Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85164-0 — a History of Algeria James Mcdougall Index More Information

Home , Ahmad Karima, History of Algeria, Zayyanid dynasty

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85164-0 — A History of Algeria James McDougall Index More Information

Index

Abassi Madani, 278, 287, 296, 317, 327 aerial piracy, 209 Abbane Ramdane, 206–7, 208, 210, Ageron, Charles-Robert, 100, 105, 364 238, 244 agriculture. See farming death of, 209 Ahmad Ben Aliwa, 162 Abbas, Allaoua, 203 Ahmad Bey, 52, 55, 59, 65, 68, 73, Abbas, Ferhat, 118, 155–56, 157–59, 351, 352 159, 167, 169, 181, 195, 204, Ahmed, Kaïd, 249, 250 225, 241 Aid, Muhammad, 145 and AEMAN, 188 Aimée et souffrante Algérie (book), 219 and AML, 185 Air France Airbus hijacking, 321 and CNRA, 242 AIS (Islamic Salvation Army), 310, 323 and FLN, 200 Aisha bint Hasan Pasha, 31 and GPRA, 222 Aït Ahmed, Hocine, 192, 193, 195, and Motion of the 61, 203 208, 209, 240, 241, 243, 246, and Statute of Algeria, 184 326, 339 and Tripoli program, 241 and CNRA, 242 and UDMA, 186 Aït Amrane, Idir, 189 imprisonment, 180, 246 Aït l-Qadi dynasty, 39 La République algérienne, 175 Akoun, André, 134 Manifesto of the Algerian People, 182–98 alcoholism, 265 resignation of, 245 Alger républicain (newspaper), 130, 188, under house arrest, 271 200, 216, 254 War of Independence, 200–1 Algeria Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, 60 départements, 103–5 Abd al-Qadir al-Majjawi, 161 developments in 20th-century, Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhyi al-Din al-Hasani, 131–33 43, 59, 60–68, 69, 70–72, 72, 73, 81, Europeans in, 106–8 341, 342 French conquest of, 49–50 Abd al-Rahman al-Barbri, 31 post-conquest society, 58–59 Abd al-Rahman al-Tha‘alibi, Sidi, 31, 41 Algerian Assembly, 184, 185, 205 Abd al-Rahman, Mawlay, 59, 60, 63, 68, 71 Algerian Communist Party (PCA), 169–70, Abdesselam, Belaïd, 273, 320 182, 187, 245, 255 Abduh, Muhammad, 161 and AML, 186 Abid, Saïd, 379 and CL, 203–4 Abu ’l-Qasim al-Hafnawi, 161 and UDMA, 186 Abu Hammu, 11 Algerian Front for the Defence and Respect Abu Ishaq Attﬁyash, 164 of Liberty (FADRL), 188 Académie Berbère/Agraw Imazighen, Algerian Muslim Congress (1936), Paris, 276 171–72, 173 Achiary, André, 180, 229 Algerian Muslim Scouts (SMA), 188 AEMAN. See Association of North African Algerian National Movement (MNA), Muslim Students 224–25

418

Index 419

Algerian People’s Party (Hizb al-sha’b al- Amis du manifeste et de la liberté (AML, jaza’iri, Parti du peuple algérien, PPA), Friends of the Manifesto and 166, 173–74, 179–80, 182, 186 Freedom), 185, 186 and AML, 186 Ammar al-Tijani, Ahmad, 117 Parlement algérien, 175 Amrouche, Fadhma, 150 Statute of Algerian, 184 Amrouche, Taos, 150, 276 Algerian Writers’ Union, 254 Andalusis, 36 Algérie Actualité (newspaper), 260 in Algiers, 30 Algérie française, 229 Aniba, Mokhtar, 264 Algiers, 26 Anka, Hajj Muhammad, 143 al-Jaza’ir Beni Mezghenna port, 9 ANP (National People’s Army), 237, 245 Andalusis in, 30 and Kabyle maquis, 246 bidonvilles, 135–36 ANR (National Republican Alliance), 302 currency in, 38 antijuif algérien, L’, 110, 111 fall of, 50–58 anti-Semitism, 110–11, 112, 116–17 immigrants, 30, 33, 36–37 anti-terrorist police (BMPJ), 314 Jews in, 35–36 Arab League, 186 mortality rates, 135 Arab Spring, 295 Ottoman sovereignty, 38–39 Arabisation, 266–70 Peñon fortress, 10 Armée de libération nationale. See ALN Place du gouvernement, 87 Armée islamique du salut (AIS), 310, 323 population, 25 ‘arsh (tribal/collective) land, 19, 20, 23, Regency of Algiers, 11–13 97, 142 uluj in, 30–31 Aruj Bey Barbarossa, 10–11 Algiers Anti-Jewish League, 110 Asala (magazine), 262, 263, 273 Algiers Autonomous Zone (ZAA), 208, assassinations, 46, 145, 217, 245–46, 243 307–8, 310, 315, 325 Algiers Charter (1964), 244, 248, assassination attempts, 225, 229, 255–56 250, 252 Association of Algerian Muslim ‘ulama Algiers, Battle of, 209, 214, 219, 229 (AUMA), 162–63, 165, 187, 251 Ali ‘Sardo’,30 leading personalities, 164–65 Ali Khoja, 47 Association of Algerian Students of the Ali, Baba, 34 Zaytuna, 163 Ali, Mawlay, 59 Association of North African Muslim Allal, Mohammed (Moh Léveilley), 309 Students (AEMAN), 188 Allalou (actor), 143 cultural politics in (1948), 189–90 Alleg, Henri, 216 Audin, Maurice, 216 La question, 216–17 AUMA. See Association of Algerian Muslim Allouache, Merzak, 263 ‘ulama Alloula, Abdelkader, 302 Aurès mountains, 18,18–19 Almoravid dynasty, 28 autonomy, 111 alms (zakat),62 ‘azl (grant) land, 19–20 ALN (Armée de libération nationale, National Azzam Pasha, 186 Liberation Army) divisions in, 242 Bachetarzi, Mahieddine, 144, 145–46, FLN and, 197, 207, 210, 222, 223, 177–78, 260 224, 225 Bacri, Jacob, 50, 53, 54 War of Independence, 201–2 Bank of Algeria, 99 al-Qa’ida Banna, Hassan, 296 11 September attacks, 321 Basa’ir (newspaper), 163 al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghrib Bayyud, Ibrahim, 164 (AQIM), 322 Beauvoir, Simone de, 216 Amara, Ali ‘la Pointe’, 214 Belallouﬁ, Hocine, 295 Amin Sekka, Hamdan, 53, 54 beldi families, 23, 30, 31, 37, 52, 137 Amirouche, Colonel, 209, 222, 225 Belhadj, Karima, 290

