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20 November Inside… “From Nice to Europe” Italian Prime Minister Professor Giuliano Amato delivers the Events 3 22nd Jean Monnet Lecture at the EUI

For its most important yearly academic event, the Jean Monnet Lecture, the Euro- pean University Institute was honored and Ronald happy to welcome President Giuliano Dworkin at Amato, Italy’s Prime Minister, former pro- the EUI fessor Ðand now external professorof the European University Institute. Principal 11 Patrick Masterson recalled Professor Amato’s long-term commitment to the Eu- ropeanization process, both as a scholar and as a practitioner. He also emphasized the Econo(met- mission of the EUI, which is to contribute rics) Sum- through its fundamental and applied re- mer School search projects to a better understanding of the European Union, of its cultural diversi- 19 ty and of its common achievements. Giuliano Amato and Patrick Masterson At the turn of the millennium, in a time in which the original message of the Founding and instructive way the main pending ques- Gender Fathers is somehow fading, Europe is fac- tions of the agenda. He expanded beyond their material aspect and concluded on a Studies ing the delicate challenge of integrating the eastern part of the continent. Who else broader philosophical reflection about the 25 could better represent and explain the nec- future of European architecture. essary link between ‘thinking about a vision of Europe’ and ‘acting toward a project for From the beginning, Amato stated clearly Europe’ than Giuliano Amato? that the European Union was finding itself in a period of radical change, of great hopes Before tackling the delicate issues at stake and stimulating opportunities. However, the Alumni as a Chief of Government and decision- EU also faces real obstacles that need to be 52 f maker in Nice, Professor Amato swapped overcome. The actual fears and mistrust hats for a time to deliver a magisterial lec- that can be observed by citizens all over the ture in order to share his views and con- Union is a legitimate and understandable cerns about the European project with his reaction to the ongoing lack of transparency former colleagues and researchers. Balanc- regarding decision-making. There is indeed ing tough technical arguments with very such a thing as a democratic gap in the Grants & concrete examples and metaphors, the Pro- Union. The role of the European leaders is New fessor managed to review in a very direct to make the European enterprise more Positions continued on p. 2

The European University Institute 54 f Autumn 2000 IueJean Monnet Lecture 50% isrealiftherulesdon’t getchanged. As forthe down to60%andthedanger ofgettinglowerthan ing oflesspopulatedcountries, thisnumberhascome Through successiveenlargement wavesandthejoin- jority represented70%ofthe Europeanpopulation. ranties. Initially, whenvotingintheCouncil,ma- tures overtimeandspaceintermsofdemocraticwar- Amato highlightedtheinadequacyofinstitutionalfea- Retracing brieflytheEuropeanintegrationprocess, rope. hance andtobeadaptedaconcretevisionofEu- damental rights. All ofthemaretechnicaltoolstoen- dure, enhancedco-operation,andtheCharteroffun- votes intheCouncil,qualifiedmajorityvotingproce- four issuesatstakearethefollowing:re-weightingof items embeddedinamoreculturalframework. The Professor Amato presented the Niceagendaasalistof (all butholy)‘gate’,thatEuropehastopassthrough, ofan Therefore, usingtheimageofa‘narrowdoor’, pean vision. secondary technocraticdetails,andabroaderEuro- institutional issuesthatareusuallyconsideredtobe in factastrongconnectionbetweenthetechnicaland overall hiddenquestionoftheNiceSummit;thereis legitimacy- fromthelattertoformer. That’s the integration meansshiftingmoreandpower-and population, ontheothermemberstates.Improving ered Unionistwofold:ontheonehandEuropean states together. Howeverthe legitimacyofamulti-lay- tional interestsandthatholdtheEuropeanmember of sharedvaluesthatcomplementmaterialorfunc- must besomethingelse,somecommoncultureorset nomic integrativeprocess. According to Amato, there ropean architectureistoocomplextobeamereeco- creasing throughtheprocessofenlargement. The Eu- important whenthenumberofteammateskeepsin- equipped withtherighttools. And thisisevenmore to achievesuchanambitiousgoal,onemustbe ject inordertoavoiddeadlockandshortcomings.But their energies inasolidandelaborateEuropeanpro- transparent tothegeneralpublicandcarefullyjoin Giuliano Amato where Europeisheadingto. peoples oftheactualandfuture memberstatesknow or capitals. There isastronglysharedEuropeancom- considered tobeatthesamelevelasgoods,services political integration.Humanbeingscannotbemerely readiness ofEuropetogoastepfurtherontheway andstandsratherforthe of ‘continentalrhetoric’ adopted inNice.Itisallbutapompousemptyvessel on thesymbolicalimportanceofChartertobe transposed intonationallegalsystems, Amato insisted signed inRomefiftyyearsagoandprogressively tion ofHumanRightsandFundamentalFreedoms, Alluding totheEuropeanConventionforProtec- nancial andeconomicpolicies. ic areas,asforexampleimmigration,securityorfi- a closelevelofco-operationandintegrationinspecif- explained howcrucialitwasforEuropetoimplement at iarniri on an ‘arte diarrangiarsi’ culture stillneedtobedefined,bothgetbeyondthe into ahighersetofvalues. The criteriaofthiscommon integrated freely, transparentlyanddemocratically European cultureisdiversebutthisdiversitytobe tutional valuesandtotheexistenceofsocialrights. mitment totherightoflife,hierarchyconsti- developed previouslyattheEUI tions. Elaboratingonanargument thathehadalready couraging co-operationoutsidethecommoninstitu- force since Amsterdam werenotveryusable,thusen- restrictive provisionsofthetreatieswhichwerein proceduresarenotanewidea.Howeverthe operation’ common engagement. The so-called‘strengthenedco- tangible andabovementionedEuropeanspirit The lasttwoissuesdealmoreexplicitlywiththeless sions reflectingtheEuropeanones. national interestsandincreasetheadoptionofdeci- brushed upaswellinordertosoftentheresurgence of dures, theexistingdecision-makingdevicesneedtobe qualified majorityversusunanimityvotingproce- Giuliano Amato andPatrickMasterson ad hoc 1 basis andtoletthe , Professor Amato continued onp.3 2 EventsIue Sciences TUTZMANN S langsam aber , What Kind of Consti- LEXANDRE A Ð Responses to Joschka Fis- poco a poco Centre for Advanced Studies). Dr Advanced Centre for Academ- of Andreas Frijdal, Head overview ic Service gave a general and research. of EUI activities followed by a These sessions were answer dis- fruitful question and cussion session. visit the new By means of this members of the EP Culture Com- with the mittee became acquainted European University Institute and learned about its various activities. http://www.iue.it/General/browne/ p1.html. For further information see also the article “BPTransat- Chair in lantic Relations at the Robert Schuman Centre” in this issue, p. 35f. . See “A Strong Heart for Europe”, in JOERGES (C.), Researcher in the Department of Social and Political sicher and bumpy. However, as Professor Amato said, ‘it’s as Professor However, and bumpy. there. It enters, it enters’, MENYWEILER (J.H.H.) (eds.), (Y.), tution for What Kind of Polity? Advanced The Robert Schuman Centre for cher -, Florence: Paper Working Studies, Harvard Law School, Jean Monnet No.7/2000. 1 inaugurated Kingdom), Ole Andreasen (Den- Andreasen Kingdom), Ole and mark), Maria Martens (The Holte Marieke Sanders-Ten Netherlands). welcome from the After an official Master- EUI President,Dr Patrick was taken up son, the afternoon of the de- with short presentations Prof. Raffaele partments given by Prof. Jacques Romanelli (History), Ziller (Law), Prof. Philippe. Schmitter (SPS), Prof. S¿ren. Jo- hansen (Economics) and Prof. Mény (Robert Schuman Yves. On Friday, 10 November Sir John On Friday, Browne, Group Chief Executive of BP (British Petroleum) delivered the inaugural lecture for the BP Rela- Transatlantic Chair in tions at the European University Institute, The full text of his speech “The The Relationship - Transatlantic Agenda” may be found on New the Internet at: visits the Institute visits

’. He wished that the ‘sense of Eu- European Parliament Committee Committee Parliament European

BP Relations Transatlantic Chair in and Dr Zanardi Landi

Sir John Browne, Dr Masterson 3 Partie de plaisir After Nice, we can say that the risk of fight Amato After Nice, we can say that the risk of fight was afraid of happened to be true. Nice was the The actual achieve- longest European Council ever. ments were far below the original ambitions of the Some of the technical issues could French presidency. not be settled and got postponed to a more ‘adequate’ The road to a European Constitution -not to time. mention a European identity- still promises to be long rope’, which should be a constitutive part of our na- would inform the entire negotiation. tional identity, Before accepting to answer a couple of questions by Amato confided to his audience researchers, President that the upcoming European Council would not be a ‘ continued from p. 2 continued from This delegation was headed by the This delegation was On. President of the Committee, (Italy). Other Giuseppe Gargani were: members of the delegation Tere- Ruth Hieronymi (Germany), Aparicio sa Zabell and Pedro Sánchez (Spain), Roy James Perry (United and Barbara O’Toole On 12 October 2000 the European On 12 October 2000 hosted a visit University Institute the Euro- from a delegation from for pean Parliament Committee Education, the Youth, Culture, Media and Sport. Sciences politiques et sociales ment qu’àtraversleurcoordination dansunespaceplus titutions nationalesnepeuvent êtreprotégéesefficace- forcée. Àl’heureactuelle,certains pensentquelesins- plus large del’État-nation envued’uneefficacité ren- nales oudeleurinscriptiondans lecadreinstitutionnel tion depratiquessocio-économiqueslocalesetrégio- le. Ilyaunsiècle,laquestionétaitcelledepréserva- cords dutournantsièclesurlaconstructionnationa- péenne trouventainsiunéchoétonnantaveclesdésac- Les controversesactuellessurlaconstructioneuro- magne. proposée danscetouvragepourlaFranceetl’Alle- des institutions,pratiquesetproduitsdutravail du débatactuel.C’estl’ambitiondel’histoirecroisée miques, permetd’éclairersousunautrejourlesenjeux processus denationalisationdespratiquesécono- tère historiquedecesinstitutions,plusgénéralementdu d’institutions nationalesdutravail.Soulignerlecarac- voies etdeschronologiesvariables,surlaconstitution débouche danslaplupartdespayseuropéens,selon légitiment serventdepointd’appuiàcetteréformequi Le cadreterritorialdel’État-nationetlesdiscoursquile ouvrier queparlesréformateurssociauxconservateurs. rale desinstitutions,formuléetantparlemouvement est déstabiliséparlarevendicationd’unerefontegéné- siècle enFranceet Angleterre qu’en Allemagne— le”, lelibéralisme—nettementplusaffirmé auXIXe nent lesdébatsactuels. Affaibli parla“questionsocia- des prémicesexactementopposéesàcellesquidomi- partir delafinduXIXesiècle,enréponsed’ailleursà tiques relativesautravailn’apparaissentpourtantqu’à Les tendancesàuneréglementationnationaledespra- l’historicité d’unecorrélation : Nation, Étatetinstitutionsdutravail aujourd’hui remisenquestion. ciales commed’unordrenatureldeschosesquiserait glementation nationaledesaffaires économiquesetso- contributions audébatpartentdel’existenced’uneré- cadre del’État-nation.Àtelpointquelaplupartdes reste cependantinscrite,àl’heureactuelle,dansle d’assurances socialesoudeformationprofessionnelle du travail,quecesoitenmatièrededroit tel quel’Unioneuropéenne.Lamajoritédesinstitutions formes deréglementationdansuncadresupra-national l’échelle mondiale,enfinladéfinitiondenouvelles régulation despratiqueséconomiquesparlemarchéà :lerenforcementdesinstitutionsnationales,la nantes d’hui àsestructurerautourdetroisoptionsdomi- La questiondutravailetde“sonavenir”tendaujour- Histoire croiséedelaFrance Le travailetlanation et del’Allemagne réformes acceptablesdiffèrent d’un paysàl’autre riels disponiblespoursarésolution, enfinlanaturedes trielle, lesmoyensintellectuels, institutionnelsetmaté- des ouvriersetdeleursfamilles dansunesociétéindus- qualification ducaractèreproblématique delasituation fin dusiècledernier. Maissoncontenu,c’est-à-direla mun desréformateurssociauxallemandsetfrançaisàla sociale” asansaucundouteconstituéleproblèmecom- des attentesetbesoinsparticuliers.La“question conventions collectives,répondentdanschaquepaysà mation professionnelle,laprotectionsocialeoules nel. Lesinstitutions,tellesqueledroitdutravail,lafor- forme optimaleuniquededéveloppementinstitution- Ces contributionssuggèrentqu’iln’existepasune miques spécifiques. dans chacundesdeuxpays,autourd’enjeuxécono- trent eneffet combienl’États’estenpartieconstitué, nomiques. Nombredecontributionsàcetouvragemon- le déploiementd’unespacenationaldespratiqueséco- rélation entreledéveloppementdel’État-providenceet tôt des’interrogersurlanatureetl’historicitécor- d’une dissociationentrel’Étatetl’économie,maisplu- être questiontoutefoisd’adhéreraupostulatinverse confusion entredeslogiquesdifférentes. Ilnesaurait processus unitaireetindissociable,conduitàla aujourd’hui l’évocationdecesdeuxphénomènesàun travail sousl’égidedel’État-nationsembleavoirréduit miques etd’autrepartl’élaborationd’institutionsdu entre d’unepartlanationalisationdespratiquesécono- positifs réglementaires.Laconcomitancehistorique béralisation” désignentlarévisionàbaissedesdis- alors quelesnotionsde“déréglementation”ou“li- économiques, plusexactementàleurélargissement, renvoient enprincipeàunemodificationdesespaces notions d’”internationalisation”etde“mondialisation” par exemple,s’ytrouventsouventconfondus.Or, les termes de“mondialisation”et“déréglementation”, tions avancéesdanslesdébatscontemporains.Les Ces analogiestendentàrelativisernombredeproposi- authenticité etd’unediversitéculturelle. sont présentéesaujourd’huicommelesgarantesd’une l’atomisation etauconformismedesindividus,elles années trentecommedessociétésdemasse,propicesà me moitiéduXIXesiècle,ontétédénoncéesdansles Alors quelessociétésnationales,néesdansladeuxiè- frappants jusquedansleurconnotationnormative. sement desarguments d’uneconjonctureàl’autresont de ladiversitédesnations.Larécurrenceetlerenver- risque d’uneperted’identitéetd’unappauvrissement vaste telquel’Europe,alorsd’autresyvoientle 4

Sciences politiques et sociales

Les impératifs d’une compréhension réciproque: compréhension d’une impératifs Les les nations entre comparaison de la croisée à l’histoire les réalités économiques comparaison entre Une simple et de la France de l’Allemagne et institutionnelles que jamais insuffisante. aujourd’hui plus semble donc pôles d’intégration économique Le développement de à travers des produits et une inten- entre les deux pays, entre les régions implique sification des relations de ces nations dans une perspec- d’aborder l’existence celle de la comparaison. La tive croisée qui dépasse l’accent sur une dis- porte en effet simple comparaison et les éléments à comparer, tinction de nature entre concept de la nation en dehors de conduit à placer le seulement deux manifesta- l’analyse pour en dégager de cette optique, il est difficile tions singulières. Dans pour une réalité englobante qui ne pas prendre la nation des in- fournirait l’explication ultime du comportement les nations sont des réalités historiques dividus. Or, qui les consti- prises dans les actions des personnes pour l’évalua- tuent, comme le montre Normand Filion tion professionnelle des salariés. réalités histo- Pour comprendre la dynamique de ces de la nation riques, il est à nos yeux nécessaire de partir comme res- non pas comme réalité englobante, mais de leurs activi- source pour les individus dans le cadre centraux. tés dont le travail constitue un des points une acti- Nous définirons ici le travail à la fois comme et comme vité orientée vers la réalisation de produits, au bien une dimension anthropologique de participation de la na- commun. Dans cette perspective, les apports natures, selon les tion peuvent se révéler de différentes le senti- personnes concernées. La nation peut apporter communau- ment réconfortant de l’appartenance à une communauté té se rapprochant à certains égards de la comme le familiale, mais elle peut également apparaître me- point d’aboutissement de formes de coopération nées sur la base d’un intérêt réciproque bien compris. La nation se manifeste par ailleurs, en dehors des senti- ments auxquels elle donne lieu, par un ensemble de conventions et d’institutions. Pour l’Allemagne et la France, ces dernières s’articulent autour d’une institution centrale : l’État. C’est d’abord à travers les institutions, comme les assurances sociales, et les produits dont l’État contribue à la réalisation, comme le paque- bot par exemple dans le cas de la France, que la nation acquiert une actualité dans la vie courante des personnes. Les institutions et les produits constituent ainsi des traces tangibles des dynamiques nationales ; traces à partir desquelles a été conçu ce projet d’une double histoire croisée : du travail et de la nation, de la France et de l’Allemagne. double. Il entend de cet ouvrage est en effet L’objet à travers un certain nombre d’études d’une part revenir, de cas, sur la corrélation entre la genèse de l’État-pro- vidence et l’inscription nationale des pratiques écono- au cours d’une miques. Il vise d’autre part à retracer, période relativement longue, les attentes des personnes 5 Il revient alors à l’Union européenne de fournir les instruments d’une compréhension réciproque de cette di- versité, à travers le principe de la subsidiarité de ses institutions. Les institutions européennes se voient ainsi assigner l’objectif de concilier le maintien et l’appro- fondissement des institutions de régulation du travail avec un degré élevé d’internationalisation économique. Des formes de coopération sortant des cadres nationaux Des formes de coopération sortant des cadres durable, et laissent nouées de manière se sont en effet production à entrevoir la constitution de “mondes de “mondes de base plurinationale”, et en particulier de évolution production à base franco-allemande”. Cette esquisse une réalité européenne nouvelle : au-delà d’un tend également grand marché, l’économie européenne à prendre part aux échanges mondiaux, sur la base de spécialisations productives empruntant aux ressources la et pays qui la composent. L’Allemagne des différents France sont à la pointe de ce mouvement de coopéra- tion et d’interpénétration d’activités productives, na- guère limitées à une base nationale. La réalisation de européens produits franco-allemands et plus largement montre comment les spécificités nationales peuvent d’une divi- constituer des ressources dans l’émergence sion du travail à l’échelle de l’Europe. La diversité qu’apporte à l’Europe l’existence d’États-nations cesse d’être un obstacle à l’Union, pour devenir une source d’innovations économiques et de rayonnement euro- péen au niveau mondial. Les sociétés française et allemande ne peuvent cepen- Les sociétés française comme des entités culturelles et dant être considérées distinctes qui traverse- économiques rigoureusement de manière indépendante, l’his- raient côte à côte, mais différences toire européenne. Leurs similitudes et leurs au cours sont au contraire le fruit d’une histoire croisée leur ont forgé de laquelle “Français” et “Allemands” autres dans identité nationale les uns par rapport aux de rejet une relation d’emprunt et de réappropriation, de l’Oc- ou encore d’assimilation dans le cas extrême sont, en cupation. Les entités “France” et “Allemagne” faite d’in- partie, le fruit de cette histoire commune le projet eu- fluences réciproques qui s’incarnent dans des produits ropéen lui-même, mais également dans Airbus, se qui, tels le moteur diesel ou le programme entre les sont développés dans un courant d’échanges deux pays. À cet égard, le débat européen actuel se révélerait sans actuel se révélerait le débat européen À cet égard, à certaines thèses simple si, conformément doute plus déve- avaient les sociétés industrielles fonctionnalistes, identiques. Seules systèmes institutionnels loppé des les trajec- se poseraient. Or, des questions d’échelles de la économiques fort différentes toires politiques et allemands au cours du XIXe, France et des États ont engendré des institutions comme du XXe siècles des traits communs, mais égale- qui présentent certes ment de très nettes divergences. comme le montre Bénédicte Zimmermann dans le cas dans Zimmermann Bénédicte le montre comme du chômage. Sciences politiques et sociales lectives en Allemagne apparaissentainsicommedeux publics enFrance,etl’extension desconventionscol- conditions detravaildansl’adjudication desmarchés quelles ellesprennentplace. Laréglementationdes régime politiqueetdesactivités productivesdansles- les ouverturesqu’ellessuscitent,àrévélerlanaturedu même temps,ellescontribuent,parlesrésistancesou tutionnels danslesquelsellesvoientlejour. Dansle des significationsspécifiquesliéesauxcontextesinsti- lité d’exigencesetd’argumentations, touten prenant bats plusoumoinslongs,visentàsatisfaireuneplura- sont alorsélaborées,autermedeconsultationsetdé- l’exemple delaprotectionsociale,lesinstitutionsqui politique etéconomiquestable.Commelesuggère de standardisation,envuelaproductiond’unordre sulte avanttoutd’unprocessusd’homogénéisationet La nationalisationdespratiquesrelativesautravailré- politique socialeetd’organisation dumarchétravail. siècle, dansl’élaborationd’institutionsnationalesde gistres del’actionpubliquemobilisés,autournantdu Une deuxièmepartieestconsacréeàl’étudedesre- choses réaliséesdanslecadred’unesociéténationale. caractère spécifiquedel’activitédespersonnesou vision substantialistedelanation,faisantcelle-ciun tionales yseraainsianalyséeindépendammentdetoute fiques. L’historicité desinstitutionsetidentitésna- cadre national,maisselondesconfigurationsspéci- tions s’inscrivantdepartetd’autreduRhindansun nelle yseronttraitéscommedeuxexemplesd’institu- tionales. Ledroitdutravailetlaformationprofession- me Guerremondialedansdesformeseffectivement na- pratiques économiques,entrelaPremièreetDeuxiè- tité (chapitreI),avantd’aborderlacristallisationdes miques etpolitiques,régionalesnationalesdel’iden- terme àtraversl’articulationdesdimensionsécono- Ce processusdeconstitutionseraenvisagésurlelong dans lesquelssontélaboréeslesinstitutionsdutravail. clés delaconstitutiondescadresétatiquesnationaux Une premièrepartieviseàdégagerquelquesmoments- et d’institutions. tions d’actionqueconstituentlaréalisationdeproduits constamment retraduitesetredéfiniesdanslessitua- coupées del’histoirequefontlespersonnes.Ellessont Les identitésnationalesnesontdoncpasdesessences tionales, quedesactivitéséconomiquespersonnes. des momentscentrauxd’évolutiontantidentitésna- tenu enparticulierdeleurdurée,apparaissentcomme :lesguerresmondiales,compte prement économique difficile d’isolerl’histoirepolitiquedepro- qu’elles entretiennent.Danslemêmesens,ildevient reste dumonde,etsurtoutdesrelationsréciproques comme desentitésabstraitesdeleursrelationsavecle l’Allemagne etlaFrancenepeuventêtreenvisagées Elles s’inscriventdanscesprocessus,detellesorteque historiques detransformationpolitiqueetéconomique. tional prédéfiniquiexisteraitendehorsdesprocessus sont pas,ànosyeux,déterminéesparuncaractèrena- cadre desactivitésréféréesautravail.Cesattentesne à l’égarddel’ÉtatenFranceet Allemagne, dansle me, 1999 lemagne, Paris:EditionsdelaMaisondesSciencesl'Hom- Le travailetlanation.HistoirecroiséedeFrancel’Al- C l’Europe ajusqu’iciétélethéâtre. nales enindiquantledépassementdesrivalitésdont qui assumel’héritagehistoriquedesspécificitésnatio- d’envisager laconstructiond’uneUnionEuropéenne joué unrôleimportant.Unetelleperspectivepermet riques auseindesquelslesdeuxGuerresmondialesont une donnée,maiscommelerésultatdeprocessushisto- d’économies àbasenationalen’yestpasprisecomme titutions etdesproduitsquis’yrapportent.L’existence française etallemande,danslecadredutravail,desins- d’ouverture etdefermeturel’uneàl’autre,desidentités tique delanation,cetouvrageretracelesprocessus Parti durefusd’uneconceptionsubstantialisteetmys- en Allemagne. loppements decesconventionsdutravailenFranceet quelques pistesderéflexionssurlesformesdéve- de l’automobileetlabanque,permetdégager du personnel,dansdegrandesentreprisesdessecteurs travail quilasous-tendent.Uneenquêtesurl’évaluation rer lacréativitéfranco-allemandeetlesconventionsde spécifiques. Detelsproduitsoffrent l’occasiond’explo- sont aucontrairelefruitd’échangesfranco-allemands début dusiècleouleprogramme Airbus aujourd’hui, style national,d’autres,commelemoteurDieselau comme lepaquebotenFrance,sefontl’étendardd’un pectives derecherche. Alors quecertainsproduits, tives etdesinstitutionsdutravail,surdenouvellespers- contexte actueldereconfigurationdesactivitésproduc- d’un aspectencorepeuétudiéetquidébouche,dansle vers notammentdesproduitsetobjets.Ils’agitlà l’identité nationaledansdessituationsdetravail,àtra- Une troisièmepartie,enfin,aborderal’expressionde de laconstitutiond’institutionsnationalesdutravail. cessité historiqueuniversellecommefacteurexplicatif rative soulignelesinsuffisances delathèsed’unené- titutionnelles auxquellesilsprésident,l’analysecompa- gistres del’actionpubliqueetlesmisesenformesins- cas, d’importantesvariationsnationalesdanslesre- marché dutravail.Enrévélant,àtraverscesétudesde de laconceptionl’Étatetsoninterventionsurle qui s’yrapportentsontliésàlaquestionplusgénérale montre combienlamesureetlesenjeuxdequalification en Franceet Allemagne aumilieudesannées1890 premières statistiquesnationalesduchômageconduites néisation d’unespacenationaldutravail.L’étude des tique fondeunautreoutildedélimitationetd’homogé- du travail.Àcôtédelacodificationjuridique,statis- modes spécifiquesdeconstitutiond’unmarchénational LAUDE D IDRY , P ETER W AGNER et B ÉNÉDICTE Z IMMERMANN 6 , Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften Die aktuellen Kontroversen bei der Die aktuellen Kontroversen spiegeln in er- Konstruktion Europas die Meinungsver- Weise staunlicher schiedenheiten der Jahrhundertwen- der Nati- de bei der Konstruktion einem Jahrhundert Vor onen wider. ging es darum, entweder die lokalen und regionalen sozio-ökonomischen Praktiken zu bewahren oder sie in den größeren Rahmen des National- staats einzuschreiben, um sie effi- zienter zu gestalten. Heutzutage wird zum einen die Meinung vertre- ten, da§ die nationalen Institutionen nur wirksam geschützt sind, wenn sie in einem größeren Raum wie und Nationalstaat unternommen wird, soll zu einem und Nationalstaat unternommen beitragen. solchen Perspektivenwechsel zum anderen dem europäischen koordiniert werden; ihre Identität aber besteht die Befürchtung, daß dabei verkümmern Vielfalt verloren ginge und die nationale wieder auf die würde. Es ist frappierend, daß immer Umständen ent- die nur den Argumente, gleichen Ð wird sprechend reinterpretiert werden, zurückgegriffen die in Während bis hin zu ihrer normativen Konnotation. Jahrhunderts der zweiten Hälfte des neunzehnten den drei§iger entstandenen nationalen Gesellschaften in als Massenge- Jahren des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts Atomisierung sellschaften denunziert wurden, die zur der Individuen und zum Konformismus führen, werden ebendiese nationalen Gesellschaften heute als Garanten aufgefa§t. Vielfalt einer authentischen kulturellen Analogien führen zur Relativierung vieler der Derartige Vor- in den gegenwärtigen Diskussionen gemachten „Globalisierung“ und „Dere- schläge. Die Begriffe gulierung“ werden beispielsweise oft verwechselt. Die Konzepte „Internationalisierung“ und „Globalisierung“ Wirtschaftsräume, der Veränderung verweisen auf eine genauer gesagt auf ihre Erweiterung, während unter den „Deregulierung“ oder „Liberalisierung“ eine Begriffen Rückführung der gesellschaftlichen Regelungsdichte auf ein niedrigeres Niveau zu verstehen ist. Die Nati- einerseits und die Wirtschaftspraktiken onalisierung der Entwicklung von arbeitsbezogenen Institutionen unter der Schirmherrschaft des Nationalstaats andererseits Vorgang, bildeten historisch einen zusammenhängenden der in diesem Band analysiert wird. Dabei darf aber das dieser beiden Phänomene nicht auf einen Verständnis einheitlichen und untrennbaren Proze§ reduziert werden; das würde dazu führen, die unterschiedlichen

