The Languages of Malta

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Languages of Malta The languages of Malta Edited by Patrizia Paggio Albert Gatt language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 17 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Chief Editor: Martin Haspelmath In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. 10. Rudin, Catherine & Bryan James Gordon (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics. 11. Kluge, Angela. A grammar of Papuan Malay. 12. Kieviet, Paulus. A grammar of Rapa Nui. 13. Michaud, Alexis. Tone in Yongning Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology. 14. Enfield, N. J (ed.). Dependencies in language: On the causal ontology of linguistic systems . 15. Gutman, Ariel. Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic. 16. Bisang, Walter & Andrej Malchukov (eds.). Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios. 17. Paggio, Patrizia & Albert Gatt (eds). The languages of Malta. ISSN: 2363-5568 The languages of Malta Edited by Patrizia Paggio Albert Gatt language science press Patrizia Paggio & Albert Gatt (eds.). 2018. The languages of Malta (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 17). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/182 © 2018, the authors Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-070-5 (Digital) 978-3-96110-071-2 (Hardcover) ISSN: 2363-5568 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1181783 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/182 Collaborative reading: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=182 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Albert Gatt, Felix Kopecky, Sebastian Nordhoff, Patrizia Paggio Proofreading: Aaron Huey Sonnenschein, Alexandr Rosen, Annie Zaenen, Brett Reynolds, Daniil Bondarenko, Gracious Temsen, Jeroen van der Weijer, Kate Bellamy, Lea Schäfer, Melanie Röthlisberger, Mykel Brinkerhoff, Paulson Skerrit, Steven Kaye, Vadim Kimmelman Fonts: Linux Libertine, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press Unter den Linden 6 10099 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Contents Acknowledgments iii 1 Introduction Patrizia Paggio & Albert Gatt 1 2 Loss of emphatic and guttural consonants: From medieval to contemporary Maltese Gilbert Puech 7 3 Onset clusters, syllable structure and syllabification in Maltese Luke Galea & Adam Ussishkin 55 4 Prosodic and gestural marking of complement fronting in Maltese Patrizia Paggio, Luke Galea & Alexandra Vella 81 5 Conditions on /t/-insertion in Maltese numeral phrases: A reassessment Christopher Lucas & Michael Spagnol 117 6 Borrowed affixes and morphological productivity: A case study oftwo Maltese nominalisations Albert Gatt & Ray Fabri 143 7 On raising and copy raising in Maltese Maris Camilleri 171 8 Rhythm in Maltese English Sarah Grech & Alexandra Vella 203 Contents 9 On the characterisation of Maltese English: An error-analysis perspective based on nominal structures in Maltese university student texts Natalie Schembri 225 10 Language change in Maltese English: The influence ofageand parental languages Manfred Krug & Lukas Sönning 247 11 Maltese Sign Language: Parallel interwoven journeys of the Deaf community and the researchers Marie Azzopardi-Alexander 271 Index 293 ii Acknowledgments The help and support of Martin Haspelmath and Sebastian Nordhoff in theprepa- ration of this volume is gratefully acknowledged. We would also like to thank the authors of the chapters in this volume for their cooperation during the editing process and especially for their input to the reviewing of chapters by their peers. We especially thank the following additional external reviewers, who con- tributed their time and expertise to provide independent peer review for the papers in this collection: Lisa Bonnici, Jason Brown, Elisabet Engdahl, Marieke Hoetjes, Beth Hume, Anne O’Keefe, Adam Schembri, Thomas Stolz, Andy Wedel and Shuly Wintner. Chapter 1 Introduction Patrizia Paggio Institute of Linguistics and Language Technology, University of Malta; CST, Uni- versity of Copenhagen Albert Gatt Institute of Linguistics and Language Technology, University of Malta The purpose of this publication is to present a snapshot of the state of theart research on the languages of the Maltese islands, which include standard Maltese, Maltese English and Maltese Sign Language. Malta is a tiny but densely populated country, with over 422,000 inhabitants spread over only 316 square kilometers. It is a bilingual country, with Maltese and English as official languages. Maltese is a descendant of Arabic, butdueto the history of the island, it has borrowed extensively from Sicilian, Italian and English. Furthermore, local dialects still coexist alongside the official standard variety. The status of English as a second language dates back to British colonial rule, and just as in other former British colonies, a characteristic Maltese vari- ety of English has developed. To these languages must be added Maltese Sign Language (Lingwa tas-Sinjali Maltija; LSM), which is the language of the Maltese Deaf community. LSM was recenty recognised as Malta’s third official language by an Act of Parliament in 2016. While a volume such as the present one can hardly do justice to all aspects of a diverse and complex linguistic situation, even in a small community like that of Malta, our aim in editing this book was to shed light on the main strands of research being undertaken in the Maltese linguistic context. Patrizia Paggio & Albert Gatt. Introduction. In Patrizia Paggio & Albert Gatt (eds.), The languages of Malta, 1–6. Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1181785 Patrizia Paggio & Albert Gatt 1 Overview of the volume Of the three languages (or, in the case of Maltese English, varieties) represented in this collection, Maltese is perhaps the best-studied, with a rich tradition of descriptive and theoretical work and, more recently, experimental and computa- tional studies. Maltese is the focus of six of the contributions in this book. Puech’s paper on “Loss of emphatic and guttural consonants” traces the devel- opment of emphatic obstruents and gutturals that Maltese inherited from Arabic, but which underwent substantial change in the transition from Medieval to Con- temporary Maltese. Puech’s argument centres on evidence from documentary and other sources in the history of Maltese which, while written, nevertheless contain valuable insights and observations into ongoing changes in the Maltese sound system, enabling the contemporary linguist to map such changes over the long term. By contrast, Galea and Ussishkin’s paper on “Onset clusters, syllable structure and syllabification in Maltese” contributes to an already sizeable body ofwork on the description of Maltese phonotactic constraints and syllable structure, here couched within an Onset-Rhyme model and stressing the role of sonority in de- termining possible onset clusters in Maltese syllables, yielding an exhaustive and fine-grained description of possible clusters that will provide solid grounds for future work on Maltese syllabification strategies and phonotactics. The contribution by Paggio, Galea and Vella, entitled “Prosodic and gestural marking of complement fronting in Maltese”, is also concerned with phonolog- ical processes, but focusses on their interaction with gesture in spoken Maltese, a topic which has received comparatively little attention. The authors rely ona sample of annotated, spontaneous conversations in Maltese, identifying a subset of utterances that evince complement fronting, which is further broken down into subtypes (topicalisation, focus movement and left dislocation). These in- stances are further analysed according to gestural and prosodic characteristics, showing that fronted complements have a strong tendency to be accompanied by gestures and a falling pitch accent. At the same time, the phonological com- plexity and the tendency to co-occur with gestures is also dependent on the type of complement fronting in question. To date, this study is one of only a handful of studies on gesture and its interaction with other levels of linguistic analysis in Maltese. Of the remaining three contributions on Maltese, two papers, one by Lucas and Spagnol and another by Gatt and Fabri, focus on morphology. Like thework of Paggio et al, both have a strong empirical orientation. 2 1 Introduction Lucas and Spagnol’s paper “Conditions on /t/-insertion in Maltese numeral phrases: A reassessment” investigates the factors which determine the insertion of a /t/ in cardinal numerals preceding a plural noun. The main puzzle here is the apparent optionality of /t/-insertion. This motivates the question whether the dis- tribution of /t/-insertion is due to phonological and/or morphological constraints. Lucas and Spagnol present an exhaustive analysis of data collected from a pro- duction experiment in which numeral phrases were elicited orally, using nouns with complex word-initial clusters consisting of two consonants. Their conclu- sion is that the primary influence
Recommended publications
  • Multilingual Access to the European Cultural Heritage
    Multilingual Access to the European Cultural Heritage Multilingual Websites and Thesauri “It is time to think multilingual” 1 Multilingual Access to the European Cultural Heritage Multilingual Websites and Thesauri General co-ordination Rossella Caffo (MINERVA and MINERVA Plus Project Manager) Antonella Fresa (MINERVA and MINERVA Plus Technical Coordinator) Pier Giacomo Sola (MINERVA and MINERVA Plus Organisation Manager) Secretariat Marzia Piccininno (Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali, Italy) Web version Maria Teresa Natale and Andrea Tempera http://www.minervaeurope.org/publications/multilingualismand thesaurus.htm © 2006 MINERVA Plus Project 2 Editorial Committee Stephan Conrad (Germany) Christophe Dessaux (France), Kate