420 Index

Belhamri, Muhammad, 59 Ben Siam family, 82 Belhocine, Mabrouk, 191, 192 Ben Siam, Sliman, 82 Belkacem ben Ahmed Chennoufi,81 ben Tahar, Sidi Ahmad, 63 Belkacem, Cherif, 249, 250 Ben Tobbal, Lakhdar, 210 Belkaïd, Abubakr, 297 Ben Yusuf, Muhammad, 200 Belkhadem, Abdelaziz, 327, 330 Ben Zelmat, Mas’ud, 141–42 Belkheir, Larbi, 281–82, 299, 300, 322, 331 Benbitour, Ahmed, 320 Belloucif, Mustafa, 300, 317 Bencheikh Hocine (Abbas Ben Shaykh Bellounis, Muhammad, 225 al-Husayn), 164, 203 Belouizdad, Mohamed, 192 Bencheneb, Muhammad, 161 ben Ahmad, Moulay Ali, 127 Bendjelloul family, 139 ben Ali Kerbib, Muhammad, 127 Bendjelloul, M’hamed, 139 ben Ali Sfinja, Muhammad, 145 Bendjelloul, Mohamed-Salah, 139, 155, Ben Badis family, 138–39 156–57, 159, 184 Ben Badis Institute, Constantine, 163 and Motion of the 61, 203 Ben Badis, Abd al-Hamid, 139, 154, 158, Benflis, Ali, 330 159, 159, 161, 164, 261 Benhabylès, Abdelmalek, 191 al-Muntaqid, 165 Benhabylès, Chérif, 130–31, 140, 147, 151 on Algeria and France, 165 and Motion of the 61, 203 ben Badis, Mouloud, 139 Benhadj, Ali, 287, 327, 332 ben Badis, Muhammad Mustafa, 139 Benhamadouche, Mohamed (Ben Ben Badis, Mustafa, 155 Mohamed), 268 Ben Badis, Si al-Mekki, 138, 160 Beni Messous massacre, 312 Ben Bella, Ahmed, 192–93, 195, 207, 208, Benkhedda, Benyoussef, 208, 210 209, 240, 241, 247–48 Bennabi, Malek, 262–63 and armed forces, 245 Bensalah, Abdelkader, 331 and CNRA, 242 Bensalem, Aomar, 122 and constitution, 245 Bent Bouali, Hassiba, 214, 221 and FLN, 244 Bentalha massacre, 312, 313 arrest of, 250 Benthami, Belkacem, 140, 149, 153 Political Bureau, 242 Bentobbal, Lakhdar, 239, 242 Ben Boulaïd, Ahmed, 197 and CIG, 239 Ben Boulaïd, Mustafa, 194, 195, 208, 209 Benyahia, Mohammed Seddik, 379 ben Halima, Lahouari, 83–84 Benzine, Abdelhamid, 192, 253–54 ben Isma‘il, Mustafa, 352 Berber Cultural Movement, 277 ben Jafar, Salim, 120 Berber Spring (thafsut imazighen), 277 Ben Khedda, Ben Youssef, 240, 242 Berberism, 190–92, 277 and CNRA, 242 ‘Berbero-Marxism’, 191 and GPRA, 242 Berredjem, Larbi, 242 under house arrest, 271 Berthezène, Pierre, 55 Ben Mawhub, Mawlud, 147 Bessaoud, Mohand-Aarab, 276 Ben M’hidi, Larbi, 195, 197, 208, 209, 233 Betchine, Mohamed, 301, 317 death of, 216 Bidault, Georges, 230 Ben Mohamed (Mohamed bilingualism, 267, 269–70 Benhamadouche), 268 Bitat, Rabah, 195, 197, 209, 240, 245 ben Muhammad Lagab, Ahmad, 127 and CNRA, 242 Ben Rahal, Hamza, 138 Black Death, 24 Ben Rahal, M’hamed, 138, 149, 150, 151 Black Spring (printemps noir), 325–26 Ben Salem, Ahmad Tayyib, 121 Blum-Viollette bill, 171, 172, 174 Ben Salem, Muhammad, 121 BMPJ (anti-terrosrist police), 314 Ben Salem, Omar, 122 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 349 ben Sari, Redouane, 144 Borgeaud, Henri, 105 ben Sari, Shaykh Larbi, 145 Boualam, Saïd, 213 Ben Shaykh al-Husayn, Abbas (Bencheikh Bouazizi, Mohamed, 328 Hocine), 164, 203 Boucebci, Mahfoudh, 310

Index 421

Bouderba, Ahmad, 140, 150, 151 Bugeaud, Thomas-Robert, 66, 67, 69, 70, Bouderba, Ismaïl, 139 93, 101–2, 119 Bouderba, Omar, 140, 149, 150, 151 bureaux arabes, 120–21, 124 Boudiaf, Mohamed, 193, 194, 195, 197, Busnac, Naptali, 46, 50 240, 303–4 Busquant, Emilie, 167 and CNRA, 242 Bustanji, Ahmad, 145 and Socialist Revolutionary Party, 245 assassination of, 315 CADC (Coordination of aaruch, daïras and resistance to Ben Bella, 242 communes), 326 Bouhamidi, Mahmoud, 214 cafés, 90, 101, 108, 143 Bouhired, Djamila, 221 Cagayous (literary character), 111–12 Boukharouba, Mohamed. See Boumediene, Cambon, Jules, 4 Houari Camus, Albert, 101, 130, 131, 204 Boukhobza, Mohammed, 290 cantonnement,95–96 Boukrouh, Noureddine, 307 Capeletti, Baptiste, 117–18 Boumaarafi, Lembarek, 315 Catroux, Georges, 204 Boumaza, Bashir, 260 Cavaignac, Eugène, 102, 119 Boumediene, Houari, 202, 222, 239–40, CCE (Coordination and Execution 250, 251, 252–53, 271–72 Committee, FLN), 208, 209 and education, 269 Central Directorate of Military Security and EMG, 239 (DCSA), 300 assassination attempts, 255 Cercle du Progrès (Progress Club), 163 death of, 270 CGT (Confédération générale du travail), 188 economic agenda, 256–58 Chaabani, Mohamed, 246 jokes about, 272 Chabou, Abdelkader, 252, 379 on Arabisation, 266 Chadli Benjedid, 270, 271, 272–73, 274, on women’s rights, 265 279, 284–85 Organisation of the Islamic and debt, 280 Conference, 263 and FIS, 297 Boumendjel, Ahmed, 187, 241 and student demonstrations, 276 and CNRA, 242 deposition of, 287, 289, 299 and Motion of the 61, 203 jokes about, 272–73, 287 Boumendjel, Ali, 187, 216 Challe, Maurice, 222, 229 Boupacha, Djamila, 216 Chanzy, Alfred, 105 Bourdieu, Pierre, 385 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 11 Bourguiba, Habib, 226, 240 Charles X, king of France, 51, 52 Bourmont, Louis-Auguste-Victor, 52, 53 Chataigneau, Yves, 182, 183, 185 Boussouf, Abdelhafid, 197, 209, 210, 239, Chebouti, Abdelkader, 305, 315 240, 245 Chené, Marie-Renée, 235 and CIG, 239 Cheriet, Abdallah, 269 Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 249, 250, 270, 273, Cheriet, Hamid (Idir), 268 322–23, 329–30, 331, 333 Chevallier, Jacques, 203 Bouyali, Mustafa, 278 Chibane, Abd al-Rahman, 270 Boyer, Pierre, 56 Chihani, Bashir, 211 Brace, Richard and Joan, 219 Chikh, Slimane, 261, 307 Brahimi, Abdelhamid, 280, 285 Christianity Breton, André, 216 Christian corsairs, 349 Bu Agab people, 54 conversion to, 150–51 Bu Baghla, 74 CIG (Interministerial War Committee, Bu Darba, Ahmad, 53, 54, 139 ALN), 239 Bu Hamedi, 71 cinema, 136, 143, 145 Bu Ma‘za (Muhammad ibn Abdallah), 74 cities, 24–30 Bu Madyan, Sidi, 41 power systems, 26–27 Bu Mezrag, Mustafa, 52, 78, 79 citizen militia (groupes de légitime défense, Bu Ziyan, 74 GLDs), 313, 314

