EXTRANSLATION 拡 - the Extension of Translation - 拡張張 Research Question

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EXTRANSLATION 拡 - The Extension of Translation - 拡張張 Research Question

EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- How can shifts by in context and Hanna Shibata form enlarge the scope of communication?

Bachelor of Arts, Visual Communication Design College of Art and Design, Musashino Art University March 2010

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts, Communications Design, School of Design, Pratt Institute May 2020

EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 3 Table of Contents

3 Research Question 35 [Cross-linguistic conversation]

6 Introduction 42 [Visualizing implication]

8 What is “translation”? 48 [Shapes that communicates]

10 Abstract 54 [Capstone Projects]

12 Literature Review 64 Contribution to the Discipline

16 Contextual Framework 66 Evaluation and Conclusion

18 [*1]Social structure corresponds with language structure (Language Glass) 66 [Findings and Conclusion]

19 [*2]The limitation of language leads to the low fidelity of the (abstract)idea or 69 [Evaluation] meaning (Dominance of language) 71 Further directions 22 [*3]What is the universal structure of information? (Forms of Communication) 72 Glossary of Terms 24 Delimitations 82 Bibliography 25 Process and Methodologies 85 Acknowledgements 26 [100 days of Fragmentation]

32 [Remix project] Introduction

Globalization has made us live in a familiar to them. Then, how do they more connected, timeless, and aware translate their abstract ideas z forms world through communicative tools, and channels that are not familiar? and technology allows the speed of Or translate abstract content into views being aligned and united to be their own language? Contents such accelerated. Many values are easier as humor or political context rely to access and translatable than fifty hugely on abstract concepts, a shared years ago. In such an era, direct cultural background or knowledge, translations are often enough to get even common sense. In the translation by or to be published; news outlets, process, elements of the message novels, subtitles or voice-overs of films, often get lost. How can design bridge and so on. However, with nuance, the gap between different languages? abstract concepts, or customs without Or between different thoughts and full expression, can a literal translation cultures? To consider what the be accepted as a valid outcome? Even authenticity of a communication is, a in this globalized world, any society design needs to be aware of what we reflects its unique customs and are losing in the translation process. thoughts. Furthermore, in return, these customs, ideas, and language reflect on how we perceive the world, affecting our daily social interactions.

People interpret their thoughts by using the language that is most

6 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- What is “translation”?

A “translation” Which is used as is an action a methodology or a process to understand to convert that “something” something into in another form, another form. or way. investigate how people participate in Abstract communication by translating, and how different contexts alter concepts. My research will provide examples of how people try to understand unfamiliar customs or abstract concepts through non-linguistic languages, including images, gestures, or artifacts. These design explorations will support fresh conjectures about the process The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, formulated understanding of how translation— of translation, its impact on social by linguists Edward Sapir and the act of decoding and paraphrasing behavior, and question the authenticity Benjamin Whorf in 1929, claims that through a cultural context works. of the communication. Finally, my thesis the structure of a language determines However, they still do not quite will attempt to identify new ways to how native speakers perceive the world answer how visual and interactive preserve and reinforce fidelity to the and influences how they build their communicative elements work as social, cultural, environmental contexts thoughts and behaviors. From this idea, decoding keys in the translation process, in multilingual communication. it is easy to draw out some conjectures or how context impacts the act of about how society is constructed and translation and the comprehension of shared through language. Linguist Guy meaning. Deutscher supports the hypothesis through his own argument that Through research and interactive while language continuously reflects, experiments, I will explore how people reinforces, and generates culture, it also see the world and interpret experiences limits our ability to see certain concepts that cannot be expressed through verbal outside of its own framework—the and written language. While language idea of a “language glass.” In contrast reproduces culture and reinforces to Sapir, Whorf, and Deutscher is the identity, individual experiences also concept of a “universal grammar,” exist beyond and outside of the realm developed by Noam Chomsky, which of language. Language identifies and argues that every language on Earth distills these experiences through shares the same structure. another form. Cultural probes, performing acts, visual ethnographic All these ideas contribute to our research, and observations will

10 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 11 The word “interpretation” also Literature Review originates from Late Middle English from either a Old French interpretation or Latin, and the dictionary defines as

According to the Oxford dictionary, the below, origin of the word “translation” comes from ‘carried across’ from the Middle [NOUN] English from Old French, or from Latin. [mass noun] It defines as an act of the process, or 1.The action of explaining the meaning of something. instance of translating: such as ‘the interpretation of data’ 1.1. [count noun]An explanation or way of explaining. [NOUN] ‘this action is open to a number of interpretations’ [mass noun] 1.2. [count noun]A stylistic representation of a creative work or dramatic role 1. The process of translating words or text from one language into another. ‘his unique interpretation of the Liszt études’ ‘the translation of the Bible into English’ 1.1.[count noun]A written or spoken rendering of the meaning of a word or text From the above etymologies, translation 1. Convert the message/information in another language. can be seen as an action of converting without changing the meaning ‘a Spanish translation of Calvin's great work’ a message and information into other 2. Transform meaning with the focal 1.2.The conversion of something from one form or medium into another. forms, while interpretation also resolution and context ‘the translation of research findings into clinical practice’ includes an explanation of the concept. 3. Follow appropriate paths of delivery 1.3.-Biology- The process by which a sequence of nucleotide triplets in a Both of them overlap with one another. for the recipient messenger RNA molecule gives rise to a specific sequence of amino acids A translation may have an aspect of during synthesis of a polypeptide or protein. “interpretation” and “explaining,” A British-American linguist, Geoffrey but this is just a small part of it. Since K. Pullum, claims that sign languages, 2.-formal, technical- The process of moving something from one place to another. translation is the conversion of a Creole languages, and vernacular ‘the translation of the relics of St Thomas of Canterbury’ specific concept, it cannot change the dialects all instantiate the same human 1 2.1.-Mathematics- Movement of a body from one point of space to another value of what it conveys. Therefore, the capacity for linguistic expression 1. This such that every point of the body moves in the same direction and over the priority of a translation would be to argument is similar to what Noam same distance, without any rotation, reflection, or change in size. convert the core concept and maintain Chomsky says when he refers to the the value of the content itself. “Universal Language.” The idea of

For those reasons, a translation needs to, 1 Pullum, Geoffrey K. Linguistics Why it Matters. Polity, 2018