Fernie (United Kingdom), Antonella Fresa (Italy), Allison Kupietzky (Israel), Marzia Piccininno (Italy), Martina Rozman Salobir (Slovenia), Gabriella Szalóki (Hungary) Contributors (alphabetic order by countries) Jitka Zamrzlová (Czeck Republik) Marju Reismaa (Estonia) Minna Kaukonen (Finland) Véronique Prouvost (France) Dimitrios A. Koutsomitropoulos (Greece) Astrid Müller (Germany) Giuliana De Francesco (Italy) Domitilla Fagan (Ireland) Laila Valdovska (Latvia) Guy Frank (Luxembourg) Pierre Sammut (Malta) Jos Taekema (The Netherlands) Lars Egeland (Norway) Piotr Ryszewski (Poland) Maria Sliwinska (Poland) Ana Alvarez Lacambra (Spain) Martina Roznan Salobir (Slovenia) Elena Kuzmina (Russian Federation) Martin Katuscak (Slovak Republik) 3 Acknowledgements We dedicate this report to the memory of the late Stephen Conrad From February 2004 ten new member states (plus Russia and Israel) have been participating in the joint European initiative of MINERVA Plus working with MINERVA to coordinate digitization efforts and activities. Since then MINERVA Plus supplementary working groups (SWG) started operation and Hungary became the coordinator of SWG Multilingual thesauri. The issue of multilingualism is becoming more and more important in making the digital cultural heritage of Europe available.
    [Show full text]
  • What Language for Europe?
    ELJ_2016-1__0 2017.03.13. 17:53 Page 103 Réka Somssich* What Language for Europe? Immediately after the final results of the Brexit referendum in June had been announced, politicians, both at the European and national level, raised their voices against the dominance of the English language in EU institutions and have even questioned its legitimacy and maintainability as official language of the European Union. In the early hours of 24 June 2016, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, a left-wing MEP, tweeted that ‘English cannot be the third working language of the European parliament.’1 Among the statements in the same line, the one that received the most attention was without any doubt that of the Polish MEP and chair of the European Parliament’s constitutional affairs committee, Danuta Hübner, who argued that English should be deleted from the official languages of the EU as by virtue of the relevant Regulation each Member State has the right to notify only one language to the EU to become at the same time an official language of the Union.2 As a succinct consequence of the Brexit referendum and in a symbolic way, the President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, when assessing the outcome of the referendum at the plenary session of the European Parliament on 28 June, used exclusively German and French and avoided using English. Before then he had generally used all three languages in a balanced way when addressing this forum.3 The last news bringing the language issue to the fore again exploded in October 2016 when some anonymous sources from the EU administration reported that the chief negotiator of the Brexit process, Michel Barnier, wanted French to be the language of the divorce talks,4 although this information was declared false by the chief negotiator himself after the British prime minister, Theresa May, made it clear that her government will not accept the use of French language.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Language Learning in High School
    Foreign language learning in high school © Bryan Owens 26 Feb 2017 Contents 1. The importance of learning foreign languages 2. Foreign languages in high school 3. AP French 4. AP German 5. AP Chinese 6. AP Chinese Test 7. Which language to try? 8. Preparing for a spelling bee 9. Pre-submitted questions Importance of learning foreign languages ● Understand culture ● Help communication ● Advance career ● Gain linguistic intuition ● Exercise the brain Foreign languages in high school Most common Also usually offered Mainly on east coast ● Spanish ● Chinese ● Latin ● French ● Japanese ● Russian ● German Popularity: Spanish > French > German > Latin > Chinese > Japanese > Russian AP French (1) ● Example: “Hello, everyone! Thank you for coming to listen to my talk. Right now I’m speaking in French.” “Bonjour, tout le monde! Je vous remercie de venir entendre mon discours. Maintenant je parle en français.” AP French (2) ● AP study book (AP French Language and Culture by Barron’s) ● Grammar review (Une Fois Pour Toutes by Prentice Hall) ● Themed passages on current events (Thèmes by VHL) AP French (3) ● Short news video clips in French (7 Jours Sur La Planète by TV5Monde.com) ● News articles (LeMonde.fr) ○ Look up unknown words on Wiktionary ○ Make lists of vocab words AP French (4) ● Abridged stories (Les Misérables, L’Étranger) ● Movies (Les Intouchables, La Famille Bélier, Sur Le Chemin de l’École, Timbuktu) AP French (5) ● French comedians on YouTube (Cyprien) ● French music (Stromae, Louane, Indila, Fréro Delavega, Black M, Zaz, Maître Gims) ← French comedy video (view on Youtube for English subtitles) AP French (6) ● Gender hints ○ E.g., feminine: -e, -ion, -sé, -té ○ Masculine: -age, -ble, -eau, -isme, -ment ● Toolbox of go-to adverbs and phrases ○ Transition words, filler words, phrases to introduce ideas ● Prefixes and suffixes ● Practicing with my brother AP German (1) ● Example: “Hello, everyone! Thank you for coming to listen to my talk.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Education Policy Profile
