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(Asteraceae) Taksonlari Üzerine Sitolojik Bir Çalişma

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(Asteraceae) Taksonlari Üzerine Sitolojik Bir Çalişma T.C. NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ TÜRKİYE’NİN SCORZONERA (ASTERACEAE) TAKSONLARI ÜZERİNE SİTOLOJİK BİR ÇALIŞMA Elif GEZER YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Anabilim Dalı Mayıs-2014 KONYA Her Hakkı Saklıdır TEZ KABUL VE ONAYI Elif GEZER tarafından hazırlanan “Türkiye Scorzonera L. taksonları üzerine sitolojik bir çalışma” adlı tez çalışması …/…/… tarihinde aşağıdaki jüri tarafından oy birliği / oy çokluğu ile Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Anabilim Dalı’nda YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ olarak kabul edilmiştir. Jüri Üyeleri İmza Başkan Unvanı Adı SOYADI ………………….. Danışman Doç Dr. Esra MARTİN ………………….. Üye Unvanı Adı SOYADI ………………….. Üye Unvanı Adı SOYADI ………………….. Üye Unvanı Adı SOYADI ………………….. Yukarıdaki sonucu onaylarım. Prof. Dr. Selman TÜRKER FBE Müdürü TEZ BİLDİRİMİ Bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edildiğini ve tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada bana ait olmayan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapıldığını bildiririm. DECLARATION PAGE I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Elif GEZER Tarih: ÖZET YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ TÜRKİYE’NİN SCORZONERA (ASTERACEAE) TAKSONLARI ÜZERİNE SİTOLOJİK BİR ÇALIŞMA Elif GEZER Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. Esra MARTİN 2014, 185 Sayfa Jüri Doç. Dr. Esra MARTİN Doç. Dr. Bekir DOĞAN Yrd. Doç. Dr. Seher KARAMAN ERKUL Scorzonera cinsi ülkemizde Podospermum, Pseudopodspermum ve Scorzonera şeklinde üç altcins ile temsil edilmektedir. Scorzonera cinsinin ülkemizde 49’u tür (29 endemik) düzeyinde olmak üzere 56 taksonu bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Scorzonera cinsine ait 33 taksonun somatik kromozom sayısı Görüntü Analiz Sistemi ile belirlenmiştir. Kromozom sayıları 12, 14, 24 ve 28 arasında değişmektedir. Türkiye’de doğal olarak yetişen Scorzonera cinsine ait 33 taksonun akenleri 2005-2011 yılları arasında toplanmıştır. Ezme-yayma preparasyon tekniği ile kromozomlar elde edilmiştir. Çalışılan taksonlar; S. acuminata, S. ahmet-duranii, S. amasiana, S. armeniaca, S. aucherana, S. boissieri, S. cana var. alpina, S. cana var. cana, S. cana var. radicos, S. cinerea, S. davisii, S. dzhawakhetica, S. hieraciifolia, S. inaequiscapa, S. karabelensis, S. laciniata subsp. calcitrapifolia, S. lasiocarpa, S. latifolia var. latifolia, S. longiana, S. mollis subsp. szowitzii, S. pisidica, S. pygmaea, S. rigida, S. sandrasica, S. seidlitzii, S. semicana, S. sericea, S. suberosa subsp. cariensis, S. sublanata, S. tuzgoluensis, S. ulrichii, S. violacea, S. zorkunensis’ dir. Bu çalışma ile Scorzonera cinsinin revizyonuna katkıda bulunulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Asteraceae, Kromozom Sayısı, Scorzonera, Türkiye iv ABSTRACT MS THESIS A CYTOLOGICAL STUDY OF SCORZONERA (ASTERACEAE) ON THE TAXA IN TURKEY Elif GEZER THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE OF NECMETTİN ERBAKAN UNIVERSITY THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esra MARTİN 2014, 185 Pages Jury Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esra MARTİN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bekir DOĞAN Asst. Prof. Dr. Seher KARAMAN ERKUL The genus Scorzonera represented by three subgenera as Podospermum, Pseudopodspermum and Scorzonera. The number of the Scorzonera distributed in Turkey is 56 taxa (49 species) including 29 species endemic to Turkey. The number of chromosomes of all taxa belonging to this genera were investigeted by Image Analysis System. Number of chromosomes ranges from 12, 14, 24 and 28 respectively. The achenes of genus Scorzonera which naturally grown in Turkey were collected years between 2005 and 2011. Chromosomes were obtained by the squash preparation technique. Chromosome number of the species were determined; S. acuminata, S. ahmet-duranii, S. amasiana, S. armeniaca, S. aucherana, S. boissieri, S. cana var. alpina, S. cana var. cana, S. cana var. radicos, S. cinerea, S. davisii, S. dzhawakhetica, S. hieraciifolia, S. inaequiscapa, S. karabelensis, S. laciniata subsp. calcitrapifolia, S. lasiocarpa, S. latifolia var. latifolia, S. longiana, S. mollis subsp. szowitzii, S. pisidica, S. pygmaea, S. rigida, S. sandrasica, S. seidlitzii, S. semicana, S. sericea, S. suberosa subsp. cariensis, S. sublanata, S. tuzgoluensis, S. ulrichii, S. violacea, S. zorkunensis. This study is contributed to the revision