12 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 13 the Universal Language is that every of human nature, of justice, of the with each other. Their thoughts are Communication is not only through language on Earth is structured upon realisation of the essence of human instantly interpreted into English and verbal language but also through the same basis of grammar. If you beings, are all notions and concepts through English customs, which means specific contexts and certain social ask a Martian scientist about what all which have been formed within that in the discussion, the genuine, customs. Sometimes they are earthlings are speaking, they would our civilisation, within our type of abstract ideas are lost. represented through colors, shapes, conclude that they all speak dialects of knowledge and our form of philosophy, forms, sounds. For instance, when you the same language2. and that as a result form part of our There are many case studies on the go to a wedding ceremony and hear class system; and one can’t, however topic of translating humor. Translated “Amazing Grace,” how would you The linguist Paolo Virno argues that regrettable it may be, put forward these results show how a sense of humor is feel? If you are familiar with this song, an act of speech is a foundational and notions to describe or justify a fight most likely to get lost in translation, you may become confused. The song political issue, a social activity, and is which should-and shall in principle— and how difficult it is to translate jokes. is beautiful but is neither celebration self-awareness3. He calls the action of overthrow the very fundamentals of The reason why humor or jokes are or cheer for a newly-wed couple. speaking up the act of “I speak.” In his our society.”4 What happens to ideas difficult to translate and interpret is that Nevertheless, there are many couples in argument, a human realizes him or and concepts that are beyond those they rely on cultural, educational, and Japan who favor “Amazing Grace” for herself by not thinking but by speaking. references, then? Is it possible to think environmental references. There are their wedding. When he or she speaks, there is always without using the language one does not boundaries of culture, religion, age, and another person who is listening to understand? gender, and so when someone starts a The reason why this happens is not the message or information as a joke, the audience is required to share a apparent, but it could be assumed that it transceiver: this can broadly be called When two humans share a conversation common reference. is because: communication. in a particular language that is neither’s 1. The melody is beautiful mother tongue, their thoughts, and how According to “CHILDREN’S 2. The lyrics (translated, without any Although I understand Virno’s they perceive the world is influenced by EXPLANATIONS: A psycholinguistic flaws) are thoughtful argument over the act of “I speak,” I the non-native language they are using. study” by Donaldson, Morag L. 3. The historical, sensual meaning of the disagree with his conclusion that the For instance, when a Japanese and a (Cambridge University Press, 1986), song is lost limits of one’s language are not the Dane converse in English, their primary children demonstrate their linguistic limits of his thought. In 1971, Michel feelings are interpreted in English, not understanding through the manner Overall, this is a study of considering Foucault said, “[...]you can’t prevent in their mother tongue. So it becomes of explaining. What children perform what kind of process future me from believing that these notions slightly tricky to ask them what the very is an interpretation of their thoughts communication should take by first thing that comes into their mind in and experience. In the process of questioning the translation process. 2 Deutscher, Guy. Through the Language Glass. New conversation is while communicating interpretation, language and cognition York: Metropolitan Books, 2010. somehow interact. I translate this as 3 Giuseppina Mecchia trans. Virno, Paolo.When the 4 Chomsky, Noam, and Michel Foucault. 2006. The “language is interacting at the moment Word Becomes Flesh, Language and Human Nature. Chomsky-Foucault Debate: On Human Nature. New of how the world is perceived.” Semiotext(e), 2015 Press.

14 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 15 Contextual Framework

16 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 17 [*1]Social structure corresponds with language structure group exchange information and European scholars read Homer’s (Language Glass) communicate using the same language description of the ocean, they were and ideas that refer to the same basis of confused; Homer used “color of wine” to cultural customs and references. Humor describe the color of the ocean. Guy Deutscher argues that we all wear According to a Japanese linguist Yukio or jokes and labels of color are useful a pair of “language glasses.” He writes Tsuda, ‘W.J. Coughlin, an American case studies to support this argument in his book that “cultural differences are journalist, reported on the “Mokusatsu” further. In many situations, they rely reflected in the language in profound mistake that caused the atomic on cultural, educational, historical, ways, and that a growing body of bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and environmental references. When reliable scientific research provides (Coughlin,1953). He reports that the solid evidence that our mother tongue Japanese prime minister’s response can affect how we think and how we of “Mokusatsu” to the demand of perceive the world.”5 A language glass complete surrender by the Allies, could be said to be the perception was misinterpreted as a rejection of of every person, formed by the first the demand, driving the American language that determines the viewpoint President, Harry Truman, to decide on towards the world. the atomic bombing. “Mokusatsu ( )” 黙殺 actually means both “ignore” and “no [*2]The limitation of language leads to the low fidelity of the The structure of these glasses are not comment.” ’7 (abstract)idea or meaning (Dominance of language) that simple. There is, for one, language as power. Historically speaking, during In my research, I argue that society is As I stated in the literature review, promotional messaging are useful many colonizations, specific languages a reflection of the aggregate culture while I support Paolo Virno s statement case studies to see what happens ’ functioned not only in conquering structured on specific customs and of I speak, his thoughts seem to be when adapting an idea to foreign “ ” the land, people, or a culture, but in thinking. This argument says that structured on his religious background, customs. Many companies have made dominating academics, politics, forming a specific group of people who although he writes that the limitation of mistranslated ads, sometimes funny, the ways of thinking, and creating perceive the world similarly uses the his words is not the limits of his world. and sometimes offensive to the public. “structural violence.” In Malagasy, same language. People in this same As Foucault states, our concepts and When the American company Coca- French can be referred to as the system of society are always structured Cola translated their name phonetically Stupidity, and the secret Joys of Bureacuracy. Melleville language of command, which is called within our own civilization, generated in Mandarin for the first time in 1928, House, 2015 6 “ny tenai baiko.” from our own ideas and customs, which it was read as bite the wax tadpole “ ” 7 Tsuda, Yukio. “The Hegemony of English and makes it difficult for us to think beyond or female horse stuffed with wax. Strategies for Linguistic Pluralism: Proposing the Ecology “ ” 5 Deutscher, Guy. Through the Language Glass. New boundaries. When the Japanese car company Mazda of Language Paradigm.” http://miresperanto.com/ York: Metropolitan Books, 2010. introduced their car named Laputa, en/english_as_intern/hegemony_of_english.htm. “ ” 6 Graeber, David. The Utopia of Rules On Technology, Accessed October 07, 2019. Design errors in products and while was taken from the famous