    Language Education Policy Profile MALTA March 2015 Language Policy Unit Education Policy Division, Education Department / DGII Council of Europe, Strasbourg www.coe.int/lang CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 5 1.1. The origins, context and purpose of the Profile ................................. 5 1.2. Language education policy and social policy..................................... 6 1.3. Council of Europe Language Education Policies ................................. 7 1.4. The Process of preparing the Malta Profile ....................................... 9 2. AN OVERVIEW OF LANGUAGES EDUCATION IN MALTA ..........11 2.1. A complex sociolinguistic context ................................................. 11 2.2. A detailed regulatory framework .................................................. 15 2.3. A supportive education system .................................................... 18 2.4. A key role for languages education ............................................... 22 2.5. An evolving assessment regime ................................................... 24 2.6. A strong commitment to teacher education ................................... 25 3. KEY ISSUES FOR CONSIDERATION .........................................28 3.1. Achievement in languages and in other subjects ............................ 29 3.2. Balanced bilingualism and the language/s) of schooling .................. 35 3.3. Teaching other (“foreign”) languages ............................................ 43 3.4.
    [Show full text]
  • A Tale of Two Morphologies
    A Tale of Two Morphologies Verb structure and argument alternations in Maltese Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt von Spagnol, Michael an der Geisteswissenschaftliche Sektion Sprachwissenschaft 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Frans Plank 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. Christoph Schwarze 3. Referent: Prof. Dr. Albert Borg To my late Nannu Kieli, a great story teller Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................. iii Notational conventions .................................................................................................................... v Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... viii Ch. 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. A tale to be told ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Three sides to every tale ........................................................................................................................... 4 Ch. 2. Setting the stage ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.1. No language is an island .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ED311449.Pdf
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 311 449 CS 212 093 AUTHOR Baron, Dennis TITLE Declining Grammar--and Other Essays on the English Vocabulary. INSTITUTION National Council of Teachers of English, Urbana, Ill. REPORT NO ISBN-0-8141-1073-8 PUB DATE 89 NOTE :)31p. AVAILABLE FROM National Council of Teachers of English, 1111 Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801 (Stock No. 10738-3020; $9.95 member, $12.95 nonmember). PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Viewpoints (120) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *English; Gr&mmar; Higher Education; *Language Attitudes; *Language Usage; *Lexicology; Linguistics; *Semantics; *Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS Words ABSTRACT This book contains 25 essays about English words, and how they are defined, valued, and discussed. The book is divided into four sections. The first section, "Language Lore," examines some of the myths and misconceptions that affect attitudes toward language--and towards English in particular. The second section, "Language Usage," examines some specific questions of meaning and usage. Section 3, "Language Trends," examines some controversial r trends in English vocabulary, and some developments too new to have received comment before. The fourth section, "Language Politics," treats several aspects of linguistic politics, from special attempts to deal with the ethnic, religious, or sex-specific elements of vocabulary to the broader issues of language both as a reflection of the public consciousness and the U.S. Constitution and as a refuge for the most private forms of expression. (MS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY J. Maxwell TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." U S.