422 Index

citizenship, 151, 152, 183–84 Council of the Revolution, 250, 252, 253 civil concord, 322 coup (19 June 1965), 250–51 civil law code (1975), 266 CPMI (Principal Military Investigation civil war, 317–18 Centre), 338 CL (Combattants de la libération), 203–4 Crémieux, Isaac Adolphe, 115, 116 Clauzel, Bertrand, 54–55, 65 Croix de feu, 172 Claverie, Pierre, 291 CRUA (Revolutionary Committee for Clemenceau, Georges, 149 Unity and Action), 194 CNC (National Consultative Council), 302 cultural diversity, 189–92 CNCD. See Coordination nationale pour le cultural movements, 142–46 changement et la démocratie cultural revolution, 260–61, 263–70 CNR (National Council of the culture Resistance), 230 berberophone, 275–76 CNRA. See National Council of the popular poetry, 49–50 Algerian Revolution currency colonisation devaluation of, 320 in 19th-century, 92–96 during Regency, 40 colons, 101 in Algiers, 38 and assimilation, 103 petitions, 102–3 d’Asbonne, Abdallah, 64 Combattants de la libération (CL), 203–4 DAF (déserteurs de l’armée française), 252 Committee of Public Safety, Algiers, 226 Dahlab, Saad, 208, 210 communes mixtes, 125–27, 138, 168, 171 Dar al-Hadith madrasa, Tlemcen, 163 women in, 127 Darbois, Dominique, 219 Compagnie Génévoise, 94 DCSA (Central Directorate of Military Compagnie royale d’Afrique,40 Security), 300 COMs (Operational Military de Gaulle, Charles, 4, 113, 117, 182, 183, Committees), 209 217–18, 226, 227–29 Confédération générale du travail (CGT), 188 and April 1961 putsch, 229 conquest assassination attempts, 229 accommodation with, 80–83 paix des braves, 227 accomodation with, 85 De Grammont, Henri-Delmas, 39 as judgment of God, 80–81 Debaghine, Lamine, 189, 191, 192, 222 resistance to, 80, 81, 83–85 debt, 280–81 conscription, 85, 149 debt rescheduling, 319–20 anti-conscription revolts, 141, 147 Défense, La (newspaper), 163 Conseil supérieur du gouvernement, Délégations ﬁnancières, 105–6, 111, 171 Algiers, 106 Deluca, Edouard, 181 Constantine, 25, 26, 347 Democratic and Popular Algerian Constantine Plan, 217–18, 256 Republic, 244 Constantinois plains, 17–18 Democratic Movement for Algerian constitution, 183, 186, 240, 244, 250 Renewal (MDRA), 256 political reforms, 285–87 Democratic Union for the Algerian Coordination and Execution Committee. Manifesto. See UDMA See CCE demonstrations, 157, 173, 223, 229, 243, Coordination nationale pour le changement et 284, 325, 328–29, 331–32, 333, 334–35 la démocratie (CNCD), 331, 332–33 anti-fascist, 170–71, 179 Coordination of aaruch, daïras and ban on, 332 communes (CADC), 326 CNCD, 332 coral ﬁshing, 45 FIS, 287–88 corruption, 278–79, 280, 283, 317 Paris, 217, 230 corsairs, 10, 31, 35, 36, 37–38, 45 Setif, 179–80, 181 Christian, 349 student demonstrations, 254, 276, 277, Council for National Unity and 284, 332 Salvation, 243 women’s rights demonstrations, 220, 273

