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Between Bible and Qur'an STUDIES IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND EARLY ISLAM 17 BETWEEN BIBLE AND QUR’AN STUDIES IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND EARLY ISLAM 17 BETWEEN BIBLE AND QUR’AN THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL AND THE ISLAMIC SELF-IMAGE URI RUBIN THE DARWIN PRESS, INC. PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 1999 Copyright © 1999 by t h e d a r w in p r e s s , i n c ., Princeton, NJ 08543. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles or reviews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rubin, Uri, 1944- Between Bible and Qur’an : the children of Israel and the islamic self-image / Uri Rubin. p. cm. — (Studies in late antiquity and early Islam ; 17) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87850-134-7 1. Bible. O.T.— Islamic interpretations. 2. Bible. O.T.- -Criticism, interpretation, etc.-History-Middle Ages, 600-1500. 3. Islam-Relations-Judaism. 4. Judaism-Relations-Islam. 5. Islam-Relations-Christianity. 6. Christianity and other religions-Islam. I. Title. II. Series. BP173.J8R77 1999 297.2'8--dc21 99-23119 CIP The paper in this book is acid-free neutral pH stock and meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Printed in the United States of America In Memory of My Parents CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................................ xiii Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 The Selected Material ..................................................................................... 2 The Structure of the Book ............................................................................ 4 PA R T I The Bible: Virtuous Israelites 1. Arab—Jewish Messianism: Syria ...................................................... 11 The Historical Clash with the Byzantines................................................ 12 ‘Abd al-Malik ........................................................................................... 19 The Eschatological Clash with the Byzantines ....................................... 20 The Tribes of Israel and Constantinople............................................. 24 The Lost Tribes ............................................. 26 Constantinople and the Biblical Models ............................................. 30 The Evidence from Jewish Documents...................................................... 32 The Secrets of Rabbi Shim‘o n ............................................................... 32 The Chapters of Rabbi Eliezer ............................................................. 33 The Evidence from Christian Sources..........................................................34 2. The Israelites and A rabia .......................................................................36 The Promised Land and Arabia ................................................................. 37 The Prophets and Arabia ...................................................................... 38 The MahdT and Arabia .......................................................................... 44 Polemics and Arabia ................................................................................ 45 The Lost Tribes and Arabia ........................................................................ 46 Evidence from Documents.............................................................................. 48 The Constitution of Medina ................................................................. 48 A Christian Document: Sebeos ........................................................... 49 vii viii Contents P A R T II The Qur’an: Sinful Israelites IIA. Su per io r A rabs 3. The Affair of the Spies .......................................................................... 55 Qur’anic Israelites........................................................................................... 59 Surat al-Ma’ida (5):20-26 ............................................................................ 61 Jerusalem .................................................................................................. 62 Hijaz ........................................................................................................... 63 Al-Hudaybiyya........................ 64 Badr ...................................................................................................... 69 Interlude: the ShiT Outlook ................................................................ 76 4. The Gate of H itta .................................................................................... 83 Jerusalem .......................................................................................................... 89 Arabia ................................................; ............................................................. 91 The ShPa and Hitta ....................................................................................... 95 The ShTT Compilations .......................................................................... 97 5. The Tablets of Moses and Muhammad’s U m m a ...................... 100 The Transfer of God’s M ercy ..................................................................... I ll IIB. A rabs and O thers A like 6. Israelite and Islamic Sects: the Firaq Tradition ....................... 117 Origins ........................................................................................................... 119 The Historical Part ..................................................................................... 121 The Khawarij and the Firaq Tradition .................................................. 125 Abu Umama and the Beheaded Khawarij ....................................... 125 al-Sawad al-A‘zam .................................................................................. 127 Jama‘a-Ta‘a ........................................................................................... 128 Jews and Christians (71-72) ............................................................... 130 “Judeo-Muslims” and “Christo-Muslims” ................................. 131 The KharijI Archetype.......................................................................... 133 Anti-Heretical Versions................................................................................ 136 Anti-ShiT Versions ....................................................................................... 138 Isolated Versions ........................................................................................... 138 Sectarian Versions ....................................................................................... 141 Anti-Sectarian Reaction ....................................................................... 143 Contents >x Inverted Versions ......................................................................................... 144 7. Israelite Forms of Schism: the Khawarij and the Qur’an ..147 The Khawarij and Surat Al ‘Imran (3):7 .............................................. 147 KharijI Scripturalism ............................................................................ 150 Khawarij and Sunna .............................................................................. 152 Khawarij and Ta’wil .............................................................................. 154 R a’y and Qiyas ..................................................................................... 157 Khawarij, Israelites and the Firaq Tradition ......................................... 159 Other Qur’anic Verses in Abu Umama’s Statement ............................ 160 Anti-Heretical Qur’an Exegesis ................................................................. 161 The Sin of the Calf: Surat al-A‘raf (7):152 ..................................... 162 Surat al-Saff (61):5 ............................................................................... 162 Surat al-Kahf (18): 103-106 ................................................................. 162 Scholars on Heretics and Israelites........................................................... 164 The Qur’anic Text and Islamic Schism .................................................. 165 8. The Ways of Sin: the Sunna Statement ................................... 168 The Chair of ‘All ......................................................................................... 169 The Worship of the Calf ............................................................................ 170 Similes of Symmetry ................................................................................... 173 The Iraqi Versions ................................................................................. 174 Sins Against the Qur’an ...................................................................... 176 QadarTs .................................................................................................... 177 Imitated Movements .......................................... 180 Imitation + Symmetry ........................................................................ 181 Qur’anic Sins .......................................................................................... 182 Actualisation: Jews and Christians .................................................
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