18 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 19 Gulliver s Travels, the sales in Spanish case study as well. For instance, The as a disaster entertainment franchise. by Dutch social psychologist Geert “ ’ ” ‘ speaking countries did not go well; Chronicles of Narnia is obviously under In 2014, a whole new Hollywood Hofstede. Brazil, South Korea, Morocco, ’ Laputa refers to the whore in Spanish, the influence of Christianity, and the Godzilla was released as a part of Mexico, and the Philippines are the ‘ ’ “ ” and in many cases, a sexual derogation Godzilla movie series is a collection the MonsterVerse, announcing that at countries with the highest PDIs, that “ ” is taboo in many countries. Both of of Japanese history and memories, the end of the series, Godzilla and King is, cultures in which hierarchies are these examples show unsuccessful transformed over time into a pop- Kong would do battle. strongest. He writes, If you compare “ adaptations between two different culture phenomenon across the world. this list to the ranking of plane crashes cultures with different languages. But In contrast, in the year 2016, a by country, they match up very closely. ” there are examples like them among The first Godzilla movie was released wholly different and new Godzilla In contrast, the five lowest PDIs by similar cultures with the same language in November 1954 in Japan. Godzilla movie was made in Japan. Directed country are as follows: The United as well. So where the bloody hell are is an unknown gigantic or kaiju by Hideaki Anno, the film was titled States, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, “ 怪獣 you? promotion by Tourism Australia (the official translation is monster, Shin Godzilla. This film connotes the and New Zealand. Pilots from these ” ‘ ’ “ ” “ ” was banned immediately in the UK in but there is a different nuance in the Great East Japan earthquake (2011) countries communicate actively the year 2006. While the word bloody original Japanese) which is sturdy and satirizes modern Japanese society. through verbal language, while at the “ ” is a casual hyperbolized expression and radioactive. The movie explains While Hollywood describes Godzilla as same time use their social intelligence considered a little bit naughty in that it was born accidentally from the King of Monsters or as a Guardian and interaction to work closer together. ‘ ’ ‘ Australia, the word is accepted as the American nuclear weaponry of the Earth, the Japanese Godzilla is a ’ an offensive expression in the UK. experiments in Bikini Atoll. metaphor of nature itself, an awesome With the evolution of technology, This expression was even ranked as Interestingly, the way in which Godzilla force that humans cannot do anything communication channels change as the 27th most offensive word on the destroys the Japanese capital Tokyo to resist. Both forms of Godzilla are well, but the structure and the customs banned word list of the UK s Broadcast matches how the city was air raided successes in entertainment, but they are of communication itself do not. Western ’ Advertising Clearance Centre (BACC) at during World War . Considering different. They imply different stories, communication is mostly transmitter Ⅱ “ that time. 8 9 the correlation between the historical cultures, viewpoints, and contexts. oriented, whereas those of Eastern ” events and statements made by the Asian are receiver oriented. The “ ” Alternation of ideas in trans-media directors and producers, Godzilla is Another notable example comes intention of the message is determined franchises might be a significant a reflection of the anger and sorrow from “Outliers: The Story of Success,” by differently in Western culture and of loss and death caused by the war Canadian writer Malcolm Gladwell Eastern culture. While the difference 8 Pater, Ruben. The Politics of Design: A (not So) Global and nuclear weaponry; it also pays (2008). He shows examples of the between these customs sometimes leads Manual for Visual Communication. Amsterdam, The homage to previous monster movies Power-Distance Index (PDI) in the to misunderstandings, the adaptation of Netherlands: BIS, 2016. such as King Kong (1933). As time aviation world. This PDI is the measure a new language can also create different “ ” 9 Gulas, Charles S., and Weinberger, Marc G. That’ passed, though, the Godzilla series of the distribution of power between structures distinct from the existing s not Funny Here: Humourous Advertising Across was expanded into merchandising, individuals in business across cultures cultural and traditional legacies. In Boundries. Chiaro, Delica, edit. Translation, Humour and exported to Hollywood, and adapted and nations, and was developed the aviation world, English is used as The Media. Volume 2. Continuum, 2010.

20 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 21 the primary language. Meaning, the pilots in Korean Air adapted to a new As Roland Barthes writes in IMAGE- of social constructionism, linguistic “ language of power in the aviation culture, which optimized them for MUSIC-TEXT, content does not rely communication plays a significant role ” industry is English, no matter what clear and direct communication in upon or understood by the content in the interactive process when we the familiar (native) communicating the cockpit, thus to safer execution of itself, but realized at the different levels understand the world and ourselves.13 structure of each location is. In the year flights.10 of production and how it is presented; 2000, David Greenberg from Delta Air Choice, technical treatment, framing, From the ideas above, we see that forms Lines came to Korean Air and imposed layout and so on. Considering this, the of communication play a significant English as a language and a tool to evolution of the communication models role the deliverable of the message, ― provide pilots with a new identity, is a significant matter. David Berlo s and how and where it is placed. The ’ stepping outside of the cultural and communication process model to factors and materials of the form and traditional role. From this attempt, 10 Gladwell, Malcolm, 1963-. Outliers : The Story of person-to-person communication would the context are the keys to encode Success. New York :Little, Brown and Co., 2008. include the following: the message, understand, and make (1) The communication source meaning of it. And these are done by (2) The encoder double ends of the conversation, by the (3) The message speaker and the receiver. (4) The channel (5) The decoder (6) The communication receiver12 [*3]What is the universal structure of information? (Forms of Communication) The sociologist and cultural theorist Stuart Hall wrote, [ ] meaning “ … In his response to Lessons from supported by Postman s words, This is constructed by the individual “ ’ “ Amusing Ourselves to Death by Neil idea that there is a content called the users of language. Things do not ” ― “ Postman, writer Dan Silvestre states, news of the day was entirely created mean; we construct meaning ” ― Although culture is a creation of speech, by the telegraph (and since amplified by using representational signs. The “ it is recreated anew by every medium of newer media), which made it possible to translatability is not given by nature communication. Each medium creates move decontextualized information over or fixed by the gods. It is the result of a a unique mode of communication vast spaces at incredible speed. 11 set of social conventions. In the idea ” ” by providing a new orientation for thought, for expression, for sensibility. 11 Silvestre, Dan. “Lessons from Amusing Ourselves 12 Stead, Bette Ann. “Berlo's Communication Process 13 Umeogu, B. & Ifeoma, O. (2012). Constructionist to Death by Neil Postman.” https://medium.com/@ Model as Applied to the Behavioral Theories of Theory of Representation in Language and Communication on television is largely dsilvestre/lessons-from-amusing-ourselves-to-death- Maslow, Herzberg, and McGregor.” The Academy of Communication: A Philosophical Analysis. Open done in images, not words. The medium by-neil-postman-962221ee622. Accessed October 07, Management Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, 1972, pp. 389– Journal of Philosophy, 2, 130-135. doi: 10.4236/ is the message. This statement is 2019. 394. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/254868. ojpp.2012.22021. ”

22 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 23 Delimitations Process and Methodologies

This study addresses the extension of as Google translate. This is because this translation, focusing on multilingual online service covers many languages communication within and beyond compared to other tools such as DeepL linguistic frameworks. While the Translator (https://www.deepl.com/ research begins from verbal and written translator) or Babel Fish (https://www. language, it expands into visual imagery babelfish.com). and artifacts. First and foremost, all of the research mostly starts from either Thirdly, this thesis uses “Power Ranger English or Japanese, and continues '' and “Godzilla” and other pop cultural to other languages; Mandarin, Tamil, icons as cultural or social artifacts. This Hindi, etc. The participants’ age range is because commercial success supports is also limited to 20s to 30s. As already the spread of multilingual translation noted previously, a particular language and stimulates the publishing of shapes abstract concepts into a specific merchandise, giving out many case form, eliminating other meanings studies. Also, they exist for a long time and possibilities; the language itself period as a series, showing how cultural is a container which impacts the idea structure, linguistic structure, and it conveys, also shaped by social and environment affected them in a long cultural structure, and the environment, time scope, allowing many researches to including one’s age and personal be published. background.