    [Show full text]
  • Euromosaic III Touches Upon Vital Interests of Individuals and Their Living Conditions
    Research Centre on Multilingualism at the KU Brussel E U R O M O S A I C III Presence of Regional and Minority Language Groups in the New Member States * * * * * C O N T E N T S Preface INTRODUCTION 1. Methodology 1.1 Data sources 5 1.2 Structure 5 1.3 Inclusion of languages 6 1.4 Working languages and translation 7 2. Regional or Minority Languages in the New Member States 2.1 Linguistic overview 8 2.2 Statistic and language use 9 2.3 Historical and geographical aspects 11 2.4 Statehood and beyond 12 INDIVIDUAL REPORTS Cyprus Country profile and languages 16 Bibliography 28 The Czech Republic Country profile 30 German 37 Polish 44 Romani 51 Slovak 59 Other languages 65 Bibliography 73 Estonia Country profile 79 Russian 88 Other languages 99 Bibliography 108 Hungary Country profile 111 Croatian 127 German 132 Romani 138 Romanian 143 Serbian 148 Slovak 152 Slovenian 156 Other languages 160 Bibliography 164 i Latvia Country profile 167 Belorussian 176 Polish 180 Russian 184 Ukrainian 189 Other languages 193 Bibliography 198 Lithuania Country profile 200 Polish 207 Russian 212 Other languages 217 Bibliography 225 Malta Country profile and linguistic situation 227 Poland Country profile 237 Belorussian 244 German 248 Kashubian 255 Lithuanian 261 Ruthenian/Lemkish 264 Ukrainian 268 Other languages 273 Bibliography 277 Slovakia Country profile 278 German 285 Hungarian 290 Romani 298 Other languages 305 Bibliography 313 Slovenia Country profile 316 Hungarian 323 Italian 328 Romani 334 Other languages 337 Bibliography 339 ii PREFACE i The European Union has been called the “modern Babel”, a statement that bears witness to the multitude of languages and cultures whose number has remarkably increased after the enlargement of the Union in May of 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Sign Language Legislation in the European Union 4
    Sign Language Legislation in the European Union Mark Wheatley & Annika Pabsch European Union of the Deaf Brussels, Belgium 3 Sign Language Legislation in the European Union All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by any person or entity, including internet search engines or retailers, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, scanning or by any information storage and retrieval system without the prior written permission of the authors. ISBN 978-90-816-3390-1 © European Union of the Deaf, September 2012. Printed at Brussels, Belgium. Design: Churchill’s I/S- www.churchills.dk This publication was sponsored by Significan’t Significan’t is a (Deaf and Sign Language led ) social business that was established in 2003 and its Managing Director, Jeff McWhinney, was the CEO of the British Deaf Association when it secured a verbal recognition of BSL as one of UK official languages by a Minister of the UK Government. SignVideo is committed to delivering the best service and support to its customers. Today SignVideo provides immediate access to high quality video relay service and video interpreters for health, public and voluntary services, transforming access and career prospects for Deaf people in employment and empowering Deaf entrepreneurs in their own businesses. www.signvideo.co.uk 4 Contents Welcome message by EUD President Berglind Stefánsdóttir ..................... 6 Foreword by Dr Ádám Kósa, MEP ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Prayer Cards | Joshua Project
    Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Albanian in Albania Americans, U.S. in Albania Population: 2,721,000 Population: 2,000 World Popl: 5,191,200 World Popl: 193,332,200 Total Countries: 21 Total Countries: 104 People Cluster: Albanian People Cluster: Anglo-American Main Language: Albanian, Gheg Main Language: English Main Religion: Islam Main Religion: Christianity Status: Minimally Reached Status: Significantly reached Evangelicals: 0.58% Evangelicals: 33.0% Chr Adherents: 33.00% Chr Adherents: 78.0% Scripture: New Testament Scripture: Complete Bible Source: Rich Thompson www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Anonymous "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Anglo-Canadian in Albania Aromanian in Albania Population: 800 Population: 7,200 World Popl: 16,635,200 World Popl: 313,800 Total Countries: 21 Total Countries: 8 People Cluster: Anglo-Celt People Cluster: Romanian Main Language: English Main Language: Aromanian Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Christianity Status: Significantly reached Status: Superficially reached Evangelicals: 10.5% Evangelicals: 0.8% Chr Adherents: 78.0% Chr Adherents: 95.0% Scripture: Complete Bible Scripture: Portions Source: James Noreau www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Anonymous "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Deaf in Albania Egyptian, Balkan in Albania
    [Show full text]
  • Language Shift from Afrikaans to English in “Coloured” Families in Port Elizabeth: Three Case Studies