Arbeit und Nationalstaat Arbeit in europäischer Perspektive in europäischer Frankreich und Deutschland und Frankreich 7 Das Bestreben, die Arbeitspraktiken nationalstaatlich zu Das Bestreben, die neunzehnten regeln, ist jedoch erst seit dem Ende des zudem auf Prä- Jahrhunderts festzustellen; es geschieht missen, die denen diametral entgegengesetzt sind, die Auf- die aktuellen Diskussionen beherrschen. Durch das kommen der „sozialen Frage“ geschwächt, wurde der Liberalismus Ð der sich im neunzehnten Jahrhundert in Frankreich und England allerdings deutlich stärker behauptete als in Deutschland Ð durch die sowohl von So- Arbeiterbewegung als auch von konservativen der zialreformern ausgesprochene Forderung nach einer allgemeinen Umgestaltung der Institutionen destabilisiert. Der territoriale Rahmen des Nationalstaats und die ihn Ausgangspunkt legitimierenden Diskurse bildeten den für diese Reformbewegung, die in den meisten europäi- Weise schen Ländern – wenn auch auf unterschiedliche und zeitlich versetzt Ð darauf abzielt, nationalstaatliche Betont man arbeitsbezogene Institutionen zu schaffen. aber somit die historische Gewordenheit dieser Insti- tutionen Ð also den Proze§ der Nationalisierung der wirtschaftlichen Praktiken Ð, so ist die aktuelle Diskus- sion in einem anderen Licht zu betrachten. Die Darstellung der sich überschneidenden Geschichte der Arbeit Institutionen, der Praktiken und der Produkte der Arbeit in Frankreich und Deutschland, die in dem Band Die Nationalisierung arbeitsbezogener Institutionen: Historizität einer Korrelation Die Frage nach der Arbeit und ihrer Zukunft in der Arbeit Die Frage nach der vornehmlich entlang von drei Gesellschaft wird heute diskutiert: verschiedenen Szenarien und der erneuten Stabilisierung Festigung von nationalstaatlichen der Einrichtungen, der Regulierung durch wirtschaftlichen Praktiken schlie§lich der oder Weltmarkt den Definition neuer Regelungsformen in einem supranationalen Rahmen wie der Europäischen Union. Zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt jedoch sind die meisten arbeitsbezogenen Institutionen Ð sei es auf dem Gebiet Arbeitsrechts, der Sozialver- des sicherungen oder der Berufsaus- bildung Ð noch weiterhin nationalstaatlich verfaßt. So geht die größte Zahl der Beiträge zu der Debatte um staatliche Arbeit davon aus, da§ eine die Zukunft der Angelegen- Regelung der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen der Dinge heiten so etwas wie die natürliche Ordnung wird. ist, die allerdings heute in Frage gestellt Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften Gestalt annimmt. zwischen denbeidenLändern entwickeltwordensind, Ð wiederDieselmotoroder Airbus Ðim Austausch europäischen Projektselbst,aber auchinProdukten,die flussung gekennzeichnetenGeschichte, dieindem gebnis diesergemeinsamen,durchgegenseitigeBeein- „Frankreich“ und„Deutschland“sindzum Teil dasEr- Assimilation ausgebildethaben.DieEinheiten oder imExtremfallwährendderBesatzungauchdurch und Aneignungen,Ablehnungen von Anleihen Form tionale IdentitätdurchdiegegenseitigeBezugnahmein Verlauf „Franzosen“und„Deutschen“ihrejeweiligena- aus ihrersichüberschneidendenGeschichte,inderen Unterschiede indenbeidenLändernergeben sichgerade ropäische Geschichtedurchlaufen.Ähnlichkeitenund die SeiteanSeite,aberunabhängigvoneinandereu- turelle undwirtschaftlicheEinheitenbetrachtetwerden, allerdings auchnichtalsgrundsätzlichverschiedenekul- Die französischeunddeutscheGesellschaftkönnen aufweisen. same, aberauchdeutlichunterschiedlicheZüge doch InstitutioneninsLebengerufen,diezwargemein- neunzehnten undzwanzigstenJahrhundertshabenje- Frankreich undindendeutschenStaatenimLaufedes politischen undwirtschaftlichenEntwicklungenin weite sozialerInstitutionen.Diesehrunterschiedlichen dann lediglichumeineneueGrößenordnungundReich- tische institutionelleSystemegeschaffen hätten.Esginge Thesen entsprechendÐdieIndustriegesellschafteniden- facher zuführen,wenn–manchenfunktionalistischen Die aktuelleeuropäischeDiskussionwäresicherlichein- Beitrag überdie Arbeitslosigkeit zeigt. variieren inbeidenLändern,wiebesondersdeutlichder und schlie§lichdie Art derakzeptablenReformen, tionellen undmateriellenMittelzurLösungdieserFrage der zur Verfügung stehendenintellektuellen,institu- industriellen Gesellschaftbefinden,die Abschätzung lage, indersich Arbeiter undihreFamilieninder verstehen ist,d.h.dieCharakterisierungderProblem- französischen Sozialreformer. Was darunterjedochzu Frage“ sicherlichsowohldiedeutschenalsauch Ende desvorigenJahrhundertsbeschäftigtedie„soziale ganz besonderenErwartungenundNotwendigkeiten. Tarifverträge entsprecheninjedemderbeidenLänder bildung, sozialpolitische Arrangements oderdie Institutionen wiedas Arbeitsrecht, dieBerufsaus- tionen keineoptimaleeinheitlicheFormgibt. es fürdieEntwicklungderarbeitsbezogenenInstitu- Die BeiträgediesesBandeslegendieEinsichtnahe,daß andererseits zubefragen. nationalstaatlichen RaumeswirtschaftlicherPraktiken fahrtsstaats einerseitsundder Ausbildung eines selbeziehungen zwischenderEntwicklungdes Wohl- vielmehr darum,die Art unddieHistorizitätder Wech- Trennung vonStaatund Wirtschaft anhängen;esgeht doch dementgegengesetztenPostulateinereffektiven wohnen, zuverwechseln.Ebensowenigsolltemanje- Gesetzmäßigkeiten, diediesenbeidenProzesseninne- I tionalisierten Wirtschaft inEinklangzubringen. regulierenden Institutionenmiteinerstarkinterna- Aufrechterhaltung undErweiterungderdie Arbeit Instanzen wirddamitdieZielsetzungaufgegeben, tändnis der Vielfalt beizutragen.Deneuropäischen prinzips ihrerInstitutionenzumwechselseitigen Vers- gabe derEuropäischenUnion,mittelsdesSubsidiaritäts- deren weltweite Ausstrahlung. Esistfolglicheine Auf- nicht, sondernfördertwirtschaftlicheInnovationenund Nationalstaaten entstandene Vielfalt inEuropadieUnion geht. Aus dieserPerspektivebehindertdiedurch teilung imRahmenundinderGrößenordnungEuropas derheiten Ressourcenseinkönnen,wennesum Arbeits- europäischer Produktezeigt,wiedienationalenBeson- stellung deutsch-französischerundganzallgemein Ebene beschränktwaren,anvordersterStelle.DieHer- tung derProduktionen,diezuvoraufeinenationale dieser Kooperationundbeidergegenseitigen Verflech- Länder ergeben. DeutschlandundFrankreichstehenbei den Ressourcenderunterschiedlichendaranbeteiligten die Produktspezialisierungenzurückgreift,sichaus weltweiten Handelsverkehrteilzunehmen,indemsieauf tendiert dieeuropäische Wirtschaft ebenfallsdazu,am seits davon,lediglicheinengro§enMarkteszubilden, lung läßteineneueeuropäischeRealitäterkennen:Jen- zösische Produktionswelten“entstehen.DieseEntwick- Produktionswelten“ undinsbesondere„deutsch-fran- verknüpft; sieeröffnen die Aussicht, da§ãinternationale letzten halbenJahrhundertsdauerhaftmiteinander ergebenen Kooperationsformenhabensichwährenddes Die sichausdenjeweiligennationalenGegebenheiten verstehen, istesunseresErachtens wichtig,dieNation Um dieDynamikdieserhistorischen Realitätenzu suchung überMitarbeiterbewertung deutlichzeigt. historische Realitäten,wiebeispielsweise eineUnter- wieder neukonstituierendenPersonenhervorgegangene Nationen sindjedochausdenHandlungendersieimmer die das Verhalten derIndividuenletztendlich erklärt.Die Nation nichtalseineumfassendeRealitätzubetrachten, abzuleiten. Aus dieserPerspektiveistesschwer, die zwei besonderenErscheinungsformenderElemente Untersuchung angesiedelt,umdarausdieExistenzvon dabei wirddieIdeederNationselbstau§erhalbdieser die Unterschiedevonzuvergleichenden Elementen; Eine einfacheGegenüberstellungbetontimwesentlichen werden muß,dieweitübereinen Vergleich hinausgeht. aus einerPerspektiveihrerÜberschneidungerörtert Regionen Ðverlangt,da§dieExistenzdieserNationen und den Ausbau derBeziehungen zwischenden Integration zwischenbeidenLändern–durchProdukte reichend. DieEntstehungvonPolenwirtschaftlicher den Sozialforschungfindet,istheutemehrdennjeunzu- reich, wiesiesichimmernochhäufigindervergleichen- Realitäten undInstitutioneninDeutschlandFrank- Eine einfacheGegenüberstellungderwirtschaftlichen sich überschneidendenGeschichte Betrachtungder Nationenzur Vom Vergleich der mperative desgegenseitigen Verständnisses: 8

Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften

continued on p. 10

Rahmens beleuchtet, in dem arbeitsbezogene Institu- dem arbeitsbezogene in beleuchtet, Rahmens wird über Genese Diese wurden. geschaffen tionen der der Untersuchung Zeitraum in Form einen langen und politischen, der der wirtschaftlichen Verknüpfungen der Identität und nationalen Dimensionen regionalen der die Kristallisierung wird Anschlie§end betrachtet. ihren dann nationalen Praktiken in wirtschaftlichen dem Ersten und Zweiten Ausprägungen zwischen und die Arbeitsrecht behandelt. Das Weltkrieg hier als Beispiele von rechtlichen Berufsbildung werden die auf beiden Seiten des Rheins Regelungen angeführt, Konstellationen in einem in jeweils spezifischen verankert werden. Hier wird die nationalen Rahmen und der nationalen Historizität der Institutionen von jeder substantiellen Identitäten also unabhängig gewinnt ihren der Nation analysiert; die Nation Vision im Gegenteil aus den spezifischen Charakter oder den im Rahmen einer Handlungen der Personen Dingen. nationalen Gesellschaft geschaffenen werden Register öffentlich-politischen Teil Im zweiten Handelns untersucht, die um die Jahrhundertwende und für die mobilisiert wurden, um in der Sozialpolitik In- Arbeitsmarktes nationalstaatliche des Organisation stitutionen ins Leben zu rufen. Die Nationalisierung allem aus Pro- arbeitsbezogener Praktiken resultiert vor die zessen der Homogenisierung und Standardisierung, einer stabilen politischen mit Blick auf die Schaffung wurden. und wirtschaftlichen Ordnung vorgenommen der anhand der Sozialpolitik, insbesondere Wie die damals Sozialversicherung, deutlich wird, sollen und nach mehr oder weniger langwierigen Beratungen Institutionen den unter- Diskussionen geschaffenen ge- schiedlichsten Erfordernissen und Begründungen Bedeu- recht werden, nehmen aber dabei spezifische in dem sie tungen an, die dem Kontext geschuldet sind, Ablehnung der entstanden sind. In der Untersuchung auf die sie sto§en, erkennt man die Akzeptanz, oder Produktions- zentralen Elemente der Staatsform und weise, in denen sie angesiedelt sind. Die Regulierung Ausschreibung öffent- Arbeitsbedingungen bei der der Ausweitung der Aufträge in Frankreich und die licher Deutschland erscheinen so als zwei in Tarifverträge Arbeits- spezifische Möglichkeiten, einen nationalen Die Statistik eignet sich ebenso gut markt zu schaffen. wie die rechtlichen Bestimmungen dazu, einen nationalen Raum einzugrenzen und zu homogenisieren, in Arbeitsprozesse vollziehen. dem sich Die Untersuchung der ersten nationalstaatlichen Sta- und Arbeitslosigkeit in Frankreich tistiken über die Deutschland Mitte der neunziger Jahre des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts zeigt, wie die Messung und die sich daraus Fragen der Beurteilung des Phänomens mit ergebenden der allgemeinen Konzeption des Staates und seiner Arbeitsmarkt in Zusammenhang Intervention auf dem Vari- stehen. Da die Fallbeispiele bedeutende nationale Handelns anten in den Registern öffentlich-politischen Institu- und der durch dieses Handeln geschaffenen tionen erkennen lassen, werden in dieser vergleichenden 9 Im ersten Teil des vorliegenden Bandes werden zentrale des vorliegenden Bandes werden Teil Im ersten Momente der Entstehung jenes nationalstaatlichen Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung hat sich ein doppeltes hat Veröffentlichung Die vorliegende anhand von Ziel gesetzt: Zum einen beabsichtigt sie, zwischen der Wechselbeziehung Fallbeispielen die Ver- nationalen und der Wohlfahrtsstaates Genese des wieder aufzu- ankerung der wirtschaftlichen Praktiken einen langen greifen. Zum anderen zeichnet sie über Frankreich und Zeitraum die Erwartungen nach, die in beruflichen Deutschland die Menschen im Rahmen ihrer Tätigkeiten an den Nationalstaat stellen. Diese Erwar- tungen sind unseres Erachtens nicht von einem vorbe- stimmten nationalen Charakter geprägt, der außerhalb der historischen Prozesse der politischen und wirt- anzusiedeln wäre. Sie sind Transformation schaftlichen in diesen Prozessen derart verankert, da§ Deutschland und Frankreich nicht losgelöst von ihren Beziehungen und vor allem von ihren Beziehun- Welt mit der übrigen gen zueinander betrachtet werden können. Ebenso schwierig ist es, die politische Geschichte von der wirt- Weltkriege schaftlichen zu trennen: Insbesondere die Ausbildung der waren wesentliche Momente in der nationalen Identitäten und der spezifischen Entwicklung Die Aktivitäten der Menschen. der wirtschaftlichen nationalen Identitäten entstehen also nicht unabhängig von einer durch Menschen gemachten Geschichte. Sie werden in Handlungen und Handlungssituationen Ð der von Herstellung von Produkten und der Erschaffung Institutionen – ständig neu formuliert und neu bestimmt. nicht als umfassende Gegebenheit zu betrachten, Gegebenheit als umfassende nicht im den Individuen die Ressource, als eine sondern Arbeit eine die – von denen Tätigkeiten Rahmen ihrer Arbeit steht. Unter Verfügung ist Ð zur der wichtigsten die auf die Tätigkeit verstanden, sowohl die wird hier ihrer als auch Ð in von Produkten abzielt, Herstellung am Ð die Partizipation Dimension anthropologischen können die Aus dieser Perspektive Gemeinwohl. sehr unterschiedlich aussehen, je Beiträge der Nation Die sind. davon betroffen nachdem, welche Individuen das Gefühl zu vermitteln, Nation kann dazu beitragen, zu gehören, die Ähn- Art von Gemeinschaft zu einer aufweist, aber lichkeiten mit der Familiengemeinschaft von Koopera- krönende Ergebnis sie kann auch das auf der Grundlage eines wohl- tionsformen sein, die Interesses entstanden sind. verstandenen gegenseitigen zudem – über die Gefühle hinaus, Sie manifestiert sich durch ein Ensemble von Konven- die sie hervorruft Ð und Frankreich tionen und Institutionen. In Deutschland herum sind diese um eine zentrale Institution zunächst im angeordnet, den Staat. Die Nation ist Institutionen alltäglichen Leben der Personen durch die durch die Ð wie die Sozialversicherungen Ð und der Staat bei- Produkte präsent, zu deren Herstellung im steuert, wie beispielsweise zu dem Passagierschiff sind also Falle Frankreichs. Institutionen und Produkte Ausdruck der nationalen Dynamik; sie ein deutlicher der sich sind die Grundlage dieser Untersuchungen Arbeit und der zweifach überschneidenden Geschichte: des Nationalstaats, Deutschlands und Frankreichs. Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften of materialavailableonthehistory framework thatstructuresthewealth Bartolini providesacomparative lize itsreferencegroupspolitically. more orlesssuccessfullytomobi- logical formsandhowitmanaged its different organizational andideo- position, aswellhowitdeveloped translated andstructuredintoanop- through whichsocialconflictwas 1980s, hereconstructsthesteps periences fromthe1860sto velopments ofthirteensocialistex- zational structures,andpoliticalde- amining thesocialcontexts,organi- tics in Western Europe. While ex- of socialismandworking-classpoli- Stefano Bartolinistudiesthehistory In anin-depthcomparativeanalysis, zösischen unddeutschenIdentität im Arbeitssektor und Arbeit die Ausbildung undEntwicklung derfran- und mystischen Auffassung vonNationverfolgtdiese Ausgehend vonderZurückweisung einersubstantiellen Frankreich undDeutschlandanzustellen. Entwicklungsformen dieser Arbeitskonventionen in und beiBankenermöglichtes,Überlegungenüberdie wertung inGro§unternehmender Automobilindustrie erforschen. EineUntersuchungüberdieMitarbeiterbe- ihnen zugrundeliegenden Arbeitskonventionen zu sich an,umdiedeutsch-französischeKreativitätund beziehungen hervorgegangen. DieseProduktebieten aus denspezifischendeutsch-französischen Wechsel- hunderts oderdasheutige Airbus-Programm Ðhingegen sind andereÐwiederDieselmotorzuBeginndesJahr- Ð zum Aushängeschild eines nationalenStilswerden, einige ProdukteÐwiedasPassagierschiff inFrankreich neue PerspektivenderForschungeröffnet. Während formen alsauchvonarbeitsbezogenenInstitutionen Kontext derUmgestaltungsowohlvonProduktions- einen nochkaumuntersuchten Aspekt, derimaktuellen und Objekten,sichtbarwerden.Eshandeltsichhierum Arbeitsprozesses, insbesondereaberindenProdukten der nationalenIdentitätanalysiert,diewährenddes Im dritten Teil werden danndieErscheinungsformen ten historischenNotwendigkeiterklärt. Institutionen zueinerindustriegesellschaftlichbeding- die Entstehungnational-staatlicherarbeitsbezogener Analyse dieUnzulänglichkeiteneiner These deutlich, continued from p.9 Just published The politicalmobilizationoftheEuropean Left, 1860-1980- The classcleavage explanatory factors. the relativeweightofcomplex of eachunitandallowshimtoassess päischen Hochschulinstitut,C supérieure inCachanbeiParis.B nal delarecherchescientifiqueundderEcolenormale dynamiques historiquesdel'économie'desCentrenatio- und MitarbeiterinderForschungsgruppe'Institutionset sciences socialesinParis cherches allemandesanderEcoledeshautesétudesen ist Politikwissenschaftlerin amCentred'étudesetdere- P P europäischer Perspektive. Arbeit undNationalstaat.Frankreich undDeutschlandin Europa aufgetretensind. Überwindung derRivalitätenanzeigt,diebislangin nationalen Besonderheitenübernimmtundzugleichdie zu betrachten,diedasgeschichtlicheErbeder Perspektive istdieEntstehungderEuropäischenUnion haben dabeieinewichtigeRollegespielt. Aus dieser historischen Prozessesgesehen;diebeiden Weltkriege eine Gegebenheit,sondernalsdasResultateines nationaler Wirtschaftssysteme wirdhierbeinichtals gegenseitiger Öffnung und Abschlie§ung. DieExistenz onen undProdukteninihrenwechselndenPhasen bei dendamitinZusammenhangstehendenInstituti- ETER ETER W W AGNER AGNER , C LAUDE ist ProfessorfürSoziologieamEuro- Award. he wontheUNESCOSteinRokkan University Press,1990),forwhich Electoral Availability(Cambridge cluding Identity, Competition,and edited andwrittenseveralbooks,in- cles tonumerousjournalsandhas Florence. Hehascontributedarti- the EuropeanUniversityInstitutein Comparative PoliticalInstitutionsat Stefano BartoliniisProfessorof bridge, 2000,pp.637 Cambridge UniversityPress,Cam- 1980 -TheClassCleavage lization oftheEuropean Left,1860- Stefano Bartolini, D Campus.Frankfurt a.M.,2000 IDRY n B und LAUDE ÉNÉDICTE ÉNÉDICTE D The PoliticalMobi- IDRY Z Z ist Soziologe IMMERMANN IMMERMANN , 10 , Law

Professors Masterson, Dworkin and Sadurski

well as many digressions into political journalism. well as many digressions into political Universi- Yale After studying at Harvard, Oxford and Court Judge ties - and a stint as law clerk for District career at Learned Hand - Dworkin began his academic lectured from 1962 to 1968. where he University, Yale of path- During that time, he published a number of Rules’breaking articles, including ‘The Model and international ‘Hard Cases’, which set the stage for his renown. In 1969 - at the age of 38 - he was appointed to the Chair of Jurisprudence at Oxford University, succeeding H.L.A. Hart; in 1975 he took up an additional appointment as Professor of Law and Philoso- In 1978, his first book, University. York phy at New came out, collecting various Rights Seriously, Taking essays written during the past ten years and bringing legal theory with explorations together his emergent into political liberalism; it was complemented in 1985 Awith followed only a year later Matter of Principle, Empire, in which he elaborates his theory of by Law’s ‘law as integrity’; an active political debater in both the United States and the United Kingdom, he pub- Alished, in 1990, his anti-Thatcherist manifesto Bill an Dominion: of Rights for Britain and in 1993 Life’s about abortion, euthanasia, and individual argument moral Law: the freedom; in 1996, with Freedom’s American Constitution, Dworkin joined reading of the the debate between communitarians and liberals and to turned from legal theory to political philosophy, is a further contribution. Now Virtue which Sovereign the Frank H. Sommer Professor of Law at NYU, he bility along the lines of, as again Professor Sadurski bility along the lines old European liberal tradition of has pointed out, the combined a robust protection of Kant and Mill which strong egalitarian commitments. personal liberty with recent develop- most is Dworkin’s Virtue Sovereign aspiration, preceded by a number ment of that overall innumerable scholarly articles, as of monographs and Vermeer, equality and insurance: and insurance: equality Vermeer,

a visit by Ronald Dworkin to the Institute to Dworkin by Ronald a visit

In the beginning, there was a question: what does Jo- In the beginning, there Woman a exquisite 1664 painting of Vermeer’s hannes have to do with the book whose Holding a Balance whose title suggests that it is cover it ornates and A sovereign virtue? about equality as a preliminary even before opening the book, answer can be obtained at the picture; thus, a critic at the by simply looking DC, - where Washington, in Art National Gallery of - for example, tells us that the the painting is exhibited waiting for the balance to rest at pictured woman, “in of judge- equilibrium, acknowledges the importance traditionally ment assessing her actions; [...] balance princi- symbolises justice [and it] embodies a spiritual It turns out, ple [...]: the need to lead a balanced life”. cap- that this interpretation somewhat surprisingly, new tures quite closely the core of Ronald Dworkin’s the theory and practice of Virtue: book ‘Sovereign equality’ 2000], which was [Cambridge (MA): HUP, by the author the subject of a recent presentation given of the Badia Teatro in a packed-to-the-last-seat Wojciech Fiesolana. Formally part of Professor seminar on the Philosophy of Rights, this Sadurski’s ‘Dworkin-on-Dworkin’ session certainly attracted a than usual number of researchers, Jean much larger came, of course, This Monnet Fellows and professors. one stands on as no surprise, since no matter how contemporary Dworkin, it is undeniable that much of been devel- legal, political and moral philosophy has his introduc- oped in, as Prof. Sadurski aptly put it in ideas’. Indeed, many tion, ‘the shadow of Dworkin’s distinctions of his by now well-known concepts and such as ‘rights as trumps’, ‘law as integrity’, ‘rules v. principles’, or ‘equal concern and respect’ have defined the contours of legal, political and moral philosophy and have, justifiably or not, become canonical And this despite much disagree- points of reference. ment among his commentators as to the nature of his thought: for some he is simply a natural lawyer in dis- guise, for others he is a positivist; for some he is a communitarian, for others a liberal; and for some he is a legal theorist, for others a political-moral philoso- his in- Indeed, it is probably fair to say that, with pher. politics and morality ‘as sistence on intermixing law, a matter of principle’, Dworkin has himself contributed a good deal to the puzzlement; this, however, not in order to avoid criticism - which he has not -, but because, throughout his work, he has been trying to grasp the underlying concerns of seemingly opposite positions, attempting to bridge the gap and find a uni- Virtue, fied, or continuous, as he calls it in Sovereign ‘third’ his overall aspiration, which can be Hence way. traced throughout his work, can be said to have been the reconciliation of personal and collective responsi-

Workshop 11 recently retired from Oxford, and took up the Quain The challenge of treating the principle of equal con- Professorship of Jurisprudence at University College, cern as the foundation stone of political society lies, of London. course, precisely in finding a way to determine what it actually means to treat people as equals. To this end, In Sovereign Virtue, Dworkin essentially tries to bring Dworkin digresses into personal ethics in order to together a particular theory of equality with a meta- identify why political theorists have, in his view, on theory about the significance of equality in political the whole failed to provide satisfactory accounts of community. Neither theme is new to him and, accord- equality. The reason lies in what he calls their discon- ingly, the book consists in large part of earlier essays tinuous character, that is, the fact that these theories - - spanning the period from 1981 to 1999 - with only among which he counts utilitarianism, welfare egali- two chapters - 7 and 9 - newly written. This, however, tarianism and Rawls’ ‘difference principle’ - do not does not mean that Sovereign Virtue is mere repeti- carry over into political morality the distinction in per- tion, since this revised and carefully arranged exposi- sonal ethics between matters of personality and mat- tion of these two strands of Dworkinian thought ters of luck or fate. For Dworkin, however, this dis- brings out the highly innovative, if not radical, impli- tinction is, indeed, crucial because it entails different cations of his accumulated work on equality; for he degrees of personal responsibility, which in turn de- does not seek to elaborate just any theory of equality, lineate the substance of ‘equal concern’. Matters of but, indeed, to give a new answer to what he himself personality are, of course, all those ambitions, tastes characterizes as the ‘great puzzle’ that has haunted po- and desires which make people choose one path of ac- litical philosophy ever since the inception of human- tion over another and which, consequently, affect peo- ism, namely the question of what is government, or, ple’s use of their material resources; matters of luck or more precisely, of what gives persons or groups the fate, on the contrary, are those personal and imperson- right to coerce others. The standard answer to this big al resources such as health, talents, place of birth, in- question has been, according to Dworkin, to assume herited wealth etc., which people simply have. Where- that those who are coerced have actually consented to as matters of personality, in Dworkin’s view, entail their coercion; as a consequence, political philoso- personal responsibility - not in a causal sense, since no phers from Hobbes to Rawls have attempted to con- ceive of how people could have consented without, evidently, really having consented to having a government and being coerced by it; their solution has, as Dworkin sees it, been to offer some type of hypothetical social contract as the imaginary foundation of political community. To Dworkin, however, this is a ‘phoney’ idea which is, on the whole, unpersuasive. Instead, he proposes to establish the conditions under which coercion is legitimate for persons and groups who have not actually consented to it, but who are either born into, or have joined, a political community. This, of course, presupposes a rather different concept of political community than that espoused by the con- tractarians: whereas for the latter it is a deliberate, Wojciech Sadurski and Ronald Dworkin and, hence, artificial, construct of individuals con- ceived of as existing prior to and independent of it, one is, evidently, causally responsible for her/his Dworkin sees it as more like a community of fate tastes, but in the sense that people are free to act on which people share independent of their personal them or not - matters of fate or luck entail no person- choice. Hence, the one indispensable condition of le- al responsibility. For Dworkin, this distinction is high- gitimate coercion in such a political community can, in ly relevant for political morality, because it allows for Dworkin’s eyes, be none other than equality. Although people to be treated equally without denying their in- he acknowledges that as such this affirmation amounts dividuality; only if people can be distinguished - and to a platitude, he rightly points out that equality has can distinguish themselves - on account of their per- been one of the most dishonoured and denied of those sonal choices, but cannot, and, indeed, must not be principles which supposedly form the backbone of the distinguished on account of their incidental endow- mature democracies of the West; and he, equally right- ments, are they treated as equals and with equal con- ly, asks the Rawlsian question whether current legal cern. This, then, is the stated project of Sovereign arrangements in these democracies really provide the Virtue: to sketch a political theory that is ‘continuous’ best possible deal to those at the material bottom end. as regards the personal and the public realm and based Equality, however, does not mean for Dworkin the simon the maxim that political legitimacy consists of si- ple equal distribution of wealth, for that, too, would multaneous choice sensitivity and endowment insen- miss the basic point of equality, which is to treat people sitivity. To some this may appear like a renewed at- as equals, or, as he puts it in Sovereign Virtue, to treat tempt to square the circle, and Dworkin acknowledges them with ‘equal concern’. that both goals can probably never be realized per-

Law 12 Law , researcher Department of Law OFFMANN H LORIAN F cannot, in Dworkin’s eyes, justify their exclusion their eyes, justify in Dworkin’s cannot, not to perpetuate latter is if the theory, political from between choice ignoring the distinction injustice by theory continuous Dworkin’s Would and endowment. went Phillipe Schmitter Professor of equal concern, po- of pre-existing transcend the boundaries on to ask, that historical answer Dworkin’s litical communities? is, communities of fate - owed communities - that i.e. to their members, internally, equal concern only communities they owed mere- whereas vis-à-vis other concern, somewhat dis- ly some kind of humanitarian as well as those parts of appointed both the questioner lament the almost exclu- the audience that generally progressive theorists on sive focus by contemporary societies - usually the United particular reference European democracy; the Western States or some more conventional, if not conser- adoption of a much global and international so- vative, approach towards critical sting ciety certainly takes away some of the concern to Dworkin imagines the theory of equal Profes- have. On the hypothetical insurance scheme, charac- sor Sadurski inquired whether its hypothetical major ad- ter did not take away an insurance scheme’s calibration of vantage, namely the real-market-guided therefore, it did not rein- and whether, risk and payoff, been pointed troduce a contractarian element, as had by researchers emphasis out earlier and with different No, Dworkin Ralli? Tommi and Florian Hoffmann scheme did not pointed out, the hypothetical insurance was not based function like a social contract since it on a realistic on wholly imagined consent, but rather do if the measuring of what people would actually more accessi- scheme existed; it was, therefore, by far a ‘veil of ig- ble than, for example, the assumption of that it was only norance’. He acknowledged, however, devices with one of several imaginable heuristic equal concern which a political society founded on further thought could be operationalized, and invited and comment. Thus the afternoon drew to a close, with Dworkin, no doubt, having once again managed to leave his audience with much to ponder and discuss. Quite indepen- dently of how one comes out on his theories, his careful exposition of often innovative, and sometimes radical, ideas cannot but challenge both his native analyt- ical, concept-based school of thought, as well as its ‘continental’, history-of-ideas-based counterpart, to serious responses. crit- painting, the National Gallery’s Vermeer’s As for ic got it quite right: equality signifies equilibrium, in both an economic and a political sense.