Secondly, some of the projects use already existing translating tools such

24 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 25 To help discover the difference across The machine translation resulted the wooden floor, while (pa [100 days of Fragmentation] “パタパタ the machine and human processes, in almost nothing but nonsense or ta - pa ta) might be the description of ” and how a direct translation (machine) unnatural sentences, sometimes footsteps of a girl with slippers walking This project was performed over and a translation with interpretation changed the whole original concept, around. To translate (toh te - “トテトテ a period of almost a hundred days (human) would appear differently, the and by generating grammatical errors, toh te ) in English, there are not many ” and consisted of collecting different following rules were set: it showed how the original concept options. In this project, the human translations every day. It aimed to could be broken down and fragmented translator chose to use thump, thump, “ explore how a translation process can 1. Take a picture of one’s first sight grammatically. On the other hand, thump, knowing this expression does ” impact a concept. It was expected to that day (when one wakes up) human translation included factors that not give the same sense as the original, provide insight into what the difference 2. Describe the first thing that comes are more than direct translation, such and the machine translator could not do “ ” between translation and interpretation into one’s mind as interpretations, explanations, and any translation; the result it gave was is, and how they overlap. considerations in transitions of different totetotetote. ‘the translation of the relics of “ ” St Thomas of Canterbury’ grammar structures. 2.1. Do a Google translation [Jp-En] For example, the Japanese language 2.2. Do a human translation [Jp-En] contains various kinds of onomatopoeia 3. Distort the picture according to the and symbolic sounds, while English result of machine translation does not.

[human] English (pa ta - pa ta) in Japanese “パタパタ ” means something light is fluttering, or expresses the sound or the feeling

[original] of light, or quick and soft, footsteps; Japanese human translator used patter to “ ” translate this sound, but the machine translation resulted using flatter. “ ” “ト [visual [machine] [machine] (toh te - toh te ) in Japanese also translate] テトテ ” English result Photo means the the sound or the feeling of light, or quick and soft, footsteps, but more solid and hard compared to “パ [original] (pa ta - pa ta). (toh te Photo タパタ ” “トテトテ - toh te ) might be used to describe a ” barefooted toddler running clumsily on

26 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 27 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 29 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 31 [Remix project] Experiment 2 continued breaking up the narrative; the whole idea of Godzilla was destroyed by the Barney “ ” “ In this project, I made three different and the Friends language, and vice ” kinds of images and objects which I versa, and even created and added made and presented before people, other meanings. The friendly smile of asking them for their thoughts. The Barney became somewhat scary, while results are the compilation of these Godzilla s image became sarcastic. One ’ conversations. of the participants said that Barney s ’ smile now makes her think that there 1. “Power Rangers” image depicted in might be another meaning. the style of Catholic stained glass

2. A series of “Godzilla” posters using Experiment 3 was an expansion of the the language of “The Barney and idea drawn out from experiment 2, Friends” which was to use a specific context as 3. A series of book cover designs for a tool to impact the concept. Overall, “The Castle” by Franz Kafka, using through these experiments, it was clear the language of cosmetic brands that the context impacts the concept; because the context is an important element in delivering the concept to the viewers, context can be used as a The outcome of every visual was designed delivery path for the concept. different than expected at the beginning. Experiment 1 aimed to open up the conversation around religious, social, and cultural perceptions. One of the participants (Chilean, 30s) said that the image gives her the idea of Power “ Rangers as saints and not heroes, while ” another (Korean, 30s) said that she was uncomfortable and suspicious about the project; she revealed that she was a Christian.

32 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 33 [Cross-linguistic In conversation 2, the notable thing was that the sound of O-pa and O-ma conversation] “ ” “ ” in Tamil; Those pa and ma sounds “ ” “ ” Three conversations were conducted could be found in many other languages between two people, each speaking a representing Dad and Mom. “ ” “ ” different language. Their conversations Although those sounds are not familiar were performed with no prompts and in Japanese, the Japanese participant ended in two minutes. could assume that the Tamil participant was trying to explain something 1. Japanese (spoken by a Japanese) about her parents. {Examples [fig.6- and Mandarin (spoken by a 8] Conversation 2, successful and Taiwanese) awkward moments (A)} 2. Japanese (spoken by a Japanese) and Tamil (in Chennai dialect, In conversation 3, the Japanese and spoken by a Tamil) Hindu participants did not share a 3. Japanese (spoken by a Japanese) common cultural background, and also and Hindi (spoken by a Hindu) were not very familiar with each other and not so familiar. However, in this conversation, the two participants used Conversation 1 was rather easy because facial expressions and body language of a similar cultural background and to communicate, which was mostly the sounds in the linguistic structure; successful. they are in the same language family, and geographically close. Participants Among every conversation, the two tried to communicate by translating most confusing elements were (1) those familiar sounds and cultural switching the topic, and (2) questioning backgrounds to build conversations, back the same thing to another; e.g., though this sometimes was the factor So far, this is my opinion for being a “ that led to misunderstandings. For Pratt student. So, how do you feel about example, because the Japanese Pratt? These kinds of questions ended “ハン ” (ha-n) sound is associated with up very confusing, and the conversation ” “飯 (rice, meal), when Mandarin speaker was awkward to continue. {Examples ” was talking about hamburger, the [fig.9-11] Conversation 2, successful and “ ” participant was confused with ham awkward moments (B)} “ ” sound, because of the pronunciation and the context of the conversation.

34 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 35 {Examples [fig.1-3] Conversation 1, awkward moments} {Examples [fig.4-5] Conversation 1, successful moments}

36 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 37 {Examples [fig.6-8] Conversation 2, successful and awkward moments (A)} {Examples [fig.6-8] Conversation 2, successful and awkward moments (B)}

38 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 39 {Examples [fig.12-18] Conversation 3, successful moment}

40 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 41 [Visualizing implication] social and environmental situations.

These models realize the framework Two models of implication through of this thesis, also succeeding in different materials were made for this communicating effectively to explain project. and show the transition of concepts, in a large time scope, especially for those 1. Nesting model of Godzilla movie not familiar with the matter. Example franchise 1 shows the nesting structure of how 2. Animation model of translating 春望 a new film is under the influence of / “Spring View” by Du Fu （杜甫） historic events and previous films in the series. Model 1 intended to show the nested structure of historical, social, and Example 2 shows different processes in economic events and ideas through a translating the Chinese classic literature specific movie franchise. The model in Japanese and English, while showing conveys the transformation of concepts, how the concept can be implemented and its structure represents the in different contexts, and root in the numerous contexts contained within. new culture. This example also opened up the conversations in participants Model 2, on the other hand, intends who share different but close cultural to reveal the linear timeline of history backgrounds. The fact that Japanese and and cultivates reconstruction through Korean language evolved from ancient a translation procedure. The animation Chinese is rather a familiar concept to shows how ancient poetry written in people in Japan, but not many Korean China was translated into Japanese, and Chinese participants (all of them in and how the general concept is still their 20~ 30s) had the clear idea of this preserved in a modern context. It historical and geological association. also indicates how specific contexts In result, this visualization functioned go through the decoding process as an educational tool to give a clear visually and culturally, and organized understanding in the linguistic within a different context in order to connection, which was not thought of at be understood and reproduced into the beginning of this project. another form, thus reflecting different

42 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 43 [the actual timeline of [model 2: the original poetry] the Godzilla series]

[model 2: references for decoding the poetry]

EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 45 [model 2: meanings for each characters] [model 2: translation into Japanese writing style(classical)]

[model 2: transitioning the classical Chinese language into Japanese language] [model 2: translation in English]

46 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 47 [Shapes that communicates] Responses to this project show how One participant from Japan has been styles and forms impact the concepts working on calligraphy practice for and messages it contains, as well as years, and she considered every A calligraphy exercise was done for each participant’s knowledge and other calligraphy style in Japanese or this project. By writing an alphabetical cultural background. The background of Mandarin but Korean or Mongolian. She phrase using a traditional Japanese participants is monolingual Americans, got to the point of writing the alphabet calligraphy style, it intended to call up a multilingual Singaporean who is in brush and traditional ink. She said random responses from the audience familiar with Mandarin, Taiwanese, and that in the modern calligraphy text, not familiar to this thesis topic to reflect Chinese fluent in Mandarin, Japanese although writing styles are different, on how a written and presentation style who are fluent in calligraphy, and those there are examples to write western of letters impacts the understanding of who are not. alphabets in Japanese calligraphy. Also, a message. The responses come from there was another Japanese reaching people who are either familiar or not People who are fluent in calligraphy to the correct answer. She revealed familiar with Japanese letters, each of get to the idea of “writing alphabets that it was by accident that she noticed them trying to decode and understand in calligraphic style” rather quickly. that the image could be read from a what is being written. In contrast, people who only have different angle. She thinks that the an introductory level of calligraphy reason why she noticed is that the shape with eastern language background of “N” looked somewhat similar to a clouded their thinking. In the previous logotype of a video game “KINGDOM case, participants are free to change HEARTS.” She also added that insisted the angles and flip the piece. Latter the forms of letters gave her a familiar Participants trap themselves in the feeling, which looks similar to logotypes stereotype of “Japanese calligraphy.” from Scandinavian heavy metal bands. A Japanese in her 30s said, “I have no idea,” while other Japanese asked for a piece of information on how this image came out. She suggested that it might be Chinese characters or made-up Chinese characters, and she also asked who wrote this: Was this calligraphy done by someone from mainland China, Hong Kong, or Taiwan? Or was it someone from a Chinese heritage?

48 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 49 [A response from an American person in her 20s, [Responses from a Taiwanese person in her 20s, and a Singaporean person in her 20s] and a Chinese person in her 20s]

50 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 51 [A response from a Japanese who is fluent in calligraphy]

1. The participant first noticed that this Japanese occasions), suggesting her 3. When the participant was looking at ” handwriting is taking the style of this weird calligraphy visual might the dictionary, she remembers this “楷 (kai-sho, block style) have been made by someone who is calligraphy image. Eastern characters 書 ” How is each letter been familiar with calligraphy are supposed to be written vertically, ―“ distinguished? Beautiful ink blur this feature but western alphabets are horizontal. ” ◎ ― What language is this? Is this indicates usage of Sumi ink stick, not The idea suggested her to change the ―“ some kind of simplified Mandarin, or ready-made liquid ink angle. Hangul, or something else? The participant finds similar forms 4. One of the forms reminded her of the ” ◎ Looked up in the web service repeatedly appear in the flow alphabet A, giving her clues that ― ― “ ” where one can directly write the started to think there is a certain look similar to western alphabets, manuscript. (Did not work) pattern finally finding the word SALTEN “ ” 2. The participant then noticed that and STRAND. “ ” there is something that looks like Although there were clues suggested (mo-sen, a carpet made with above 1 and 2, the participant could not As she looks up, she found suggestions “毛氈 felt, usually red, used in traditional come up with a solid answer on Æ and Ø. “ ” “ ”

52 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 53 [Capstone Projects] translators themselves, who need multilingual perspectives. So this project should take place where social People interpret their thoughts by using interactions occur, such as at schools the language that is most familiar to or workplaces. Through the experience themselves. How can design support of learning, the learner can gain a this by bridging the gap between new perspective (another human different styles of communication being’s point of view) to understand a forms or between different views and particular context. To answer the above, cultures? The translation process is vital the goal of this capstone project is to in launching services and products. address the expansion of translation in Interpreting ideas and transforming multilingual communication beyond them into other forms is the norm verbal and written language and for people in everyday life. Bridging exposing the gap between translated across groups by filling the gap between and non-translated matter. different languages is done on many occasions. In the modern world, The capstone project comes from two though, verbal or written language projects, is not enough as vital elements of communication; We must be actively 1. A riddle book of concepts without literate with communication through literal translation shapes, images, and experiences. 2. Showcase of design explorations The realization of how vast the gap is between cultural differences and Project 1 expects the audience to go historical preferences, translated and through the confusing process of non-translated, are efficient—multiple translation by guessing and associating viewpoints spotlight and present facts the visual and the words written. And or concepts differently. The difference by showcasing these projects, this thesis is neither good or bad, but simply continues to accumulate discussion something to be afraid of. over non-translatable words and extranslation.) Project 2 aim to create of audience and participants, phrases, expanding the experience conversations over design explorations accumulating the conversation through Therefore, this capstone project is of the translation process. (Online including the works shown in this design researches should shape and setting the audience as designers or showcase: https://hannashibata.com/ paper. By documenting the interactions evaluate this thesis.

54 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 55 The examples below are the two something “red” because of the color spreads that made all participants of the image, but the following two confused. They could associate characters caused significant confusion.

The situation in the year 2020 made on their knowledge and linguistic it slightly difficult for the research to background. This also includes the gain a vast amount of participants cultural and social environment they but still provided this research with had been, where, and how their way different results from each individual. of thinking had shaped. Mandarin Participants are Mandarin speakers speakers occasionally get confused from Taiwan, age range 20s to 30s. on Cantonese words, since they use the same characters but use them The process of going through the book differently. While they find Cantonese was confusing to the participants. They confusing despite the geological try to associate their past experiences closeness, they can make out meanings and knowledge to associate the visual more in some of the Japanese words; interpretation and the unfamiliar occasionally, both Japanese and characters and letters written on each Mandarin share the same concept, same page. The association between the characters, the same form of a term. unknown letters and the visual rely

56 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 57 In terms of alphabets, all participants found Inuit and Russian words One participant said that the following confusing, since none of them could spread of “vergangenheitsaufarbeitung” speak those two languages. Especially reminds her of “vegan,” and “weed.” for Inuit language, one participant She said this association is a reflection insisted that she thinks these unfamiliar of her past experience in smoking and alphabets are some kind of emoji. dizzy vision caused by the plant.

Another participant said it might indicate how an alien language might sound. She pointed to the visual interpretation and said, “this might be something of cats’ language, or our human language sounds like to them.”

58 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 59 The next results in the following two examples were also unique and different. For the Russian spread, participant A said this suggests her a representation of an excellent independent relationship between a couple. She also said this is a good concept for human health, especially for preventing Hepatitis B.

