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Vegetation, Climate and Environmental Dynamics of the Black Sea/Northern Anatolian Region During the Last 134 Ka Obtained from Palynological Analysis

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Vegetation, Climate and Environmental Dynamics of the Black Sea/Northern Anatolian Region During the Last 134 Ka Obtained from Palynological Analysis Vegetation, climate and environmental dynamics of the Black Sea/Northern Anatolian region during the last 134 ka obtained from palynological analysis Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades "Doctor rerum naturalium" der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen im Promotionsprogramm Biologie der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) vorgelegt von Lyudmila Shumilovskikh aus Kukushtan, Permskaya oblast‘, Russland Göttingen, 2013 Betreuungsausschuss Prof. Dr. Hermann Behling, Abteilung Palynologie und Klimadynamik, Albrecht-von-Haller Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier, Abteilung Vegetationsanalyse und Phytodiversität, Albrecht-von- Haller Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission Referent Prof. Dr. Hermann Behling, Abteilung Palynologie und Klimadynamik, Albrecht-von-Haller Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Korreferent Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier, Abteilung Vegetationsanalyse und Phytodiversität, Albrecht-von- Haller Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Weitere Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission PD Dr. Dirk Gansert, Abteilung Pflanzenökologie und Ökosystemforschung, Albrecht-von- Haller Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Hans Ruppert, Abteilung Sedimentologie und Umweltgeologie, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Edzo Veldkamp, Abteilung Ökopedologie der Tropen und Subtropen, Büsgen- Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Kerstin Wiegand, Abteilung Ökosystemmodellierung, Büsgen-Institut, Georg- August-Universität Göttingen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung 06.03.2013 Моей любимой семье Shumilovskikh View of the Black Sea coast near Trabzon, showing sediment transport from land to sea TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 2 1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 2 2. Previous palaeostudies from the Black Sea and surrounding regions ................................ 4 2.1. Pleistocene evolution of the Black Sea basin .............................................................. 4 2.2. Pollen records from the Black Sea and surrounding regions ....................................... 6 2.3. Dinoflagellate cyst records from the Black Sea ......................................................... 10 3. Motivation and aims ......................................................................................................... 11 4. Study area ......................................................................................................................... 12 4.1. Oceanography ............................................................................................................ 13 4.2. Climatology ................................................................................................................ 16 4.3. Vegetation .................................................................................................................. 17 5. Material and methods ....................................................................................................... 19 5.1. Pollen, spores and non-pollen palynomorph analysis ................................................ 19 5.2. Organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst analysis .............................................................. 20 6. Outline of manuscripts and description of personal contribution..................................... 21 7. References ........................................................................................................................ 23 MANUSCRIPT 1 ..................................................................................................................... 38 Vegetation and environmental dynamics in the southern Black Sea region since 18 kyr BP derived from the marine core 22-GC3 (L.S. Shumilovskikh, P. Tarasov, H.W. Arz, D. Fleitmann, F. Marret, N. Nowaczyk, B. Plessen, F. Schlütz, H. Behling) MANUSCRIPT 2 ..................................................................................................................... 84 Eemian and Holocene sea-surface conditions in the southern Black Sea: organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst record from core 22-GC3 (L.S. Shumilovskikh, F. Marret, D. Fleitmann, H.W. Arz, N. Nowaczyk, H. Behling) MANUSCRIPT 3 ................................................................................................................... 118 Vegetation and environmental changes in Northern Anatolia between 134-119 ka recorded in Black Sea sediments (L.S. Shumilovskikh, H.W. Arz, A. Wegwerth, D. Fleitmann, F. Marret, N. Nowaczyk, P.Tarasov, H. Behling) MANUSCRIPT 4 ................................................................................................................... 147 Millennial-scale environmental variability during the last glacial detected in pollen and dinocyst records from the SE Black Sea (L.S. Shumilovskikh, H. Arz, N. Nowaczyk, D. Fleitmann, A. Wegwerth, H. Behling) MANUSCRIPT 5 ................................................................................................................... 164 Recent pollen distribution in Northern Anatolia and the SE Black Sea: preliminary results (L.S. Shumilovskikh, F. Schlütz, H. Behling) SYNTHESIS .......................................................................................................................... 177 PERSPECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 182 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... 183 APPENDIX 1.. ....................................................................................................................... 185 Complete pollen diagram (%) of the upper part of the core 22-GC3, covering the last 18 ka APPENDIX 2.. ....................................................................................................................... 187 Complete pollen diagram (%) of the cores 22-GC3/8, covering the penultimate deglaciation and the Eemian during 134-119 ka BP APPENDIX 3. ........................................................................................................................ 189 Complete pollen diagram (%) of the core 25-GC1, covering the last glacial period during 64-25 ka BP APPENDIX 4. ........................................................................................................................ 191 Complete pollen diagram (%) for surface samples, collected in Northern Anatolia in 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1. Background 2 2. Previous palaeostudies from the Black Sea and surrounding regions 4 2.1. Pleistocene evolution of the Black Sea basin 4 2.2. Pollen records from the Black Sea and surrounding regions 6 2.3. Dinoflagellate cyst records from the Black Sea 10 3. Motivation and aims 11 4. Study area 12 4.1. Oceanography 13 4.2. Climatology 16 4.3. Vegetation 17 5. Material and methods 19 5.1. Pollen, spores and non-pollen palynomorph analysis 19 5.2. Organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst analysis 20 6. Outline of manuscripts and description of personal contribution 21 7. References 23 MANUSCRIPT 1 38 Vegetation and environmental dynamics in the southern Black Sea region since 18 kyr BP derived from the marine core 22-GC3 (L.S. Shumilovskikh, P. Tarasov, H.W. Arz, D. Fleitmann, F. Marret, N. Nowaczyk, B. Plessen, F. Schlütz, H. Behling) MANUSCRIPT 2 84 Eemian and Holocene sea-surface conditions in the southern Black Sea: organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst record from core 22-GC3 (L.S. Shumilovskikh, F. Marret, D. Fleitmann, H.W. Arz, N. Nowaczyk, H. Behling) MANUSCRIPT 3 118 Vegetation and environmental changes in Northern Anatolia between 134-119 ka recorded in Black Sea sediments (L.S. Shumilovskikh, H.W. Arz, A. Wegwerth, D. Fleitmann, F. Marret, N. Nowaczyk, P.Tarasov, H. Behling) MANUSCRIPT 4 147 Millennial-scale environmental variability during the last glacial detected in pollen and dinocyst records from the SE Black Sea (L.S. Shumilovskikh, H. Arz, N. Nowaczyk, D. Fleitmann, A. Wegwerth, H. Behling) MANUSCRIPT 5 164 Recent pollen distribution in Northern Anatolia and the SE Black Sea: preliminary results (L.S. Shumilovskikh, F. Schlütz, H. Behling) SYNTHESIS 177 PERSPECTIVES 182 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 183 APPENDIX 1 185 Complete pollen diagram (%) of the upper part of the core 22-GC3, covering the last 18 ka APPENDIX 2 187 Complete pollen diagram (%) of the cores 22-GC3/8, covering the penultimate deglaciation and the Eemian during 134-119 ka BP APPENDIX 3 189 Complete pollen diagram (%) of the core 25-GC1, covering the last glacial period during 64-25 ka BP APPENDIX 4 191 Complete pollen diagram (%) for surface samples, collected in Northern Anatolia in 2011 Abstract ABSTRACT As a part of the multidisciplinary project “Dynamics of Mid-latitude/Mediterranean climate in Northern Anatolia/Black Sea region during the last 150 kyr”, this research presents new pollen and organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst records from the
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