As with all innovative and ambitious theories, critique As with all innovative and ambitious theories, afternoon, it Tuesday and on this is never far away, At the centre of questions put was very close indeed. audience were, Teatro to Professor Dworkin from the is not a clear of course, the main lines of his argument: and matters distinction between matters of personality over one’s of luck impossible due to a lack of control always an in- choices, so that, for example, there is trinsic ambiguity between ‘character’ en- and other as the other, dowments, on one hand, and choices, on Yes, Professors Sadurski and Pizzorno commented? responds Dworkin, but people make the distinction subjectively all the time, independent of its objective Which is why a real, coupled with a hypo- possibility. thetical, market scheme seems the best way to balance subjectively drawn distinctions. Dworkin therefore uses the market device as a means to project the logic and he him- of personal ethics onto political morality, self comments that his scheme entails, in a twist on Kant, that people treat each other in politics the way wondered Professor And why, they treat themselves. has political theory been so overwhelm- Walker, Neil ingly discontinuous; have theorists simply failed to appreciate the distinction, wrongly believed themselves to be continuous, deliberately espoused discon- degrees of prior- or simply accorded different tinuity, ity to personal ethics and political morality? Far from having failed to grasp the distinction, Dworkin responds, many theorists, and especially Rawls, have deliberately been discontinuous, believing, unlike Dworkin, that political theorizing is possible without and often mushy distinc- consideration of the difficult tions of personal ethics; their mushiness, however, How, then, does Dworkin imagine the solution of the solution does Dworkin imagine then, How, equations? His, by his own indica- these simultaneous answer involves the as- tion, so far only tentative insurance scheme’sumption of a ‘hypothetical which market to back up people operates in a hypothetical Indeed, Dworkin considers a who live in a real one. to be the most appropriate tool real market economy of resources which is sensi- to promote a distribution real markets are also Yet tive to individual choices. to endowments, which is why particularly sensitive in the ‘hypothetical insurance Dworkin brings would provide an insurance policy This scheme’. for of inequality of endowments or, against the effects at roughly that level at simply bad luck, that matter, a hypothetical which people would have bought it in against which, market. It would be financed by taxes, complain as they would people could, not however, in any case, correspond to the premium they would, The hypothetical insurance have been willing to pay. abysmal scheme would, hence, bridge the seemingly gap between choice and luck. fectly. Yet he sees no alternative to at least trying, es- at least trying, to no alternative he sees Yet fectly. by discontinu- suggested the solutions since pecially so thoroughly missed have, in his eyes, ous theories ‘real’ their impact on the point that political discourse negligible. politics has been and electoral 13 Law Workshop But whyshouldscholarshipconcerned withtheEuro- whose pastaperverted,barbarian legalorderbelongs. All thisisplainenoughfora country likeGermany, to went wronginthepast. sponsibility forthefuturetounderstandclearlywhat Nazi periodisnecessary:itplainlyaquestionofre- tific understandingoflegalsystemstheFascistand This leadstothethirdimportantreasonwhyscien- understanding whatcivilizedlawreallymeans. negation ofcivilizedlawisatthesametimeapathto the oppositevalues. The understandingofthe radical the originandnatureofalegalsystemthatembodies system onenecessarilyunderstandssomethingabout understanding theoriginandnatureofapervertedlegal an importantpositiveandconstructivesideaswell.By to understandsomethingaboutahorriblepast. There is The interestmotivatingthisenquiryisclearlynotonly were necessarytotransformthesystemoflaw? of law? Which historic,socialorculturalpreconditions the legalsystem? Where thereisletsofundisturbedrule the administration,prosecutorsandotheractorsof body ofthoughthappened,whatdidthecourtsdo, what stayeduntouched? What shiftsinthedoctrinal tional SocialistLaw. What changedinthelegalsystem, like the“perversionoflaw”todescribeFascistandNa- ty wasbehindwidelyusedandacceptedformulations to bedeterminedinmorehistoricdetailwhatthereali- questions hasbeenconvincinglyanswered.Itstill it cameabout. After decadesofresearchnonethese to understandclearlywhatactuallydidhappenandhow systems: itisagreattaskfortheacademiccommunity form ofscientificenquiryintothefunctioninglegal systems inthiseraisamostradicalchallengetoany lized legalculture.Secondly, theperversionoflegal ed throughomissiontodefendtheprinciplesofacivi- bears partoftheresponsibilityforcrimesperpetrat- abuses andkillings,thereforeÐlikeotheractors ciary didnothingtopreventmassivehuman-rights tem. Inaddition,ithastoberememberedthatthejudi- 40,000 to80,000peopledirectlykilledbythelegalsys- ist regimes:forGermanytheestimatesrangefrom fering ofthevictimsFascistandNationalSocial- discern. Firstly, memoryisaformofrespectforthesuf- and NationalSocialism. The reasonsarenotdifficult to trines, theoriesandpracticesduringtheeraofFascism pline istheunderstandingandexplorationoflegaldoc- ested inthewiderealmoflawirrespectivedisci- One ofthemostchallengingtasksforscholarshipinter- 1. Why explore thispast? The EuropeanorderinFascistand Nazi legalthought identity fromsomekindoftranscendental, existential, instance, ofhomogenouscommunities derivingtheir ical movementsliketheNazis: CarlSchmitt’s ideas,for force oftheoriescan,tothevictory ofpowerfulhistor- Some answerstoitcontributed, asmuchthefeeble legal philosophyinthetimeof Weimar Republic. tion wasoneoftheimportantquestionspoliticaland amples: thenotionofcommunityanditsconceptualiza- arise fortheEuropeanlegalorder, too. To takesomeex- these questionsmeritcloseattention,as system wereraisedintheNaziperiod. The answersto Secondly, substantialissuesofimportanceforanylegal tion toconceptionsofEuropetoo. past ifthisisknowninconcretedetailandrela- mined answertothehorrorsofviolentandwar-torn Europe canonlybeÐamongotherthingsadeter- construct acivilizedEuropeanorder. The integrationof nomical aimsandtheirintellectualbasesifonewantsto cerning systemsofgovernance,theirpoliticalandeco- aware ofthesemodels,theirconcretestructurecon- deemed possibleatthattime.Oneclearlyhastobe kind ofinstitutionalandsocialarrangementswere Europe thataretobeinvestigatedunderstandwhat duced political,economicalandlegalconceptionsof all. First,theFascistandNationalSocialisterapro- ested inFascistandNationalSocialistlegalsystemsat the secondandthirdreasonsoutlinedforbeinginter- prove theEuropeanorder, whicharespecialcasesof thought andpracticeifonewantstounderstandim- sons tobeconcernedwithFascistandNazilegal might bemisleading. There areatleasttwovalidrea- development ofthefoundationsEuropeanorder thought oftheFascistandNazieraforconscious The assumption,however, ofirrelevancethelegal particular nationalpasts? gration maybecometaintedbyeventswhichbelongto not eventhedangerthatprojectofEuropeaninte- focus ofscholarshiponEuropeanintegration?Isthere sues, leavingthedarknationalheritagesoutof be aclear-cut divisionoflabourconcerningtheseis- of facingthehorrorsnationalpasts?Shouldtherenot this kindofworkfromaEuropeanperspectiveinstead public order?Isitnotmoreadvisabletoconcentrateon done whichhasamoredirectimpactfortheEuropean cist andNaziera?Istherenotenoughotherworktobe tures haveformulatedtothemurderouspastofFas- of thedeterminedcivilizedanswersEuropeancul- evolving post-warEuropeanorder, asthisorderisone cerned, butnotforthecommunityofscholars not questionssurelyofinterestforthecountriescon- pean orderbeinterestedinthesequestions? Are these 14 Law a firm and determined counterculture of tolerance and of tolerance counterculture and determined a firm by politi- lip-service only as not is established solidarity rooted in the convictions, something firmly cians but as The living in Europe. deeds of the people values and So- Fascist and National of the scientific understanding to some degree is possibly able to contribute cialist past in vivid and horrible this about, as it shows to bringing path of action and aspira- detail where the alternative tion might lead to. on Fascist and National Socialist 2. Recent research at the EUI legal thought Ð a conference a most welcome and highly de- Given this background by Christian Joerges organized sirable conference was Perceptions of Europe and and Navraj Singh Ghaleigh: Order in Legal Scholarship Perspectives on a European This and National Socialism. During the Era of Fascism surprisingly, conference met in consequence and not interest beyond with great and persisting international The conference is one the 50 or so actual participants. years ago with of the outcomes of a project started two the belief sys- a series of seminars intended to explore Socialist tems, theories and other contents of National broad research and Fascist legal thought. Out of this of enquiry: topic, the conference singled out one field and theo- the question of Europe in the legal doctrines ries of this period. their content The range of contributions was wide and very serious They sometimes provoked stimulating. the general sci- and highly controversial debates about analysis or entific outlook, the content of the concrete of the the perceived political and cultural implications of the discussions The seriousness theses presented. on important and the kind of disagreement expressed of the Euro- issues from human dignity to the nature of how pean constitutional order are clear indicators was overdue much a clarification of the issues involved and how much it is necessary in the future. (discussant Navraj Singh Yale John McCormick, Conceptions Ghaleigh, EUI) described Carl Schmitt’s often of Europe. In a careful reconstruction of Schmitt’s obscure and unclear works, he distinguished four stages thought: 1. a concep- in the development of Schmitt’s tion of Europe as neo-Christendom, 2. Europe as specifically Central Europe in opposition to Russia, 3. Third Reich a Grossraum theory of Europe during the 4. in his post-war thought an iden- as Greater Germany, a ra- Ð source of tification of Europe as a Ð power-based tional international order. Ingo Hueck, Frankfurt/Berlin (discussant Christoph Schmid, EUI) followed the attempts of SS Law Profes- sor Reinhard Höhn from his academic beginnings to his Third Reich to reshape the principles of career in the constitutional and administrative law in accordance with National-Socialist “völkisch” notions. In this ideological framework Höhn developed notions of Europe based on a racist conception of German imperialism

Finally, and possibly most importantly, there are very and possibly most importantly, Finally, concrete reasons to be concerned with the Fascist and A National Socialist past from a European perspective. dirty wave of xenophobia, racism and intolerance is of An atmosphere crossing Europe at the present time. humiliation and fear is created for the individuals who are ( the focus of the new culture of hate, physical harm is inflicted and people are even killed, sometimes with question there is no sim- Without breathtaking brutality. ilarity to the political, economical and cultural situation of the twenties and thirties, and no dawn of Fascism or National Socialism is even to be considered on a Euro- Apean level. is of course new culture of hate, however, intolerable far before the threshold of an even remote danger for the political system of governance in Europe Ais crossed. culture of hate is not something which Many cultural, economical and historical grows easily. factors have to combine to bring something like that Thus, the current crisis will not be overcome by a about. few measures of repression with the instruments of the law nor welfare programmes to tackle some of the social causes that might be involved. Important as these actions are, the new culture of hate will only disappear if Another good example for the value of studies into the Another good example for the value of is method- dark past of Fascist and Nazi legal thought which role Long debates have taken place about ology. legal systems. methodology played in the perversion of merit The issues are contentious. But they undoubtedly of European close attention from the point of view question a more and more ho- Without scholarship. It might mogenized European legal culture is evolving. development of be a question of generations yet, but the what has been a common European legal space beyond this development, With achieved so far is clear enough. which surely questions of legal methodology will arise of the many should be well-informed about the results method was or enquiries into how far a specific legal law into a was not one of the conditions for turning means of suppression and discrimination. irrational self-defining act surely contributed to the cul- surely contributed act self-defining irrational actual es- to the and acceptance and intellectual tural part of its legitima- of an order that derived tablishment substantial, concepts of a homogenous, tion from The – the “Volk”. collective entity super-individual of com- relevance the notion what however, question, it is to be conceptual- for a polity and how munity has The best example of interest today. ized is very much of knowledge of notions of communi- the need for a close is the discussion about the Maas- ty in the Nazi period Federal Constitutional Court of tricht decision of the by some prominent commentators which has Germany, influenced by Schmittian thought. been taken as being on the battleground of core issues of These arguments architecture Ð the relation between the European legal their central and most powerful in- the nation States and - show how important knowl- stitutions and the Union Nazi legal doctrines is for the edge of Fascist and It might help to understand evolving European order. sense. central current debates in a much deeper 15 Law fassungslehre asacentralbasis ofhisendeavours,heat- law from Weimar toMaastricht. Taking Schmitt’s Ver- Spohn, EUI)triedtoexplore culture andrationalityof J. PeterBurgess, Florence/Oslo (discussant Wilfried Fascisms inPortugal,Romania, Argentina orChile. ing thetheoreticalgriponnatureof“peripherical” Spanish Fascism,butinawiderperspectivetotighten- aimed notonlyatcontributingtoanunderstandingof opment ofaauthoritarianideologyinSpain. The paper the workandinfluenceofDonosoCortésondevel- Fascism andtotalitarianism.Inparticularitfocusedon It tracedbacktheevolutionofSpanishvariant nent SpanishlegalscholarstoaFascistdoctrineoflaw. The paperdescribedthecontributionofsomepromi- tension betweenfascismandreactionaryCatholicism. doctrine underFrancodictatorshipandtheunexpected Julio BaqueroCruz,EUI)discussedtheSpanishlegal Augustin JoséMenéndez,Madrid/Oslo(discussant “Gramscian” theoryofFascism. change. To them,thesefindingsappeartobuttressa under thegivenhistoriccircumstances,againstsocial capitalist politicalandeconomicordertoprotectitself, took thetheoryofcontractasaspecificmeans interests ofaparticularparty. Ingeneral,however, they They didnotseeanyparticulartendencytoprotectthe served apredominanceofStatewilloverprivatewill. cist theoryofcontract. As adecisivefeaturetheyob- no (discussant Tommi Ralli,EUI)investigatedtheFas- Pier GiuseppeMonateriand Alessandro Somma, Tori- tati. lawyers inItaly:SantiRomanoandConstantinoMor- to acasestudyontheworkoftwoinfluentialpublic Italian Fascistthoughtinthisdomain.Itfinallyturned mutual influenceofGermanpublic-lawdoctrinesand what itsfoundationsactuallyare.Itthendiscussedthe dressed thequestionwhatFascismactuallymeansand pact onFascistpublic-lawdoctrine. The paperfirstad- Lustgarten, Southampton)investigatedtheGermanim- Massimo La Torre, Catanzaro(commentator Laurence racy asamodeofgovernanceinEurope. the paperenvisagedanewwayofdeliberativedemoc- background, anditshistoricalroots.Beyondbothpoles and administrativefunctionalismwithapublic-law tion: ordo-liberalismwithaprivate-lawbackground then turnedtopost-wartheoriesofEuropeanintegra- of theenvisagedtransnationalgovernance. The paper economic systemweresingledoutascentralelements governance. Technicity, administrativepower andthe ly totheinternalstructureenvisagedforthisspaceof to classicalnotionsofinternationallawandmoreclose- turned firsttoSchmitt’s Grossraumtheory, itsrelation European Grossraum.wasconceptualized. The paper investigated modesinwhichpublicgovernancefora Christian Joerges, EUI(discussantNeil Walker, EUI) theory ofa“Grossraum”. centered aroundmasterpeopleandslavea cation should,however, probablyincludeanumber of should berevisedandpublished. The envisagedpubli- www.iue.it/LAW/staff/joerges/joerges_workshop.htm conference whicharenowaccessible onthewebat ings aftertheconferencethatcontributionsto Organizers andparticipants agreedinaseriesofmeet- 3. Follow-upactivities “Ehrengerichtsbarkeit” inGermany. tion ofthepersonality, thepracticeofprobation,or ment ofsomelegalinstitutionsliketherighttoprotec- buttress thesethesesthepaperinvestigatesdevelop- cluded inthecommunitydefinedbyracistcriteria. To alized theclaimtohonoureverybody, atleastifin- gued, Fascismplayedacrucialroleinsofarasitgener- leged fewtoeverybody. Inthisprocess,thepaperar- differences andanextensionofstatusfromtheprivi- ty, accordingtothisview, by agraduallevellingoutof (aristocratic) conceptofhonour. Honourbecamedigni- that theEuropeanconceptofdignityisrootedinold National-Socialism, thepaperputforwardthesis dignity isanansweragainstthehorrorsofFascismand widespread beliefthattheEuropeanlegalcultureof from theFascistconceptsof“honour”. Against the human dignityofpost-warEuropederivedsomething EUI) pursuedthequestionwhethercultureof James Whitman, Yale (discussantFlorianHoffmann, means ofcontrolplanninginasociety. checks andbalancesofscientificworkcanprovidea growth ofcyberneticsandthequestionwhether cultural andscientificbackgroundofplanning,e.g.the itarian societieshas. The paperfurtherinvestigatedthe and commonfeaturesplanningindemocratictotal- tions proceededtoinvestigatewhatkindofdifferences general constellationintheearly1930scontribu- economy inthetwentiesandthirties.Startingfrom provided conceptualizationsofpoliticalcontrolthe Gabriela Eakin,Frankfurt(discussantBoStråth,EUI) ity, inmethodology, culturesandvalues. As alessonofthepastisproposeddefenceplural- tance ofideologyandthevalueshistoricalagents. Nazi system. The paperinsteademphasizedtheimpor- many, tooutcomesmatchingtheexpectationsof much astherelativelyanti-formalisttraditioninGer- tion inFrancecouldleadunderthe Vichy regime,as relativelyformalistlegaltradi- the materialoutcome. A the methodsappliedindifferent legalculturesand widespread assumptionofacausalconnectionbetween systems. The papershowedscepticismtowardsthe respective impactonthetransformationoflegal malist legaltraditionsinGermanyandFrancetheir Mahlmann, Berlin)describedformalistandanti-for- Vivian G.Curran,Pittsburgh (discussant Matthias the currentprojectofEuropeanintegration. stitutionalism andanapplicationofthesethoughtsto tempted toprovidesomeelementsofatheorycon- continued onp.17 16 Law , Dr. jur., jur., , Dr. AHLMANN M marginalise the signifi- the marginalise Eu- cance of the emerging ropean political project of Treaty centred on the Rome and its successors, to down- and, relatedly, own partic- play the UK’s ipation (since 1973) in that project. When Margaret Thatcher famously (and almost certainly disingen- uously) remarked that she had literally not known what she was signing up for when her Government acceded to the Single Eu- she was ap- Act, ropean pealing to a very British ATTHIAS M Freie Universität Berlin, FB Rechtswissenschaft of human affairs more than the ideas explored and for- of human affairs But the mulated in the small academic community. hope exists that projects like the one just outlined might contribute to some steps forward on the way to achiev- ing the three aims which, as outlined motivate, an interest in the Fascist and National Socialist past: to honour the victims, to understand the past, to determine a secure path into the future. Given the newly risen spec- tre of racism, militant nationalism and intolerance in Europe, this would be no small achievement. tradition of denial and ignorance over Europe. Through- tradition of denial and ignorance over Europe. were still treat- out the 1970s and 80s, European politics In the uni- day. ed as a footnote to the main events of the at all, was if taught versities, European Community law, or commercial treated as a specialist branch of trade law a particular For me, a budding public lawyer with law. constitutional questions about the over- interest in large all network and main intersections of legal and political European Community law was presented by authority, my teachers as very much a remote branch-line Ð an ex- was also absorbed into the larger British state, and in British into the larger was also absorbed of the attitudes of ‘Britishness.’ turn it absorbed many a deep ambivalence towards the One such attitude was and political community with the very idea of economic though, ambivalence is too rest of Europe. Perhaps, the better term. Mirror- strong a word, and detachment of the British Isles, Scottish ing the physical detachment life was marked by a tendency to (and British ) public Prof. Neil Walker Prof. Neil Neil Walker New appointment New

It is needless to underline that in the view of this participant all of these activities open up important re- debates, The impact of scientific search perspectives. conferences and publications on the actual course of history is surely limited. Powerful forces in the econo- international relations and the belief and value sys- my, tems of the acting agents determine the winding course additional essays, addressing topics along the lines which the conference already touched upon: continuities and ruptures in European legal thought; liberal and anti- liberal strands in European legal thought; National So- impact on cialism and Fascism; the post-World-War-II European legal thought; and responses to National So- cialism and Fascism in national legal cultures. continued from p. 16 continued from I was born and bred in Scotland, which, despite very re- I was born and bred its cently having revived independent parliamen- tary tradition, remains part of the United King- As they have since dom. political union between Scotland and England in 1707, Scottish identity and British identity continue to exist in complex Ð sometimes uneasy Ð combination. During my formative years of legal training and political consciousness, a key point of tension, but be- also of continuity, tween these two identities concerned attitudes to- and distinc- wards Europe. Scotland had its own distinct the English which, unlike tive system of private law, tradition of owes much to the civilian common law, own separate Roman-Dutch origin. Scotland also had its Alliance’political history; its ‘Auld with France; its thinkers such proud claim, founded in the reputations of Adam Smith and David Hume, to host the Northern as cultural and Enlightenment; its resilient migratory, diplomatic links with a wide diversity of European soci- both legally and politically Scottish society Yet eties. On 1 September 2000 I took up a position as professor 2000 I took On 1 September Twen- in the Law Department. of European Union law to consider the prospect of a life ty years ago, as I began scarcely have believed such an I would in the academy, Ð and not just because I would have eventuality possible to aspire to a chair at such an em- considered it arrogant try to explain what I mean. inent institution. I will 17 Law ship orassociation(citizenship), thetextureofpolitical authority (constitution),thecharacter ofpolity-member- omy ofthepolity(sovereignty), itslegalframeworkof to say, ourideasconcerningthevery identityandauton- are baseduponthetemplateof themodernstate. That is make senseofÐandhopefullytoimprovetheworld, gories oflegalandpoliticalauthoritywhichweuseto remains stubbornlythecasethatconceptsandcate- phalian worldhavebeenfullyexplored.Inparticular, it patterns ofregionalandglobalauthorityinapost-West- or answered,thattheirimplicationsfortheemerging age doesnotmeantheyhavebeenadequatelyaddressed public lawyersthisushersinanoldsetofquestions,but and thenot-so-recentupstart,EuropeanUnion.For the traditionalseatofconstitutionalauthorityÐstate- general contoursofthedevelopingrelationshipbetween pean publiclawyer, Iamparticularlyinterestedinthe study ofEuropeanlaw. As both adomesticandEuro- tured me,andwhichinformstheapproachItaketo In anutshell,thisistheintellectualclimatewhichnur- tion. and contextualinperspective,normativeorienta- doctrinal limitsofawrittenConstitution,comparative expansive affair inrecentyears;unconstrainedbythe ly oftheEuropeandimension,becomeanincreasingly cially soattheCelticmargins -has,quiteindependent- of publiclawintheUnitedKingdomÐperhapsespe- proved bynomeansadisablinglegacy, sincethestudy publiclaw. Butthis(Ihope!)has through ‘domestic’ thority. Others,likeme,havegraduatedtoEuropeanlaw changing mosaicofnationalandsupranationallegalau- from theoutsetasacentralthemeinstudyof Some contributorshaveembracedEuropeanpubliclaw and vibrantnewgenerationofEuropeanlegalstudies. In turn,thishasproducedintheUnitedKingdomarich dimension. stressed justasmuchas,ifnotmorethan,itsprivatelaw ment, andincreasinglyitspubliclawdimensionwas in England,Europeanlawbecameacompulsoryele- strengthen. FirstinScotland(unsurprisingly),andlater the syllabusoftypicalBritishlawdegreebeganto same conclusion. The positionofEuropeanlawwithin Union. Fortunatelytoo,manyothersweredrawingthe pean Communities,andÐafterMaastricht,theEuropean stitutional authoritywithoutthinkingabouttheEuro- hensive fashionaboutquestionsoffundamentalcon- simply notpossibletothinkinabalancedandcompre- retrospect, Iwishedsomeonehadlecturedme),itwas lectured successivegenerationsofstudents(andas,in were questionsofScottishandBritishpubliclaw. As I constitutionallawyeras tellectual mapofan‘island’ pean legalandpoliticalidentitywereascentraltothein- years), IquicklybecameawarethatquestionsofEuro- inburgh (fortenyears)and,latterlyat Aberdeen (forfive barked uponmyuniversityteachingcareer, firstatEd- Fortunately, notalloldhabitsdiehard,andasIem- turally central. otic locationforspecialisttrain-spotters,butnotstruc- project. and stimulatingenvironmentinwhichtopursuesucha pean UniversityInstituteoffers anuniquelysupportive digenous researchcommunity, IbelievethattheEuro- and -mostimportantofallthehighcalibreitsin- practical engagement,itsstrongvisitorprogrammes, lectual diversity, itsbalanceoftheoreticalreflectionand lished interdisciplinarylinks,itsrichculturalandintel- ed above. With itsEuropeanemphasis,well-estab- ory andatsomeofthevariouspointsapplicationlist- both atthelevelofgenerallegalandconstitutionalthe- Over thenextfewyearsIwillbeexploringtheseissues interest ofmine)andexternalsecurity. and monetarypolicy, orinternalsecurity(aparticular tional domainsofstatesovereigntysuchaseconomic tegration -whetherandtowhatextentitincludestradi- troversy overthefunctionallimitsofsupranationalin- supra-state levels;intheperennialbutever-shifting con- state polities(Scotlandagain!)alongsidetheand nance Ðtheincipientrecognitionofclaimssub- commodation andco-ordinationofmulti-levelgover- and unevenintegration,evenfragmentation;intheac- -tomulti-speed EU; inthegrowingtrendto‘flexibility’ disputed termsandconsequencesofenlargement ofthe viaability ofawrittenConstitutionforEurope;inthe today; intheverydebateoverappropriatenessand challengesfacing Europe merous ‘meta-constitutional’ These variousquestionsaretotheforefrontinnu- first principles. issues inpubliclawandsohavetobeworkedoutfrom nates oftheirrelationshiptostatesraisegenuinelynovel configuration ofauthority, andthatthebasicco-ordi- rather, existalongsidetheminanewmulti-dimensional that thesenewpolitieshavenotdisplacedstatesbut, overlap withthoseofstates. We mustalsobemindful and legitimacyproblemswhichbothdiffer fromand poses, potentials,dynamics,constraints,opportunities must bemindfulthatsuchnon-statepolitieshavepur- emerging polities. Yet insochoosingandstrivingwe ferent explanatoryandnormativelanguageforthese or, inthealternative,thatwecannotseekaradicallydif- to newnon-statepolitiessuchastheEuropeanUnion, we cannotapplyoradapttheseconceptsandcategories dimensional globalorderofstates. That isnottosaythat authority (thedemos),continuetobedrawnfromaone- community (civicorethnic)anditsrootsoflegitimate 18

Economics

ILLMEIER

B instead of structural models). The Summer School concluded on Saturday afternoon after lunch at San Domenico and a short discussion. A inshort and formal evalua- tion showed that NDREAS A

This model class permits the analysis of very large data of very large class permits the analysis This model the state of the economy by ex- sets and aims to describe that drive the other variables. tracting only a few factors (University of Cam- Andrew Harvey Wednesday, On background on filters, i.e. a way bridge) provided some on business cycle components of extracting information Thursday lec- The frequencies. with respect to different Forni (University of Modena), fol- ture, given by Mario lecture by Marcellino and applied Tuesday lowed up the to European Analysis Factor the concept of Dynamic Helmut Luetkepohl from business cycle dynamics. of the last was in charge Berlin, Humboldt University, of structural advanced lecture. He attacked the problem from a breaks in time series (e.g. German Reunification) systems point of view (vector autoregressive different Above all, the organi- participants were quite satisfied. and Jessica Spataro Toro, Alberto Musso, Juan zation by and the days The schedule was dense, was impeccable. an indicator of rather long, but this was understood as taken by its or- how seriously this Summer School was ganizers (which is not always the case!). One point raised was that the school could have started a bit later in the morning, given that the accommodation was rather distant. On the other hand, participants were quite happy with the quality of their hotel, noting that its provision by The overall quality of the Institute was very convenient. the lectures was regarded as good. Several researchers held the view that an introductory overview (“the big Also, a case was made picture”) would have been useful. for a clearer distinction between technicalities and “economic intuition”. One final pointer for future Summer a get-together and drinks Schools would be to organize so that re- for the participants at the end of the first day, searchers could get to know each other earlier during the week. interesting lec- Summing up, excellent organization, tures, and a tough programme made this Summer School a success, to be repeated Ð hopefully Ð in future years.

Econom(etr)ics Summer School at the EUI at the School Summer Econom(etr)ics

The daily computing session proved to be rather early (starting at 8:30!) but quite helpful, since one of the two main lecturers is also the (co-)author of a range of econo- used for the analysis metric software packages (STAMP) of data along the lines of the statistical theory set out in The late-afternoon advanced lectures the main course. were intended to illustrate applications of the theory: on a 1999 EUI Ph.D., now at Mathias Hoffmann, Monday, focused on so-called Perma- Southampton University, and applied this to the Decompositions nent-Transitory Tuesday, analysis of exchange rate misalignments. On Massimiliano Marcellino (also an EUI Ph.D.) from Boc- coni University introduced Dynamic Factor Models. The daily programme consisted of three parts: a main The daily programme consisted of three course in State Space Model- ling jointly taught by Siem Jan Koopman (Free University of Amsterdam) and Tommaso Proietti (Univer- sity of Udine), a related computer tutorial in the morning, and in- The main vited advanced lectures in the late afternoon. framework course was aimed at providing a statistical space rep- for researchers regarding the so-called “state The frame- resentation” of structural time series models. relevant work provides convenient ways of extracting information from time series and their components, such as whether they are subject to a trend over time or cycli- Probably the most important (and cal behaviour. straightforward) application is the analysis of the busi- This topic is at the heart of the NASEF re- ness cycle. search programme and is currently the focus of considerable attention from economists and econometricians Atlantic. on both sides of the From 11 to 16 September, the Department of Economics the Department to 16 September, From 11 on “State Space Modelling hosted a Summer School Analysis” at the Business Cycle Applications to with The Summer Artis. by Mike Badia Fiesolana, organized Ap- TMR group “New by the School was initiated of Economic Fluctuations” proaches to the Study through the Centre for organised (NASEF), which is Atten- (CEPR) in London. Economic Policy Research subject to space con- everybody, dance was open to from about 20 universities straints. Some 40 researchers as the European Central Bank faced and institutions such The participants were mostly an intensive programme. in the second or third year of their Ph.D.