The fourth example also provides very different translation results. Participant A said this reminds her of tangling “ illusion, while participant B said, ” dreamy imagination. Participant “ ” C said, this is ocean waves under “ the hot weather, but reminds me of Mika Ninagawa (a photographer from Japan). She also said that she assumes ” would be pronounced Pa-ri “ぐるぐる” “ Participant B said the image gives her Pa-ri. The reason for this assumption ” sad feeling, saying, maybe they don t came from the form of . She said this “ ’ “く ” want to taste each other anymore. form gives the sense of popping sound ” Participant C said, this spread is a that goes forward with a crisp sound. “ horror movie. Another cup is suddenly showing up, and that is scary. ”

60 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 61 For this vivid purple spread, participant A said this is a representation of pleasure quarter or a red-line district. The reason is that the image is vivid purple with hints of bright pink. Participant B opened up a conversation regarding colors used to be considered royal in ancient times. Participant “ ” C suggested two things: A world after COVID-19 since there are not many people walking. Another is a graduation season of NYU in New York City. The reason for the previous association is the feeling of sadness and depression, and the latter comes from her experience in the city.

62 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 63 medium or product, we should be more own cultural and social assumptions, Contribution to the aware of how to handle content that is seeking dialogues with other cultures, more than words or texts. and point at the possibilities of different approaches to design practice. Discipline We need to work more and more closely across cultures on issues of concerns such as global justice, or policies and practices to understand each other’s experiences. Historically, our modern More than at any other point in history, sharing and editing of information society has been defined by limited we are living in an increasing, globally- across cultures and societies. part of our human community, whom connected era. Information technologies having the privilege to access the make communication and awareness My thesis attempts to address the information, technology and power, align instantly, allowing everyone gap between the translation and reflecting narrow perspectives— but to access information regardless of the translated, and how they are NOT the perspectives of others who time and space. In the past, printed transmitted and received in this global do not fall into those “mainstream” words promoted the spread of literacy, context. As technology evolves, so does categories, leaving a considerable gap allowing the recording, documentation, our need for translation—spurred among most of the population. How do circulation, and sharing of central by the progress of globalism and the we make sure that we truly understand narratives, which guided people toward increasing demand for cross-cultural our audience and the gap between us the understanding of abstract ideas and cross-media communication in context and to try to wear different and to think further. The telegraph in industry, politics, academia, in ‘language glasses’? We urgently need permitted the rapid transmission of every language in daily conversation. to be able to understand each others’ information and ideas, photograph Products manufactured on different experiences better, and lived realities carried visual messages, and continents and information are that may be very different from our television connected information as translated and accessed by ordinary own, to achieve greater cross-cultural entertainment that one accepted and people: But do these accessing routes understanding and to be able to identify enjoyed. While we are far from a world allow us to understand the content our own privilege and blind spots. I am where everyone has global internet in high fidelity? Is direct translation hoping that by examining these gaps, access (statistics shows that only adequate? As society requires designers my thesis can reveal the importance half of the global population is using to work across borders, and because of fidelity in communication between the internet), we have significantly to design is to translate, interpret, different languages (not only in a increased the spread, reach, and the and emit abstract ideas into another linguistic manner), interrogating our

64 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 65 forms look something one is familiar or the degree of understanding in Evaluation and Conclusion with, this “familiar feeling” disturbs each context which participants this person’s understanding of a have; this sometimes leads to a clear particular topic. For example, almost understanding, and sometimes not. every Japanese person has an entry- The decoding and understanding [Findings and Conclusion] level calligraphy knowledge and process always reflects the past technique, which makes them wear experience, background, or certain “filters” that makes them any personal reference of each think eastern calligraphy always individual, making each outcome 1. The closeness of language families understanding of the concept when refers to eastern culture or message, of translation and communication determines the fragmentation going through their translation and not those of western. The unique. Different viewpoints create made by machine translation. process. In other words, styles knowledge or references sometimes a variation of understanding with a For example, translating Western and forms also shape the content, makes it difficult to go beyond strong focus point in certain topics or alphabet-oriented language (e.g., adding another meaning or layering the framework they have been blurry vision with a low resolution English or other Latin oriented another layer of a concept. For developed in themselves. on another issue. language) into a language with instance, when looking at a certain

different alphabets and systems (e.g., image of “Barney the Dinosaur,” 4. As stated through literature reviews 6. Communication is built on Japanese) mostly makes nonsense. even if Barney is smiling like he and in the contextual framework, the the continuous moments of At the same time, the results in always does, with background on focus point and the resolution over disassociation and disassociation English-Spanish translation are fire, the audience cannot receive the topic and concepts are affected by alongside the effort to understand more accurate. Machine translation the message of “Barney is friendly” the participants’ personal experience. the matter. A-ha moments during is progressing day by day, but the directly, sometimes taking Barney as This thesis also approves this by the interaction brings a comfortable amount of language used through the a metaphor of another concept. gaining the results in how different connection between the people platform. Because most of the online that each person puts meaning in the participating in the communication. translation services are built based 3. The geological location of where abstract, unfamiliar matter, and they on English, and the language handles participants grow up defines how are done through different “language more than any other language, it they interpret abstract ideas, how glass”— The ways of associating The process of translation is also the affects the result, and alphabetical their initial “language glass” is between visual and abstract concepts process of decoding the unfamiliar words have an advantage in machine shaped. The familiarity in certain rely on participants’ social, cultural, concept and the effort to understand translation. visual forms, shapes, or styles linguistic background. the matter. The decoding key varies in a different context can cloud according to past experience, cultural 2. Participants associate with the styles participants’ understanding of the 5. The fidelity in the understanding each or social background, shared reference, and forms before they reach the concept. For example, when visual concept varies upon the resolution or tools such as languages of each

66 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 67 individual. This makes each translation another idea cultivated in her previous communication channel. and strange. A gesture that expresses process unique and sometimes makes experience or learning. Each description numbers is shared across many strong focus points, spotlighting the has a specific reason, and are also an Communication is the continuous cultures, while Chinese people are used specific concept, or vague vision with honest interpretation. This personal moments of connection and to another type of hand signs they had the low resolution towards the matter. experience functions as a filter, or disconnection, and the translation developed. Another gesture that tries Every different viewpoint creates a pair of glasses to focus the world, process is always done in associating to indicate a hamburger suggests a the variation of understanding and forming a processor to understand the with social and cultural and any different meaning for a Japanese—a approaches in interpretation as a abstract concepts they encounter. These personal background and references rice ball. Shifts in context and forms holistic experience of communication. personal perspectives are sometimes of each individual —going through enlarge the scope of communication by clear how each individual gained, a unique filter and stimulating the creating different focus points defined As stated above, this process relies and sometimes they are not. Like the receptor that everyone has. Every by each processor, transforming the mostly on the participants’ cultural or example of purple color in the previous translation process is a different density of the information, impacting social background, shared reference paragraph, one might be conscious of experience, and this makes the delivery the form, and stimulating the receptor— or tools, and internal language how s/he started to interpret a concept of the concept sometimes easy and triggering a specific memory, activating each individual has—one’s unique in a certain way when others do not. accurate, and occasionally awkward a certain sense. experience. Even when the participants are from the same country, similar The observations and results in the age range, same gender, same culture, research draw out the conclusion and speaks the same language, the that each processor’s unconscious [Evaluation] approaches and the association towards foundation is founded by social abstract concepts are different. As and linguistic structures and the shown in implication models, after environment, as drawn in the concepts and contexts are translated contextual framework. These processors The documentation of interaction of the boundaries of this study, at the same and absorbed, they are reconstructed are founded in forms of certain layers audience with research projects and time, presenting the next step. and cultivated in each individual. of meaning or contexts surrounding the accumulation and discussions with A Taiwanese participant described the concept, completing the content participants over the experience in each This could be even more true now, now an image with vivid purple color a as a message, creating each message translation process, which expands the that the whole globe are now facing pleasure quarter or a red-light district, sometimes easy and comfortable to boundaries of communication evaluates the same topic, trying to translate while another called it “the season of deliver, and sometimes difficult and this thesis. As stated above, each the same issue; the pandemic. Since NYU students’ graduation.” The latter awkward. This functions not only for translation process is different for every this January, the outlets of news had experienced a season when the the concept source but also for the individuals, and there is no sole solution companies and every governments city was full of purple flags of New transmitter or the receptor. Moreover, it to this thesis. The collection of various kept communicate with people using York University, but previous had functions as the encoder, as well as the results on the same topic evaluates the their own language, interpreting the

