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City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2018 Movements and Political Parties in the 21st Century: Exploring the Role of ICTs, Human Development, and Political-Activism Culture in East Asia and Latin America Wilneida Negron The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2472 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Movements and Political Parties in the 21st Century: Exploring the Role of ICTs, Human Development, and Political Activism Culture in East Asia and Latin America By Wilneida Negrón A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York © 2018 Wilneida Negrón All Rights Reserved ii Movements and Political Parties in the 21st Century: Exploring the Role of ICTs, Human Development, and Political-Activism Culture in East Asia and Latin America By Wilneida Negrón This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________ Stephanie Golob Date Chair of Examining Committee ________________________ Allyson Cole Date Executive Officer Supervisory Committee Kenneth Erickson Yan Sun THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Movements and Political Parties in the 21st Century: Exploring the Role of ICTs, Human Development, and Political-Activism Culture in East Asia and Latin America By Wilneida Negrón The dynamics between social movements and political parties are shifting in the 21st century. Due to the emergence of information communication technologies (ICTs), political parties are facing increased pressure to use ICTs to co-exist, complement, and nurture social movements and empowered civic communities (Nahon, 2015). However, this shift is not ahistorical and technologically deterministic. Rather, the shifting relationship between social movements and political parties is one that can be shaped by a variety of demographic and socio- economic factors as well as preexisting cultures of resistance, activism, and electoral campaigning. This research examines potential patterns and casual mechanisms which can help explain how ICTs enable new political opportunities which can shift relations between movements and political parties in emerging democracies. Specifically, the case studies reveal that history matters and that contextual factors such as successive student movements and a country’s human development, particularly education, can help us understand the changing relationship between social movements and political parties. Advisor: Dr. Stephanie Golob iv To my daughters, Río-Grace and Isla Rose White May you lead a life in the ever-rewarding and tumultuous pursuit of knowledge and happiness v Acknowledgements Researching and writing a dissertation is mostly a solitary experience. Yet, this dissertation would not have been possible without the support of family, friends, mentors, colleagues, and collectives who kept me focused and sane during this journey. These people and the numerous times they gave me the simple gift of laughter, patience, flexibility for me to focus on this research, and a beacon of clarity and hope during the many times I found myself lost in my self-doubt, theories, speculations, and questions. To my family, especially my husband who has been an everlasting well of emotional and physical support, you have inspired me, kept me grounded, and gave me the tough love to persevere through. To my five research assistants, who helped me gather valuable data when I discovered I was pregnant and who worked expertly and diligently to meet all deadlines. This dissertation would not have been possible without you: Yeng Ling Huang, Chao Jen Jin, Francisco Espinoza, Arturo Vera, and Ronalth Archuleta. vi Table of Contents List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….viii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...ix Chapter One: Introduction –Political Parties, Social Movements, and Technology in Networked Societies ………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 ICTs and People Power from Below ICTs and Party Decline or Renewal? People Power and the Transformation of Political Parties in the Digital Age: Research Design Chapter Two: Contextualizing the Political Uses of ICTs Around the World………………………………………………………………………………………...…15 The Diffusion of the Internet in International Context Country-Level Factors Demographic Factors Emergence of Mobile Phones Data & Methods Findings Chapter Three: Ethnonationalism, Social Movements, and ICTs in a Highly- Developed Country: Taiwan Case Study ………………………………………………………………...….53 The Socioeconomic and Institutional Impact of Taiwan’s Colonial Legacy Political Liberalization and the Reawakening of Civil Society Media, Technology, and Outlets for Political Conflict Political Uses of Technology in Taiwan The Technological Amplification of Taiwan’s New “Third Force” Survey and Analysis of Political Websites Conclusion Chapter Four: Political Cleavages, ICTs, Social Movements: Chile Case Study …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................113 Historical and Social Origins of Chile’s Party System Democracy-Building Initiatives After Pinochet Chile’s Socioeconomic Status and Demographics vii The Emergence of a New Generation of Activists and Alternative Political Voices Student and Political Parties Survey Looking Ahead Analysis of Political Parties’ Use of the Internet and Other Technologies Conclusion Chapter Five: Political Cultures, ICTs, and Low Human Development: Indonesia and Peru Case Studies ………………………………………………………………………………………………176 Indonesia: Democracy Emerges in Southeast Asia o Country Profile o ICTs and the Promise for Democratic Deepening Peru: Protest, Politics, and Political Crisis o Political and Economic Transformation o Lack of a Strong National Progressive Force o The Democratic Utility of ICTs Conclusion Chapter Six: Historical Legacies, ICTs, and Human Development: Understanding ICTs Role in Politics in the 21st Century ………………………………………………………………..204 Bibliography…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..214 viii List of Tables TABLE 1: CASE STUDY COUNTRIES: KEY CONTEXTUAL FACTORS ............................................. 12 TABLE 2: WORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS ........................................ 17 TABLE 3: CORRELATION ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 34 TABLE 4: MODEL SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 35 TABLE 5: COEFFICIENTS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING ................................................................. 35 TABLE 6: HIERARCHICAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR MODEL 1 ............................................. 37 TABLE 7: HIERARCHICAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR MODEL 2 ............................................ 38 TABLE 8: REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................................ 39 TABLE 9: HIERARCHICAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR MODEL 1 .............................................40 TABLE 10: HIERARCHICAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR MODEL 2 .......................................... 42 TABLE 11: NORMALITY TEST RESULTS ........................................................................................ 43 TABLE 12: ANOVA RESULTS ....................................................................................................... 45 TABLE 13: CASE STUDY COUNTRIES ............................................................................................ 50 TABLE 14: PROFILE OF N=61 STUDENT SURVEY RESPONDENTS .............................................. 79 TABLE 15: PROFILE OF N=62 POLITICAL STAFF/VOLUNTEER SURVEY ................................... 92 TABLE 16: TAIWAN POLITICAL PARTIES’ ONLINE ACCOUNTS ................................................. 106 TABLE 17: PROFILE OF N=88 STUDENT SURVEY RESPONDENTS ........................................... 144 TABLE 18: CHILEAN NEWS WEBSITES ....................................................................................... 149 TABLE 19: PROFILE OF N=62 POLITICAL PARTY STAFF/VOLUNTEER SURVEY RESPONDENTS ............................................................................................................................................... 158 TABLE 20: ANALYSIS OF CHILEAN PARTIES’ SOCIAL MEDIA SITES ....................................... 169 TABLE 21: ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN PARTIES’ SOCIAL MEDIA SITES .................................. 189 TABLE 22: ANALYSIS OF PERUVIAN PARTIES’ SOCIAL MEDIA SITES .................................... 200 TABLE 23: SUMMARY OF CHILE AND TAIWAN PARTIES’ SURVEYS .......................................... 211 TABLE 24: SUMMARY OF POLITICAL PARTY USE OF ICTS IN TAIWAN, CHILE, INDONESIA AND PERU ............................................................................................................................. 213 ix List of Figures FIGURE 1: MODEL GUIDING QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS ............................................................. 15 FIGURE 2: TAIWANESE

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