September 19 Storia nora adottata.Questoripercorrere lastoriaeconomica l’analisi inunaprospettivamolto piùampiadiquellafi- modo inestricabileatuttiquesti aspettienepermettono periodo proprioperchécoinvolgono esicolleganoin principali aspettidellastoriaeconomica italianadiquel spunti dinotevoleinteressepercomprenderemeglioi metà delXXsecolofornisconodunqueunaseriedi Le vicendedellebancheitalianeall’esteronellaprima le finanzaitaliana. nale diconnessioneconl’esterodellasemprepiùdebo- nuovo ruoloqualecollettoredidivisepregiateeca- ma dibancheefilialiitalianeall’esteroassunseun responsabili dellapoliticaeconomicaitalianaedilsiste- assunse unruolopredominantenellepreoccupazionidei za politicaedeconomicatedesca,l’elementovalutario progressivo avvicinamentodell’Italiaall’areadiinfluen- zioni control’Italiaperl’aggressioneall’Etiopiaedil Quando sopraggiunseropoiiproblemilegatiallesan- caratterizzato finoaigiorninostril’economiaitaliana. partecipazioni stataliedi“capitalismostato”cheha nel 1933,gettòlebasiperlacreazionediunsistema zione dell’IstitutoperlaRicostruzioneIndustriale(IRI) cretizzò nellamanierapiùevidenteattraversolacrea- cio interventodisalvataggio. Tale intervento,chesicon- creò talidifficoltà dacostringereloStatoadunmassic- il sopraggiungeredellacrisideiprimianni Trenta che gativo sulsistemafinanziarioedindustrialeitalianocon tura internazionalesiripercosseperòinmodomoltone- pagare leimportazioni.Questomaggiorgradodiaper- no qualilascarsitàdicapitalievalutepregiateconcui cuni deimaggioriostacolialprocessodisviluppoitalia- ternazionali, oltrecheiltemporaneosuperamentodial- grado diaperturadell’economiaitalianaagliinflussiin- nanza italianasiintensificaronoepermiserounmaggior italiane all’estero,lerelazioniinternazionalidellafi- anni Venti quando,anchegrazieall’attivitàdellebanche bancario italianoraggiunseilculminenelcorsodegli Questo processodiinternazionalizzazionedelsistema che affiliate. banche localiocrearviaddiritturafilialidiretteban- Stati UnitieinSud America percoltivarecontatticon volsero alleprincipalizonediemigrazioneitaliananegli commerciali. Allo stessotempolebancheitalianesiri- del Mediterraneodoveavvenivanoimportantiscambi pali mercatifinanziariinternazionalieinalcunicentri rigi cheospitavanoallora,assiemeaNew York, iprinci- italiane. InizialmentefuronocreatefilialiaLondraePa- di penetrazioneeconomicaperlafinanzael’industria re bancheaffiliate inpaesicuisiaprivanoopportunità italiane iniziaronoadaprirefilialiall’esterooacostitui- fine dellaprimaguerramondiale,lemaggioribanche Con l’iniziodelnuovosecoloedinparticolaredopola Novità Le bancheitalianeall’estero,1900-1950 timento diStoriaModernaeContemporaneaPisa. re, attualmentesvolgeattivitàdiricercapressoilDipar- ria finanziariaitalianaapparsisurivisteitalianeedeste- tore divariarticoliinitalianoeinglesesutemisto- stema bancarioitalianonegliannitraledueguerre. Au- sertazione sulprocessodiinternazionalizzazionedelsi- versitario EuropeodiFiesole(FI)difendendounadis- seguito ilPh.D.inStoriaeCiviltàpressol’IstitutoUni- Commerciale Italiananeglianni Venti. Nel1998hacon- storia economicasull’espansioneall’esterodellaBanca laureato all’UniversitàdiPisanel1993conunatesi R R tica economicainternanegliannideltardofascismo. tra politicaestera,vicissitudinivalutarieesceltedipoli- to delcommercioestero,edinfinedellostrettorapporto tra ledueguerresoprattuttonelcampodelfinanziamen- namento deimercatifinanziariinternazionalineglianni mediato primodopoguerra,dellastrutturaedelfunzio- economica italianainEuropaCentro-Orientalenell’im- chiara comeneicasidelfenomenodellapenetrazione vello internazionaleunapercezionesufficientemente so lostudiodiaspettispecificicuimancaancheali- zionale dicuisifornisceunarappresentazioneattraver- serire leproblematicheitalianeinuncontestointerna- Altra caratteristicaspecificadellibroèpoiquelladiin- grafia tradizionale. specifici etalvoltainnovativineiconfrontidellastorio- specifica dandoluogoariflessioniecontributianalitici banche italiane,assumononeltestounalororilevanza te conilfenomenodell’internazionalizzazionedelle na). Questetematiche,puressendostrettamentecollega- comprensione deilimitistrutturalidell’economiaitalia- levanza dellequestionifinanziarieevalutarieperla modificazione dellastrutturaistituzionaleitaliana,lari- cambiamenti diindirizzonellepoliticheeconomichee riografia economicasull’Italiadiallora,ilrapportotra liano, ilpesoattribuitoalrapportoconl’esteronellasto- finanziaria internazionalenelprocessodisviluppoita- italiane all’estero(adesempio,ilruolodell’integrazione matiche separatedallasempliceesperienzadellebanche filo conduttoredellibrocheaffronta tuttaunaseriedite- modo quelladelperiodofascista,rappresentainfattiil italiana dellaprimametàdelXXsecolo,edinspecial ISBN 88-8398-001-8 renze, EuropeanPress Academic Publishing,2000,376pp. ria internazionalenell’Italiadegliannitraledueguerre, 1950. Espansionebancariaall’estero eintegrazionefinanzia- OBERTO OBERTO D D I I Q Q UIRICO UIRICO , Le bancheitalianeall’estero, 1900- (Montecatini Terme, 1964-),siè 20 Fi- History Sabean concluded that the main concern during the Baroque was the question of remar- riage to in-laws. Even though scholars of the period never reached agreement regarding the against it, arguments there was a shared belief in the sinful- ness of marrying anyone from the in- Marriage law family.

tures: from a vertical (focused on lineage, decent and tures: from a vertical a horizontal emphasis (fo- succession rights) towards and strong emotional rela- cused on moral sentiment to According and/or cousins). tions between siblings resulted in an equal change of Sabean, this change inheritance and relationship to succession, human’s within the family. property rights and practices the seventeenth century (c. 1680- From the analysis of on legal and religious texts 1740) discourse, focusing of Europe, mainly from the German-speaking part prohib- between cousins and second cousins remained According ited throughout Europe during the Baroque. these strict for maintaining to Sabean, the argument rights prohibitions was a wish to ensure that succession remained unchallenged, and can thus be seen as an attempt to stabilize property. Around 1740 a significant increase in marriages between cousins can be observed in most of Europe and, a new intra-familiar discourse devel- simultaneously, oped. Sabean has identified this in letters and novels of the period, and he concluded by claiming that siblings and cousins became the social framework within which was devel- both language and the behavior of affection The goal for marriage alliances now became oped. compatibility based on sameness, and this made cousins a particularly attractive subject for securing the future happiness of children, brothers and sisters. The paper and the subsequent discussion, addressing both the problems involved in a comparison between of source genres two discourses derived from different material and regarding the causality behind the identified changes, provided a useful framework for the following presentations.

Sisters and brothers Ð brothers and sisters Ð brothers and brothers Sisters

Intimate relations and the questions of “incest” of the questions and relations Intimate After this introduction to one of the keywords of the workshop, Sabean presented an analysis of the very different seventeenth and eighteenth century discourses on incest. Based on the changes of discourse on incest and transition that the intimacy among siblings, he argued from the Baroque to the Romantic period included a transformation of the understanding of family struc- The historian David Sabean (University of California, an in- Angeles) opened the workshop by providing Los troduction to his on-going research on incest discourse in Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- provocatively entitled Baroque and The paper, turies. Romantic Incest, first discussed the concept of incest. The Latin root “cestum” means “clean” or “pure”; “incest” thus suggests something unclean or not pure whereas the German equivalent “Blutschande” is most accurately translated as “violation of blood lines”. For both the Latin and German term, as well as in the more abstract usage of the word within social or political the unequivocal negative contexts beyond the family, content of the word is beyond question. Over the past few months Ridley Scott’s film Gladiator Ridley Scott’s Over the past few months The debate has discussed. (2000) has been widely aesthetic presentation of extreme mainly focused on the another controversial theme violence and, as a results, the incestuous relation- has been virtually overlooked: Emperor Commodus (161- ship between the Roman Although present in the Lucilla. 193 BC) and his sister, is by no means as explicit in this film, the issue of incest account as it is in the ancient contemporary visual This vari- the reign of Commodus. sources dealing with how the dis- ation in representations of incest indicates courses and conceptions of varying phenomena can change within both time and The goal of space. the workshop Sisters and Brothers - Brothers and Sisters. Intimate Relations and the Questions of “Incest” arranged by Professor Regina Schulte, Department of History and Civi- lization was to address exactly these varying under- changes by historicizing and discussing siblings in standings of incest and intimacy between early modern and modern European history.

Workshop 22-23 September 22-23 Workshop 21 History ter LoveandClassFormation inNineteenth-Century called hispaper The Sibling Archipelago: Brother-Sis- Chistopher Johnson(Wayne-State University, Detroit) the Revolutionof1789. analysis ofFrenchsiblingrelationshipsduringandafter for thefollowingcontribution,ChristopherJohnson’s well-structured paper, which providedexcellentground several complimentsforhermethodologicallyclearand establishing tightemotionalbonds.Davidoff received age becameisolatedortendedtoisolatethemselvesby and withinthisgreaterfamily, siblingcouplesclosein oldest childofafamilyspannedclosetotwodecades common thattheagespanbetweenyoungestand ly structuresprevalentamongthemiddleclass.Itwas relationships betweensiblingswererelatedtothefami- her detailedcasestudy, Davidoff suggestedthatintimate being, ofcourse,thequestionreproduction.Basedon as apreparationformarriedlife,thekeydifference gender specificbehaviorofindividualsandthusserved each other. The siblingrelationshipsconstructedthe relationships andthemarriagesofperiodresemble tionship Ðnotevenmarriage.Inseveralwaysthesibling tensity thatmayneverberesembledinanyotherrela- consisted oftheemotionalstrength,whichwasanin- ships includedaphysicalaspectornot,becausethecore Davidoff, itisirrelevantifthesebrother-sister relation- ture consistingofpassionandfriendship. According to er, aspecialtermisneededbecauseoftheiruniquena- sibling relationshipsofthenineteenthcentury. Howev- was tostressthatincestisaninappropriatetermforthe discussion oftheconceptincestbut,thistime,itsaim LikeUnlikeopenedwitha Like thepreviouspaper, A among theEnglishmiddleclassoftime. bates, aswelldemographicandfamilystructures context oflanguagepractices,socialpatternsandde- 1850) andDorothy Wordsworth (1771-1855) withinthe ship betweenthebrotherandsister William (1770- This studyoffered ananalysisoftheintimaterelation- Incest intheEnglishNineteenthCenturyMiddleClass. LikeUnlike-Sibling her recentworkunderthetitle A Leonore Davidoff (UniversityofEssex)whopresented The secondspeakerwastheEnglishsociologist, Pernille Arenfeldt, MartinKohlrausch,PatriziaGuarnieri and ReginaSchulte vestigation. cases ofincest,whichwasnecessary toinitiateanin- there wasalmostnoincentive forchildrentoreport the notionofdangerouschild. The resultwasthat posing adangerforthesurrounding society, introduced young girlindangerof“falling”,butthiscontextalso children’s legalrights. The ideaofthe‘Pericolante’, although notnecessarilyarguing foranimprovementof were increasinglyinterestedinthenotionofchildhood, trists, psychologists,sexologistsandanthropologists, teenth-century. The “NewExperts” oftheage,psychia- discussion onthesubjectdevelopedinlatenine- Intertwined withthelegaldebateonincest,ascientific tinues today. the penalcodestillbeinginplace,legaldebatecon- different partsofItalyand,therespectiveparagraph ferent legaltreatmentsofincestremainedinplace sage isclearandwassotocontemporariesaswell,dif- dividual. Eventhoughtheambiguityofquotedpas- morals, andwasnotaviolationoftheintegrityanin- tion. Inthissenseincestwasanoffence againstfamily was thoughttohaveavictim:thefamilyasaninstitu- the law. However, whenincestcausedpublicscandalit matter ofimmoralitybutitwasnotanoffence against and thelaw. Incestinnineteenth-centuryItalywasa points directlytotheproblematicencounterofincest a quotefromtheItalianPenalCodeof1889,andit her paper, Insuchawayastoprovokepublicscandalis dress thequestionofincestinItalianlaw. The titleof ment ofHistoryandCivilization,EUI)wentontoad- Patrizia Guarnieri(Visiting ProfessorintheDepart- family. but alsothelossofalinktoenvironmentoutside leaves thefamily-thislossbeingnotonlyemotional cope withthe“loss”ofabrotherwhomarriesand inabilityto dency. Often,thelettersmirrorsisters’ letters exchangedbetweensiblingsreflectsthisdepen- compared totoday’s waysofcommunication-the sisters. The extremelyemotionallanguage-sounusual the brothersimpartedknowledgeofworldtotheir a “windowtotheworld”fortheirsisters. That istosay, defined theroleofbrotherinsiblingrelationshipsas Elaborating onatermintroducedbyDavidoff, Johnson new familystrategies. new bloodrelationsthatdevelopedasaresultofthese words, politicaldifferences weresmoothedoverbythe between theupper-middle classfamilies.Inother regime facilitatedaharmonizationofformeropposition ical contextoftheFrenchRevolution,thisnewmarital marriages betweencousins. Against theuncertain polit- structures, andinparticular, anincreasedfrequencyof riod around1800resultedinlastingshiftsfamily the resultspresentedbyDavidoff: thatthetransitionpe- these families,Johnsonconfirmedandsupplemented town of Vannes, andinthepatternsobservedwithin trated onbourgeois familiesfromtheFrenchprovincial tionally self-containedentities.Hisworkhasconcen- France toemphasizethattheserelationshipswereemo- 22 History , OHLRAUSCH K ARTIN Robert Musil invents M researcher Department of History and Civilization Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften the mythic tradition of incest and presents an incestuous the mythic tradition of incest and presents of trans- relationship, which leads towards a possibility Agathe en- gressing the gender roles set up by society. thus speaks of ables her brother to change himself; he Agathe, himself and a particular condition three sisters, of his sister - that develops when he joins the company Dagmar von in this way he transforms his own self. labeled this variation of identity “depersonaliza- Hoff of the in- tion” and examined the motifs and metaphors of the siblings. terrelations between the metamorphoses intimacy be- By addressing the subjects of incest and and lit- tween siblings from historical, psychoanalytical provided a erary approaches, this interesting workshop incest and inti- basis for a better understanding of how fundamental macy between siblings has undergone this process of change cannot be un- changes. However, derstood as a linear development, and much research still needs to be undertaken before a more detailed picture of the nature of the development can be drawn. by Professor by rganized The workshop was organized Regina Schulte paper Sonne, Mond und andere Geschwister: Sibling andere Geschwister: und Sonne, Mond paper the re- she analyzed Literature, in Contemporary Incest Agathe Ulrich and between the two siblings lationship Man Eigenschaften (The Der Mann ohne in the novel of this arrived at a new reading Qualities) and Without Ac- author Robert Musil. Austrian by the classic work the two between the relationship von Hoff, cording to rather than androgynous. Howev- siblings is incestuous not only contradict the common understand- she did er, also stressed the transformation of ing of the novel, she work, Shearer’s Ann In contrast to the motif of incest. examined the variation of incest the paper by von Hoff the relationship between in narratives and illustrated Benjamin, “Das Walter by quoting myth and literature Veranstal- von den frühesten Märchen gibt uns Kunde Alp, hat, um den getroffen tungen, die die Menschheit ihre Brust gelegt hatte, abzuschüt- den der Mythos auf fairy tale informs us about the first attempts The teln.“ myth. In this of human beings to banish the burden of same motif is ex- pointed out, the sense, von Hoff in different representations pressed through different than a con- fairy tales: incest is more a textual pattern of time. stant phenomenon excluded from the changes In

Dagmar von Hoff (Literary Scholar/Critic from Uni- Dagmar von Hoff continued the analysis of the versity of Hamburg) brother and sister relationship within narratives. In her Again with reference to Jung, Shearer pointed out that creation myths contain a psychological truth about the Adam and Eva individuation of man. For example, Testa- According to the Old form an integrated whole. Adam - ment, Eva consists of the same substance as the Adam says. However, “she is the flesh of my flesh“, unity of Eden is destroyed and, in the psychoanalytical incest between siblings is an expression of an at- view, tempt to regain the unity which has been lost. During the last afternoon of the workshop, the relation- During the last afternoon of the workshop, on the ship between brothers and sisters was discussed it has basis of narratives. In recent literary research, that enables been pointed out that literature is a medium both imi- human beings to stage themselves: literature three central tates and performs culture. In particular, beginning of motives make man produce narrations: the When love. the world, the end of life, and, of course, from London) Ann Shearer (Practicing Psychoanalyst in Creation introduced Brother and Sister Relationship all three mo- Myths, she presented material integrating godlike fig- tives. Myths of creation generally deal with an order in the ures and human beings and they create of desires. In world through stories about the opposition Ann Shearer, presented by the psychoanalytical view, creation myths are seen as a reservoir and generator of theo- universal originals and, according to C.G. Jung’s ry of collective unconsciousness, they are omnipresent in our daily lives. Referring to Egyptian, Greek and Christian creation myths, and on the basis of several paintings and sculptures, Shearer illustrated how incest is a common issue in creation myths. Sibling relationships, Mitchell argued, are the great Mitchell argued, Sibling relationships, theory and clinical omissions in both psychoanalytic when writing about the oedi- practice. Freud however, fact indicating not only the taboo pal complex, was in the taboo about sisters, which about mothers but also addressed in research on Freud. has never been directly few cases have This is reflected in the fact that only a have identified been reported in which psychoanalysts presented sibling incest as the root of traumas. Mitchell that the ex- one of these cases and stressed the impact later distur- perience of sibling incest may have for bances of patients. While Guarneieri’s paper was mainly concerned with concerned was mainly paper Guarneieri’s While rela- parents/adult between (relations incest” “vertical Juliet presentation by the following tives and children), and Lecturer in Gender and Mitchell (Psychoanalyst was the first to address University) Cambridge Society, In her paper directly. of sibling-incest the phenomenon of provided first have a Sister? Mitchell Did Oedipus “Totem classic reading of Freud’s all a fascinating new and, at the same and the oedipal complex Taboo” and the problems of sibling-incest time, gave insight into of psychotherapists. from the practical experience 23 Gender Studies effectively operatethroughcollaborationwiththede- of ashavingitsinstitutionallocation attheRSC,itwill and itsco-ordinator, DawnLyon. Whilst itisconceived The ProgrammedirectorisProfessor LuisaPasserini, Institute. stimulate interdisciplinarywork,withinandbeyondthe in thefieldofgenderacrossdepartments,andto aged tobothsupporttheinterestsofstudentsandstaff organisation ofconferences, workshopsetc,areenvis- gramme, whichwillincluderesearch,teaching,andthe mension, broadlyunderstood. The activitiesofthePro- disciplinary Programme,emphasisingaEuropeandi- is uniquelyplacedtooffer adistinctivemulti-and inter- tion anddevelopmentofactivitiesinthisfield. The EUI With respecttotheInstitute,itwillseeconsolida- spread interestingenderuniversitiesacrossEurope. So theGenderStudiesProgrammeissetagainstawide- premises, anditspracticesofknowledgeproduction. been levelledatmainstreamscholarship,itstheoretical approach,morefundamentalcritiqueshave back in’ social world.Followingonfromthis‘writingwomen subjects inhistory, and asactorsinthecontemporary academy wasconcernedwithre-discoveringwomenas and intellectualtraditions,earlyfocusongenderinthe it hasitsownandvarioushistoriesindifferent locations and humanitiesofthelastyears,ifnotdecades. Whilst changes intheoriesandpracticesthesocialsciences has beenamongstthemostsignificantchallengesand And nowonder. The adventoftheconceptgender on gender. numerous activitiesandpeopleinvolvedindoingwork teaching bystaff andvisitors,thepictureisoneof ses producedbyresearchers,andpublications (withSPS). Add tothisthethe- spectives andPractices’ ‘Researching Genderand Work: MethodologicalPer- and two workshops-‘ImagesoftheMasculineBody’ instance, inthelastacademicyear, thegrouporganised inars andworkshopsoftheGender Working Group.For in1993/94,andofcourse,thesem- the Useof Time’ the late1980s,inEuropeanForumon‘Genderand ganised bytheEuropeanCultureResearchCentrein gender studies.Genderfeaturedstronglyineventsor- The Institutehasquiteahistoryofactivityinthearea year. the RobertSchumanCentre’s ambitionsforthe coming ing ofaGenderStudiesProgrammehasbecomeone tors, fellowsandstaff attheInstitute.Now, thelaunch- and workedtowardsbyasuccessionofstudents,visi- It haslongbeentalkedabout.imagined Just launched Gender StudiesProgramme A at theInstitute etn fteAHN network(EU-funded themat- meeting ofthe ATHENA addition, inMarch2001,the RSCwillbehostinga development oftheGenderStudies Programmehere.In tute asaJMFandisacting external consultanttothe University, fromJanuary2001.ShewillbeattheInsti- lands ResearchSchoolof Women’s Studies,Utrecht Rosi Braidotti,ProfessorandDirectoroftheNether- We areespeciallyfortunatetoannouncethearrivalof for Women’s Studies), Adelaide University. Social Sciences,(formerlyDirectorofResearchCentre rector of Adelaide ResearchCentreforHumanitiesand Flinders University, Adelaide; andSusanMagarey, Di- Australia: SueSheriden,Professorof Women’s Studies, the forefrontofdevelopmentgenderstudiesin speakers weretwofeministscholarswhohavebeenat (30October2000)ourguest nism andCulturalStudies’ versities, Florence. At theworkshopon‘Gender, Femi- Professor ofPhilosophy, SyracuseandNew York Uni- Professor, EUI;SusanMillns,JMF;andDeboraSpini, Cambridge University, UK;CarolGould,Fulbright Mitchell, ProfessorandDirectorofGenderStudies, talks from,amongstothers:RitaKrueger, JMF;Juliet sions andworkshops. This yearwewillhaveheard together astimulatingscheduleofseminars,discus- the Programme,continues,asinpreviousyears,toput The Gender Working Group,nowanofficial activityof (HEC), andMike Artis (ECO). Crouch (SPS),SilvanaSciarra(LAW), ReginaSchulte consulted onprogrammeactivities. They are:Colin mation exchange,andwillthemselvesbeinformed who willactastheprincipalpointsofcontactforinfor- we havenominatedlinkpersonsinthedepartments grammes, theEuropeanForum,andsoon. To thisend, partments, aswellinassociationwithotherpro- Susan MagareyandSueSheriden continued onp.25 24 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced StudiesIue , , TAFF S , Lon- : Democracy EDITERRANEAN M , Paris, Fayard, ROGRAMME P HE T Appels d’Empire. In- Appels d’Empire. (HEC and student representative States in the Middle-East, his pub- Middle-East, his States in the (with G. Luciani) lications include Arab State of the The Foundations 1990 and London, Croom Helm, Arab Integration The Politics of 1990. He London, Croom Helm, theory of in- has also worked on the applied to the ternational relations recent publi- Middle-East (see his cations: à l’âge de et Résistances gérences la mondialisation 1996, and as editor of The renewal without democrats? Politics in the Muslim World 1995). His recent re- Tauris don, search topics centre on the place of culture in international relations and the practical experience of pol- Arab and Islamic world. itics in the He has recently been appointed Professor at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris. At the end of October 2000 he was appointed Minister for Culture in We the new Lebanese government. at the Mediterranean Programme and the Robert Schuman Centre send him our sincere congratula- tions and wish him the best of luck in his future endeavours. (Co-ordinator and SPS, [email protected]) APUSSOTTI C YON L AWN NRICA from Gender Working Group, [email protected]) Working from Gender Schulte), something we would hope to extend, both with respect to professors and JMFs. More immediate- ly we are looking at the possibility of inviting visiting professors on sabbatical to teach an annual seminar on to be open to students from all departments. gender, Please feel free to send your comments or suggestions to us. If you would like to be on the mailing list to be informed of regular activities, send a message to EUI alum- are also keen to hear from We [email protected]. ni whose research here and/or current work is related to And be sure to look us up on the the study of gender. web, at our new site accessible from the RSC home- page. D E Ghassan Salamé and Co-director of its “State, Na- Arab tion and Integration in the (1986-1991). program World” G. Salamé is a member of the re- gional Commission for the Mediter- ranean Sea at the French Commis- sariat du Plan. He is a member of Tunis the Scientific Council of the Research Institute on Contempo- rary Maghreb and a member of the editorial committees of various journals. He is frequently inter- Arab viewed by the French and media on international politics. reference to the many years’ With research he has carried out on the From academia to politics academia From

We have a number of ideas for future development. At have a number of ideas for future development. We present there is one designated gender chair at the In- Regina currently held by stitute (in Gender History, ic network project on women’s studies). This will in- studies). ic network project on women’s volve the participation of approximately 50 gender studies scholars from across Europe with whom we are Stud- Women’s a one-day workshop on also organising ies in Europe, open to all members of the Institute. Other activities in the Spring semester will include The in Law: Women seminars (to be confirmed) on: Women’s The European case of Judges (with Law), and Postmoder- Operationalizations of Gender, Lobby, Identities, Women’s and Non-Western Western nity, (at the As well as all of this, we are amongst others. time of writing) preparing an application for funding in Europe: Eastern for a Summer School on ‘Women and Southern Boundaries’ to take place in July 2001. continued from p. 24 continued from Ghassan Salamé holds a Ph.D. in literature, a Ph.D. in Political Sci- He ence and an M.Phil. in Law. taught Political Science in Beirut at Saint-Joseph University and the He was American University. Rockefeller Fellow in International Fellow Visiting Relations (1981), at the Brookings Institution in D.C. (1983), a member Washington of the Social Science Research (1985-1990) York Council in New Since the birth ot the Mediter- Since the - and in 1998 ranean Programme for the preparatory even before has been very work - Prof. Salamé our academic actively involved in 1999, he activities. On 15 January Lecture delivered the Inaugural (Europe and the Mediterranean: Barcelona The Future of the launch of Process) at the official In addition to the new Programme. annual Sum- directing the first two a course mer Schools and teaching by the Mediterranean co-organized Programme and the SPS depart- Games and Peace ment on “War Processes: Conflict and Conflict Resolution around the Mediter- as member of the ranean” last year, Scientific Board he Programme’s was involved in the selection process of the research project directors, students and fellows. 25 Second Mediterranean Social and Political Research Meeting

Florence, 21 Ð 25 March 2001

The Mediterranean Programme of the Robert Schuman Centre at the University Insti- tute in Florence (Italy) is organizing the Second Mediterranean Social and Political Research Meeting, to be held on 21 - 25 March 2001 in Florence, bringing together some 130 scholars from the Mediterranean area, Europe, and elsewhere.

Goals of the Meeting

First, to bring together scholars from the Middle East & North Africa (MENA), Europe and elsewhere whose studies focus on the MENA and on the relationships between the MENA and Europe. Second, to enable in-depth discussions of high-standard original research papers on central topics. Third, to encourage the publication and dissemination of papers in the form of working papers of the Mediterranean Programme, of thematic issues of journals, and/or edited volumes.

Structure of the Meeting

The core structure of the Meeting is ten workshops in which between ten and twelve participants and two or three workshop directors discuss original research. The members of each workshop meet in four of five sessions for a total of approximately thirteen to sixteen hours in which they discuss papers, general topics, ways to publish the papers and how to continue collaborative efforts.

Workshops

I. Regimes and Regime Change in the Southern Mediterranean directed by Eberhard Kienle (School of Oriental and African Studies -SOAS, London) & Mustafa Kamil al-Sayyid (Cairo University and American University in Cairo - AUC)

II. New Directions in Feminist Scholarship in the Middle East and NorthAfrica directed by Pnina Motzafi-Haller (Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker) and Fatima Sadiqi (Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez)

III. Power and Education in the Mediterranean Region directed by Ronald G. Sultana (University of Malta) and M’hammed Sabour (University of Joensuu)

IV. The Impact of the European Single Currency on Trade and FDI in South-Mediterranean Countries: directed by Khalid Sekkat (Université Libre Bruxelles ), Giorgio Gomel (Italian National Bank, Rome), Amina Lahrèche-Révil (Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales - CEPII, Paris)

V. Demography, the Social Contract and Intergenerational Relations in the Middle East and North Africa directed by Tarik M. Yousef (Georgetown University, Washington, DC) and Jennifer Olmsted (Occidental College, Los Angeles)

Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Robert Schuman Centre for 26 Mediterranean Programme ROUWER B MONTE DEI PASCHI DI SIENA Istituto di Diritto Pubblico nel 1472 fondato MCO Participation I Further Information fax: +39/055/468-5770 e-mail: [email protected] Academic Coordination Abdelhamid Henia (University of Tunis I) Tunis of Henia (University Abdelhamid J¿rgen Nielsen (University of Birmingham) Nielsen J¿rgen Madawi al-Rasheed (King’s College, London) (King’s Madawi al-Rasheed http://www.iue.it/RSC/MED/meeting2001.htm X. The Ethnic Break-up of the Ottoman Empire X. The Ethnic Break-up Transnational Perspectives on the Twentieth Century the Twentieth Perspectives on Transnational Andrea Ichino (European University Institute, Florence) Andrea Ichino (European University Institute, directed by Robert Vitalis (University of Pennsylvania) and (University Vitalis directed by Robert directed by Karima Korayem (al-Azhar University, Cairo) and Korayem (al-Azhar University, directed by Karima IX. Family and Welfare State in Mediterranean Labour Markets State in Mediterranean Labour IX. Family and Welfare

directed by Stefano Allievi (Università degli Studi di Padova) and (Università degli Studi di Padova) Allievi directed by Stefano Bochum), Sarah Abrevaya Stein (University of Washington, Seattle) Washington, of Abrevaya Stein (University Bochum), Sarah VII. Muslim Networks and Transnational Communities in and Across Europe Across Communities in and and Transnational VII. Muslim Networks Registration has to take place by Friday 12 January 2001 Registration has to take place by Friday +39/055/4685-770 by e-mail to [email protected] or via fax: A flat fee of 150,000 ITL meals and a full set of papers of one for scheduled and transportation will have to be Accommodation workshop has to be paid. taken care of by the participant.

enues and Socio-Political Alliances between North Africa, the Middle East and Europe Africa, the Middle North Alliances between Socio-Political enues and VIII. New Research Agenda in Saudi and Arabian Peninsula Studies: Comparative and Arabian Peninsula Studies: and Agenda in Saudi VIII. New Research directed by Randi Deguilhem (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS) and la Recherche Scientifique (Centre National de Randi Deguilhem directed by directed by Resat Kasaba (University of Washington, Seattle), Fikret Adanir (University of Adanir Seattle), Fikret Washington, directed by Resat Kasaba (University of VI. Networking Across the Contemporary Mediterranean: Foundation Trust Properties, Rev- Properties, Trust Foundation Mediterranean: the Contemporary Across VI. Networking The deadline to present a paper in one of the workshops was 29 September 2000. The list of the workshops was 29 September 2000. The deadline to present a paper in one of that will be presented at the Meeting will be pub- participants and the abstracts of the papers web pages: www.iue.it/RSC/MED/meeting2001.htm lished on the Mediterranean Programme but please note that workshop direc- can be attended without presenting a paper, Workshops If they do, participation can take place on the follow- tors have to agree to such participation. ing conditions: 27 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies their proposal: Prospective workshopdirectorsareaskedtobearthefollowingissuesinmindwhilewriting of theacademicboardandstaff oftheMediterraneanProgramme. plications, uptotenproposalswillbeselectedbyareviewcommitteeconsistingofmembers ranean SocialandPoliticalResearchMeetinginFlorence,20-24March2002.Fromtheap- Scholars arewarmlyinvitedtosendapplicationsrunaworkshopatthe Third Mediter- disciplines andtothefocusof theMediterraneanProgramme. rectors areencouragedtopropose othertopicsrelatedtooneormoreoftheabove-mentioned It shouldbeobservedthatthis listoftopicsispurelyindicativeandprospectiveworkshop di- in therealm ofPoliticalEconomyStudies (alphabeticalorder) in therealm ofSocio-PoliticalStudies(alphabeticalorder) and North Africa and/oronEurope-MiddleEastandNorth Africa relations: Topics couldrelatetothefollowingfieldsofresearchandshouldfocusonMiddleEast In termsofdisciplines,theMediterraneanProgrammeincludes(inalphabeticalorder): The MediterraneanProgrammeencouragesworkshopstobecomparativeandmulti-disciplinary. andEurope. the MediterraneanSea)andoninteractionsbetweenMENA countrieson Studies isontheMiddleEast&North Africa (MENA)(inparticulartheMENA The focusoftheMediterraneanProgrammeRobertSchumanCentrefor Advanced Images anddiscourses Euro-Mediterranean partnership Business andpolitics International Relations Contemporary History Economics Demography Anthropology financial intermediaries Banks, theStockExchangeandother Development ofFinancialMarkets- tion Competition policyandimplementa- parative, theory Possibly indicatethetypeofpaperyouwishtoattract,e.g.empirical,casestudy, com- be openratherthanconfinedtoanexistingclosedgroupofspecialists Indicate whothepotentialparticipantsaretobe.Pleasenotethatallworkshopsshould shop topicrelatestoexistingresearch/publicationsinthearea Explain whythereisaneedforworkshoponthesubject. Also explainhowthework- Third MediterraneanSocialand Political ResearchMeeting Florence, 20-24March 2002 edie1 eebr2000 Deadline 15December alfrWorkshops Call for Workshop Proposals Workshop Topics Political regimeanalyses; Islam andpolitics&economics Migration Sociology. Political Science Political Economy Law Privatization policyandpractice. Private sectorandcorporatestructures economy Information technologyandthenew : 28 Mediterranean Programme MCO accommo- of 1,000 Euros and be . Applications should be addressed to I . for an economy class/APEX ticket directly from for an economy class/APEX ticket directly Applications receive an honorarium receive Workshop Directors Workshop reimbursed Workshop Participants Workshop : www.iue.it/RSC/MED/meeting2002-callWS.htm Tasks of Workshop Directors Workshop of Tasks Benefits of Workshop Directors Workshop Benefits of 15 December 2000 : Imco Brouwer, e-mail: [email protected]; fax: +39/055/468-5770 : Imco Brouwer, Selection Process forSelection Process Directors Workshop Prospective