68 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 69 same issue. Many Japanese people government publicity is using “ソーシ interpreted this global incident with (= social distance ャルディスタンシング Further directions the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake in Japanese pronunciation), which ” or 3.11 happened in the year 2011, is causing the conflict among people. while New Yorkers gradually started to Because the viewpoints are different talk about the disease in comparison for each individual, and especially the of 9.11, and Chinese, Taiwanese, and concept is English oriented, there is the Hongkongese people discussed their gap between the understanding over experience in SARS pandemic in the the matter. This makes a perfect case year 2002. These effort of interpretation study of understanding the translation This thesis succeeded in revealing a particular bias, and shaping this are the translation process to the new is not only a mere conversion of how people decode and learn the concept under the linguistic and social disease we humans are not familiar pronunciation or replacement of a concept not only by verbal and written framework of English. For this, the with, and the translation profess to context. language, but also through interacting attempt to create further dialogue in this situation, trying prevent the future with imagery and physical objects, a different language, which includes disaster. Conflicts in stating the concept or with another person’s behavior. non-verbal or written languages is of public health and social structure are Personal memories and background encouraged for further research. seen in every different countries, while often plays a principle role to fill the gap Secondly, further iterations are needed handling this same topic. Each culture of understanding those generated in with the participants from more various has different implication of ideas and the translation process, by associating backgrounds. Especially in the society history, enormously influenced by and reflecting each references that of post-pandemic, the communication geological environment. For example, the receiver has, providing slightly experience in in-person and online is the idea of wearing masks or any face different meanings with different expected to be distinguished differently. covers are modern norm in the Eastern nuances associated with each audience. This thesis will evolve by pursuing the Asian culture for decades, but not Although this thesis provides insights next question; how can shift in physical in the Western countries. Countries in further communication design, the and non-physical context and form with rich natural water resource has research only covers certain group of impacts the scope of communication? developed water-oriented sanitation, people in terms of age, linguistic and while other part of the globe has not. cultural backgrounds, as written in Even the concept of public health or the delimitation section, with mostly sanitation has different meaning and digitized participating experience. understanding. When introducing the concept of Social Distancing, The first limitation that this study was “ ” many Japanese news outlets and the mostly done in English, generating

70 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 71 Concept The Oxford dictionaries defines this Glossary of Terms term, [NOUN] 1. An abstract idea. 1.1.A plan or intention. 1.2.An idea or invention to help sell or publicize a commodity. 1.3.as modifier (of a car or other vehicle) produced as an 1. Language glass 8. Fragmentation experimental model to test the 2. Concept 9. Interpretation viability of innovative design 3. Context 10. Conversion 4. Metaphor 11. Social/cultural construction features. 5. Fidelity 12. Literacy 1.4.-Philosophy- An idea or mental 6. Resolution 13. Cultural literacy image which corresponds to 7. Reconstruction 14. non-linguistic language some distinct entity or class of entities, or to its essential features, or determines the application of a term (especially a predicate), and thus plays a part in the use of reason or language. A language glass is what Guy Language glass “ ” Deutscher calls a perception. “ ” From these definition above, a Every person who speaks his/her own concept is defined as a deliverable “ ” language wears a pair of language “ message with intention, that contains glasses. ” abstract idea. The glasses affect how we shape our idea and how we perceive others.

72 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 73 Context The Oxford dictionaries defines this Metaphor Milan Kundera writes that a term, metaphorical imagination is used to The Oxford dictionaries defines this understand, to grasp the meaning of term, actions, the meaning of the situations [NOUN] in which they find themselves, and 1. The circumstances that form the which are often the core value of an setting for an event, statement, or explanation of an idea/content. idea, and in terms of which it can be From this idea, a metaphor is a tool “ ” fully understood. or key to understanding the concept or 1.1. The parts of something written content. or spoken that immediately precede and follow a word or Fidelity The Oxford Dictionaries defines this passage and clarify its meaning. term, [synonyms] circumstances, [NOUN] 1. Faithfulness to a person, cause, or conditions, surroundings, belief, demonstrated by continuing factors, state of affairs, frame loyalty and support. of reference, contextual 1.1. Sexual faithfulness to a spouse relationship or partner. 2. The degree of exactness with which From this definition, a context is “ ” something is copied or reproduced. defined as a space that implies the concept. Most of the time, that is The second definition is what this thesis structured upon a certain time, space, concerns the validation. ― cultural and social structure, and a The relevant definition from the Oxford specific environment. Resolution Dictionaries defines this term are as below, [NOUN] 1. -Chemistry- [mass noun] The process of reducing or separating something into constituent parts or components. 1.1. -physics- The replacing of a single force or other vector quantity by two or more jointly

74 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 75 equivalent to it. event formed from the available 2. The smallest interval measurable evidence. by a telescope or other scientific instrument; the resolving power. The reconstruction phase in a 2.1. [mass noun] The degree of detail translation process includes; Decoding, visible in a photographic or organizing, understanding, and television image. E.g., a high- cultivating the concept or context. ‘ resolution monitor ’ 3. [mass noun] The conversion of Fragmentation The Oxford Dictionaries defines this something abstract into another term, form. E.g., the gradual resolution of [MASS NOUN] ‘ an uncertain feeling into a named 1. The process or state of breaking or emotion being broken into fragments. ’ [Prosody] The substitution of two 1.1.[computing] The storing of a short syllables for one long one. file in several separate areas of memory scattered throughout a From this definition, resolution hard disk. “ ” refers to a viewpoint of a process in reducing or separating the contextual In this thesis, fragmentation refers components, and the degree of to the phenomenon of concepts or understanding the detail of the concept meaning getting distorted and torn and context. apart into pieces by a translation process.