Index 423

Denier, Albert, 181 Boumediene and, 269 Département du renseignement et de la sécurité. for Algerians, 138–40 See DRS Eisenhower, Dwight D., 226 Derqawa, 43, 46 EMG (ALN General staff), 222, 239, 242 Desmichels treaty, 63–64 Emir Abd al-Qadir mosque Desmichels, Louis Alexis, 63, 64 (Constantine), 273 Dessoliers, Felix, 108 Emir Khaled Club, 169 Deval, Pierre, 50–51 Enfantin, Prosper, 93–94, 101 deys, 38 Etienne, Eugène, 104 investiture of, 38 Étoile algérienne, L’ (newspaper), 191 DGPS (General Delegation for Prevention Étoile nord-africaine (ENA), 154, 166, and Security), 300 167–68, 170, 172–73 Didouche, Mourad, 195, 197 El Ouma (newspaper), 169, 172–73, Dien Bien Phu, 195 174, 194 diglossia, 267–68 Europeans disease, 77, 80 in 19th-century Algeria, 89–91 cholera, 74, 76, 101 in 20th-century Algeria, 90, 132, 134 Spanish ﬂu, 142 Évian accords, 227, 240, 241, 243 typhus, 76, 77, 142 évolués, 130–31 disparus (disappeared persons), 323 Exmouth, Lord (Edward Pellew), 48 divorce, 265 Djaafar ‘el-Afghani’, 309 FADRL (Front algérien pour la défense et le Djaballah, Abdallah, 306, 327 respect de la liberté), 188 Djabi, Nacer, 329 FAF (Front for French Algeria), 229 Djahnine, Nabila, 291 family law, 273 Djamel ‘Zitouni’, 309 reforms, 322 Djaout, Tahar, 290 famine, 76, 80, 142 Djouher bent Lounis al-Kari, 81 Fanon, Frantz, 220, 233 Doriot, Jacques, 176 Farès, Abderrahmane, 240, 246 Douar, Muhammad, 174, 176 farming, 13, 14, 16–17 douars-communes, 97, 140 and insurrection, 75–76 Drif, Zohra, 214, 221, 273 cereal production, 182 Drouet d’Erlon, Jean-Baptiste, 65 collapse of Algerian, 98–99 DRS (Département du renseignement et de la in 19th-century Algeria, 90 sécurité, Intelligence and Security inequalities in rural property, 142 Department), 300, 309, 311, 330, 339 Kabylia, 21 Drumont, Edouard, 110 land tenure system, 19–21 Duran, David, 113, 114 large-scale investment in, 94 Duras, Marguerite, 216 Mitidja, 23 Duroux, Jacques, 105 rates of pay for Algerians, 100 Duvivier, Julien, 92 rates of pay for Europeans, 100 stagnation of, 258, 260 earthquakes, 24, 194 threats to, 17–18, 24 Eberhardt, Isabelle, 117 Fédération de France (FLN), 208, 217, economy 241, 242 contraction in, 280 and PRS, 245 development plan, 332 Fédération de France (MTLD), 191 economic reform program, 281, Fédération des élus musulmans (Federation of 282–84, 286 Muslim Elected Representatives), 155, foreign direct investment, 283, 325 156–57, 159–60 private enterprise, 324–25 Federation of Mayors, 104, 176 structural weaknesses, 278–80 Fekar, Ben Ali, 148–49 education, 146, 152, 258–60, 324 Feraoun, Mouloud, 212, 213, 230 and reformist activity, 163 Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans, 69 Arabisation of, 266–67 Ferhat ben Said, 55

424 Index

Ferry, Jules, 109, 147 Front algérien pour la défense et le respect de la FFS. See Socialist Forces Front liberté (FADRL, Algerian Front for the Fidelity (Wafa’) party, 327 Defence and Respect of Liberty), 188 financial reforms, 319–21 Front de libération nationale. See FLN firqa (tribal fraction), 140 Front des forces socialistes. See Socialist Forces First World War, 113, 136, 137, Front 141, 146 Front for French Algeria (FAF), 229 FIS. See Islamic Salvation Front Flandin, Louis-Hugues, 122 Gambetta, Léon, 110 FLN (Front de libération nationale), 185, Geiser, Jean, 92 198–99, 200, 201, 203, 206, 221–23, gender issues, 265–66 244–45, 330 General Delegation for Prevention and Abbane and, 206 Security (DGPS), 300 and ALN, 197, 207, 210, 222, 223, General Staff, ALN. See EMG 224, 225 Ghazali, Muhammad, 274 and Europeans and Jews, 231 Gheziel, Benabbès, 299, 331 and Motion of the 61, 203 Ghozali, Sid Ahmad, 289 and other political parties, 206 GIA. See Jama’a al-islamiyya ‘l-musallaha and sovereignty, 241–42 Gousmi, Chérif, 309 as single vanguard party, 244 GPRA. See Provisional Government of the CCE, 208, 209–10 Algerian Republic civilian bombing targets, 229 grain trade, 46, 50 counter-state, 212 wheat, century of, 45 disciplinary practices, 211 Grangaud, Isabelle, 347 divisions in, 243 Grangaud, Jean-Paul, 134 Fédération de France, 208, 217, 241, Green Youth (Jeunesse verte), 157 242, 245 Grégoire, Collette (Anna Greki), 216 guerilla attacks, 214 Grévy, Albert, 105 local adherence to, 210–11 GSPC (Salafist Group for Preaching and Moudjahid, El, 232 Combat), 322 National Assembly, 244–45 Guenaizia, Abdelmalek, 288–89, 299, 331 nizam, 211 Guermah, Massinissa, 325 resistance to, 212–14 Gueydon, Louis de, 105 UNJA, 273 Guidance and Reform Society (jami’yat FNF (French National Front), 229 al-irshad wa’l-islah), 295 food shortages, 46 Gulf War (1991), 287 forced resettlement, 218 foreign direct investment, 283, 325 Habsburg empire, 10 France habus foundations, 35, 94–95, 347 Algerians in, 137 Hachani, Abdelkader, 289, 310 conquest of Algeria, 49–50 Hack, El (periodical), 147, 151 pacification of Algeria, 73–76, 77–80, 85 Haddad, shaykh, 78–79, 115 relations with, 45–46 Haddam, Anwar, 310 Third Republic, 86 Hadj Ali, Abdelkader, 167 Francis, Ahmed, 241 Hadj Ali, Bashir, 204, 253–54 and CNRA, 242 Hadjerès, Sadek, 136, 189, 191, 192, 204, and Motion of the 61, 203 253–54, 261 Free Officers’ coup, Egypt, 195 Hafsid dynasty, 10 French Algeria Resistance Organisation Halimi, Gisèle, 216 (ORAF), 229 HAMAS (Movement for an Islamic French Communist Party (PCF), 154 Society/Movement of Society for French National Front (FNF), 229 Peace), 306, 316 French nationality, 106–7 Hamet, Ismaël, 148 Friends of the Manifesto and Freedom Hamidu, Ra’is, 36 (AML), 185, 186 Hamrouche, Malika, 187