Further Information (Programme Coordinator) and be sent by email to: [email protected]

for four nights in the hotel venue of the Meeting and be offered scheduled meals. for four nights in the hotel venue of the Meeting and be offered Search for potential workshop participants Search for potential workshop participants for their workshop on the basis of the applications Select in full autonomy the participants Be academically responsible for the workshop a paper for the workshop Write Meeting Conduct all workshops sessions during the Mediterranean Pro- Third Meeting (inaugural session, Participate in the scheduled events of the of workshop directors) gramme Lecture, Briefing and Debriefing to the workshop at the end of the Meeting (as Propose possible publication of the contributions as a thematic issue of a journal, or as an edit- working papers of the Mediterranean Programme, process. ed volume) and follow up the publication Completed application form (to be obtained from the Mediterranean Programme web pages Completed application form (to be obtained from the Mediterranean Programme at: www.iue.it/RSC/MED/meeting2002-callWS.htm) Abstract of the proposed workshop (250 words in English) five dou- Description of the proposed workshop along the lines described above (approx. ble-spaced pages, including references, in English or French) (if any) Abstract of the paper of the workshop director and of the proposed co-director any). Curriculum vitae of the workshop director and or the proposed co-director (if ROUWER Academic Coordination Workshop participants can be at any stage of their career (e.g. students well on with . writing their students well on of their career (e.g. can be at any stage participants Workshop young scholars, especially Participation by scholars). professionals, well-established Ph.D, young encour- is strongly Mediterranean countries, Southern and Eastern are resident in the those who pre- workshop and should on the topic of the be doing research should currently aged. Participants notes, references, tables) at the (25 - 35 double-spaced pages, including sent an original paper participants to have at least a good working The Mediterranean Programme requires Meeting. will be made avail- and accommodation allowances Travel and/or French. knowledge of English able for participants. two workshop directors who ideal- wants workshops to be run by The Mediterranean Programme applications Typically, background. other in terms of academic and national ly complement each principle In propose a co-director. who can but does not necessarily are made by one individual but it reserves itself the right (1) to accepts proposed co-directors, the Mediterranean Programme two work- co-director; (2) to merge proposal while proposing an alternative accept the workshop to the same in- affiliated cannot be directed by two scholars Workshops shop proposals into one. Africa area should be based in the Middle East & North stitution. Ideally one workshop director workshops can be directed by two directors based and one in Europe or elsewhere. Exceptionally, by directors both based in the US workshops can never be directed both in Europe. However, in the year im- applications from people who have directed a workshop and/or Canada. Finally, the Meeting cannot be accepted. mediately prior to the present edition of directors should: Workshop Directors will (each): Be Workshop B Applications should include the following items: place of departure to Florence and back; dated Applications will be reviewed by members of the Academic Board and the Mediterranean Pro- Applications will be reviewed by members of the Applicants will be informed of the results of the selection process by 26 January gramme Staff. 2001. Deadline for applications is 29 Mediterranean Programme movement, whichtheyregarded asexcessiveandnotin Producing countrieswereseverely hitbythisdownward cause ofthesuddencrisisin East Asian economies. OPEC toincreaseitsproduction quotasÐprimarilybe- conjunction withanuntimely decisiononthepartof Towards theendofdecade,pricesdeclinedsteeplyin between incomegrowthandenergy consumption. ingly immaterialÐpromisedtodecoupletherelationship advent ofthe“neweconomy”–netbasedandincreas- abilitytoprosperwithoutthelatter. Fourthly, the former’ ports Ðabehaviourwhichexhudedconfidenceinthe ing countriesinviewoflimitingordenyingtheiroilex- plied instancesofsanctionsimposedonseveralproduc- cisions oftheUnitedNations,orUSaloneÐmulti- OPEC. Thirdly, theimportingcountriesÐfollowing de- logical progress,inexorablyerodingthepositionof difficult areaswasdecreasingrapidly, thankstotechno- peating thatthecostofproducingoileveninremoteor to increaseslowlybutsurely, andoilcompanieskeptre- Secondly, oilproductionfromoutsideOPECcontinued two majorproducerswithoutseriousmarketdislocation. it couldwithstandthedisappearancefrommarketof Iraq-Kuwait wartheworldhadseentangibleproofthat on somequiteimpressivefacts.Firstly, atthetimeof Complacency, itshouldbeacknowledged,wasfounded which wasneververystrong,disappearedaltogether. alogue betweenoilproducingandimportingcountries, and fadedawayfromthepoliticalagenda.Interestindi- supplies ordiversificationofsourcesrapidlylostappeal OECD governments,andtheissueofsecurityenergy couraged considerablecomplacencyonthepartof on thewholefavourabletoimportingcountries,en- This situation,coupledwithsupplyconditionsthatwere posite wasmorerarelythecase). pression thatpriceswereonadescendingtrend(theop- trend, andatcertainspecifictimescouldgeneratetheim- periods oftime. The pricecurvedisplayednostable tently averagedabout18dollarsperbarreloverlonger will balanceoff. Indeed,overthedecadepricespersis- importers, especiallyintheexpectationthatfluctuations only limitedandtolerablestrainoneitherexportersor called narrowinanysense,butimpliesatitsextremes tween 15and25dollarsperbarrel,whichcannotbe price fluctuatedmostofthetimewithinabandbe- readable andmakeitslightlylessmessy).Butinfactthe shows weeklymovingaveragesinordertomakeitmore throwing aglanceattheBrentpricechart.(Thechart immediate impressionthatthereadermayderivefrom oil pricesdisplayedconsiderablestability. This isnotthe Kuwait, andthroughoutthedecadeof1990’s, crude From thedayhostilitiesbeganinwarforliberating effective co-operationacrosstheMediterranean? Oil prices:arethereanyconcreteprospectsof reduced themanpowerneeds of theoilcompanies,al- control, automationandadministrative tasksaswellhas be drilled. The implementationofelectronicsforremote single well,thusreducingthenumber ofwellsthatmust proved theproductionlevelthat canbeobtainedfroma development ofhorizontaldrillinghasdramaticallyim- provement indrillingtechniques,andparticularthe significantly reducingthecostofnewdiscoveries.Im- stantial evolutionintheinterpretationofgeologicaldata, techniques andverypowerfulcomputershasledtoasub- decade. The utilisationofsophisticated earthscanning technological progressintheoilindustrythislast Indeed, therehavebeensomeextraordinaryexamplesof The oppositeviewisbasedontechnologicaloptimism. accompanied byincreasingprices. inexorably tighteningoilmarket,whichislikelytobe time, globaloildemandisgrowing,andthusweseean duction willpeaknotlaterthan2015-2020.Inthemean- sults differ slightly, butallindicatethatglobaloilpro- been carriedoutbymorethanonereputableexpert.Re- known fields. This painstakingbottomupexercisehas discoveries foreachbasin,aswellproductionfrom possible tostatisticallyextrapolatetheextentoffurther the basisofourknowledgeexplorationactivityitis than halfthetotalreservesofentirebasin. Thus on quently, thefirstandlargest discoveryaccountsformore creasing returns,thatissmallerandfields.Fre- fields arefoundfirst,andfurtherexplorationyieldsde- them. Itisnormallythecasethatineachbasinlargest extent ofdiscoveriesandexplorationactivitiesineach of theworld,whichiswhereoilcanbefound,and tually beexhausted. We knowallthesedimentarybasins stresses thefactthatoilreservesarefinite,andwilleven- The firstpointofview, which wemaycallMalthusian, oil expertsconcerningtheprospectsforproduction. There aretworadicallyopposedpointsofviewamong they attractedlittleattention. contrarian voicesandalarmbellsbeingsounded,but this period,therewereintheindustrialcountriessome from thebeginningof1998tomid1999. Throughout mally lowpriceslastedforapproximately18months, lars. As isevidentfromthechart,thisperiodofabnor- icant wayandpricescontinuedtohoveraround10dol- several monthsthemarketdidnotrespondinanysignif- decision andagainreducedproductionquotas,butfor duced economically. Laterin1998,OPECreversedits tinuously increasestheextentofreservesthatcanbepro- cheaper thankstotheprogressoftechnologywhichcon- of thosewhoclaimedthatoilwouldbecheaperand the contrary, thedeclineappearedtosupportopinion countries didnotconsiderthisaproblematall.Quiteto line withtheso-calledfundamentals,butindustrial 30

Mediterranean Programme

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tially put the blame on OPEC. They ignored the fact that the fact They ignored on OPEC. put the blame tially and quotas, production increased has repeatedly OPEC the latter’ formal, as all is presently purely existence to maximum capacity. are producing OPEC countries readily available is left with some Arabia Only Saudi or barrels per day for about 1 million spare capacity, that the current So, one view maintains slightly more. is the manifestation of increasing- period of high prices inaugurates a period in which the ly tight supplies, and well above 18 dollars per barrel. average price may be technology opti- the opposite end of the spectrum, To prices as being untenable in the face mists regard current from other sources, and predict of potential competition collapse. that they will soon again that this discussion applies to con- It remains to be said but there are other sources of en- ventional oil resources, oil. can be readily substituted for conventional that ergy many applica- Gas can be substituted for oil directly in kerosene or tions, and can be turned into liquids, i.e. from oil re- diesel, that are just the same as those derived In addition, non- fining, except purer and better quality. the heavy oil conventional oil sources can be found in in the tar Venezuela, deposits of the Orinoco belt in parts of the sands of Canada, and in shales in various conventional re- The oil content of these non world. com- to suffice sources is huge, and when mobilised will oil for pensate for the inevitable decline in conventional decades to come. oil and The speed of development of non-conventional current tech- With liquids from gas is a function of price. tar sands are the Orinoco heavy oil and Canada’s nology, 20 dollars per competitive at prices at or slightly below periods barrel. If oil prices exceed this level for extended 15-25 to 20- of time (e.g. if the band were to move from oil sources 30 $/b) exploitation of non conventional

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$ When the tide was reversed and oil prices started climb- When the tide was reversed and oil prices many ini- ing rapidly from the second quarter of 1999, Throughout the decade, proven reserves increased most- Throughout the decade, proven reserves rather than be- ly thanks to this so-called “reserve creep” fact rather lim- cause of new discoveries, which were in opposite reactions: This phenomenon engendered ited. that, for some saw no end to it in sight, and maintained the margin- so long as the cost of finding and producing worry about the al barrel is declining, there is no need to for in- exhaustion of oil reserves and no justification the Inter- creasing oil prices. Others, including notably conducted studies to prove that Agency, national Energy and more effi- what was happening was simply a faster implying that cient exploitation of the same reserve base, reached earlier, the peak to global oil production may be peak may be and the decline of production past this In other words, we are drinking from the much steeper. straw. same glass of orange juice, only with a bigger Because the concept of proven reserves is not just a reserves is not just concept of proven Because the be as well (reserves can an economic one physical but and can be produced proven if they are known booked as and at current prices), the de- with known technology into a continuous tendency clining cost trend translated This was due in part to upward. to re-evaluate reserves fields became costs, marginal the fact that, with lower to the fact that the lowering of economic, and in part of so-called enhanced oil re- costs made the adoption tradi- With and more attractive. covery techniques more some 35% or less of the oil in place tional methods, only but with enhanced oil recovery in a field is recovered, 50%, and possibly more. this share can reach lowing for a dramatic reduction of costs. Hence we do costs. Hence of reduction for a dramatic lowing lead view would Malthusian a simple all see what not at costs of oil production. rising marginal to expect Ð 31 Mediterranean Programme ternational oilmarketmakesit very unresponsivetofun- called fundamentals. The currentorganisation ofthein- of balancingdemandandsupply, i.e.beresponsiveto so- An efficient market shouldbefirstandforemostcapable Something iswronginthisenvironment! crude atpriceslowerthantheusualindexationtoBrent. cline inBrentpricesnorSaudi Arabia offering its it produces. This however translates neitherintoade- to drivedownprices,itcannotfindliftersforallthecrude having announcedanincreaseinitsproductionorder ing, forexample,Saudi Arabia privatelylaments that, markets anddonotinfluenceprices. At thetime ofwrit- OPEC crudesarenottransmittedtotheBrentand WTI that demand/supplyimbalancesintheexchangesof dependently oftheirwill. The consequenceofthisfactis order topreventamarketintheircrudebecreatedin- the purchasercannotsellonhiscargo toanotherparty, in ducing countriesalwaysinsistthattheirsalesbefinal,i.e. formulas, butthosecrudesneverenterthemarket.Pro- ing priceofBrentor WTI throughvariousindexation other crudesareexchangedisderivedfromtheprevail- same asglobaldemandandsupply. The priceatwhich the demandandsupplyofBrent WTI Ðnotatallthe ing inpaperbarrels,whichisdirectlyconnectedonlyto traders orspeculators). The priceisdeterminedbytrad- of moneysits(thepaperbarrelsexchangedbetween base (theso-calledwetbarrels)ahugeinvertedpyramid of viewglobalsupplies.Onsuchaflimsyphysical in theUnitedStatesÐthatareveryminorfrompoint streams ÐBrentinLondon,and West Texas Intermediate never entersthemarket. The marketdealswithtwo tionally –andnotablypracticallyallofOPEC’s oil- market isveryimperfect.Mostoftheoiltradedinterna- The ultimatereasonforthisstateofaffairs isthatthe this marketrationally. OPEC northeindustrialcountriesknowhowtodealwith is averyroughandunsatisfactoryapproach.Neither and influencemarketsentimentinvariousways,butthis ket, cannotpredictitandevenlesscontrolit. We cantry ing likeacrediblemodelofthefunctioningthismar- why themarketbehaveswayitdoes. We havenoth- to thisquestion,essentiallybecausewedonotunderstand Strategic PetroleumReserve? There isnosimpleanswer ket, andtheUnitedStatesarereleasingcrudefrom is producinginexcessofthephysicalneedsmar- stubbornly refusetocomedown,notwithstandingOPEC and why isitthatoilpriceshaveclimbedabove30$/b prices muchabove25$/bsimplyareuntenable.Sothen, it alreadynow, anditisclearthatinthelongrunoil equation overnight.Butalotofinvestmentisgoinginto ther, non-conventionaloilwillnotbecomeafactorinthe ing refineries.Inshort,evenifpricesweretoclimbfur- the heavyoilintoasyntheticthatcanberuninexist- running oftheindustrialplantsrequiredforconverting much ofthisrisk,andthecomplexityrealisation financial institutionsthatwillbecalledtounderwriteso ments, whichmaycausesomejittersdownthespineof to takeintoaccounttheverylarge investmentrequire- would accelerate. The speedofdevelopmentwillneed income hasbeenshatteredonthe consumerdemandside would haveledtoareduction in theenergy intensityof tion. Indeed,theassumption thattheneweconomy group ofconsumerstocomeon boardenergy conserva- stable, thereneverissufficient incentive foralarger cars etc.isattractiveatprevailingprices.Ifpricesareun- that investinginmoreefficient equipment,insulation, vation isinthehandsoffinalconsumer:hemustfind tion. To alarge extent,progresstowardsenergy conser- Finally, pricevolatilityisdisastrousforenergy conserva- ket signalsinevitablyhave. on theotherofparalysingeffect thatirrationalmar- lack ofstrategicvisiononthepartcompanies,and This isaveryclearmanifestationontheonehandof better todowithitthanbuyingbacktheirownstock. companies awashwithcash,thatcannotfindanything them. Hencewewitnessthecuriousphenomenonofoil plunge, becauseawrongdecisionispotentiallyfatalfor sources. As thingsare,they hesitatebeforetakingthe techniques, andinvestmentinnon-conventionaloil for conventionaloil,adoptionofenhancedoilrecovery certainly movemoreaggressivelyintonewexploration they couldtrustpricestostaywhereare,would panies cannotmakerationalinvestmentdecisions.If With suchwidepricefluctuations,internationaloilcom- consumer neverquitecomedownaseasilytheygoup. contributes in Western Europe,andpricestothefinal effect, towhichexcessivetaxationonpetroleumproducts sure andendangereconomicgrowth. There isaratchet of crude,butfluctuationstranslateintoinflationarypres- economies couldeasilyadjusttoahigherbutstableprice problem alsofortheimportingcountries. Their tentially stableprices.Butvolatilityofpricesisamajor but maximisationshouldoccurwithintherangeofpo- ity. Ofcourse,oilproducersalsowishpricestobehigh, ers). Reducingoilpricevolatilitythusremainstopprior- making (commontoallcountries,notjusttheoilproduc- hindered bytheintrinsicmyopiaofpoliticaldecision- ating oilpriceshavebeenproposed,buttheiradoptionis real economyoftheoilproducingcountriesfromfluctu- parallel withthepriceofoil.Mechanismstoisolate people, whichcannotbeallowedtofluctuatewildlyin tional development,andthelivingstandardofmillion The oilrevenueisneededtosupportinvestmentforna- to equatethesecountriesprofitmaximisingtraders. a disasterfortheoilproducingcountries.Itismistake For thepast20years,volatilityinoilpriceshasbeen ity, ratherthanthelevelofprices,ismainproblem. The irrationalityofthemarketisverycostly, andvolatil- reform themarket. long time,unlesssomepoliticalagreementisreachedto improved. As thingsstand,irrationalitycango on fora ical market,andtheorganisation ofitwouldbereadily price-elastic, wewouldseehugeimbalancesinthephys- mechanism. Ifeitherdemandorsupplybothwere tyranny ofpricesdeterminedbyanessentiallyirrational short term,therealeconomyendsupaccepting damentals. As bothdemandandsuppliesarerigid inthe 32 Mediterranean Programme UCIANI L IACOMO G of disturbance cannot be eliminated, but why should “se- but why should be eliminated, cannot of disturbance and refiners, producers, such as crude players rious” a spot market rather than prefer to use the major users market should be The spot contract? slightly longer-term nor- It should last-minute imbalances. left for correcting “ref- volatile than the smaller and more mally be much 3-months) contract. erence” (e.g. of minimum stocks on oil The regulation and imposition practice in many industries) to companies (a common supply may be formulated in such guarantee stability of would be met not just by ac- a way that the requirements stocks, but also by entering into cumulating physical they As these come to maturity, longer term contracts. creating a constant incentive would have to be renewed, procure more of their oil on the fu- for the companies to the prevailing practice, then tures market. If this becomes will tend to shift attention to competition in the industry than spot. the prices of short-term contracts, rather A and co-operation Ð final important area for negotiation of the in particular between the EU and the countries Tradi- GCC Ð is the issue of downstream integration. towards tionally the EU has taken a negative attitude and the in- producing countries integrating in refining in particular dustrial transformation of refinery streams, firmly believe for the production of petrochemicals. I attitude and a that this is a short-sighted protectionist for petroleum The reason is simple: the markets mistake. that are products, petrochemicals and other products competitive than intensive are much more highly energy the extent that the producing To the market for crude. industrial prod- countries will succeed in exporting oil as their longstand- ucts rather than crude, they will achieve diversifica- ing goal of industrialisation and economic their expo- tion, and the importing countries will reduce not be exciting ar- These may sure to the price of crude. meetings, guments for the agenda of high-level political matters but the same might be said of trade or monetary The key that are commonly discussed in such fashion. is in the preparation: technicians from all difference sides should meet in advance and iron out proposals that may be acceptable to all sides, narrow down differences, create a framework within which politicians may strike the required compromise to strike a deal. Such technical lacking so far. dialogue has been largely This is where the Mediterranean Programme of the are We Schuman Centre wants to play a modest role. launching, in association with the Oxford Institute of En- Studies and the Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, an ergy international gathering of experts behind closed doors to try out a few ideas and verify whether some agreement Ais possible. political dialogue may start even earlier, but is unlikely to generate anything else than declara- tions of principles unless appropriate technical prepara- The market will not be impressed, tion precedes it. have seen this We politicians will soon be discouraged. happening many times in the past already.

A would second step in the direction of greater stability be to encourage companies and final customers to trade in short futures contracts (3- to 12-months) rather than in the spot market. Our Brent crude prices chart clearly shows that oscillations for longer term contracts have always been considerably less than for the spot contract. This stands to reason, as the spot market is inevitably influenced by “mistakes” incurred by various players, source This simple which normally will not balance out. What is needed is an agreement to establish a truly inde- What is needed is an agreement to establish the produc- pendent international market through which of their ex- ing countries will accept to channel the bulk was mentioned, presently producers refuse to As ports. allow trading of their oil, because they fear they would loose control on it. But in fact the control that they have is purely illusory: their impotence to influence prices is The specific mechanism that should be all too evident. adopted, the design of standard contracts, the grouping of crudes of similar quality to facilitate exchanges, the all of these and way to deal with quality differentials: many other aspects need to be agreed upon before a new international oil market will be launched. But the bottom line is clear: this market should not trade Brent only: it major Arabian Light and all the other should trade streams of crude. It goes without saying that the search for greater stabili- It goes without saying that the search for to any adminis- ty in oil prices should exclude resorting dampen it. trative control of the market to artificially The work. This is unacceptable and would likely never that will potential for improvement lies in a dialogue aspects take into consideration certain crucial technical its function- and reform the market in order to improve aspects has ing. In recent years, attention to institutional and the role of been paramount in economic thinking, and transparent the State as the guarantor of efficient It is time to markets has become increasingly important. market. apply this approach to the international oil In Europe, the horrendous level of indirect taxation on all of indirect taxation the horrendous level In Europe, that has meant most notably on transportation, fuels, and those cheaper prices. never experienced the consumer leaf conservation as the fig energy Governments adopted attitude towards fuel consumption to justify a predatory went to pay for general ex- Ð although in fact revenue cause”. to the “good at all targeted penditure, and was not fuel prices that to argue There may be justification and conser- to encourage efficiency should be kept high policy sends to the oil producers a vation, but surely this that the consumer is ready to pay very clear message: they get, and they are not receiv- much more than what their product. Hence it is inevitable ing the full value of to terms with the need to find a sooner or later to come and im- reasonable arrangement between oil producers otherwise this porting countries concerning fuel taxation, conflict. will be a permanent source of strain and by the tendency to buy larger cars and SUV cars and to buy larger tendency by the Ð proof of un- be achieved cannot conservation that energy the fact preferences. by consumer less it is internalised 33 IueRobert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies their topic.Studentsattending the from professorsandspecialists of full-time availabilityandtutorship Open SocietyinBelgrad),but also tive DirectoroftheFundfor an Israelians, orIvan Vejvoda, Execu- process betweenPalestiniansand the negotiationsforpeace perts (suchasHenrySiegmannon and contactswithinternationalex- School notonlynewinformation as studentsexpectfromaSummer mension isofparticularsignificance usual two-threedays. This timedi- them tocontributemorethanthe well-known scholarsandconvince ity) andthentoattractnumerous (topics, disciplines,areasofspecial- cording totheneedsofstudents were abletoselectthetutorsac- tise ofthescientificdirectors. They reputation andtheacademicexper- mainly thankstotheinternational This objectivehasbeenreached ship. a highqualityoflecturesandtutor- ways beentoguaranteethestudents Mediterranean Programmehasal- structure. Infact,thepolicyof major benefitofsuchaworking pears tothestudentsasmainand The availabilityofthetutorsap- which wasalsostructuredthisway. rected byProf.JacquesRupnik, Studies lastSeptember(18-24)di- Schuman Centrefor Advanced Summer schoolheldattheRobert confirmed followingtheBalkan type ofdivisionworkwasfurther Summer school. The valueofthis main comparativeadvantageofour alised typeofworkappearstobethe mal seminarswithamoreindividu- nance ofplenarysessionsandfor- co-directed bytwotutors. This alter- scholars, afternoonworkinggroups tures givenbytutorsandinvited mained unchanged:morninglec- organisational structurehasre- Salamé orthesetwoyearsandthe under thedirectionofProf.Ghassan annual summerschool.Ithasbeen ganised lastJuly(3-14)itssecond The MediterraneanProgrammeor- The SummerSchoolexperiences at theRobertSchumanCentre ately aftertheMediterranean Pro- and academicintegration.Immedi- connections intermsofscientific perspectives ontheirtopicsand new dents leavetheRSCASwith new at averyintensivelevel,thestu- having beeninvolvedindailywork The networkingeffect issubstantial: region ortheSouth-EasternEurope. rope andstudentsfromtheMENA posed ofstudentsfrom Western Eu- mic meetingsisquiteequallycom- result, theaudienceofthoseacade- Africa regionsortheBalkans. As a such astheMiddleEastandNorth coming fromnon-E.U.countries ars, butalsoforstudents,when professors, tutorsandinvitedschol- el andaccomodationnotonlyfor been tocoverthefullcostsfortrav- policy forbothsummerschoolshas ty Institutefinanceditfully. The mer School,theEuropeanUniversi- gramme, whilefortheBalkanSum- funded bythesponsorsofPro- Programme, thewholebudgetwas In thecaseofMediterranean Such eventshaveobviouslycosts. Iliya HarikandGiacomoLuciani). the Middle-Eastwasdirectedby group onEconomicDynamicsin Dietrich Jung;andthethirdworking directed byFrédéricCharillonand in Regionaland World Politicswas working groupon The MiddleEast Azmeh andGerdienJonker;the scientific responsibilityof Aziz Al- Middle-East wasplacedunderthe Culture andSocialChangesinthe the groupdealingwithReligion, two scholars(forinstancethisyear, three workinggroupsco-directedby Summer schoolisstucturedinto the MediterraneanProgramme schedule (2weeks)and25students, of Maribor. With alongertime ulty ofEducationtheUniversity Professor ofphilosophyattheFac- andNenadMiscevic, iche-WIIW Internationale Wirtschaftsvergle- economist atthe Wiener Institutfür presence of Vladimir Gligorov, School certainlyappreciatedthe last September’s BalkanSummer School. ranean ProgrammeSummer rect thethirdeditionofMediter- July 2001,GhassanSalaméwill di- opened bytheMediterranean:in Balkans willfollowtheavenue improve theformat.Let’s hopethe mer schoolwillcertainlyhelpusto the studentsatendofeachSum- and theevaluationformsfilledby ences havebeenextremelypositive summer schools,thesefirstexperi- other universities.Inthecaseof ing tointegratethestudentsfrom school, takinginvolvmentandhelp- helpful, bysupportingthesummer working group)wasextremely ing ontheregion(ieBorders’ mitment oftheEUIstudentswork- Balkans SummerSchool,thecom- has tobesaidthat,inthecaseof and fromtheconcernedregions.It i.e. youngresearchersfromEurope addressed toanexternalaudience, the SummerSchoolsareformostly these sessionsiswelcomealthough, European UniversityInstitutein The participationofstudentsthe search. tions relevantontheirareaofre- cial events,websitesandpublica- aim ofreciprocalupdatingonspe- the participantstojoinit,with work onthewebandinvitedallof one oftheparticipantscreatedanet- gramme SecondSummerSchool, Giacomo Luciani V ALÉRIE A MIRAUX 34 Chair in Transatlantic RelationsIue for the 2000-2001 academic year. academic for the 2000-2001 Sir John 10 November, On Friday, of BP) Browne (Chief Executive delivered the BP Chair Inaugural Rela- Transatlantic Lecture, “The Agenda,” to a The New tionship: of EUI fac- distinguished audience guests of the researchers, and ulty, Sir John ad- Institute. In his lecture, of the trans- dressed the importance to a global cor- atlantic relationship discussed and poration such as BP, the primary challenges that lie before the United States and Europe, including a coordinated response to the challenge of global warming and a common policy to ensure that the liberalization of trade continues and contributes to stability and prosperity in the developing world as well as the United States and Eu- rope. (The text of the Inaugural Lecture may be found on-line at http://www.iue.it/RSC/BP/.) In addition to the Inaugural Lecture, the BP Chair has sponsored a number of seminars and speakers during a pre- including the Fall semester, (Uni- sentation by Gregory Shaffer Law School) Wisconsin versity of and Mark Pollack (EUI) of their Transatlantic forthcoming book, Governance in a Global Economy (see related feature in this issue); a lively and well-attended roundtable on the US presidential elections fea- Thomas turing presentations by Risse (EUI), Philippe Schmitter Karl (Stanford Terry (EUI) and University); a presentation by Steven Krasner (Stanford Universi- ty) on the contested meanings of sovereignty in international politics; and a paper on “EU Consumer and Environmental Politics and Policies in Comparative Perspective,” by (University of Califor- Vogel David nia-Berkeley). the BPDuring its first year, Chair will also host two major confer- The ences on transatlantic issues. first of these conferences, to take place in December 2000, will bring transatlantic relationship, e.g., in the relationship, e.g., transatlantic Transat- New framework of the attention Agenda. Particular lantic resolution will be given to conflict the U.S. in the relationship between This (EU). and the European Union institutional includes analysing the on structures for decision-making The pro- Atlantic. both sides of the differences gramme will investigate their impact on in legal systems and resolution. It transatlantic dispute will also concentrate on the cultural dimension of the U.S.-European relationship and on the various ways cultural under- in which different economic conflicts standings affect and their resolution. Global Governance and the Relationship Transatlantic The second dimension of the programme concerns the roles of North America and Europe as international actors and their joint contribution to global governance. Since the transatlantic area comprises roughly the U.S. GDP, 50% of the world’s and the EU face global re- sponsibilities for collective prob- This concerns, above lem-solving. all, the future of the international in particular the economic order, as the most important gover- WTO nance structure in this realm, as well as the International Monetary Fund The Bank. pro- and the World gramme is not confined to econom- but will also ex- ic themes, however, amine the role of the U.S. and the EU in other areas of international politics, including international human rights, the promotion of the protection of the democracy, global environment, the strengthening of the European defense pillar of and relations with post-So- NATO, viet Russia. Activities Research Although newly established at EUI as of September 2000, the BP Chair has an ambitious calendar of research, seminars, and conferences at the Robert Schuman Centre Schuman Robert at the BP Relations Transatlantic in Chair

