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Canada Du Canada Acquisitions and Direction Des Acquisitions El Bibliographie Services Branch Des Services Bibliographiques 395 Welllngion Slrccl 395 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 01 Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions el Bibliographie services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Welllngion Slrccl 395. r.JC Welltngton Ottawa.OnlarlO Qnawa (OntarIO) K1AQN4 K1AON4 ~, .." f,"" v,,,,.. ,..!t.,......-.. NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is La qualité de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the dépend grandement de la qualité quality of the original thesis de la thèse soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualité ensure the highest quality of supérieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec l'université degree. qui a conféré le grade. Some pages may have indistinct La qualité d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser à pages were typed with a poor désirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont été university sent us an inferior dactylographiées à l'aide d'un photocopy. ruban usé ou si l'université nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualité inférieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, même partielle, this microform is governed by de cette microforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, à la Loi canadienne sur le droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subséquents. Canada • THE CONCEPT OF lIMAc IN THE MODERN AGE With Particular Reference to Mul,1ammad cAbduh by Khoiruddin Nasution A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fu1ïillment of the requîrements for the degree of Master of Art INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES McGILL UNIVERSITY MONTREAL APRIL, 1995 C KhoiNddin Nasution • National Library Bibliothèque nationale .+. of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Welh~ton Street 395. rue We1hnolon Dnawa. Oritano Dnawa (Oola"ol K1A0N4 K1AON4 The author has granted an L'auteur a accordé une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irrévocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of permettant à la Bibliothèque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou hisjher thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa thèse in any form or format, making de quelque manière et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriété du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui protège sa Neither the thesis nor substantial thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent être imprimés ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 0-612-07948-1 Canada • ABSTRACT AUTHOR: : Khoiruddin Nasution TITLE OF THESIS : THE CONCEPT OF IJMA CIN THE MODERN AGE : With Particular Reference to Mul;1ammad cAbduh DEPARTMENT : Islamic Studies, McGill University, Montreal DEGREE: : Master ofArts This thesis is an attempt to study CAbduh's methodological approach in Islamic legal theory, with particular reference to the concept of ijmac• /jmacaccording to him, is not a matter of truth or falseness, as it has been viewed by the classical and medieval jurists, but rather it is a mechanism which must demonstrate adynamie ability in dealing with new problems on the basis of the public interest (mll$/a/;la). In order to obtain a proper public interest in any matter, religious considerations alone are not sufficient, rather each matter must be considered from many different angles and disciplines such as sociology. the environment and politics. One should also take into consideration the fact that ijmac is not only an informal decision. a:; has the case after the Rasbidün caliphate period, but that it has become part of the legal system of govemment and as such demands obedience from everybody. Not surprisingly. CAbduh believed that ijmaC should be carried out and regulated by the elected members ofparliament. This thesis not only analyses the thoughts of Mul;1ammad cAbduh on this matter but also includes the thoughts of classical and medieval jurist, as weil li.;; the view of modern scholars such as Muhammad Iqbal, Kemal • A. Faruki. Fazlur Rahman. l;Iasan Turiibi. RÉSuMÉ • AUTEUR Khoiruddin Nasution TITRE : Le concept de l'ijma à l'époque moderne avec une attention particulière à la pensée de Mul)ammad 'Abduh. DEPARTEMENT : Institut des Etudes Islamique~, Université Mc Gill, Montréal. DIPLOME : Maîtrise en Arts Ce mémoire tente d expliqur l'appoache méthodologique de Mul)ammad 'Abduh au sein de la théorie légale islamique; plus particulièrement le concept de l'ijma'. Selon le théoricien, l'ijma' n'est pas une question reliée à l'idée du vrai et du fauz- telle que