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stellenbosch University SUNScholar Repository LANGUAGE SHIFT FROM AFRIKAANS TO ENGLISH IN “COLOURED” FAMILIES IN PORT ELIZABETH: THREE CASE STUDIES Esterline Fortuin 15221148 Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Intercultural Communication at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Dr Frenette Southwood December 2009 Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained herein is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright thereof and that I have not previously, in its entirety or in part, submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: 31 August 2009 Copyright © 2009 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Abstract This thesis investigates whether language shift is occurring within the community of the northern areas of Port Elizabeth. These areas are historically predominantly “coloured” and Afrikaans-speaking, and are mixed in terms of the socioeconomic status of their inhabitants. Lately, there is a tendency for many of the younger generation to speak more English. Using the model of another study (Anthonissen and George 2003) done in the Cape Town area, three generations (grandparent, parent and grandchild) of three families were interviewed regarding their use of English and Afrikaans in various domains. The pattern of language shift in this study differs somewhat, but not totally, from that described in Anthonissen and George (2003) and Farmer (2009). In these two studies, there was a shift from predominantly Afrikaans in the older two generations to English in the youngest generation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Malta Independence Order 1964
    Supplement to the Malta Government Ga:etle No. 11,688, l8th September, 1964 MALTA The Malta Independence Order 1964 Made 2nd September 1964 At the Court at Buckingham Palace, the 2nd day of September 1964 Presen t, The Queen's Most Excellent Majesty in Council Her Majesty, in exercise of the power conferred upon Her by sectio n 1(1) of the Malta Independence Act 1964(a)and of all other powers enabling Her in that behalf, is pleased, by and with the advice of Her Privy Council, to order, and it is hereby ordered, as follows:- 1.- (1 ) This Order may be cited as the Malta Independence Citation I nd Order 1964. int"prcUlt'on, (2) In sections 1 to 15 (inclusive) of this Order - " the appointed day" means the day appointed by section 2 of this Order; ··the Constitution" means the constitution set out in the Schedule to this Order. (3) Save where the context otherwise requires, the provi­ sions of section 126 of the Constitution shall apply for the purposes of interpreting sections I to 15 (inclusive) of this Order, and oth er­ wise in relation thereto, as they apply for the purposes of interpret­ ing, and in relation to, the Constitution_ 2. The appointed day fo r t he purposes of section HI ) of the Malta Independence Act 1964 shall be 21st September 19M, 3. The Malta (Constitution) Order in Council 1961(bl as Re~o.:at io ll . amended (which Order, as amended, is hereinafter refer­ red to as "the 1961 Order") is revoked as from the appointed day; and the provisions of section 38(2) of the In terpretation Act 1889(c) shall apply in relation to such revocation as t hey apply in relation to the repeal of an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Eltabl,.run..nt 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Study and Living in Malta
    Guide to Study and Living in Malta International Master’s Program in Environmental Management and Sustainability James Madison University and the University of Malta Students formally accepted into the International Master’s Program in Environmental Management and Sustain‐ ability will receive an extensive handbook on study, travel preparation, accommodations, and living in Malta. This guide is intended to provide general information to prospective students. For more details about the program, please contact Dr. Maria Papadakis at [email protected] or visit our website at www.jmu.edu/mems‐malta. The University Setting through the University of Malta and we will help arrange this if needed. You should bring enough of your prescription medica‐ Lecture‐based classwork for our program occurs exclusively in tions to last for your time overseas, or else consult with your Malta over a period of nine months, and most of your studies will physician to identify the European equivalent so that they may be at the University of Malta’s historic Valetta facility. However, be prescribed locally. Mailing prescription drugs to Malta is diffi‐ you also have access to resources at the nearby main university cult and not advised. campus, including the library, bookstore, and computer labs. Visas National Languages Americans and Canadians do not require a visa to enter Malta. Maltese and English are the official national languages of Malta. You must apply for a residence permit and have 90 days upon All instruction is in English; your pro‐ your arrival in Malta to do so. fessors are accomplished faculty from both universities. Accommodations Money and Banking Students customarily share private, full‐ service apartments with 2‐3 roommates Malta is a member of the European from the international master’s pro‐ Union and its currency is the Euro (€).
    [Show full text]