The European University Institute The European Internal Governance of the Relationship Transatlantic activ- This part of the programme’s ities concentrates on institution- building for problem-solving in the transatlantic relationship itself. Given the comparative advantage of the EUI and the RSC, we will initially concentrate of economic governance in the transatlantic area, particularly in trade and investment. The programme will study recent at institution-building for efforts economic governance in the “International Governance and the Relationship” as the Transatlantic general theme of the programme encompasses two dimensions, the internal governance of the transatlantic relationship as well as the external roles of Europe and North America in global governance: While the term “international governance” is by now widely used, its For the meaning is far from clear. purposes of the BP interna- Chair, tional governance connotes institu- at tionalized and collective efforts problem-solving. Governance structures are usually characterized by networks comprising a variety of actors including governments, private actors such as firms, and diverse groups from international civil society (NGOs and others). International Governance and Relationship the Transatlantic has established the BPhas established the Chair in Relations within the Transatlantic Ad- for Robert Schuman Centre appro- The Chair, vanced Studies. a Euro-Ameri- priately endowed by a pro- will develop can company, policy- gramme of highly relevant research by oriented as well as basic both sides of leading scholars from com- Atlantic on key issues of the interest. mon European-American The programme will initially concentrate on the following theme: 35 Chair in Transatlantic Relations appears tohavehadonlylimited re- prevention oftransatlanticdisputes an “earlywarningsystem”for the decision ofJune1999toestablish ship. The EU-USsummitmeeting pects ofthetransatlanticrelation- threatens tospilloverintootheras- frequency andsometimesbitterness lantic tradeandcooperation,their with themutualgainsfromtransat- disputes issmallbycomparison though theeconomicstakesofthese the World TradeOrganization. Al- minated inlegalproceedingsbefore ganisms, manyofwhichhavecul- noise, andgeneticallymodifiedor- bananas, dataprivacy, airplane sues suchashormone-treatedbeef, series ofeconomicdisputesoveris- tionship continuestobemarredbya and theEU,transatlanticrela- the growingtiesbetweenUS for thisconferenceisthat,despite arise. The intellectualstartingpoint vent futuredisputesbeforethey to settleexistingdisputesandpre- for newmechanismsofgovernance trade disputesandthepossibilities amine thesourcesoftransatlantic nomics andpoliticalsciencetoex- scholars fromthefieldsoflaw, eco- lationship,” bringingtogether Settlement inthe Transatlantic Re- “Dispute PreventionandDispute interdisciplinary conferenceon rich Petersmannwillchairamajor In July2001,finally, Prof.Ernst-Ul- crops. genetically modifiedfoodsand ing fromtheincreasingnumberof and regulatoryconsiderationsaris- cooperation toaddressthepolicy prospects fortransatlanticorglobal fied organisms (GMOs),andthe and marketingofgeneticallymodi- lantic conflictabouttheregulation production, theresultingtransat- pean regardingagricultureandfood ences betweentheUSandEuro- stark culturalandregulatorydiffer- tive, thisworkshopwillexaminethe US/European BiotechnologyInitia- German MarshallFundandits Organized inpartnershipwiththe Environment forBiotechnology.” of “The Transatlantic Regulatory ciety stakeholdersforadiscussion dustry representativesandcivil-so- academics, governmentofficials, in- together Europeanand American ington DC Ambassador HugoPaemen, Wash- Schuman Centre,EUI Prof. Yves Mény, Director, Robert EUI Prof. PatrickMasterson,President, Dr. NickButler, BP fice London Sir FranklinBerman,ForeignOf- Group include: the Chair. Currentmembersofthe advise andevaluatetheactivitiesof practitioners hasbeenestablishedto Group ofeminentscholarsand In addition,aSenior Advisory the researchactivitiesofChair. Fellow charged withcoordinating Madison) servesasSeniorResearch Pollack (Universityof Wisconsin- rector oftheChair, andMark A. Risse (EUI)servesas Academic Di- tion ofProf. Yves Mény. Thomas Schuman Centre,undertheDirec- ChairispartoftheRobert The BP Structure oftheChair disputes. venting andsettlingfutureEU-US viewing, criticizing,mediating,pre- warning system”foridentifying,re- complement orpartofthe“early become animportantacademic between theEUIandUS,could watchdog conferences,”alternating Atlantic. Suchannual“academic regular eventsonbothsidesofthe the conferencescouldevolveinto ment ofsuchdisputes.Ifsuccessful, recommendations forthemanage- rights, anddevelopspecificpolicy property, socialpolicy, andhuman as tradeinservices,intellectual lantic disputesin“newareas”such tersmann, willexaminetransat- of 2002,alsoorganized byProf.Pe- follow-up workshopintheSpring and the WTO worldtradesystem. A strengthening transatlanticrelations joint EU-USleadershipfor and helptodesignstrategiesfor root causesoftransatlanticdisputes, conference willbothanalyzethe and resolvethem.Insodoing,the bilateral andglobal)usedtomanage mechanisms (formalandinformal, trade ingoods,andthegovernance transatlantic disputesinthefieldof atically examinetheoriginsof pants intheconferencewillsystem- sults sofar. Inthiscontext,partici- E-mail: [email protected] I-50016 SanDomenico(FI) Via deiRoccettini,9 European UniversityInstitute Robert SchumanCenter Chairin Transatlantic Relations BP www.iue.it/RSC/BP/ orcontact: Chair’s homepageat: Chair anditsactivities,consultthe For moreinformationontheBP and Risk” Governance: Hormones,Genes, mestic Politicsof Transatlantic Sussex. Researchproject:“TheDo- Dr. Alasdair Young, Universityof Agricultural Goods.” operation: The Caseof Trade in ject: “WTO and Transatlantic Co- University, Rome.Researchpro- Dr. MarjoleineHennis,John Cabot Foreign Policy.” American andEuropeanUnion Research project:“Sanctionsin ciety forForeign Affairs, Berlin. Dr. SebastianBartsch,GermanSo- three transatlanticfellows: Chair hasselectedthefollowing 2000-2001 academicyear, the economic governance.Duringthe phasis onthechallengesofjoint US-EU relationship,withanem- research onvariousaspectsofthe transatlantic relations,whoconduct to fivepost-doctoralfellowsin Chairsponsorsup Each year, theBP eign Office, Berlin German-American Relations,For- Karsten D. Voigt, Co-ordinatorfor of Tübingen Prof. VolkerRittberger, University man Centre,EUI Prof. Thomas Risse,RobertSchu- University ofGeneva Prof. Ernst-UlrichPetersmann, 36 Chair in Transatlantic Relations an intergovernmental model, in which chiefs of an intergovernmental government (or COGs) and other high level officials negotiate on behalf of the United States’ and respective interests, as deter- European Union’s mined by internal domestic processes; a transgovernmental model, in which lower-level work with their transatlantic domestic officials counterparts on specific issues to pragmatically coordinate and harmonize domestic policies; and a transnational or civil-society model, where private actors, including business representatives and other to advance their re- constituents, coordinate efforts spective goals. From a comparative politics perspective, the shift to the the shift politics perspective, From a comparative that of government involves the term governance from networks by interorganizational provision of services and non-governmental actors, in of both governmental traditional distinctions between a process that blurs raises normative issues of frag- public and private, and put forward In this view, mentation and accountability. by Rod Rhodes and his collabora- most systematically “steer” public policy in certain tors, governments may implementation of those policies directions, but the of actors whom governments rests with a multitude These trends raise concerns control only imperfectly. as yet found about democratic accountability that have no satisfactory solution. the con- For international relations and legal scholars, may be cept of “governance” posits that social conflicts not only resolved, and sustained cooperation promoted, but also by in- by a hierarchical, sovereign government, govern- ternational institutions composed of multiple ments or a mix of governmental and non-governmental we find lit- actors. Beyond this broad concept, however, or the key par- tle agreement on the precise nature of, ticipants in, international governance. is particularly The transatlantic economic relationship of governance promising as a laboratory for new forms largest because its members comprise the world’s broad economies and because of its extraordinarily The NTAscope. explicitly calls for and facilitates co- (1) high-level operation at multiple levels, including (2) day-to-day contacts among chiefs-of-government, and government officials, contact among lower-level Atlantic. (3) direct people-to-people contact across the These three levels of transatlantic exchanges, in turn, correspond to three distinct “images” or models of international governance found in the literature on international relations theory: Each of these three models corresponds to a specific body of theory in international relations, which generates questions and competing hypotheses about the new in a Global Economy in a Transatlantic Governance Transatlantic

In a forthcoming edited volume Transatlantic Gover- Transatlantic In a forthcoming edited volume nance in a Global Economy (Rowman & Littlefield, March 2001) we and a number of leading experts in the field examine the record of transatlantic economic rela- by the tions in the 1990s, and in particular the efforts United States and European Union, through the NTA, to to establish new forms of governance in an effort cope with increasing levels of transatlantic and global The term “governance” is increasing- interdependence. ly employed in the fields of international relations, international law and comparative politics, yet in those disciplines we find little agreement on the substance of governance, or on the key actors who take part in it. The New Transatlantic Agenda was designed primarily Transatlantic The New among the to enhance transatlantic policy coordination to economies, and, in particular, largest two world’s of provide joint leadership for the further liberalization With transatlantic and global trade and investment. a tril- transatlantic trade and investment now surpassing in areas such lion dollars, US and EU domestic officials increas- as trade, competition, or consumer protection to coordi- ingly contact their transatlantic counterparts challenge each nate common actions, as well as to domestic policies. Regulatory provisions aimed other’s at protecting consumer and environmental interests increasingly become the object of disputes among governmental authorities and private parties on both sides busi- Atlantic. Private domestic groups, from of the consumer and environ- nesses associations to labor, mental groups, form transatlantic linkages and attempt to intervene to advance their goals. With the end of the Cold War in 1989, and the increas- in 1989, War the end of the Cold With of the US and European ing interdependence 1990s, the United States and the economies during the devoted increasing attention to European Union have of transnational economic rela- the joint governance of US-EU cooperation began This intensification tions. when US President Bush and at the start of the decade, Jacques Delors negotiated and Commission President of February 27, Declaration Transatlantic The signed the US and EC agreed to a 1990, pursuant to which and intensive consultation,” in- framework “for regular summit meetings between the two cluding semi-annual following the creation of the Eu- sides. Five years later, to upgrade the ropean Union in 1993, the parties agreed by giving it transatlantic consultative mechanism 1995, they greater substantive focus. In December Transatlantic signed a document entitled the New an array of pledging cooperation in Agenda (NTA), policy areas. Given the United States’ on-going military traditional economic focus, predominance and the EU’s economic concerning “closer third pillar, Agenda’s the NTA. relations,” was solidly at the center of the 37 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Robert Putnam’s two-levelgames,theNew Transat- United StatesandtheEU.Indeed, inthelanguageof arise amongeconomiesasintertwined asthoseofthe vestment, andtomanagethe conflictsthatinevitably transatlantic andgloballiberalization oftradeandin- Union shareapreferencetopreserveandcontinuethe 1990s, theClinton Administration andtheEuropean flicts dividingthe Washington andBrusselsduringthe Indeed, despitethesometimestempestuoustradecon- and civil-societydialoguesestablishedunderitsaegis. Agenda andthepanoplyoftransgovernmentalnetworks chitects andthekeyactorswithinNew Transatlantic clearly that Washington andBrusselsaretheprimaryar- did), theevidencepresentedbyourauthorssuggests monopolize theinternationalstage(ifindeedtheyever First, althoughhigh-levelgovernmentalactorsnolonger We discusseachofthesefindings, verybriefly, below. type predictedbytheliteratureonglobalcivilsociety. governance, butneverthelessfallfarshortoftheideal works haveplayedanimportantroleintransatlantic mature orunimportantinothers;andtransnationalnet- such ascompetitionpolicy, butremainrelativelyim- governmental networkshaveemerged incertainareas Transatlantic Agenda andremaincentraltoit;trans- mission officials, werethearchitectsofNew high-level Clinton Administration andEuropeanCom- argue thatintergovernmental networks,consistingof process oftransatlanticgovernance.Putsimply, we transgovernmental andtransnationalactorsinthe sess therelativeimportanceofintergovernmental, ertheless, theavailableevidencedoespermitustoas- ring atboththedomesticandinternationallevels.Nev- al distinctionbetweenthepublicandprivateblur- pearing atallthreelevelsofanalysis,andthetradition- composite, withtransatlanticgovernancenetworksap- in anyofthethreeideal-typemodels,butisrathera the New Transatlantic Agenda doesnotfitneatlywith- The findingsofthesesubstantivechaptersuggestthat proximate thetransnationalorcivilsocietymodel. tion andtheenvironment,whichwereexpectedtoap- logues intheareasofbusiness,labor, consumerprotec- ment andoperationoftransatlanticcivilsocietydia- Bignami andSteveCharnovitz)examinestheestablish- Cowles, David Trubek andJodyKnauss,Francesca works. The finalsetofchapters(byMariaGreen esized aspromisingareafortransgovernmentalnet- gy andstandard-setting,allofwhichhavebeenhypoth- ulatory cooperationincompetitionpolicy, biotechnolo- Shaffer, andMichelleEgan)examinetransatlanticreg- The nextthreechapters(by Youri Devuyst,Pollackand and multilateralnegotiationsin WTO litigation. tions amongchiefsofgovernmentmeetinginbilateral expect tobecharacterizedbyintergovernmental relation andconflictintheareaoftrade,whichwewould Shaffer, respectively)examinetransatlanticcoopera- John Peterson,Ernst-UlrichPetersmann,andGregory vided intothreegroups. The firstthreechapters(by book’s ninesubstantivechapters,whichareinturndi- forms oftransatlanticgovernanceexaminedinthe similar regulatorylawsandcultures. Where thesecon- their politicalmasters,andare guidedbysufficiently considerable defactoor jure independencefrom icy, whereregulatorsoneachside ofthe Atlantic enjoy limited tospecificissue-areas, suchascompetitionpol- order ofgovernancebytransgovernmentalnetworksis crops. ItthereforeappearsthatSlaughter’s newworld as hormone-treatedbeefandgeneticallymodified ready spilledoverintomajorconflictsissuessuch cooperate intheregulationoffoodsafety, whichhasal- the abilityoftransgovernmentalnetworksexpertsto These transatlanticregulatorydifferences havelimited risk managementretainedbypoliticalbodies. broader socialperspective,withtheresponsibilityfor regulatory agencies,whiletheEUinsistsontakinga mestic regulationsonscientificanalysisbyindependent United Statesconsistentlymorewillingtobaseitsdo- tion offoodsafetyoneithersidethe Atlantic, withthe ferences intheculturesandlawsgoverningregula- far moredifficult, hamperedbysharpandpersistentdif- food safety, transgovernmentalcooperationhasproven formation amongUSandEUagencies.Intheareaof gencies ofconfidentialitywhichlimitthesharingin- goals andproceduresofcompetitionpolicy, andtheexi- the scopeandfocusofcompetitionlaw, thedivergent EU officials maybelimitedbypersistentdifferences in vuyst findsthatday-to-daycooperationamongUSand within thesphereofcompetitionpolicy, however, De- ation amonglower-level government regulators.Even Slaughter’s imageoffast,flexible,andeffective cooper- practices thatapproximateascloselyonemighthope well asaseriesofrelativelyharmoniouscooperative agreements betweenUSandEUantitrustauthorities,as tion policy, Youri Devuystfindsaseriesofcooperative transgovernmental worldorder. Intheareaofcompeti- offer atbestpatchysupportforSlaughter’s imageofa whole, thecasestudiesinsecondpartofbook longer becontainedwithinnationalborders. Taken asa to-day basistogoverneconomicactivitiesthatcanno government officials workingautonomouslyonaday- ernance bytransgovernmentalnetworksoflower-level model ofanemerging “RealNew World Order”ofgov- isa Slaughter andothershaveargued thattheNTA level governmentactors.Specifically, Anne-Marie tors, includingtransgovernmentalnetworksoflower- monopolize thatstage,butshareitwithsupportingac- dominate thetransatlanticstage,theydonotandcannot Nevertheless, ifthe American andEuropean COGs tent inotherareasofeconomicregulation. the areasoftradeandcompetition,toagrowingex- come toplaytheroleofCOGonbehalfUnionin the Commission,aninternationalorganization thathas must bemodifiedtotakeintoaccountthecentralroleof less, wealsofindthatPutnam’s two-levelgames model than itsrespectivedomesticconstituencies.Neverthe- more sympathetictothegoalofmarketliberalization pean Commission,eachofwhichhasbeenarguably lusion” betweenaClinton Administration andaEuro- lantic Agenda canbeinterpretedasacaseof“COGcol- 38 Chair in Transatlantic Relations HAFFER C. S REGORY and G OLLACK A. P ARK M suggest, provides a useful explanation for the relative for the explanation a useful provides suggest, the NTA, actors in various of the and influence power the of governments, the continuing centrality including in as a pivotal actor European Commission rise of the influence of lower- and the variable certain issue-areas, Both actors. and non-governmental level governmental European Commission, and the national governments gov- remain privileged actors in transatlantic we argue, information- legal, regulatory, ernance, with significant and these actors have effec- al and financial resources; NTAtively established the within which as a framework Among lower-level for influence. other actors strive we find that independent agencies, government actors, authorities or the US Food like US and EU competition possess expertise and Administration, often and Drug allow them to form transgovern- legal autonomy which are stronger and more autonomous mental networks that by ordinary government min- than those established transnation- civil-society groups, finally, Among istries. bring an abundant set of real business organizations to make sources to the table, including the willingness economic investments, knowledge and expertise large and financial about their own demands and activities, who are at- and political support for government actors groups have tentive to their concerns. By contrast, other financial, and traditionally had fewer informational, governments, and have conse- other resources to offer or have quently been either inactive across borders to gain access to the highest levels of found it difficult This relative lack the transatlantic governance process. familiar col- is compounded by the of resources, finally, and diffuse lective action problems which prevent large borders as ef- interest groups from cooperating across busi- fectively as the more concentrated international ness community. action among The obstacles to transatlantic collective consumers are not, howev- environmentalists and labor, reasons. First, organized insurmountable, for two er, labor and other groups have in recent years discovered that, despite the relative weakness of their respective dialogues, they retain a valuable resource in the form of their ability to block, at the domestic level, the liberalization agendas of the EU Commission and the US ex- com- the development of new ecutive branch. Secondly, munications technologies, together with the deliberate creation by governments of the new civil-society dia- for these logues, have lowered the costs of organization their ability on groups, with potentially dramatic effects in transatlantic governance. to participate effectively Mark A. Pollack is Assistant Professor of Political Sci- Assistant Professor of Political A. Pollack is Mark (on leave), and Se- Wisconsin ence at the University of nior Researcher in the BP Rela- Transatlantic Chair in Professor Assistant is tions at EUI; Gregory C. Shaffer This School of Law. Wisconsin in the University of which research project essay is a summary of the larger they will present at EUI in a seminar on 7 November 2000.

In light of these empirical findings, we return in our con- conception of governance through clusion to Rhodes’s networks of public and private actors, each of which brings distinct resources to the network and yields influence corresponding to its specific resource endowment. Agenda, we Transatlantic Such an analysis of the New A the transatlantic between second striking difference model is dialogues and the international civil-society and their that the dialogues are segmented by sector, levels of activity and influence are extremely uneven. Business Dialogue clearly emerged Transatlantic The early on as the most active and influential of the dia- and Consumer, Labor, Transatlantic logues, while the Environmental Dialogues have thus far been less active Third and fi- and less successful in shaping the NTA. as Bignami and Charnovitz point out, one of the nally, central elements of any domestic civil society is the and interests meeting and confrontation of different ideas in a single public sphere. By contrast with that ideal, the transatlantic public sphere is segmented into distinct sectoral dialogues, which have yet to engage in a genuine transatlantic “dialogue among the dialogues.” Moving on to the transnational level, finally, our au- level, finally, to the transnational Moving on implicated at all levels that private actors are thors find Agen- Transatlantic of the New and in nearly all areas transatlantic dialogues exam- da. Indeed, the various well as other direct, people-to-peo- ined in the book, as deliberately created and fostered ple links, have been which have sought to en- and Brussels, Washington by civil society in furthering various list representatives of Agenda. By the same Transatlantic aspects of the New contributors find little this volume’s token, however, the notion of a transatlantic civil evidence to support directly in international gover- society participating borders and independent of gov- nance, across national civil so- model of global Wapner’s ernments, as in Paul transnational civil society dia- The emerging ciety. traditional model of from the differ logues, we argue, ways. global civil society in at least three important Business Dialogue and other Transatlantic First, the transnationally transnational dialogues have organized but not as an alternative to their own governments, Maria rather in partnership with those governments. Green Cowles’ Business Transatlantic analysis of the that, in place for example, suggests Dialogue (TABD), sphere of of the traditional distinction between a public of market international relations and a private sphere of compe- transactions, we are witnessing a blurring sit TABD the tence, in which private businesses within to set the trade- alongside governmental actors, helping and liberalizing agenda of the transatlantic relationship, are, in effect, sometimes participating directly in what quadrilateral public-private negotiations. ditions are not met, however, the obstacles to transgov- to the obstacles met, however, are not ditions and COGs considerable, remain cooperation ernmental regulatory conflicts option of managing retain the and litigation. negotiation inter-state through traditional 39 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies views oftheirgovernments? Dotheyconsulteach ting. Doactorsmerelyinform eachotheraboutthe also communicateconstantly inthisinternationalset- linkage. Butweshouldkeep in mindthatnegotiators commodation, concessions, package dealsorissue ative outcomesmaybeachievedthroughinterestac- want andseekingtogetasmuchtheycan.Cooper- ways cometothebargaining tableknowingwhat they ic orsecurityinterestsofStates.Negotiatorsdonotal- characterized byhard-nosedbargaining overeconom- ent ways.First,internationalnegotiationsarenotonly wisdom aboutinternationalnegotiationsintwodiffer- processes sketchedabovecontradictconventional The twoexamplesofinternationalnegotiating right thinginviewoftheminevictims. powers thatonlybanningthoseweaponsmightbethe persuasion andpublicpressuretoconvincereluctant tributed toanenormouscampaignthatjoinedboth The successfulterminationofthenegotiationsisat- ated byNon-GovernmentalOrganizations (NGOs). multilateral securityagreementthatwasmainlyiniti- later. The Ottawa Conventionisprobablythefirst ber 1997andenteredintoforceonlyaboutoneyear convention itselfwasopenedforsignatureinDecem- negotiating theconventionlastedaboutoneyear, the plained bystandardtextbookaccounts. The processof tiating aninternationalagreementthatcannotbeex- Anti-Personal Landminesisanotherexampleofnego- The negotiationsovertheOttawaConventiontoBan come. assess howthesefactorsaloneshouldpredicttheout- gaining andpower-play didtakeplace,itisdifficult to sized states(South Africa and Canada). Although bar- the centresofpower, butfromcommittedmiddle- experts, norbythetreatyitself.Itdidnotemerge from body createdsomethingthatwasnotforeseenbythe ence structurebythePresidentofconference. This among parties,convenedoutsidetheformalconfer- of Statesrepresentingthefullspectrumopinions an intenseprocessofnegotiatingwithinasmallgroup aredueto results ofthe1995conferenceonNPT standard accountsofinternationalnegotiations. The amendment ofthetreatywhichrepresentsapuzzlefor practice ofthenuclearStates.Itisthisdefacto clear have-notsbetteropportunitiestocriticizethe with anexpandedreviewprocessthatgivesthenu- containing newormoreprecisedutiesfortheparties, objectives” forfutureimplementationofthetreaty was accompaniedbyadocumenton“principlesand tended indefinitelyin1995theextensionoftreaty When theNon-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)wasex- collaborativeprojectoftheEUIandPeaceResearchInstituteFrankfurt A Arguing andBargaining in Multilateral Negotiations probe. The case studies arechosenfromdifferent uated empirically, atleastinterms ofaplausibility into substantivetheoreticalclaims whichcanbeeval- forward indifferent sub-disciplinesofsocialscience metatheoretical assumptionsthathavebeenbrought parative politics. The project triestotranslatevarious choice inthefieldsofinternationalrelationsandcom- troversy betweensocialconstructivismandrational Institute Frankfurt,PRIF)andtakesuptherecentcon- Schuman Centre)andHaraldMüller(PeaceResearch collaborative effort by Thomas Risse(EUI/Robert The project,whichwaslaunchedthissummer, isa gotiations”, fundedbythe Volkswagen Foundation. ject on“Arguing andBargaining inMultilateralNe- tional normsoragreementsisatthecentreofpro- tional negotiationsleadingtothecreationofinterna- bargaining basedonstrategicrationalityininterna- based oncommunicativerationalityasopposedto systematically thepreciseroleandimpactofarguing by instancesandprocessesofarguing. To investigate only characterizedbyprocessesofbargaining butalso tioned aboveisthatinternationalnegotiationsarenot The conclusionwecandrawfromthepointsmen- opinion toseethingsdifferently andchangepolicies. the betterargument” topersuadeStatesand/orpublic posal. Therefore, theyhavetorelyonthe“powerof tors donothavemanymaterialresourcesattheirdis- lotofnon-stateactors influencesuchnegotiations. A about theactualmechanismsbywhichnon-stateac- ture oninternationalnegotiations,weknowlittle gotiations isincreasinglyacknowledgedinthelitera- While theimpactofnon-stateactorsoninter-state ne- pliance withinternationaltreatiesandagreements. they alsositatthenegotiatingtableandmonitorcom- gotiations oradvisenationalgovernments;sometimes state actorsnotonlysettheagendaofinter-state ne- and constantpressureofnon-stateactors. These non- ceptable solutions,haditnotbeenfortheinfluence sitting atthenegotiatingtable,letalonefindingac- state actors.Inmanycases,governmentswouldnotbe not onlyinvolveStatesbutalsoawholerangeofnon- Secondly, negotiatinganinternationalagreementdoes gotiations. role andmodeofcommunicationininternationalne- questions showthatweknowlittleabouttheprecise their interestsrightatthenegotiatingtable? These persuade eachother?HowoftendoStateschange tent dotheyjustifytheirrespectiveviewsandtryto other beforedefiningtheirowninterests? To whatex- continued onp.41 40 Researchers LBERT U EPRESENTATIVES ORNELIA R C ESEARCHER R HE T Research Fellow, Robert Schuman Centre Research Fellow, nelia Ulbert, EUI/Robert Schuman Centre); rules for a fair distribution of burdens within the framework of the international negotiations on climate change dur- EUI/Robert Schuman ing the 1990s (Jens Steffek, Centre); implementation of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (adopted in 1997) within the EU (Matthias EUI/Robert Schuman Centre). Leonhard Maier, ly, we publish an annual ‘Reporta’ we publish ly, doings - this on our moan at under-re- anything from a general can contain PR agitations about EUI sports reports, from sourcing to and even an occasional triumphal to spelling mistakes... making the EUI the magnif- record of progress towards is. icent institution it almost The 2000/01 Researcher Representatives: General Reps Dijk (tania.vandijk@)(LAW) Van Tania (jean-francois.mouhot@) (HEC) Jean-Francois Mouhot (fhoff- & Florian Hoffmann Jesse Scott (jescott@) man@) (HEC & LAW) SPS Ingela.Naumann (ingela.naumann@) (jotorres@) Joaquim Torres ECO Ludovic Renou (renou@) (steinber@) Thomas Steinberger HEC Thomas Cole (thomas.cole@) for a 2nd history rep) Tuesday (new elections on LAW Djalila Boumezbeur (djalila.boumezbeur@) Godinho (jorge.godinho@) Jorge our web pages For more detailed information consult http://www.iue.it/Personal/Researchers/studrep/ New Researcher Representatives Researcher New Tania van Dijk, Ingela Naumann, Thomas Cole Dijk, Ingela Naumann, van Tania

issue-areas (security, human rights, environment) and issue-areas (security, involve both public discourses and (secret) diplomat- they encompass several ic negotiations. Moreover, groups of actors, ranging from national governments to private (economic) actors and (international) non- The case studies (NGOs). governmental organizations and their respective researchers are: the unlimited ex- in Treaty tension of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1995 and its follow-up conference in 2000 (Harald PRIF); the Ottawa Convention banning the Müller, production, employment and use of anti-personal PRIF); Wisotzki, landmines adopted in 1997 (Simone the ILO Convention No. 182 concerning the “Prohibi- Action for the Elimination of the tion and Immediate (Cor- Forms of Child Labour” adopted in 1999 Worst Joaquim Torres, Jorge Godinho, Jean-François Mouhot, Ludovic Renou, Godinho, Jean-François Jorge Torres, Joaquim continued from p. 40 continued from We publish a yearly ‘Alternative Prospectus’ publish We - designed some of its spe- to forewarn applicants to the EUI about a researcher’s cial attractions and challenges, and to give the EUI (it is insight into what life here is really like at readers); with a notable popular success with in-house we run a re- Academic Service the generous aid of the social fund and are able to make small con- searcher’s On a tributions to researchers in financial difficulties. first point of call for daily basis we are most researcher’s problems / inquiries / complaints and simple curiosity about the somewhat opaque workings of the EUI. Final-