perçue par les juristes musulmans classiques at médiévaux- mais plutôt un mécanisme qui doit démontrer une capacité dynamique pauvant résoudre less problèmes contemporains selon l'intérêt public (m<l\>laI:ta). Pour obtenir cet intérêt de façon adéquate dans tous Jess cas, les considérations religieuses ne sont pas suffisantes, chaque question devant être considérée à partir de différents angles et tl'autres disciplines telles que la sociologie, l'environnement, la scinccs politique, etc. On do:t aussi prendre en considération que l'ijma' n est pas seulement usne réglement ation informelle, commece fur le cass a l'époque des Califes Rashidun mais aussi l'ijma' est une partie intégrante du système légal des gouvernements mudulmans et qui exige l'obéissance de tous. li n'est pas surprenant que Mul)ammad 'Abduh croyait que l'ijmii' était appliqué et réglementé par les membres élus du parlement Ainsi, non selement ce mémoire analyse le pensée de Mul)ammad 'Abduh concernant l'ijma' mais aussi l'opinion des juristes classiques et médiévaux de même que le point de vue dess intellectuels musulmans contemporains tels que Kemal A. Faruki, Hazairin, Hasbi ash-Shiddiquy, FaIzlur Rahman et l;Iasan Turabi. • • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My special sincere gratitude goes to my thesis supervisor. professor Wael B. Hallaq. whose encouragement. invaluable suggestion and criticism made tbis thesis possible. 1 would also like to record my gratitude to the staff of the Islamic studies library. McGill University, for facilitating ail the material, and for making the less available material available through interlibrary loans. My friends and coUeagues at the Institute of Islamic studies have ail been extremely supportive ail along. 1 am indebted to them for much kindness••\lId especially to Muhammad Qasim Zaman. Yasmien Badr and Michael Wood for their editorial assistance. 1would also like to talc.:: this opportunity to thank fust the Department ofReligious A'fairs, Republic ofIndonesia; and also the International Development Agency (CIDA) for granting me a two-year scholarship during which the reseaJ:~h for this thesis was undertaken. 1 am very grateful indeed to my parents whose encour'.Jing leners have been very helpful to me, especially during the last days ofcompleting this thesis. Last but not least, 1 wish to thank to my wife, Any Nurul Aini, and son Muhammad Khoiriza Nasution. Without their patience and invaluable encouragement, this w(,rk would have never been completed. k.n. Montreal, April 1995 • iv U:llr~ Instituts.or ls}amla Stu41ss 19.11.6' HaG111 UdTeralt;r • 'IR.U!SLI'.ŒJlA'1'IOB T!1lLB ~ CO:'1~o~ ..!tts: , initiAll unexpr...s4 medial an4 ti1lall • A..-abic l'ersœ Turk1sh Urdu Arabia rsre1aD '1\1rkiah Urdu ...,. .b b b b , - ...,.• • • • '-:' , P p t ••• ..• • ob ~ ~ ~ ~ "'" t t t t J; , , , f <:. ! • • <:. th !. !. !. t • • lb Ch l: é t. j .1 c j t. J t t t t "- ch 9 ch q q ~ q i:. \1 \1 t' \1 .:J" k k k t I-J! t l:h Il !5!l • 0,) Ir B Ir .J 4 4 4 4 • fi .J ! ... 1 1 1 1 • .J· 4h .= .= .= J .1 r r r r r Il Il Il Il • Ù n n n n •• !: V , j : • • li , h h h h J• r.h r.h r.h , V T T T <J" 1 1 • Il oS V" sh eh , eh 7 '1 '1 '1 ~:J. 4itlhthonn, ota. (por Ottoœn '1\1rkl~h vOv.l••ta. Il'' leparat. III11ONII4U11o) . , ::ho:tl 81 ,- il - u. longl \ il , Ü, en4 :ln P.nien an4 1Jr4u all10 na«.re4 61 tri i, an4 1Il11rau all10 ren4ere4 br l, <!- (18 11r4u) 1. aUt D:lqfÜrahl ~ l. 41p1a....p. \1' ql " •• ~ ~. 1O:lB v1t h tash414_',,1.1 ~ 1~J '",. üu. .=,'.. .aJ'....J!IL... alsi 1Il.tr.lUll&I•.......1. ~,. • TABLE CONTENTS ABSTRACT .ii RÉSUMÉ .iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv TRANSLITERATION TABLE.....v TABLE CONTENTS vi INTRODUCTION ! CHAPTER ONE: THE CONCEPT OF IJMA' IN TRADmONAL JURISPRUDENCE A. The Defmition of lima'....... !! B. The Principles of Ijmii' 22 a. The Agreement.. 22 b. Thc Qualification ofa Mujtahid.......28 c. Time 33 i. The .ljmii'ofEvery Generation 33 ii. The .ljmiI'ofthe Companions .42 iii. The .ljmii'ofShi'ite.......4S iv. The .ljmii'ofthe Medinese.......48 v. The .ljmii'ofthe Firsttwo Caliphs.......S3 d. Thc Subject Matler.......SS e. The Necessity of DaliJ... ....56 C. The Basis of Ijmii'.......62 • vi • CHAPTER TWO: THE CONCEPT OF UNIA' ACCORDING TO cABDUH AND OTHER ISLAMIC MODERNISTS A. The Definition and the Principles of Ijmii· 78 B. The &asis of Ijmiic.......97 Conclusion 111 Bibliography....... 114 • • vü • INTRODUCTION Modem Muslim intellectuals are generally divided into two main groups. The fmt group comprises those who adhere strictly to tradition and custom without trying to interpret the principles of Islam in accordance with the currcnt demands and the new conditions ofthe twentieth century.
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