Index 425

Hamrouche, Mouloud, 187, 197, 281, 282, Ilj Ali, 31 283, 284, 286, 297 Imache, Amar, 190–91 and FIS, 297 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 320 Hanaﬁ school, 31 immigrants Hanoune, Louisa, 298 in Algiers, 30, 33, 36–37 Haouès, Si, 209 independence, war of, 133 Harakat al-nahda ’l-islamiyya (Islamic indigénat, 123–28, 132–33, 167, 171 Renaissance Movement, MNI), abolition of, 183 306, 316 criminal courts, 126–27 Harbi, Mohamed, 240–41, 248, 250, insurrection 253–54 ecological factors and, 75–76 harkis, 213, 231, 232, 313 Intelligence and Security Department. Haroun, Ali, 241, 301, 302 See DRS Harrachi, Dahmane, 137, 143 Interministerial War Committee Hasan ‘Corso’,30–31 (CIG), 239 Hasni, Cheb, 290 International Congress of Orientalists, Paris Hassan Bey, 52 (1897), 138 Hattab, Hassan, 309 International Human Rights League, 265 Hawari (Lhouari), Sidi, 41 Islah (newspaper), 165 Henine, Yahya, 191, 192 Islam Henri d’Orléans, Duke of Aumale, 71 defence and promotion of, 261–63 High Plateaux, 14 performance of, 161–62 High State Committee (HCE), 289, Islam, L’ (journal), 148 303, 315 Islamic Armed Group. See Jama’a CNC, 302 al-islamiyya ’l-musallaha hittistes, 308 Islamic Armed Mouvement (MIA), 278 Hizb al-sha’b al-jaza’iri. See Algerian Islamic brotherhoods, 327–28 People’s Party Islamic orders, 42–44, 81 Hocine, Baya, 221 and performance of Islam, 162 Hoffman, Slimane, 252 Derqawa, 43, 46 Huhu, Ahmad Reda, 145 revolts by, 75 Humanisme musulman (periodical), Tijaniyya, 43, 46, 68, 117 262, 264 Islamic Renaissance Movement. See Husayn Dey, 23, 50–51, 52 Harakat al-nahda ’l-islamiyya Husayn Pasha, 31, 47, 48 Islamic Salvation Army (Armée islamique du hymn competition, 235–36 salut, AIS), 310, 323 Islamic Salvation Front (Al-jabha al- Ibadi Muslims, 28–30, 136 islamiyya li’l-inqadh, Front islamique du n59, 346 salut, FIS), 286–89, 296–97, 304–5, ibn al-Hajj Hassan, Muhammad, 120 310, 316 ibn Khadra, Qaddur, 120 Islamic Values Society (Jam’iyat al-qiyam Ibn Khaldun, 15 al-islamiyya), 262, 263, 264 ibn Salem, Mahfuz ibn Abi Zayd, 121 Islamism, 277–78, 291–92, 293, Ibn Saud, 158 302, 335 Ibnou Zekri, M’hand Said, 161 Issiakhem, Mohamed Ibrahim Abu ’l-Yaqzan, 164 monument aux morts (Algiers), 340–41 Ibrahim, Qa’id, 61 Ibrahimi, Ahmed Taleb, 246–47, 261, 267, jabha al-islamiyya li’l-inqadh. See Islamic 270, 276, 285, 327, 382 Salvation Front Ibrahimi, Bashir, 159, 164, 166, 185, jabhat al-tahrir al-watani. See FLN 203, 248 Jama’a al-islamiyya ’l-musallaha (Islamic Ibrahimi, Khaoula Taleb, 268–69 Armed Group, GIA), 308, 309 Idir (Hamid Cheriet), 268 and abduction of Tibhirine monks, 311 Idrissi, 27 jama’as, 25, 28, 29, 36, 83, 140–41, 152, Ikdam, L’ (newspaper), 154 156, 171, 210

426 Index

jami‘yat al-irshad wa’l-islah (Guidance and Krim, Belkacem, 195, 197, 208, 210, 222, Reform Society), 295 239, 240 janissary corps, 36, 37, 45, 47, 347 and assassination attempt on and fall of Algiers, 52 Boumediene, 255–56 janviéristes, 299, 301, 302–3, 330–31 and CIG, 239 Jawad, Kamal, 235 and CNRA, 242 Jeune Afrique (news magazine), 235 assassination of, 246 jeune Musulman, Le (periodical), 164 opposition to Ben Bella, 240, 242 jeunes Algériens,85 Ksentini, Rachid, 260 Jeunesse verte (Green Youth), 157 Kseur demands, El (El-Kseur Jews, 110–11, 113–17, 231 platform), 326 in Algiers, 35–36 in Nedroma, 28 Laban, Maurice, 204 music, 144–45 Lacheraf, Abdallah, 270 pogroms, 46 Lacheraf, Mostefa, 191, 209, 241, status of, 123 269, 302 Jonnart law, 152 Lacoste, Robert, 205 JORA (official government bulletin), 386 Laferrière, Édouard, 111 Jouhaud, Edmond, 229 Lagaillarde, Pierre, 226, 229 Julien, Charles-André, 49, 58 Lahouel, Hocine, 194, 198 July Monarchy, 90 Lakhal-Ayat, Medjoub, 300 Lakhdari, Samia, 221 Kabylia, 21–22, 22, 25, 27, 39 Lamari, Ismaïl ‘Smaïn’, 299, 314, 317, conquest of, 75 331, 388 MAK, 327 Lamari, Mohamed, 288–89, 299, 314, 331 Kafi, Ali, 301 Lambert, Gabriel, 116 Kateb, Kamel, 77 Lamoricière, Christophe Léon Louis Kateb, Yacine, 181 Juchault de, 71–72 Kehal, Arezki, 174 Lamoudi, Lamine, 164, 176 Kemal Reis, 10 Lamouri plot, 222 Kemal, Mustafa, 158 land laws, 96–98 Képi bleu (film), 218 language question, 266–70 Kezzouli, Hocine, 141 bilingualism, 267, 269–70 Kezzouli, Omar, 141 diglossia, 267–68 Khaled ibn al-Hashemi ibn Abd al-Qadir, Tamazight, 269, 275, 326, 327 emir (‘Emir Khaled’), 82, 153–54 Lasry, Jacob, 113–14 Khalef, Abdallah. See Merbah, Kasdi Laugier de Tassy, Jacques Philippe Khalifa, Rafic ‘Moumen’, 324–25 n86, 348 khammas (share croppers), 19 Lavigerie, Charles, 150 Kharroubi, Mohamed, 270 law and order, 308–9 Khattabi, Abd al-Krim, 251 Layada, Abdelhak, 309 Khayr al-Din Barbarossa, 9, 11, 37 Lazarist missionaries, 89 Khayr al-Din, Muhammad, 164 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 291 Khayra bint Abd al-Qadir, 83 Léveilley, Moh (Mohammed Allal), 309 Khellef, Abdelaziz, 280 Leyris, Raymond, 144 Khemisti, Mohamed, 245–46 Liberté (newspaper), 188 Khider, Mohamed, 193, 195, 203, 209, 240 Ligue des droits de l’homme, 169 and CNRA, 242 literature assassination of, 246 Ghadat umm al-qura (The Young Woman Political Bureau, 242 of Mecca), 145 resignation of, 245 local politics, 140–41 Khoja, Hamdan ben Uthman, 53, 56 Lotfi, Colonel, 209 Kissinger, Henry, 259 Louis XVI, king of France, 45 Kouidri, Omar, 145 Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, 52, 54 Kouko, kingdom of, 39 Lounès, Matoub, 291, 325