This year’s Reps are just the latest generation of an the latest generation Reps are just This year’s We representation. system of researcher evolving EUI but in the ‘68 tradition, a student union are not exactly whom anyone may choose to rather a volunteer group dealings with aca- represent all researchers in We assist. the EUI administration. In gen- demic departments and works through the numerous com- eral, representation on almost all of which Reps have mittees of the EUI, The reps do also status. or semi-official) some (official from tackling welfare issues to numerous other things: Anniversary party. 25th upcoming planning the EUI’s 41 IueRobert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies showed thatnortherncountries mayfaceseriousimple- and southerncountries. The north-southcomparison found majorimplementation failures inbothnorthern al., vanderZouwen,Lopez-Gunn, Bursens,and Versluis southern EUmemberstates. The papersby Valaoras et pean environmentalpoliciesinfournorthernand depth studiesontheimplementationofseveralEuro- The firsttwosessionsoftheworkshoppresentedfivein- and 10different environmental policies. eight Europeancountries,bothnorthernandsouthern, ronmental studies). The 15 paperspresentedcovered cal science,sociology, law, economics,geography, envi- Turkey, UK,USA)andsixscientificdisciplines (politi- Greece, Italy, Netherlands,Malta,Portugal, Spain, searchers from11 countries(Belgium, Germany, May 19-20,2000. The workshopbroughttotogetherre- vanced StudiesattheEuropeanUniversityInstituteon Programme oftheRobert-Schuman-Centrefor Ad- Southern Countries”,organized bytheEnvironmental The ImplementationofEUEnvironmentalPoliciesin “Coming to Terms with theMediterraneanSyndrome. Those questionswereaddressedbytheworkshop both different countriesandpolicies? account forpossiblevariationincompliance,between with Europeanenvironmentallawvary? Which factors tively implementEuropeanpolicies?Doescompliance teristics impairtheirwillingnessandcapacitytoeffec- charac- northern countries?Docertain‘Mediterranean’ tion substantiallydiffer fromthoseencounteredby tal law?Dotheproblemstheyconfrontinimplementa- the challengesofimplementingEuropeanenvironmen- Northern environmentalleadersoftheEU,copewith have alowerlevelofenvironmentalprotectionthanthe How dotheMediterraneancountries,whichtendto ‘Mediterranean Syndrome’. their environmenthavealsobeenreferredtoasthe difficulties ofSouthernEuropeancountriesinprotecting al capacitytocomplywithEUenvironmentallaw. The to underminethepoliticalwillingnessandorganization- and party-dominatedlegislativeprocessesarebelieved clientelism, andcorruption,fragmented,reactive tive capacity, aciviccultureinclinedtoindividualism, ical andadministrativeinstitutions.Lackofadministra- usually attributedtosystemicdeficienciesoftheirpolit- The poorimplementationrecordofthesecountriesis tries havethereputationofbeingparticularlaggards. EU environmentallawisratherlow, thesoutherncoun- While theoverallcomplianceofMemberStateswith Purpose andorganizationoftheworkshop Workshop Report The ImplementationofEuropeanEnvironmentalPoliciesinSouthernCountries Coming to Terms withthe Mediterranean Syndrome southern countries.Börzelsuggested thatimplementa- potential solutionsforimplementation problemsin The lastsessionwasmorepolicy-oriented, discussing policies innorthernandsouthern countriesalike. fective implementationofEuropeanenvironmental and strongvestedinterests. These factorsinhibittheef- low administrativecapacity, institutionalfragmentation, paper by Aden pointedtoinstitutionalfactors,suchas problem definitionandpolicyimplementation,the paper byRanayzciemphasizedthecruciallinkbetween plementation failureonamoregenerallevel. While the The fifthsessionwasdedicatedtotheexplanationofim- roots activitiesdominateintheSouth. byNGOs,grass- more formalized,thatis‘channelled’ While environmentalactivismintheNorthtendstobe ern countriesseemtodiffer intheformofmobilization. drome thesis.Ratherthaninscope,northernandsouth- particularly byproponentsoftheMediterraneanSyn- southern countriesismuchhigherthanoftenclaimed, demonstrated thatthelevelofenvironmentalactivismin plementation. The paperbyKousisconvincingly UK showedthatsocietalmobilizationcanfacilitateim- pact Assessment Directive inPortugal,Spain,andthe by BlundenandGonçalvesontheEnvironmentalIm- zens andnon-governmentalorganizations. The studies private actors,social,not-for-profit actors,suchasciti- The fourthsessionwasdedicatedtothesecondtypeof negotiation. tors provestobeafrequentobstacletheirsuccessful agreements, poortrustbetweenpublicandeconomicac- ing environmentalpollution. As forenvironmental countries areonlydiscoveringthemasameansoffight- environmental toolboxofnortherncountries.Southern agreements havebeenincreasinglyintegratedintothe cal industry. Economicincentivesandenvironmental mental regulationonrelocationbehaviourinthechemi- out aframeworkforanalysingtheeffect ofenviron- duce environmentalpollution. The paperbyKleinset ments, respectively, ininducingeconomicactorstore- role ofeconomicincentivesandenvironmentalagree- policies. The papersbySzarkaandBaileyexploredthe as themaintargets ofmanyEuropeanenvironmental The thirdsessionfocusedoneconomic,for-profit actors difficult. northern leaders,suchastheNetherlandsandUK, the ratherdenseandcomplexregulatorystructuresof incorporation ofEuropeanenvironmentalpoliciesinto fragmentation, andlackoflegitimacyoftenrenderthe mentation problems,too.Policymisfit,institutional 42 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced StudiesIue ÖRZEL A. B ANJA T Coordinator for Environmental Studies tors which could potentially account for variation in im- for variation account potentially could tors which differ- and across countries between both plementation, were no that there however, It became clear, ent policies. relationships. monocausal of the importance most papers emphasized For example, and implemen- in policy formulation public participation involvement of citizens, non-governmental The tation. scientific experts, and groups, economic stake-holders, authorities may significantly im- local implementing of a and hence the effectiveness, prove the acceptance, can participation however, At the same time, policy. and institutional inertia. cause political stalemate both horizontal and vertical, Institutional fragmentation of implementation competencies that is, the distribution was identified as a major prob- across multiple actors, both in federal and unitary lem for implementation, fragmentation does not explain institutional Yet, states. more effec- some policies are in the same country, why, tively implemented than others. drawn The inductively gained insights of the workshop, not only may from a rich empirical basis, indicate that between the different there be strong interaction effects Their relevance may vary depend- explanatory factors. Thus, process. ing on the stages of the implementation be especially territorial decentralization turns out to environ- problematic for the incorporation of European mental policies into national law. relevance of Future research should explore the causal explanatory factors identified as well as the different by systematically con- their potential interactive effects both quantita- trolling for them in comparative studies, tive and qualitative. not only focus on the should Future research, however, problems. Sys- explanatory factors of implementation tematic explanation requires a clear and common defin- The papers at the ition of the object to be explained. workshop endorsed a variety of definitions and concep- implementation, which some- tualizations of (effective) cases. times limited the comparability of the different While some merely focused on the legal incorporation of European Directives into national legislation, others included practical application and enforcement. Next to developing a clear and comprehensive definition of implementation (failure), we also need adequate methods to measure it. European infringement proceedings are frequently used as a proxy for the implementation per- While infringement formance of the Member States. studies, they suffer data provide a good basis for large-n from some serious deficiencies, something that limits their use. Qualitative case studies, both single and comparative, are crucial for measuring the dependent and the independent variables as well as for tracing the causal mechanisms which link them.

Future research on the implementation of European environmental policies should focus on developing more The workshop identified a series of fac- general models. Perspectives Thus, the major conclusion of the workshop is that the Mediterranean Syndrome has to be discarded. Not only is it void of explanatory power because northern and southern countries face similar implementation problems. It implies a flawed geographical delimitation of the implementation deficit in European environmental While implementation failure is more prevalent policy. in southern than in northern countries, there are coun- and North of Europe, e.g. Ireland or West tries in the Belgium, whose implementation record looks more “southern” than “northern”. Concepts such as the Mediterranean Syndrome or the Southern Problem are misleading with respect to both the explanation and the delimitation of implementation problems in European environmental policy-making. At the same time, greater implementation problems in At the same time, greater implementation alleged pe- the South cannot be simply attributed to some structures culiar characteristics of the political and social individ- of Mediterranean countries, such as clientelism, imposed ualism, or a deep-seated scepticism toward whether obligations. On the one hand, it appears dubious equally and there are such Mediterranean characteristics, bordering the exclusively shared by all countries identified Mediterranean Sea. On the other hand, factors implementation, such as important obstacles to effective or low soci- as policy misfit, institutional fragmentation, and southern etal mobilization, are present in northern degree. countries alike, albeit to a different There was a clear consensus among the participants on There was a clear consensus among the two major points: greater im- On an overall level, southern countries face their northern plementation problems than most of counterparts. Major findings at the workshop The general discussion summarized the major issues The general discussion addressed and which had emerged which the papers had after the paper presenta- during the lively discussions tions. tion could be improved by granting southern countries southern granting by be improved tion could (northern) to European in adaptation flexibility more have to be linked would however, Flexibility, regulation. one by the EU on the financial support to extended diffu- of experience, cooperation (exchange hand, and and between northern and ideas) sion of knowledge southern countries as well as among southern countries a member of the Torres, hand. themselves on the other emphasized the possibility of Portuguese Parliament, between national and European strategic relationships obstructive forces in the legal legislators in overcoming implementation process. 43 IueArchivi storici già nel1919sieraespresso suolibro‘L’unità euro- sulla conoscenzaesull’appoggio diLuigiEinaudi,che Movimento federalistaeuropeo, Rossipuòcontare due stabilirannopercostituire laretetransnazionaledel Spinelli aBellinzona. Tra lecentinaiadicontattiche i Rossi esuamoglie Ada troverannorifugioaGinevra, destini.” state lederivazionisemiliberedeivarimovimenticlan- co paesedovesipotevanocercare,cisarebbero zera acercareifederalistiperchélaSvizzeraeral’uni- mento federalistailcompitodiandareinsiemeinSviz- no: “Alloracifacemmodaredaquestonascentemovi- no nelcontestodellespecificheconoscenzediciascu- entrambi siritaglia- tante ilruoloche quanto siaimpor- ci accorgiamo di parole diSpinelli, Seguendo ancorale tutti conosciamo. deralista cheoggi re delpensierofe- quella pietramilia- Colorn,i diventerà cialista Eugenio il contributodelso- giù inseimesi,con che,buttato totene’ ‘Manifesto di Ven- coabitazione saràil di questaforzata li. Ilfruttomigliore ventare inseparabi- Rossi el’ex-comunistaSpinellifraternizzanofinoadi- riodo direciprocadiffidenza, illiberaldemocratico solotto di Ventotene edèquichenel1940,dopounpe- quattro annidiconfinolihannopassatiinsiemesull’i- confino perilprimoesedicisecondo.Gliultimi del regimefascista,cisonododiciannitracarceree Rossi, trentaseiperSpinellialmomentodellacaduta Alle spallediquestidueuomini,quarantaseianniper Movimento federalistaeuropeo” cidemmo dipassareall’azioneefondareaMilanoil to dopolacadutadelfascismo,il27agosto’43,de- smo europeoErnestoRossi:“ErnestoRossiedio,subi- capire cheruoloabbiasvoltonellastoriadelfederali- Sono sufficienti pocheparoledi Altiero Spinelliperfar 2 Un “democraticoribelle”tramilitanza, all’Istituto UniversitarioEuropeo (da sinistra) Traquandi, Ramorino,C.Rosselli,Rossi,Emery, NRosselli giornalismo ecultura ’archiviodiErnestoRossi L’ 1 I componentidelCircolodiCulturaFirenze: anche perl’interessedelricercatore, nellasuabattaglia, Ma lafiguradiErnestoRossi nonsiesauriscecerto, questo lungopercorsopolitico. ni politicheecorrispondenza illustranocondovizia chiarazioni, mozioni,circolari,notefinanziarie,relazio- bollettini, appuntimanoscritti,articolidistampa,di- lettere, resocontidiincontri,elenchisimpatizzanti, questa causanell’arcodiquasiquindicianni:rapporti, che siritrovaimmutatol’impegnoprofusodaRossiper nella sezionedelfondodedicataaimaterialifederalisti di personedurantelasuapermanenzainSvizzera;maè ai ricchissimicarteggiintrattenutidaRossicondecine Ada dalconfino(perquantoloconsentisselacensura), sa, lacuibocciaturadapartedell’Assembleanazionale europea edasostegnodellaComunitàdiDife- alle grandibattagliedimassalanciateperlacostituente zativo chelafervidamentediSpinellipartorirà,fino Da questomomentoRossisosterràognisforzoorganiz- a fiancodiuominicomeDeGasperi,Einaudi,Sforza. per portareavantilabattagliafederazioneeuropea RomaRossieSpinellisiritrovano Partito d’Azione. A immerso nell’attivitàclandestinaaMilanonellefiledel 1945. Spinellierarientratoil24settembre1944esi Rossi rientrainItaliapochigiorniprimadel25aprile governo delcontinente. afavorediunastrutturafederalista pea elaguerra’ tere allamoglie tracciabili nellelet- li a Ventotene, rin- micizia conSpinel- dagli accenniall’a- nelle suecarte: mente documentate sin quisonolarga- biamo ripercorso sta diRossicheab- militanza federali- Tutte letappedella sta. impegno federali- mente ilproprio nare definitiva- durlo adabbando- scoramento dain- in Rossiuntale francese susciterà 44 L’archivio di Ernsto RossiIue ECHERUCCI B NDREA A Ernesto Rossi e alla spaccatura del partito radicale che 4 Riepilogare la questione in poche righe occuperebbe troppo L’azione federalista con Ernesto Rossi, cit., pag. 66 federalista con Ernesto Rossi, cit., pag. L’azione Tutte queste vicende sono ripercorse nell’ampia introduzio- Tutte Altiero Spinelli: ‘L’azione federalista con Ernesto Rossi’ federalista con Ernesto Altiero Spinelli: ‘L’azione in trova uno spazio a parte nel fondo. Rossi in qualità Infine è da ricordare il lavoro svolto da Salvemini. di esecutore testamentario del suo maestro il comitato In questa veste Rossi ha creato e presieduto opera dello che aveva il compito di ripubblicare l’intera dopo la sua morte una storico pugliese e di organizzare grande mostra itinerante nel suo ricordo. federalista, il Il combattente antifascista, il militante di cul- manager pubblico, il giornalista, l’organizzatore archivio per tura rivivono attraverso le pagine del suo agli ideali di trasmettere l’esempio di una vita ispirata ‘Giustizia e Libertà’. Note 1 ‘Ernesto Rossi: una utopia concreta’, Milano, Ignazi (cur.) P. Edizioni di Comunità, 1991, pag. 65 2 3 4 spazio per cui per i dettagli rinvio a Giuseppe Fiori: ‘Una sto- Einaudi, 1997, pp. Torino, di Ernesto Rossi’, Vita ria italiana. 271-279 con cui Rossi preparava il suo lavoro e la raccolta com- con cui Rossi preparava il suo lavoro e la pleta dei suoi scritti su ‘Il Mondo’ è giunta fino a noi la querel- senza dispersioni. Un discorso a parte merita tra Rossi e le che portò alla fine della collaborazione Pannunzio ne che Mimmo Franzinelli ha fatto precedere alla ristampa del libro di Rossi, integrandolo con nuovi, importanti documenti. Ernesto Rossi: ‘Una spia del regime. Carlo Del Re e la pro- vocazione contro Giustizia e Libertà’, nuova edizione a cura Bollati Boringhieri, 2000, pp. 7-128 Torino, di M. Franzinelli, . Le carte che sono servite a Rossi per . Le carte che sono 3

pure molto importante, per la federazione europea. Già europea. la federazione per molto importante, pure egli era interesse, questo si risvegliasse che in lui prima de- dell’antifascismo figura di primo piano stato una clandestina ‘Ita- aderendo all’organizzazione mocratico lia Libera’ Relativa- a ‘Giustizia e Libertà’. e più tardi di Rossi, si segnalano periodo della vita mente a questo que- il processo che del fondo concernenti i documenti dopoguerra ad opera dell’Avv. sti ebbe a subire nel alla cui delazione, Rossi, Carlo Del Re, in seguito Ceva ed altri esponenti del movimento Calace, Bauer, Libertà’politico ‘Giustizia e vennero arrestati nel 1930 A e processati nel 1931. questo proposito Rossi, ser- sulle spie fasciste venuti avven- vendosi di documenti aveva scritto nel 1955 un turosamente in suo possesso, ‘Una spia del regime. Docu- libro edito da Feltrinelli menti e note’ battaglia che gli sarebbe costato una lunga dal conte- che si sentì diffamato giudiziaria col Del Re nuto del libro L’Ernesto Rossi più conosciuto dal grande pubblico L’Ernesto resta però l’autore di memorabili articoli ed inchieste pubblicati per lo più su ‘Il Mondo’ di Pannunzio dove il fustigatore del malcostume politico nazionale va a braccetto con lo studioso di economia; quasi tutti que- sti articoli sono poi confluiti in libri divenuti col tempo famosi come ‘Aria fritta’ e ‘Settimo: non rubare’. Anche in questo caso il materiale di documentazione Ma il campo di studi coltivato da Rossi con maggiore interesse sarà l’economia, che fin dagli anni venti egli studia e su cui scrive con grande profitto. Rossi ha lasciato numerosi contributi nel campo dell’economia classica, della storia delle dottrine economiche, della scienza delle finanze di cui restano nel fondo abbon- danti tracce attraverso versioni preparatorie, appunti, lezioni e manoscritti. La rete di amicizie e collaborazioni che Rossi aveva La rete di amicizie e collaborazioni che dal ric- stretto fin dal suo ritorno in Italia è testimoniata alfabeticamente, che chissimo carteggio, organizzato alla sua morte, copre tutti gli anni del dopoguerra, fino si possono cita- i corrispondenti Tra avvenuta nel 1967. Alci- Agosti, Norberto Bobbio, Luciano Bolis, Aldo re Foa, Ugo La Vittorio de De Gasperi, Luigi Einaudi, Malfa, Riccardo Lombardi, Ivan Matteo Lombardo, e moltissi- Valiani Altiero Spinelli, Leo Ignazio Silone, mi altri. Con la fine della guerra Rossi si reinventa manager Con la fine della guerra Rossi si reinventa dell’ARAR pubblico. Dal 1945 al 1958 sarà a capo Alienazione Residuati) che si doveva (Azienda Rilievo quantitativo di occupare dello smaltimento dell’enorme aveva lasciato materiali di ogni genere che la guerra un compito dif- giacenti in territorio italiano. Il suo sarà lo stato incas- ficile ma risolto brillantemente tanto che molto più serà grazie alla sua accorta gestione dell’ente di quanto preventivato. scrivere il libro e la documentazione relativa al lun- scrivere il libro e la documentazione fino alla sua ghissimo contenzioso giudiziario durato anch’essi pre- morte che l’ha opposto a Del Re, sono fondo. senti in maniera completa nelle carte del 45 IueEUSSIRF yseils eatetllbain. iios assess- by specialistdepartmentallibrarians. Visitors’ and workingpaperscollections thathavebeenbuiltup University of Turku wasimpressedbytheperiodicals Like manyothervisitingscholars, JuhaRaikkaofthe ment ofeverydayoffice life.” wegian researcherputit)“thephone-ringingenviron- atmosphere oftheEUILibrary, without(asoneNor- Visitors benefitfromthehigh-productivityworking very helpful.” tion andtheEuropeanDocumentationCentrewere brary itselfinparticular, the Working Paperscollec- tion databases(Euroref,Eurocat,OJCD).Intheli- Sociological Abstracts) andtheEuropeandocumenta- tion Abstracts, Econlit,SocialScienceCitationIndex, used thevariousbibliographicaldatabases(Disserta- was avisitingscholarinMarch:“DuringmystayI Henning LohmannoftheUniversityMannheim expenses, plusatravelallowance. maximum grantforFlorenceis1400Eurosliving unique academicambienceoftheEUI. The current nologies; andanopportunitytointegrateintothe training inthefast-movingfieldofnewresearchtech- pert assistanceinexploitingcollectionsandresources; month. EUSSIRFoffers afinancialcontribution;ex- Short-term researchvisitstoFlorenceusuallylastone Library InformationServicesunit. London ismanagedbyGrahamCamfieldoftheLSE services ofatop-classresearchlibrary.” EUSSIRFin State, togainaccessthecollections,resourcesand rently workinginanEUmemberorassociated rific opportunityforEuropeansocialscientists,cur- EUI, istheFlorenceProjectManager:“Thisater- nealy, SocialandPoliticalSciencesLibrarianatthe dependent internationalselectionboard.PeterKen- countries, chosenfromover100applicantsbyanin- welcomed 51visitingEUSSIRFscholarsfrom13 Between May1998and April 2000,theEUIlibrary the period2000-2003. tive, theEUILibraryishosting72visitingscholarsin (BLPES). UnderthisEUCommission-fundedinitia- the facilityareEUILibraryandLSE formation ResearchFacility. The twoconstituentsof EUSSIRF istheEuropeanUnionSocialSciencesIn- EUI Librarymissionfunding. social scientistsfrom30countriesarenoweligiblefor renewed forthreeyearswithanambitiousexpansion: The EUSSIRFresearcher-mobility initiativehasbeen EUSSIRF: An EUI-LSELibraryInitiative Scholars from30CountriesNowEligible for EUILibrary Visit Funding and subsistencesupportforshort-termvisitors. gain accesstoexistingfacilitiesbyprovidingtravel structures partofthisprogrammehelpsresearchers and technologicaldevelopment. The ResearchInfra- increase thehumanresourcesavailableforresearch isto economic KnowledgeBase’. The aimoftheIHP (DGXII), ‘ImprovingHumanPotentialandtheSocio- the EUCommission’s FifthFrameworkProgramme EUSSIRF isaMajorResearchInfrastructurewithin of 2001. Lithuania. Another twelve arrive intheearlymonths year 2000/2001arefromIsrael,theUK,Greeceand The firstEUSSIRFvisitorstoFlorenceforacademic ka oftheUniversityBath. ditions whichencouragecreativity”saysJosephSzar- prit deslieuxduetothelongculturalandartistictra- spirational abouttheplace.Perhapssomesortofes- time attheEUIandFlorence-thereissomethingin- And thenthereisFlorence.“Ihavereallyenjoyedmy comprehensive. SSIRF office andtheinductiontolibraryfacilitieswas accommodation waspre-bookedthroughtheEU- found thathecouldstartworkimmediatelybecause William KeenanfromNottingham Trent University, man Centrefor Advanced Studies. searchers, academicsandfellowsoftheRobertSchu- ments placeahighvalueonmeetingfellowre- Tel: +442079557942-Fax: 7454 Tel: +39055 4685438-Fax:+39055283 about EUSSIRF, andcurrentapplicationdead- http://www.blpes.lse.ac.uk/services/eussirf/ http://www.iue.it/LIB/eussirf/eussirf.html European UniversityInstituteLibrary o ute information further For [email protected] LSE (BLPES-London) [email protected] lines, pleasecontact: EUSSIRF co-ordinator, Florence T HOMAS B 46 OURKE EUSSIRF Pendant leur bref séjour (en règle générale Pendant leur bref séjour (en règle un mois), les participants bénéficient: une partie d’une subvention pour couvrir d’une as- des frais de voyage et de séjour sistance d’experts en matière d’exploitation des collections et des ressources à la vie de la possibilité de s’intégrer académique des institutions. en ce qui Pour de plus amples informations concerne les conditions d’admissions, l’assistance et les ressources disponibles, veuillez contacter les bureaux de EUSSIRF à Florence ou à Londres. EUSSIRF are eligible to apply for EUSSIRF funding: to apply for EUSSIRF are eligible

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Fonds pour chercheurs en sciences sociales Fonds pour chercheurs [email protected]://www.iue.it/LIB/eussirf.htmltél.: +39 055 4685 438fax: +39 055 4685 283 http://www.blpes.lse.ac.uk/services/eussirf [email protected] tél.: +44 20 7955 7942 fax: +44 20 7955 7454 Thomas BourkeBibliothèque de l’IUEBadia Fiesolana50016 San Domenico (Florence)ItalieWC2A London 1PH BLPES Graham Camfield 25 Southampton Bldgs. Royaume-Uni (British and Italian researchers are entitled to apply to EUSSIRF, but if they apply to the branch located but if they apply to the branch researchers are entitled to apply to EUSSIRF, (British and Italian of travel and/or subsistence costs.) of residence, EU rules prohibit the payment within their countries Si vous êtes un chercheur européen en sci- Si vous êtes un chercheur européen ences sociales et travaillez actuellement dans l’un des Etats membres de l’UE ou dans un Etat associé (30 pays entrent en ligne de compte), EUSSIRF peut vous ou- vrir l’accès aux collections, ressources et services des bibliothèques participantes. La Bibliothèque de l’Institut universitaire British Li- européen (IUE, Florence) et la Science brary of Political and Economic d’une (LSE, Londres) sont les deux pôles eu- initiative, financée par la Commission en sci- ropéenne, en faveur de la recherche le nom ences sociales. Cette initiative porte Sci- d’EUSSIRF - European Union Social ences Information Research Facility. 47 Researchers though thisisnotalwaysfullyrecognized of internationalscholarlyandlinguisticexperience(al- Studying attheEUIoffers a lotofadvantagesinterms often backhomeintheirnationalinstitutions. research centres,butmostatnationalUniversities, graduates seekafutureinacademia,someofthem writing theirdissertation. About fiftypercentofEUI benefit from:gettingtheirhandsintoteaching,while However, thereisonething thatEUIresearchersdonot projects anditsinternationalmulticulturalcrew. nary focusandorientation,itshigh-qualityresearch is prettywellknownforitsEuropeanandinterdiscipli- The EuropeanUniversityInstitutedoctoralprogramme pensable itistocarrythemoutsimultaneously. dent, althoughdifficult tobalance,andalsohowindis- extent thetwoaspectsareintertwinedandinterdepen- and limited-teachingexperiencehasshownmetowhat is thatthisnotaneasyenterprise,andmy-sofarshort of Jekyll-and-Hydepersonality. All Icanassertsofar, they doexist-onenecessarilyhadtoovercomethiskind order tobecomeanaccomplishedacademicÐbecause my studies,Ikeptwonderingwhether, andhow, in bility forafirmcommitmenttoteaching. Throughout sacrificing theiracademicvisibilityandresearchnota- measure totheircoursepreparationandstudents, and whodevotedtheirtimeenthusiasticallybeyond neously areusuallytheoneswhoweremostavailable also true. The instructorsoneremembersmostsponta- piteous pedagoguesandboringorators. The reverseis among thesefamousacademics,thereweresomerather nately, wesometimes...skippedzealously, since passion andadmiration,whoselectures,unfortu- whose booksandscientificcontributionswereadwith As students,we’veallcomeacrossbrilliantprofessors, distinctive methodsandrequiredissimilarcallings. characterized bysuchadifferent spirit,whichemploy process, asitisnotthateasytoreconciletwoactivities However, associatingthetwoisnotanautomatic latter orviceversa. an academiccareerbyfavouringtheformerover ly realisticforanyyoungwould-bescholartoenvisage coin. As amatteroffact,itwouldbedifficult andhard- complementary activities,liketwosidesofthesame Teaching andresearcharegenerallyconsidered tobe totheforeground ofaneffervescent classroomLearning byteaching: From thecozy‘Thebaid’ has beenmaderecentlytopromote ‘productsofthe aware ofthatsituationanda firstinstitutionalmove ing processes.EUIfaculty and administrationare criminatory whenitcomesto serious selectingandhir- lack ofpracticalteachingexperience canbefeltasdis- What’s therecipetobecomean accomplished academic? 1 ), butthe let themgowithagoodgrade. As formyself,Iwasa give themsomenewinsights on Europeandhopefully with aninstructoramongothers, thatwouldprobably them, myclassjustmeantspending acoupleofhours habits, andcouldspeakintheir mothertongue.For the firsttime. They knewthe university, itsrulesand can easilyimagine,whenIgottofacemystudentsfor I guessthatmyfirstbigscareÐandblush-was,asyou for anykindofcompetitiveexam. (just likeyouacoupleofyearsago)whoarenotrunning undergrads participate, rememberthattheyare‘only’ the workonyourown. Therefore, ifyouwant them to exchange programmes),andyouwouldendupdoingall the studentswon’t readit(even lesswhentheyareon newcomers: ifyourreadingrequirementsaretooheavy, what youactuallywanttoworkon.Quickadvice vantage ofbeingtheinstructorandsovereignlydeciding structuring abigpresentation. This isprobablythead- syllabus waseasierthanIthought,almostsimilarto popping uplikemushroomsaftertherain.Settinga stressful events.Questioningandself-questioningwere Pretty soon,theexcitementleftfloortosomerather adventure couldbegin… lons oftheRenaissance-style Villa LaPietra. The new shell, Iswappedmyquietmonkcellforthedandysa- and, liketheBadia,has‘offices withaview’.Innut- rence providesyouwithexceptionalworkingconditions an incentive.Lastbutnotleast,theNYUcampusinFlo- up sofar. Needlesstosaythe financialaspectwasalso political scienceknowledgeIwasgainingandstacking and seewhetherIwouldactuallyenjoysharingallthis part tomyratherasceticstudiesattheBadiaFiesolana, other handIcouldhardlywaittoaddan‘interactive’ actly myresearchtopicandfittedinterests.Onthe York UniversityinFlorence.Ontheonehanditwasex- atNew was offered aclasson‘Transatlantic Relations’ My ownteachingexperiencebeganinfall1999whenI world ofeducation... couple ofuswereabletogetourfeetwetintheexciting tween theseinstitutionsgotnaturallycloser, andhowa ing tofinishtheirdissertation. That’s howthelinksbe- graduates tooffer, mostofthemlookingforsome fund- the hillsofFiesolehavewelltrainedandeducatedpost- basis, andifpossibleatalowercost. At thesametime, lots ofthemneedadjunctstaff membersonatemporary abroad programsareprettynumerousinFlorenceand As amatteroffact, American collegeswithstudy- stitutions. inseveralFlorentineundergraduate in- EUI fishpond’ 48 ResearchersIue , researcher SPS TUTZMANN S LEXANDRE A mind… Anyway, sooner or later, I had to start teaching I had to start or later, sooner Anyway, mind… go! There we on. not an expert that I was topics was a great opportu- class The sociology-methodology I had and tricks that the recipes nity to implement by intensively attend- my EUI professors learned from my first and second their seminars during ing a lot of pretext it was a wonderful year at the EUI. Moreover, and some Weber reading of Max for starting an in-depth of his stimulating colleagues… sim- term was probably the NATO The highlight of the EUI participated as an umpire team ulation (in which the programme Transatlantic the RSC in the framework of with fifty other US Together Ð see Spring 2000 issue). our team had to solve a two-week- and foreign colleges, NYU-La Pietra was playing the long world crisis. together with a Parisian team from French government that intense Sciences-Po. Students learned a lot from an excellent policy-makers experience, and all in all did the team, job. My role was to supervise and coordinate The whole game and motivate them when needed. guest speakers ended with a video-conference with two Villa to say, from the French State Department; needless of Minis- La Pietra was the perfect palace for a Council ters! in the class- Since September 2000 I have been back Relations’room, teaching ‘Transatlantic (it has almost on ‘Democ- become second nature!) and another class it was easier to This time ratization Issues in Europe’. get started, as the ‘learning process’ is now a step fur- elaborate on what I had already prepared. I I can ther. can easily add know my audience much better and I the students some extracurricular activities like taking (to talk to people in several Eu- on a trip to Strasbourg in Florence (in ropean Institutions) or to the EUROFOR a more explicit order to bridge theory and practice in consider way). Most important, I can now reasonably getting seriously back to my own research, and hopefully catch up while keeping my teaching activities alive. Although I sometimes wish I shall teach (and write) in my own language (I’m definitely convinced that there is only one ‘natural’ idiom in which one can be original and creative, although technically speaking a couple of others are available), I value this NYU experience high- La Pietra, Villa The interdisciplinary environment of ly. bringing together social scientists, art historians and literature experts, allows for a lot of friendly and academ- An important part of a being good teacher ic exchanges. is the skills of a good colleague. I’m not sure whether I will end up in academia one day (le ciel est plein de pos- sibles…, as they say). I’m even less sure about becom- but I know that I enjoy ing an accomplished one ever, teaching and that I can Ðat least- be useful in doing so. 1 See ÇL’avenir des chercheurs francais: entre européanisation des chercheurs francais: 1 See ÇL’avenir et esprit de clocher Spring 2000. È, EUI Review,

