............................................................................................................................................... 9 PRD 1 Flip the current paradigm: Define innovative material, device, and architecture requirements driven by applications, algorithms, and software............................................................11 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................................11 Scientific Challenges ......................................................................................................................................................14 Research Thrusts ............................................................................................................................................................ 19 Scientific and Technology Impact .............................................................................................................................20 PRD 2 Revolutionize memory and data storage .................................................................................................23 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Scientific Challenges .................................................................................................................................................... 25 Research Thrusts ........................................................................................................................................................... 25 Science and Technology Impact ............................................................................................................................... 29 PRD 3 Reimagine information flow unconstrained by interconnects ......................................................... 31 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................31 Scientific Challenges .................................................................................................................................................... 32 Research Thrusts ........................................................................................................................................................... 35 Scientific and Technology Impact ............................................................................................................................. 40 PRD 4 Redefine computing by leveraging unexploited physical phenomena ...............................................41 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................41 Scientific Challenges .................................................................................................................................................... 42 Research Thrusts ........................................................................................................................................................... 45 Scientific and Technology Impact ..............................................................................................................................47 PRD 5 Reinvent the electricity grid through new materials, devices, and architectures .............................51 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 51 Scientific Challenges .................................................................................................................................................... 53 Research Thrusts ........................................................................................................................................................... 55 Scientific and Technology Impact ............................................................................................................................. 56 iii REPORT OF THE BASIC RESEARCH NEEDS WORKSHOP 3. PANEL REPORTS ................................................................................................................................................................59 Panel 1 Microelectronics for Big Data at Future Facilities: Memory and Storage ...........................................61 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 61 Science Drivers ..............................................................................................................................................................