Index 427

ma‘una (assistance) tax, 62 Mercier, Gustave, 49 Mac Mahon, Patrice de, 102 Merouche, Lemnouar, 30, 45 Madani, Ahmad Tawfiq, 164, 200 Messaadia, Mohamed Cherif, 285 madrasas, 163 Messali Hadj (Ahmad Mesli), 154–55, 166, Mazouna, 27–28 167–69, 170, 172–73, 174, 175, 179, Maghrib 185, 186, 189, 190–91, 261 political sovereignty over, 9–10 and MNA, 224–25 Maillot, Henri, 204 and MTLD, 189, 193–94 MAK (Movement for the Autonomy of Le problème algérien, 191 Kabylia), 327 on Berberism, 191 Malek, Redha, 241, 302, 303, 316 Meynier, Gilbert, 146 MALG (Ministry of Armaments and Mezerna, Ahmed, 225 General Liaison), 210, 239 Mezrag, Madani, 310 Maliki school (of jurisprudence), 29, MIA (Islamic Armed Mouvement), 278 43, 346 migration, 136 Malraux, André, 230 clandestine, 294 Mammeri, Mouloud, 268, 276, 277 to France, 137, 258 Mandouze, André, 182 migration stories, 41 Manifesto of the Algerian People, 182–98 Milano, Maximilien (Max Régis), 110–11 Maqam al-shahid (Martyr’s Memorial), 274 Mili, Mubarak, 164 Maqta, Battle of, 65 milk (possessed/private) land, 19, 20–21, 97 Marchal, Charles, 110 millenialism, 73–75 Marsa Ben Mehidi, 1 Ministry of Armaments and General martyrology, 310 Liaison (MALG), 210, 239 Martyr’s Memorial, 274 Misbah, El (periodical), 147, 149 Maschino, Dalila, 265–66 Mitidja, 22–23, 27 massacres, 179–80, 212–13, 224, Mitterrand, François, 194 311–13, 317 MNA (Mouvement national algérien), Massu, Jacques, 214, 219, 226 224–25 Maurice Audin Committee, 216 MNI. See Harakat al-nahda ‘l-islamiyya Mawdudi, Abu A’la, 262 Mohand Ou Mohand Aït Hmadouch, MDA (Movement for Democracy in 79–80 Algeria), 298, 316 Molle, Jules, 116 MDRA (Democratic Movement for Mollet, Guy, 204–5 Algerian Renewal), 256 monde du contact (contact zone), 133–34 Mechati, Mohamed, 181, 197 Monnerot, Guy, 199 Méchiche, Fatima, 379 Montagne, Robert, 184 Medeghri, Ahmed, 249, 250, 379 Morinaud, Emile, 104, 105, 116, 117 Mediène, Mohamed ‘Tewfik’. See Tewfik Morocco, 136 Mehadji, Tayyib, 187 Morsly, Tayyeb, 147 Mehenni, Ferhat, 326 Mostaghanem, 2 Mehmed Ali, 51 Motion of the 61, 202–3 Mehmed Osman Pasha, 38, 45 Moudjahid, El (newspaper), 232, 241, 265 Mehri, Abd al-Hamid, 198, 268, 285, 286, Mouhoub, Jean, 150 316, 335, 336 Mouin (adjoint), 120 Mehri, Djilali, 311 Moussaoui, Abderrahmane, 385 MEI (Mouvement pour l’état islamique), 305 mouvement de redressement (FLN), 330 Mekbel, Saïd, 290 Mouvement national algérien (MNA, Mekhloufi, Saïd, 305 Algerian National Movement), 224–25 Mekki, Chadli, 225 Mouvement pour le triomphe des libertés Melouza massacre, 224 démocratiques (MTLD, Movement for Menia, Amina, 340 the Triumph of Democratic Merabet, Ali, 323–24 Freedoms), 186–88, 195, 198 Merbah, Kasdi (Abdallah Khalef), 239, Fédération de France, 191 256, 270, 285, 286, 310 Messali and, 189, 193–94

428 Index

Mouvement pour (cont.) National Constituent Assembly, 243–44 OS, 192–93 National Consultative Council (CNC), 302 PPA-MTLD, 188–89, 261 National Council of the Algerian Movement for an Islamic Society/ Revolution (CNRA), 208, 209, 239, Movement of Society for Peace 241–42 (HAMAS), 306, 316 divisions in, 242 Movement for Democracy in Algeria Tripoli program, 240–41 (MDA), 298, 316 National Council of the Resistance Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylia (CNR), 230 (MAK), 327 National Democratic Rally (RND), MTLD. See Mouvement pour le triomphe des 298, 316 libertés démocratiques National Federation of Retired m’turnis (turncoats), 130–31, 145, 154, Workers, 329 160–61 National Liberation Army. See ALN Muhammad ben Sidi Ramdan ben Yusuf National Liberation Front. See FLN al-‘Ilj’, Sidi, 31 National Organisation of Mujahidin Muhammad ibn Abdallah (Bu Ma’za), 74 (ONM), 301–2, 313 Muhammad Khaznaji, 46 National Organisation of the Children of Muhyi al-Din ben Mustafa, Sidi, 59–60 Martyrs (ONEC), 301–2 Muntaqid, al- (periodical), 154, 165 National Organisation of the Children of Muqrani family, 27 Mujahidin (ONEM), 301–2 Muqrani, Muhammad al-Hajj, 77–79 National People’s Army. See ANP Muqrani, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Salam national reconciliation law, 292, 323, 324 , 351 National Republican Alliance (ANR), 302 murders, 290–91 nationality law, 107 Musette (Auguste Robinet), 111–12 naturalisation, 107, 110, 122, 130, 150, music, 143–45, 264 151, 152, 153, 160–61 Arab-Andalusian, 28, 144, 145 naturalisés, 130–31, 151, 153, 161 gnawa,44 Navarro, Pedro, 10 in cafés, 143 newspapers, 143 Jews and, 144–45 Nezzar, Khaled, 288–89, 299, 300, néo-chanson kabyle, 268 301, 330 raï genre, 264 Notre Dame de l’Atlas monastery, sha’abi music, 143 Tibhirine musical societies, 143 abduction of monks, 311, 317 Muslim Brotherhood, 273, 274, 278 Nouschi, André, 17 Mustafa Bey, Mustafa wuld al-Hajj, 120 Mustafa ibn al-Hashemi ibn Abd al-Qadir, OAS (Secret Army Organisation), 229–30 emir, 82 ceaseﬁre agreement with FLN, 240 Mutribiyya company, 143, 144 oil prices, 321, 322 Mzab, 28–30, 39 ojaq. See janissary corps Mzabi diaspora, 29 Olivier (chef de bureau), 120 Omar Gatlato (ﬁlm), 263–64 N’Soumer, Lalla Fatima, 74–75 ONEC (National Organisation of the nadi al-taraqqi (Progress Club), 163 Children of Martyrs), 301–2 Naegelen, Marcel-Edmond, 187, 188, 192 ONEM (National Organisation of the Nahnah, Mahfoud, 295, 306, 327 Children of Mujahidin), 301–2 Napoleon III, 96 ONM (National Organisation of National Algerian Students’ Union Mujahidin), 301–2, 313 (UNEA), 256 Operation Torch, 182 National Army of the Algerian People, 225 Operational Military Committees National Association of Zawaya, 328 (COMs), 209 National Charter (1976), 260, 271 ORAF. See French Algeria Resistance National Commission for Educational Organisation Reform, 266 Order of the Knights of St John of Malta, 349