I guess the bosses in New York were happy too, since York I guess the bosses in New they asked me to stay for the spring with a class on Comparative Methodology and Modern European Soci- eties. I had spent a lot of time in preparing the course work and the lectures of the first term and I was hoping that I could teach the same topic again, save some time, and go back more actively to my rather stagnating dis- sertation. Obviously the Fates had something else in The biggest challenge however was to grasp precisely their Americans were expecting from what these young As students, they are classes and teachers in Europe. much more sensitive to real and contemporary life issues, they participate more and are more critical than their European counterparts. On the other hand, they find very little enjoyment in the canonical writings and abstract theoretical readings that are fundamental to Agood social science. compromise had to be found Ðtry- ing to keep it as little sub-optimal as possible- and thanks to the local trattorie (which boosted socialization) the first term turned out to be a rather successful experience. Unlike European national universities, American insti- American Unlike European national universities, tutions give you a class ‘clé en main’ with only a few the rest is guidelines in the course description, and about this way but the good thing yours. It can be risky, that you of proceeding is that you can choose readings topics that you are interested in and devote sessions to Therefore, would not have the time to look at otherwise. as one of my ‘senior’ usually says, by the end colleagues has learned of the term there is at least one person who you’re the And indeed, I learned a lot; when something. be absent minded at any captain of a boat, you can’t a lot more … time, and in fact you have to concentrate Moreover, day. and you can really feel it at the end of the itself, explain- reading and understanding is a process in one. ing is a totally different The first class was terrifying! Not because of the stu- The first class was and quietly doing their shop- dents: they were carefully they may shop around for pre- ping week (that in which attention to the weird guy gestic- ferred classes), paying sweating in front of them, trying ulating and nervously Transat- how great the world of to convince his audience Marketing worked out pretty well, lantic Relations was. joined the as all of them stayed in and a couple of others Most students were IR majors, which team a week later. what was going meant that they were really interested it in elabo- on, were ready to read a lot and get involved rate presentation topics. complete outsider: I was a Frenchman in Italy, teaching in Italy, a Frenchman I was outsider: complete students, American a bunch of to Relations International had the opportunity In the past, I’ve already in English. Paris and grammar in literature to teach German-French was the first level, but this at Freshman and Heidelberg science at the junior/se- to lecture in political time I had it was the Moreover, for three hours a week. nior level called me Professor (sic)! Poor stu- first time somebody did not know they were to be the dents, fortunately they ‘coup d’essai’… guinea pigs for my academic 49 IueMusic ence. The ideawas brilliant,the ceived byasteadilygrowing audi- one basis,butenthusiastically re- a somewhatimprovisedone-by- marvellous concerts,organized on Indeed, 1998-9sawanumberof academic year. sical eventsduringthefollowing Biber, decidedtoprepare othermu- Louise de Valois andDietrichvon ate successthattheiralteregos, performance wassuchanimmedi- casion ofthe1998JuneBall. The some musicalinterludesontheoc- two EUIresearchersarrangedfor It allbeganthreeyearsago,when Thursday eveningconcerts! “Fiddlers andPipers”: Another seasonof than matchedtheoriginaldream of unstopped) enthusiasm,and more naio’s unstoppable(anduntilnow The resultsgavetestimonyto Mug- Bruno delPrete. seems tobeassuredinthepersonof new concertseries.Continuity restructuring andpreparationofthe Dietrich andactivelyhelpedinthe Mugnaio soonjoinedLouiseand life attheEUIwerelaid.Giovanni crew, thebasesforaproperconcert and anenhancedorganizational with afewlogisticalrefinements Institute encouragedtheinitiativeÐ public responseoverwhelming,the wind andstringinstruments: “Fid- year wewillfeatureespecially pieces inanewperspective. This new stuff ortomeet well-known della Musica,andpreferto hear standard repertoiretothe Amici leave theexclusiverightsfor with theneworunusual. We contrasting thestandardrepertoire pose unconventionalprogrammes encourages itsmusicianstopro- sonalities. Furthermore,theseries themselves asdistinctartisticper- looking forwardtoestablishing ments andrewardsarenow ceived anumberofacknowledge- major conservatory, alreadyre- successfully graduatedfroma the EUI’s researchers. They have similar tothesituationofmost have reachedapointintheircareer promote youngmusicianswho of theseconcertsisaboveallto fresh programme. The generalidea spirit ofabyallmeansyoungand do soandtoexperiencetheunique offers anothertenopportunitiesto The forthcomingseason2000/2001 inhabitants aswell! Badia, andgetintocontactwithits stitute toenjoyaneveningatthe loving communityoutsidetheIn- vitation totheFlorentinemusic- al lifeattheEUI. And aconstant in- alized partofthesocialandcultur- set aboutbecominganinstitution- rence: ‘IConcertidelGiovedìSera’ goer’s No.1companioninFlo- which soonbecametheconcert- its ownprogrammefortheseason, For thefirsttimeEUIpublished 2000. tween October1999andMay all overEuropeweregivenbe- volving morethan20artistsfrom EUI Ðeightchamberconcertsin- 1999/2000 concertseasonatthe first timecoupledwithatrue demic year1999/2000wasforthe de Valois andvonBiber. The aca- 50 ConcertsIue - E D EIS is the IRK , D PAEPEN S ÜLLER ETRAPHONICS RUNO B U. M . Some of you may still re- . Some of you may still RIO T IéVRE AND OHANNES member the triumphant debut of member the triumphant at the Badia this Brussels-based trio hard-pressed last season; Giovanni This year Igor Se- them to return. Geert de Bièvre, vi- violin, menoff, Gins- oloncello, and Stéphane propose a marvellous piano, burgh, set of French impressionist pieces, including a violin and cello Duo by Maurice Ravel, the cello sonata by by Ravel. In Trio Debussy and the addition there will be a world pre- miere by Belgian/Flemish composer Ingrid Meuris. Be ready for an exciting concert on 10 May 2001. A can- concert series like this one have We not fade out smoothly. therefore arrange a special evening for the finish. T name of a German saxophone quar- tet, which will blow away the Thursday 2000/2001-season. On 24 May 2001, if the weather is fine possibly as an open-air event, the pipers will play Tetraphonics four saxophone quartets by François Thomas and Philip Jeanjean, Stefan Glass. By the way: the concerts will be given in the Refectory of the Badia Fiesolana - with the exception of the very first concert (Lode van Eynde, treble recorder/Mayumi Kamata, harpsichord Ð 26 October 2000) and the concert on 22 March 2001 (Dessislava Peteva, flute/Va- pianoforte) which Vezzani, lerio will be given in Sala Bandiere/Villa Schifanoia. The best thing at the end: for researchers it costs only 5000 lire Ð and even all the others pay only 10,000 lire per concert! J B TER Hungarian composer György composer Hungarian the this pair against to set Kurtág, of en- for this type only evergreen by piece “Contrasts” semble: the for (originally written Béla Bartók All this and Benny Goodman!). April 2001. 26 Thursday, more on will be com- Trios Our triple set of two- pleted by another traditional the G fiddlers-and-piano group: , RIO T ONTRASTS C OGOS , with Luciano RIO RIO T (Nanni Zimmerebner, LUSTER ALZBURG again combines a piper with a fid- but this time it is a clarinet dler, (Christian Dollfuss) and a violin (Klaus Esser), joined by a piano to their True (Christoph Hengst). name, they confront a romantic piece by Robert Schumann Ð the famous “Märchenerzählungen” – with a contemporary work by the S violin, Detlev Mielke, violoncello, The Steinschaden, piano). Georg highlights some first half offers from the classic-romantic repertory Amadeus Wolfgang with works by Rachmaninov, Mozart and Sergej whereas the second part is dedicat- ed to a rather sarcastic piece by the contemporary Austrian composer Trio his Will Pirchner. Werner gehört der Mensch?” answer “Wem the question posed by its title? 5 Thursday, Come and find out on are grateful for the We April 2001. Austrian Culture In- support of the Austrian- stitute in Rome and of the Italian Association who in Tuscany, have made this concert possible. the Another Trio, T Tristaino, flute, Jessica Kuhn, vio- flute, Jessica Tristaino, Alessandra Gentile, loncello and of a fine selection piano, announce their combina- chamber pieces for performing trios They will be tion. Maria von by Joseph Haydn, Carl Martinu and Bohuslav Weber, Ghedini Ð cover- Federico Giorgio of musical en- ing three centuries 8 Thursday, tertainment Ð on March 2001. A on March solo piper is featured pi- Vezzani, 22nd, when Valerio anoforte, accompanies Dessislava Peteva from Bulgaria with some of the most famous virtuoso pieces of the 20th Century for flute: music by Poulenc, Milhaud, Du- Debussy, tilleux, Martin and Messiaen will be heard in this mostly French pro- miss this literally gramme. Don’t breathtaking evening! “An almost classical concert” could be the title of the programme prepared by the L A en- different a very week later a very up with will show semble German- The programme. different Italian C e, AVANE NSEMBL E and the P ANCE D MICI & A RS

ENAISSANCE R Two months later we will resume months later Two the series with a rather unique spec- tacle. A The last concert in 2000, shortly before we really enter the next millennium, will once again be dedi- cated to our own EUI choir and will be run entirely by musicians of the Institute. Come to the Badia on De- of course), Thursday, cember 7th (a enjoy the sound of some dozens of most pleasant voices and Europe’s be surprised by a number of hidden talents among your fiddling and piping EUI colleagues! Or the second concert on 16 No- Or the second concert string en- vember with the unique BASSO”. semble “DUE CONTRO string virtuosi The three young violin, Jakob Mathias Hochweber, Tippel- Lustig, viola, and Felix v. skirch, contrabass, who regularly perform with the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra, have com- piled an anthology of transcriptions and original works for their unusu- al combination, which covers four centuries and will be as diverse as This concert is possible amusing. thanks to co-operation with the German embassy. An example is the first concert on is the first concert An example when Lode van Eynde, 26 October, by Mayumi Kamata accompanied will reach out on the harpsichord, the treble for discoveries on Ð present- recorder (Flauto dolce) from various ing us baroque music countries. dlers and Pipers” of all kinds and of all and Pipers” dlers be our Europe will all over from guests.

both from Boston/ USA, have included Florence in their European be our guests at 2001 and will Tour Thursday Evening Concert on the Their pro- 22 February 2001. gramme will consist of a number of rarely played Renaissance settings for choir and (wind and string) instruments, to which they add some like dances of the time. If you don’t They’ll music, come all the same. be dancing in original costumes, so it will be nice even just to look at! 51 IueAlumni the HumanRightsUnit pean Parliament,wherehehas beendeputyheadof returns totheIrishdiplomatic servicefromtheEuro- with thetaskofopeninganIrish EmbassyinOslo.He pointed Dr E in thiscatalogue. descriptions oflifeanddeathinthecampsareincluded large numberof Dutch/European citizensinparticular. A ese occupationhadonthepopulationasawholeand volvement, andalsoofthedevastatingimpactJapan- that accompaniedthedevelopments,ofmilitaryin- dence, ofthelegal,politicalandeconomicdiscussions gument andcounter-argument onIndonesian indepen- intends neverthelesstocoveracompletespectrumofar- The collectionislimitedto Western languagesonly, but and Indonesia1940-1950). (theNetherlands icated tothethemeof‘lostdecade’ tember 2001). The firstdayofthismeetingwillbeded- coming EUROSEASconferenceinLondon(5-8Sep- Indonesian Ambassadors in theU.K.duringforth- (Trinity, Oxford)ÐwillbepresentedtotheDutchand the BritishLibraryandintroducedbyProf.PeterCarey copies ofthecataloguethiscollectionÐpublishedby confidential orsecret)andpersonalpapers. The first publications,oftenmarked (many ofthoseare‘one-off’ to 2,000itemsintotal-ofprintedmaterials,documents result ofthatactivityisauniquecollectionÐsome1,500 tions tothosecrucialyearsbetween1945and1950. The of theNetherlandsEastIndies.Irestrictedmyacquisi- ed byandpartlycoincidedwiththeJapaneseoccupation general andtheconflictinparticular, whichwaspreced- terials ontherelationshipbetweentwocountriesin actively engagedinbuildingacollectionofprimaryma- Consequently, overthepastsixyearsorso,Ihavebeen maining materialsevenmoreurgent. and/or selective. That makestheneedtopreservere- ing theDutchÐIndonesianconflictremainfragmented tant Dutchlibrariesthecollectionsofmaterialsconcern- published inasystematicway. And yet,atmostimpor- which leadtotheformationofRepublicarebeing pendence manyoftherelevantpoliticaldocuments Half acenturyafterthedeclarationofIndonesianinde- of thoserepatriatesremainedunabletodigestthepast. large number for theNetherlandsinearly1950s. A ence: asmany300,000DutchcitizensleftIndonesia an indicationofwhatwasformanyatraumaticexperi- simplestatisticmaygive the caseforNetherlands. A slow andoftenpainfulprocess. That hascertainlybeen For mostEuropeannationsdecolonizationhasbeena The Dutch-IndonesianConflict:1945-1950 AMONN Chargé d'affaires a.i N OONAN The BritishLibraryasafocusforresearch HCPHD1995)hasbeenap- (HEC . ofIrelandinNorway, Dr J logue: [email protected] Publication detailsofthe [email protected]. For informationontheEUROSEASconference: July 2000. search CentreattheUniversity ofMelbourneon1 appointed DirectoroftheContemporary EuropeRe- Lecturer intheDepartment of PoliticalSciencewas EUI andisco-founderoftheBarFiasco. longed totheveryfirstgenerationofresearchersat search FellowatUniversityCollegeLondon.Hebe- Collections intheBritishLibraryandHonoraryRe- British Libraryafuturefocusforresearch. tory demandsthat.Hencemyattemptstomakethe United Nations),atopicofinternationaldiscussion.His- Australian interventions,nottomentiontheroleof is, andshouldbe(thinkoftheBritish, American and study oftheDutch-Indonesianconflictanditsaftermath ago, Ihavebecomeincreasinglyconvincedthatthe dertaking. HavinglefttheNetherlandssome25years un- tempt towritethehistoryofthatperiodisa‘risky’ memory ofthoseyearsremainshighlyemotive. Any at- fierce internalstrifeanddivision.Evennow, themere sian yearsonthecontrarywereverymuchatimeof experiencefortheDutch, theIndone- ways a‘shared’ century. Whilst theGermanoccupationwasinmany any doubtbeenthemosttraumaticonesofprevious For theNetherlands,years1940-1950havewithout the effect ofyearsbrutalGermanoccupation. on anationthatitselfwasonlyjustcomingtotermswith the fullemotionalimpactIndonesianquestionhad uments areofcrucialimportanceifonetriestomeasure tion, drama,poetryandsongsasIcouldfind.Suchdoc- psychology ofseparation,Ihavecollectedasmuchfic- searching amongsttheDutch.Inordertounderstand evitably, moreoftenthannot,promptedanostalgicsoul- slowly emerged inthosechaoticpost-waryearsin- senseoflossandseparationthat the Netherlands). A also focusesonitspsychologicalimpact(especiallyin litical and/ormilitarydevelopmentoftheconflict,but This collection,however, doesnotmerelyreflectthepo- Dr. P AAP HILOMENA H ARSKAMP B. M is CuratoroftheDutch/Flemish URRAY Indonesian Question , (SPSPHD1989)Senior J AAP H ARSKAMP 52 cata- AlumniIue al Defence (1996-2000), and also (1996-2000), and al Defence Relations Professor of International Nova de Lis- at the Universidade has often re- boa. Since then he he took part turned to Florence and Weekend Alumni in the 1997 by Portuguese which was hosted alumni in Lisboa. Teix- Nuno As from last September researcher to eira is the first EUI of government. become a member EUI Review wishes Nuno all the best for this new stage of his political carreer. Science at Nottingham Trent Uni- Trent Science at Nottingham versity (England). In this period he was a visiting professor at the Uni- (Norway) in versities of Bergen 1996, California at Irvine (1998) National Univer- Australian and the sity in Canberra (1999). In 1998 he also finished his Habilitation, this highly German second Ph.D. which qualifies one to apply for professor- He still comes ships in Germany. frequently to the Institute. In spring 2001 he will spend some months doing research at the University of New York. Last October Detlef was elected Asso- Alumni President of the EUI ciation for the period 2000-2002. EIXEIRA T UNO Detlef Jahn Detlef Jahn Nuno, the First Nuno, joined the EUI History Department joined the EUI History his doctor- in 1989, where he took with a thesis ate in December 1994 et bel- entitled “Entre neutralité du Portugal ligérence. L’entrée objectifs dans la Grande Guerre: nationales” politiques et stratégies (with Prof. Haupt as supervisor). On his return to Portugal, he was Director of the Institute for Nation- ciety (DFG), which he used to work at the Department of Political Sci- ence at the University of Göteborg (Sweden). From 1996 to 1999 he was Research Professor of Political is the Minister of Internal Affairs of Affairs of Internal is the Minister headed the Portuguese executive António Guterres. by socialist Born in 1957, N Pour la première fois, un docteur en sciences juridiques de l’Institut a été reçu au concours d’agréga- tion de droit public.” UNO Where are they now? Where are they now? are they Where , doc- recently be- ONTHOREAU P EIXEIRA T Nuno Teixeira LAIRE

-C

ARIE EVERIANO M After his Ph.D. he received a three- year post-doctoral research scholarship from the German Research So- Dr. Detlef Jahn (SPS 1985-8), who Detlef Dr. obtained his PhD in 1991 with a Trade thesis on New Politics in Unions, has been appointed Profes- sor of Comparative Politics at the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University in Greifswald (Germany), where he is also Head of the Political Science The Department of Po- Department. litical Science at Greifswald Uni- versity is the newest Political Sci- and a ence Department in Germany, striving place for innovative research and good teaching, close to the Baltic Sea. (http://www.uni- greifswald.de/~politik). S EUI Review is pleased to announce that former research student N came a member of government. He

teur de l’IUE (1991), assistante de recherches (1990-1992), maitre de conférences à l’Université de Poitiers à partir de 1992, Jean Monnet Fellow (1999-2000) est désormais professeur agrégé des Facultés de Droit. 53 Post Graduate Grants for 2001 ree U 764 EUR 869 1949 1032 1597 Greece: EUR Germany: EUR France: EUR 1041 Finland: EUR 1017 (before taxes) Denmark: Belgium: EUR Austria: EUR Member States. year programmeleadingtoadoctoraterecognisedintheEU search studentsfromdifferentbackgroundsandtraditionsina 3- terdisciplinary character, itbringstogetheracademicsandre- comparativeandin- in thesedisciplines.Uniqueitsinternational, in oneofthelargeststructureddoctoralprogrammesworld 3-year PostGraduateGrants Closing dateforapplications: 31January2001 Social andPoliticalSciences European UniversityInstitute for September2001 Consult ourwebsitehttp://www.iue.it [email protected] or sendanemailto Economics Monthly grants: History Law in ntdKndm U 898 898 1568 901 EUR 1136 998 1022 United Kingdom: EUR Sweden: EUR Spain: EUR EUR EUR Portugal: EUR 916 The Netherlands: Luxembourg: Italy: Ireland: EUR 54 Vacancy ITALY (HEC8) http://www.iue.it Via dei Roccettini 9, European University Institute, and doctoral supervision, to fill and doctoral I-50016 San Domenico di Fiesole, E-mail: [email protected] in the social sciences and humanities sciences in the social the code of the chair as given above. for research and postgraduate training training and postgraduate for research , in order to receive an application and information to receive , in order pack. Contract is for four years, renewable once. Contract is for four years, renewable Please mark the application envelope with Tel.: +39-055-4685.332 Fax: +39-055-4685.444 Tel.: the late XVIII Century and the present. the late XVIII Century and The Institute is an equal opportunity employer. The Institute is an equal opportunity The European University Institute University The European of research in Economic History between in Economic of research RIJDAL F is looking for candidates with a distinguished record of record with a distinguished is looking for candidates The successful applicant will be expected to have The successful applicant in the Department of History and Civilization. in the Department of Deadline for receipt of applications: 15 January 2001. of applications: 15 January Deadline for receipt scholarly publications and experience in postgraduate teaching and experience in scholarly publications

NDREAS

Interested applicants should contact the Head of the Academic Service, Interested applicants should contact the Head of the a distinguished research record and to supervise a wide variety and to supervise record a distinguished research Dr A

A Chair in European Economic History Economic in European A Chair 55 EUI Review Forms of Power An initiative of the European University Institute Via dei Roccettini, 9 Political power is often viewed as I-50016 San Domenico, Italy the sole embodiment of ‘social Fax +39 ¥ 055 46 85 636 power’, even while we recognize e-mail: [email protected] that social power manifests itself in http//www.iue.it/ different forms and institutional spheres. This new book by Gian- Editors: franco Poggi suggests that the three Andreas Frijdal; Luisa Passerini; principal forms of social power - the Gianfranco Poggi; Brigitte Schwab; economic, the normative/ideological Antonio Zanardi Landi and the political Ð are based on a Design: group’s privileged access to and Danny Burns and Paolo Romoli control over different resources. Contributors: Against this general background, Andrea Becherucci; Andreas Bill- Poggi shows how various embodi- meier; Tanja A. Börzel; Thomas ments of normative/ideological and economic power have both made Bourke; Imco Brouwer; Dirk De claims on political power (considered chiefly as it is embodied in the Bièvre; Antonio Goucha Soares; Jaap state) and responded in turn to the latter’s attempt to control or to in- Harskamp; Dawn Lyon; Roberto Di strumentalize them. The embodiment of ideological power in religion Quirico; Florian Hoffmann; Martin and in modern intellectual elites is examined in the context of their Kohlrausch; Giacomo Luciani; relations to the state. Poggi also explores both the demands laid upon Dawn Lyon; Matthias Mahlmann; the state by the business elite and the impact of the state’s fiscal poli- Johannes U. Müller; Mark A. Pol- cies on the economic sphere. The final chapter considers the rela- lack; Bobbie Rawle; Gregory C. tionship between a state’s political class and its military elite, which Shaffer; Bruno Spaepen; Alexandre tends to use the resource of organized coercion for its own ends. Stutzmann; Cornelia Ulbert; Peter Wagner; Neil Walker Gianfranco Poggi, Forms of Power, Polity Press, Oxford, 2001, pp 230 Translations by Iain Fraser Gianfranco Poggi is Professor of Political and Social Theory at the Printed at the EUI in European University Institute.

Last page December 2000

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Editors’ Note: views expressed in articles published reflect the opinions of individual au- thors and not those of the Institute. 56 Third Degree Conferring Ceremony of the European University Institute

Friday, 29 September 2000 Badia Fiesolana On Friday, 29 September 2000, the President of the European University Institute, Dr Patrick Masterson, conferred the Institute’s doctorate on the following graduates who were amongst those who obtained this degree in recent years. The President also awarded the LL.M degree to Institute Masters of Law.

Doctors in History and Rory Jeremiah O’CONNELL Civilization Niccolò PECCHIOLI Jacobien Willemijn RUTGERS Ute ACKERMANN Cathrin Linton SCOTT Matteo DUNI David STOTT Isabelle ENGELHARDT Guillermo TEMPESTA Veronique FILLIEUX Simon John TOWLE Maurice FITZGERALD Frank HEINLEIN Doctors in Political and Anja JOHANSEN Social Sciences João Luis LISBOA Anne MARIJNEN Matthijs BOGAARDS Michael James MILLER Tanja BÖRZEL Monika POHLE FRASER Marina CALLONI Ilaria TADDEI Jean-Pierre CASSARINO Cecilia WINTERHALTER Lorella CEDRONI Jessica Nora EISERMANN Doctors in Economics Marjoleine HENNIS Detlef Günter JAHN Roman ARJONA GRACIA Sandra LAVENEX Barbara Elisabeth BÖHNLEIN Dirk LEHMKUHL Matthias BRÜCKNER Rosarie McCARTHY Aedín Máire DORIS Julie PELLEGRIN Michael EHRMANN Hans Jörg TRENZ Yadira GONZALEZ DE LARA Katarina WEST Alexander GÜMBEL Karin WESTERBEEK Doctors in Law Dorothea HERREINER Mathias HOFFMANN Masters of Law Mark BELL Juha Kristian KILPONEN Matteo GNES Nuala O’DONNELL Jo Beatrix ASCHENBRENNER Gisella GORI Günther REHME Nanna Britt Danielsen AUNSTRUP Mikko Tapio HUTTUNEN Christian UPPER Anna Katarina EMANUELSON Markku KIIKERI Bauke VISSER Sonja FEIDEN Laraine LAUDATI Jan Lambert Marinus WAGEN- Ricardo GARCêA LÓPEZ Agustín José MENÉNDEZ VOORT David Brian GEARY Leonor MORAL SORIANO Nida Marija GELAZIS Niraj NATHWANI Karl-Erik Mikael HÄGGLÖF Alexa HOLMES Wolfgang JAUK Peter MUNKACSI Wolfgang Maria NARDI Malene ¯VLISEN Kristina PREINERSTORFER RIEDL Nikola SOUKMANDJIEV Thilo STAPPER Sergio TORO MENDOZA Anne Caroline Charlotte WEGNER Günter WILMS The President’s Speech

Ladies and Gentlemen, I congratulate you warmly on your since the last conferring ceremony. Con- achievement —the outcome of several sistent with our wish to welcome more A Conferring Ceremony is a very happy years of very hard work— and I wel- students from Central and Eastern Eu- event in the academic life of a Universi- come you and your partners and families rope we have signed a formal pre-acces- ty. It is a joyful event when our commu- to this very happy occasion. I also ex- sion agreement with the Polish Govern- nity assembles to honour our recent tend a warm welcome to the former pro- ment and expect that similar agreements graduates. For the graduates themselves, fessors who have returned to share this will follow with other states. A research for their parents, families and friends, occasion with their students. programme on the Balkans has been ini- for me as President, for my academic tiated with a Summer School last week. I think it is a source of justified pride Our Mediterranean programme has been that the Institute starting, as it were, strengthened with the endowment of a without the benefit of the guiding tradi- second Chair by Compagnia di San tion of a long established university, has Paolo, the European Investment Bank, through its own intellectual imagination and Monte dei Paschi di Siena. And a and courage, established itself in a short Transatlantic Programme has been initi- quarter century as a leading graduate ated through an endowment by BP- school and the largest European doctor- Amoco. ate programme in those areas of the So- cial Sciences with which it is concerned. The Institute contributes to the unity of This programme is admirably comple- European Culture by its commitment to mented by the basic and applied re- the European originated idea that the search of the Institute’s departments and primary concern of any university is the centres which constitute a rich centre for advancement communication and appli- advanced studies in the Social Sciences. cation of knowledge at the highest level. We see the idea of a university as close- As you know the mission of the Institute ly linked in various ways with the idea is to contribute to the development of of universality. We think the work of the Europe’s cultural and scientific heritage Institute should be universal in stan- in its unity and in its diversity. In culti- dards, in the sense of conforming to the vating this diversity the Institute has al- highest international criteria. We think ways sought to maintain an open con- we should aim at universality in scope ception of Europe reaching beyond the through the multidisciplinary and com- colleagues who have guided the gradu- confines of EU membership and extend- parative approach to problems which the ates towards their degrees, and for many ing to a consideration of the relation- Institute makes possible. We believe that others who make a crucial supporting contribution to the life of the Institute — for all of us— the conferring of degrees is a ceremony of special significance. It is a public affirmation and celebration of what we are all about.

The conferring ceremony takes place at the European University Institute every two years and this is the third such ceremony occurring on the eve of our 25th anniversary which we will be celebrat- ing next year.

That over 70 of you have returned from all over Europe and further afield to participate in this ceremony today is a source of great pleasure and pride to us here at the Institute. For it indicates the ships between Europe and its global researchers at the Institute should aim at value you place upon your graduate partners. I know that you will be glad to universality in depth in their research for studies here and your desire to remain learn that in this regard some important underlying principles and theoretical ex- closely associated with your alma mater. developments have been implemented planations which bring together or make com-prehensible an ever wider range of phenomena.

The formation of researchers in accordance with this ideal of academic excel- lence can make a unique contribution to contemporary Europe which is palpably in need of new thinking in the Social and Human Sciences. In my view there is nothing more socially creative, more en- trepreneurial in the best sense of the word, than a university, or university institute, operating effectively its wide ranging pursuit of knowledge as a valuable end in itself. It does not merely supply through vocational training the graduates required to meet a predetermined economic demand. Rather it provides a new supply of understanding —a new way of seeing the world, ourselves and society which will generate an as yet professors from a great variety of intel- tinued success in your careers and hap- non-existent demand and capability for a lectual backgrounds and cultures. This piness in your lives. better ordering of human affairs. Or as generates knowledge not just as abstract the distinguished philosopher of univer- information but as illuminating pres- We hope that you will keep in touch with sity education John Henry Newman put ence, firstly a deeper presence to our- us in the Institute and give us the benefit selves, secondly a comprehending pres- of your experience and advice for the fu- ence to the world and its cultural history, ture development of the Institute. We and thirdly an enlightening presence to hope that you will keep in touch with other people. This is the level of one’s each other through the Alumni Associa- personal enrichment at the Institute as a tion. And we hope you will provide a subject, in a world with other people. link between our present students and their future when they join you in the A consequence of this is an almost un- various areas in which you exercise your conscious development of personality talents. and character in which virtues of open- mindedness, tolerance and respect for I know you would wish me to thank all other viewpoints become a kind of sec- those involved in preparing today’s cer- ond nature. It is this quality of openess, emony. I cannot mention all by name but tolerance and respect for the other which must mention Brigitte Schwab the chief constitutes the Institute’s contribution to organizer, Sandra Brière the calligrapher the development of European culture in who scripted your diplomas and the its most personal sense. Or, to quote perennial Mr Brundo and his team for Newman again, “A habit in mind is the physical arrangements. formed which lasts through life, of which the attributes are freedom, equi- I hope that you will always look upon tableness, calmness, moderation and the European University Institute as a wisdom…. This is the main purpose of a true home, as your alma mater. I look University in the treatment of its stu- forward to meeting you and your fami- dents” (Discourse 5). lies and friends now at a reception here it nearly 150 years ago “a great school of in the Badia. Thank you all for coming learning lives in demand and supply, and I know that you the Graduates whose de- today to participate in this academically the supply must be before the demand”. grees have been conferred today exer- important event in the life of the Insti- cise this openess and tolerance and re- tute. Over and above the high quality respect for others in your careers and search which you have accomplished thereby disseminate in the wider world there is a more personal enrichment the fruits of your development at the In- which your intellectual activity at the In- stitute. I thank on your behalf the pro- stitute has promoted. It is the experience fessors and staff of the Institute who of living and working and learning to- contributed to that development and on gether with many young colleagues and their behalf and my own I wish you con-