of the genus Scorzonera. Keywords: Asteraceae, Chromosome number, Scorzonera, Turkey v ÖNSÖZ Çalışmalarım sırasında büyük ilgi ve desteğini gördüğüm, bilgi ve görüşlerinden yararlandığım, önerileri ile beni yönlendiren tez danışmanım, çok değerli hocam Doç. Dr. Esra MARTİN’e içtenlikle teşekkür eder, saygılarımı sunarım. Ayrıca araştırmamda kullanılan bitki materyalini temin eden Sayın Prof. Dr. Osman BEYAZOĞLU, Prof. Dr. Kamil COŞKUNÇELEBİ, Doç. Dr. Serdar MAKBUL ve Araş. Gör. Dr. Mutlu GÜLTEPE hocalarıma teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK 109T972 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir. Bu kuruma da maddi katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederim. Çalışmalarım süresince her konuda yardımı olan, her zaman anlayış gösteren, beni cesaretlendiren, yardım ve desteğini esirgemeyen değerli nişanlım Enes Gürçay ASLAN’a teşekkür ederim. Hayatım boyunca beni hiç yalnız bırakmayan, her zaman maddi manevi destek olan ve beni bu günlere getiren canım annem ve babama, ikiz kardeşime sonsuz sevgi ve teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Elif GEZER KONYA-2014 vi İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... v ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... vi İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. vii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR .............................................................................. ix ÇİZELGELERİN LİSTESİ ........................................................................................... x ŞEKİLLERİN LİSTESİ ................................................................................................ xi 1. GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. KAYNAK ARAŞTIRMASI ....................................................................................... 4 2.1. Scorzonera Cinsinin Genel Özellikleri .................................................................. 4 2.2. Scorzonera Cinsinin Taksonomideki Yeri ............................................................. 8 2.3. Scorzonera Cinsinin Kullanım Alanları ve Yapılan Çalışmalar ............................ 8 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM .................................................................................... 21 3.1. Materyal ............................................................................................................... 21 3.2. Yöntem ................................................................................................................. 27 3.2.1. Tohumların çimlendirilmesi ve kök uçlarına uygulanan ön işlem ............... 27 3.2.2. Somatik kromozomların gözlemi için materyalin hazırlanması ................... 27 3.2.2.1. Kök ucu örneklerinin alınması ............................................................... 27 3.2.2.2. İlk işlem ................................................................................................. 28 3.2.2.3. Materyalin tespiti ................................................................................... 28 3.2.2.4. Materyalin muhafazası ........................................................................... 29 3.2.2.5. Hidroliz .................................................................................................. 29 3.2.2.6. Boyama .................................................................................................. 29 3.2.3. Devamlı preparatların hazırlanışı .................................................................. 29 3.2.4. Kromozom preparatlarının incelenmesi ........................................................ 30 4. ARAŞTIRMA SONUÇLARI VE TARTIŞMA ...................................................... 31 5. SONUÇLAR VE ÖNERİLER ................................................................................. 75 5.1 Sonuçlar ................................................................................................................ 75 5.2 Öneriler ................................................................................................................. 76 KAYNAKLAR .............................................................................................................. 79 EKLER ........................................................................................................................ 145 vii ÖZGEÇMİŞ ................................................................................................................ 185 viii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR Simgeler CR : Critically Endangered (Çok tehlikede) ºC : Santigrat derece DNA : Deoksiribo
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