Index 429

Organisation of the Islamic popular culture Conference, 263 A vava inouva (song), 268 origin stories, 37, 41 population growth, 134–35, 263 Orléans, Duke of (Ferdinand Philippe), 69 populist nationalism, 166–67 Orléans, Duke of (Louis Philippe), 52, 54 pouvoir, le, 244–45, 271, 281, 284, 330, ORP (Popular Resistance Organisation, 337–39 Organisation de la résistance poverty, 142 populaire), 254 PPA. See Algerian People’s Party ORP-PAG. See ORP PPA-MTLD, 188–89, 195 Ortiz, Jo, 229 rewriting of history, 261 OS (Organisation spéciale), 192–93 PPF (Parti populaire français), 172, 176 Ottoman empire, 10 PRA (Party for Algerian Renewal), 306–7 Ou El-Haj, Mohand, 246 premier homme, Le (book), 101 Ouamrane, Amar, 208 Principal Military Investigation Centre Oulahlou (Kabyle musician), 325 (CPMI), 338 Oultache, Chouaib, 330 printemps noir (Black Spring), 325–27 Ouma, El (newspaper), 169, 172–73, privateers. See corsairs 174, 194 problème algérien, Le (brochure), 191 Ounissi, Zhor, 266 Progress Club (Cercle du Progrès), 163 Ouyahia, Ahmed, 320, 327 property rights, 94–95, 97 Ouzegane, Amar, 204 prostitution, 265 in 19th-century Algeria, 91–92 Papon, Maurice, 217 in Algiers, 35 Parlement algérien, Le (newspaper), 175 Provisional Government of the Algerian Parti de la révolution socialiste (PRS), 245 Republic (GPRA), 210, 222, 240, parti des Jeunes, 147 242–43 Parti du peuple algérien. See Algerian PRS (Socialist Revolutionary Party), 245 People’s Party PT (Parti des travailleurs, Workers’ Party), Parti populaire français (PPF), 172, 176 297, 298, 316 Parti social français, 172 public education laws, 112 Party for Algerian Renewal (PRA), 306–7 pay, rates of Qasim, Mouloud, 264, 265, 266 Algerians, 100 qui tue dispute, 291, 292, 321 Europeans, 100 Qutb, Sayyid, 262, 296 PCA. See Algerian Communist Party PCF. See French Communist Party ra’is. See corsairs Pellissier de Reynaud, Edmond, 55–56 Rahal, Abdellatif, 138, 269 people’s assemblies, 211 Rally for Culture and Democracy Pépé le Moko (ﬁlm), 92 (Rassemblement pour la culture et la periodical press, 143 démocratie, RCD), 286, 297, 298 personal status (statut personnel), 123, Ramdan ben ‘Abdallah, 30 125, 177 Ramdane, Benabdelmalek, 197 and citizenship, 151–52, 183–84 Randon, Jacques Louis, 75 and naturalisation, 122, 130, 160–61 Raptis, Michaelis ‘Pablo’, 248 Emir Khaled and, 153–54 Rebel, Paul, 145 Pétain, Philippe, 117 red night massacres, 212–13 Peyreﬁtte, Alain, 243 Redjam, Abderrezak, 310 Peyrouton, Marcel, 117, 183 reform program, 148–49 Peyssonnel, André, 17 Régis, Max (Maximilien Milano), 110–11 Picard, Aurélie, 117 relief payments, 81 pieds noirs, 134, 231–32 Renard, Delphine, 230 Poincaré, Raymond, 149 République algérienne, La (newspaper), 175 Political Bureau (FLN), 240, 242, 243 Revolutionary Committee for Unity and political emancipation, 147 Action (CRUA), 194, 195 political parties, 143 RND (National Democratic Rally), 298, 316

430 Index

Robinet, Auguste (Musette), 111–12 social problems, 146 Roblès, Emmanuel, 204 Socialist Forces Front (Front des forces Rovigo, duke of, Anne Jean Marie René socialistes, FFS), 246, 286, 298 Savary, 55–56 Socialist Revolutionary Party Ruptures (newspaper), 290 (Parti de la révolution socialiste, PRS), 245 Sadi, Saïd, 286, 326, 332, 333 Socialist Vanguard Party (Parti de l’avant- Sahara, 15–17 garde socialiste, PAGS), 255, 256, 286, Saharan Atlas, 14 297, 298 Sahnoun, Ahmad, 278 society Sahraoui, Abdelbaki, 321 ecological factors, impact of, 76–77 Saïd, Mohammed, 224, 241, 296 in Algiers, 35 Saint-Arnaud, Jacques Leroy de, 70 structure of, 17, 44 saints Society of Missionaries of Africa, 150 tombs of, 41, 42 Soltani, Abd al-Latif, 278 Salaﬁst Group for Preaching and Combat SONATRACH (Société nationale pour la (GSPC), 322 recherche, la production, le transport, la Salah Bey, 40 transformation et la commercialisation des Salah Bey Circle, 147 hydrocarbures), 257, 330 Salan, Raoul, 226, 229, 230 Soult, Jean-de-Dieu, 68, 101 Salim al-Tumi, 11 Soummam Congress, 208–9 Sant’Egidio initiative, 315–16 Soustelle, Jacques, 200, 204, 226 Sanusi, Muhammad ibn Ali, 27 Aimée et souffrante Algérie, 219 Sanusiyya brotherhood, 27 Special Administrative Sections, 213 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 216 Spain Sasportès (Algerian Jew), 114–15 and North Africa, 9, 10 Schreier, Joshua, 113 sport, 145 Scout troops, 179, 181, 183 sports clubs, 143 Second World War state of emergency, 307 Algerian resistance, 113 statut personnel. See personal status Secret Army Organisation. See OAS Statute of Algeria (1947), 106, 184, 185 Sécurité militaire (SM), 239, 256, 300, 301 St-Michel underground station self-defence groups. See citizen militia bombing, 321 Sellal, Abdelmalek, 339 Stoetzel, Marcelle, 167 Seminars for the Propagation of Islamic strikes, 287–88 Thought, 264, 265–66, 270 student demonstrations, 276–77, 284 Sénac, Jean, 265 students’ union (UGEMA), 207 Sénatus-Consultes, 96, 97, 122, 123 Sublime Porte (Ottoman government), 37 Sérigny, Alain de, 226 Suﬁ (mystical) orders, 42–43 Sessions, Jennifer, 92 suicide, 265, 294 Setif massacre (May 1945), 179–80 Sunni Muslims, 28–29 Shaler, William, 22–23, 34 shari‘a law, 124 Tafna, treaty of, 66–67, 69 Shaw, Thomas, 17, 23 tariqas. See Islamic orders Shia Muslims, 28 Tartag, Athmane ‘Bachir’, 337–38 Shihab, al- (periodical), 154, 158, 160, 163 Tasuli, Ali, 67 Simounet, Roland, 204 tax system, 27, 40 Sivan, Emmanuel, 116 Abd al-Qadir and, 62 slavery, 31–35, 36, See also uluj for Algerians, 98 demand for abolition of, 48 for Europeans, 98 manumission, 34–35 tax revolt, 84 SM. See Sécurité miltaire Tayebi, Mohamed ‘Larbi’, 249, 273 SMA (Algerian Muslim Scouts), 188 Tebessi, Larbi, 164, 166 social improvement Tellian Atlas, 13–14 education and, 147 terrorism, 307, 309–17, 321–22