Reconstruction The relevant definition from the Oxford Dictionaries defines this term are as below: [NOUN] 1. [mass noun] The action or process of reconstructing or being reconstructed. 1.1.[count noun] A thing that has been rebuilt after being damaged or destroyed. 1.2.[count noun] An impression, model, or re-enactment of a past

76 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 77 Interpretation The Oxford Dictionaries defines this rules to form a new proposition term, by inference. [NOUN] 1. The action of explaining the meaning Through the definition above and of something. my past research, a conversion is “ ” 1.1. [count noun]An explanation or an adapting action of a concept onto way of explaining. another environment or context 1.2. [count noun] A stylistic without changing the meaning or the representation of a creative value. work or dramatic role.

An interpretation is one of the actions “ ” under the translation process along Literacy The Oxford Dictionaries defines with explaining aspect towards the idea literacy, “ ” or content. [NOUN] 1. The ability to read and write. 1.1.Competence or knowledge in a Conversion The relevant definition from the Oxford Dictionaries defines this term are as specified area. below: From these definition, a literacy [MASS NOUN] “ ” 1. The process of changing or causing which this thesis refers to is defined as something to change from one form an ability of understanding the concept to another. within a certain context. 1.1.The adaptation of a building or part of a building for a new use. 1.2.[British/count noun] A building that has been adapted for a new use. Cultural literacy The Oxford Dictionaries defines 1.3.[Law] The changing of real cultural literacy, property into personalty, or of “ ” [NOUN] joint into separate property, or vice versa. The ability to analyze and 1.4. [Logic] The transposition of understand a particular society or the subject and predicate of a culture; familiarity with the customs proposition according to certain and characteristics of a culture.

78 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 79 Social/cultural construction The Oxford Dictionaries briefly states, Non-linguistic language The Oxford Dictionaries defines social construction(SC) assumes that linguistic “ “ ” people construct (i.e., create, make, [ADJECTIVE] invent) their understandings of the Relating to language or linguistics. ‘a world and the meanings they give to child’s linguistic ability’ encounters with others, or various This thesis states that a non-linguistic products they or others create; SC also “ ” assumes that they do this jointly, in is a communication tool that is coordination with others, rather than dependent on verbal and written individually. [ ] 13 language. … ” Robert Daland, Ph.D. from Northwestern University(2018), answers that a cultural construction is a an entity or relation that does not “ follow automatically from biology/ chemistry/physics/statistics/ psychology per se, but instead represents a shared understanding or practice among a set of people. ” From these definitions, a social/cultural construction is an invention build upon their understandings within a specific society or a shared cultural background.

13 Social Construction - Communication - Oxford Bibliographies. https://www.oxfordbibliographies. com/view/document/obo-9780199756841/obo- 9780199756841-0106.xml

80 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 81 Bibliography Communication. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: BIS, 2016. 10. Gulas, Charles S., and Weinberger, Marc G. That’ s not Funny Here: Humourous AdvertisingAcross Boundries. Chiaro, Delica, edit. Translation, Humour and The Media. Volume 2. Continuum, 2010.

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1. Pullum, Geoffrey K. Linguistics Why It Matters. Polity, 2018 12. Silvestre, Dan. “Lessons from Amusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman.” https://medium.com/@dsilvestre/lessons-from-amusing-ourselves-to-death- 2. Deutscher, Guy. Through the Language Glass. New York: Metropolitan Books, by-neil-postman-962221ee622. Accessed October 07, 2019. 2010. 13. Barthes, Roland. Empire of Signs. 3. Giuseppina Mecchia trans. Virno, Paolo.When the Word Becomes Flesh, Language and Human Nature. Semiotext(e), 2015 14. Barthes, Roland. Music, Image, Text.

4. Kundera, Milan. Testaments Betrayed : An Essay in Nine Parts. 1st ed. 15. Stead, Bette Ann. “Berlo's Communication Process Model as Applied to the Archives of Czechs and Slovaks Abroad. New York: HarperCollins, 1995. Behavioral Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, and McGregor.” The Academy of Management Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, 1972, pp. 389–394. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/ 5. Pater, Ruben. The Politics of Design : A (Not so) Global Manual for Visual stable/254868. Communication. BIS Publishers, 2016 16. Umeogu, B. & Ifeoma, O. (2012). Constructionist Theory of Representation in 6. Graeber, David. The Utopia of Rules On Technology, Stupidity, and the secret Language and Communication: A Philosophical Analysis. Open Journal of Joys of Bureacuracy. Melleville House, 2015 Philosophy, 2, 130-135. doi: 10.4236/ojpp.2012.22021.

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82 EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- EXTRANSLATION -The Extension of Translation- 83 Jinbun kagaku kenkyū. Niigata-shi: Niigata Daigaku Jinbun Gakubu. 2012 Acknowledgements 20. Hanson, Robin G. “Rosetta Stone.” Salem Press Encyclopedia, 2018. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=96411 611&site=eds-live&scope=site.

21. "John Wycliffe." Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica, 15 Nov. 2017. academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/John-Wycliffe/77632. Accessed 22 Sep. 2019. This thesis was not a discrete experience but included the engagement and 22. "Biblical translation." Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica, 20 enormous support from many individuals. Jan. 2017. academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/biblical-translation/2753. My deepest gratitude goes first to my lead faculty, Professor Alex Liebergesell, Accessed 22 Sep. 2019. who expertly guided me through my graduate education, and shared the excitement of my study. His precise and unwavering enthusiasm towards design, 23. "Biblical literature." Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica, 23 Jul. communication, and sincere encouragement pushed me to challenge this thesis's 2018. academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/biblical-literature/110574. boundaries, which enabled this thesis to be profound. Accessed 22 Sep. 2019. My appreciation also extends to my resource advisor, John Chaich. His honest 24. The Pottermore News Team. “500 million Harry Potter books have now been response and directions inspired me to progress forward, providing me sold worldwide.” Last modified February 1, 2018. https://www.pottermore. opportunities to go back to my research and showcasing with his fresh eyes and com/news/500-million-harry-potter-books-have-now-been- sold-worldwide. feedback. Accessed April 16, 2019. I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis research instructor, Gina Kim. Without her directions and support, I would not have started to go along with this 25. Individuals using the Internet (% of population) https://data.worldbank.org/ thesis. Her encouragement and methodologies in teaching kept me in the track of indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS Accessed Oct 13, 2019. my thesis and led me to find joy in research and study.

I would also like to thank my Seminar instructor, Professor Frances Pharr. Her 26. Galbin, Alexandra. (2014). AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL in-depth teaching and dedication helped me shape this thesis, and her precise CONSTRUCTIONISM. SOCIAL RESEARCH REPORTS. 26. 82-92. critique provided me with continuous refining opportunities.

27. Oxford Dictionaries. https://www.lexico.com/en I also wish to acknowledge every participant, including my roommates and classmates, from inside and outside the department. The genuine kindness, 28. Oxford Bibliographies. https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com support, encouragement, suggestions, and cooperation from each individual provided me with meaningful insights, leading the way.

29. Quora. https://www.quora. An exceptional thanks to my family for their inexhaustible support, deep consideration, patience, and pure love, which brought me to this path.

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