Index 431

Tewﬁk (Mohamed ‘Tewﬁk’ Mediène), Union Populaire Algérienne (UPA), 157, 169 300–1, 317, 330, 337 Unions Latines, 116 thafsut imazighen (Berber Spring), 277 University of Islamic Sciences, theatre, 143, 145–46 Constantine, 274 Thomson, Gaston, 104 UNJA (FLN youth union), 273 Thorez, Maurice, 176–77 ‘Uqbi, Tayyib al-, 159, 164, 165, 172, 204 Tibhirine Urbain, Thomas-Ismaïl, 86–87 abduction of Notre Dame de l’Atlas USTA (trade union), 225 monks, 311, 317 Tijani, Sidi Muhammad, 68, 352 Vaillant-Couturier, Paul, 167 Tijaniyya order, 43, 46, 68, 117 Valée, Sylvain Charles, 68, 69 tithes (‘ushr), 62 Valensi, Lucette, 16, 25 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 69–70, 102 Vérité-Liberté (periodical), 216 topographic zones, 13–14 Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, 385 coastal mountains, 13 Vietnamese people’s army, 197 High Plateaux, 14 Vigneau, Philippe, 219 Saharan Atlas, 14 violence Tellian Atlas, 13–14 murders, 290–91, 294 torture, 214–17 Viollette, Maurice, 155, 171 Touati, Mohamed ‘El Mokh’, 299, 331 Vive l’Algérie (brochure), 191 Tounsi, Ali, 330 Voix indigène, La (periodical), 150 trade unions, 143, 167, 170 von Sivers, Peter, 82 student unions, 256 voting rights, 152–53 UGTA, 207, 225 women, 184 Trévidic, Marc, 388 Trézel, Camille Alphonse, 65 Wadi Mizab (periodical), 164 Tripoli program (1962), 240–41, 243, 244, Wafa’ (Fidelity) party, 327 252, 257 Wanisi, Hamdan, 139 War of Independence, 195–206 UDMA (Union démocratique du ALN and, 201–2 manifeste algérien, Democratic Union death toll, 232–33 for the Algerian Manifesto), 186, French bombing, 226 187, 188 modernisation of Algeria, 217–18 UGCA (shopkeepers’ union), 207 Philippeville (Skikda), 201–2 UGEMA (students’ union), 207 torture, 214–16 UGTA (trade union), 207, 225 ultras, 229–31 ‘ulama, 95, 158, 159–60, 166, 188, See also war on terror, 321 Association of Algerian Muslim ‘ulama Warda al-Jaza’iriyya, 307 (AUMA) Warnier law, 97 Education Club, 163 Warnier, Auguste, 97 FLN, 203 Warthilani, Husayn ibn Muhammad, 42 reform, 163, 165, 169, 171 Wartilani, Fadil, 163 Statute of Algeria, 184 White Fathers, 150 War of Independence, 200 White Sisters, 150 uluj (Christian captives converted to Wilson, Woodrow, 153 Islam), 36 women in Algiers, 30–31 and citizenship, 152 Umma, al- (periodical), 164 and family law, 273 UN General Assembly, 206 and reforms, 155 UNEA (Natinal Algerian Students’ education for girls, 146 Union), 256 emancipation of, 220–21 unemployment, 324 in communes mixtes, 127 UNESCO/Arab League education role in war of independence, 220–22 ministers’ conference (1970), 266 status of, 124 Union Intercoloniale, 167 voting rights, 184 Union of Algerian Women, 188 women’s rights, 265, 273

432 Index

World Congress of the Partisans of Peace, Zayyanid dynasty, 9, 11 Paris (1949), 182 Abu Hammu, 11 Wuillaume, Roger, 215 Zbiri, Tahar, 250, 255 Zeddour, Brahim, 187 Yacef, Omar (‘Petit Omar’), 214 Zeddour, Kacem (Bilqasim), 187 Yacef, Saadi, 214 Zehouane, Hocine, 253–54 Yacine, Amar ‘Napoli’, 308 Zeller, Marie-André, 229 Yacine, Kateb, 268, 277 Zenadi, Mohamed, 379 Yaﬁl, Edmond, 144 Zenati, Rabah, 150, 151 Yahyaoui, Mohamed-Salah, 270 Zerhouni, Noureddine ‘Yezid’, 330 Ya’qubi, Ahmad ibn Abi Ya’qub al-, 28 Zeroual, Liamine, 315, 316, 317 Yazid, Mhammed, 222, 241 Zerrouk, Mahieddine, 176, 184 Young Algerian Circle, 147 Zghar, Messaoud, 252, 265, 273, 380 Young Algerians, 140, 149 Zighout Youssef, 200, 201, 208, 209 Yusuf, Qa’id, 31 Zitouni, Djamel, 311 Zouabri, Antar, 309 ZAA (Algiers Autonomous Zone), 208, 243 zzit wa sukkar (oil and sugar) riots, 328, Zahhar, Ahmad Sharif, 47, 49, 82 335