Cassa Integrazione Guadagni, Unemployment Welfare and Industrial Conflict in Post-War Italy, 1941-1987
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The Cassa Integrazione Guadagni, unemployment welfare and industrial conflict in post-war Italy, 1941-1987 Niccolò Serri Magdalene College This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution. This dissertation does not exceed the 80,000-word limit prescribed by the History Degree Committee. 3 4 Table of contents List of abbreviations....................................................................................................7 Acknowledgements......................................................................................................9 Introduction................................................................................................................11 The puzzle of unemployment welfare in post-war Italy..............................................14 The Italian case in comparative welfare state analysis................................................19 Methodology and sources: between institutionalism and factory history....................28 Welfare and industrial conflict.....................................................................................31 Synopsis.......................................................................................................................37 1. The political economy of Italian unemployment welfare, 1941-1968 1.1 The post-war social contract in Italy......................................................................39 1.2 The Cassa Integrazione, industrial reconstruction and social struggles................44 1.3 The 1950s and the textile industry crisis................................................................52 1.4 The 1960s and the creation of the extraordinary fund...........................................56 2. Welfare, labour strife and industrial restructuring, 1968-1973 2.1 Governing the shop floor........................................................................................64 2.2 Crisis and transformation in the textile and chemical industries............................68 2.3 Industrial conflict and the delays of Italian Fordism..............................................75 2.4 Defining the strikers: the legal debate on strikes and short time............................84 2.5 The disciplinary use of the Cassa Integrazione in the car industry.........................91 3. Economic crisis, class politics and the ‘guaranteed wage’, 1973-1975 3.1 Unemployment and intra-left competition...........................................................109 3.2 The 1973 oil crisis and the Italian economy.........................................................113 3.3 Italian unions and the battle for social reforms....................................................119 3.4 The metalworkers federation and the right to a guaranteed wage........................125 3.5 FIAT, the state and the Lama-Agnelli agreement.................................................138 5 4. Imperfect corporatism and the failure of Italian industrial policy, 1975-1980 4.1 The labour market and the contradictions of organised labour............................152 4.2 Corporatism: a discussion of the Italian case.......................................................155 4.3 The CIG-O and the management of market flexibility........................................166 4.4 The CIG-S and the management of redundancy..................................................173 4.5 Worker control and industrial policy...................................................................180 5. Mass redundancies and the demise of the Italian labour movement, 1980-1987 5.1 The reversal of Italian industrial relations...........................................................197 5.2 Thirty-five days at FIAT......................................................................................204 5.3 The CIG-S, discrimination and factory discipline...............................................213 5.4 Alfa Romeo: a different model of industrial relations?.......................................220 5.5 The cassaintegrati: social identity and self-organisation....................................226 5.6 A weak wind for reform: the state and social policies.........................................233 Conclusion................................................................................................................244 Bibliography.............................................................................................................251 6 List of abbreviations ACS Archivio Centrale dello Stato ADL Archivio del Lavoro AST Archivio di Stato di Torino ASCGIL Archivio Storico Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro ASCGILC Archivio Storico Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro Campania ASCISL Archivio Storico Confederazione Generale Sindacati Lavoratori ASC Archivio Storico Confindustria CGIL Confederazione Generale del Lavoro CIG Cassa Integrazione Guadagni CIG-O Cassa Integrazione Guadagni Ordinaria CIG-S Cassa Integrazione Guadagni Straordinaria CISL Confederazione Generale Sindacati Lavoratori DC Democrazia Cristiana FIAT Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino FIM Federazione Italiana Metalmeccanici FIOM Federazione Italiana Operai Metalmeccanici FIOT Federazione Italiana Operai Tessili FLM Federazione Lavoratori Metalmeccanici FULC Federazione Unitaria Lavoratori Chimici FVN Fondazione Vera Nocentini GEPI Società Gestioni e Partecipazioni Statali INPS Istituto Nazionale Previdenza Sociale LC Lotta Continua PCI Partito Comunista Italiano PRT Power Resource Theory PDUP Partito di Unità Proletaria PSI Partito Socialista Italiano UI Unemployment Insurance UIL Unione Italiana del Lavoro UILM Unione Italiana Lavoratori Metalmeccanici VoC Varieties of Capitalism 7 8 Acknowledgements The writing of this dissertation would not have been possible without the support of my family and the many discussions and intellectual exchanges I have had during the past four years. First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Pedro Ramos Pinto, for his support and assistance. His patient guidance and valuable suggestions were of fundamental importance during the planning and development of this research work. He constantly pushed me to challenge and refine my ideas, and offered many opportunities for me to get involved in teaching and other academic activities that helped me greatly improve the quality of my work. I could not have asked for a better supervisor. I would like to offer my special thanks to Sergio Bologna. He first pointed me toward the study of Italian labour history and offered important recommendations that were key in shaping my initial approach to the relationship between unemployment welfare and industrial conflict. I was deeply influenced by his mentorship. I wish to thank Stefano Musso and Fabrizio Loreto. They provided a wonderful academic environment during my period as a visiting scholar in Turin, constantly involving me in seminars and other events organised by the university. Their profound knowledge of Italian labour history and wise advice were instrumental in writing this dissertation. Fabrizio also encouraged and provided me with the opportunity to publish some of my early work on the cassa integrazione, for which I am very thankful. I am particularly grateful to the conveners of the Factory History working group at the European Labour History Conference. My participation at the conference in December 2015 was a turning point for the development of my ideas on the relationship between industrial relations and social policy development. I am largely 9 indebted to them for their suggestions on methodology and some of the theoretical underpinnings of this dissertation. I would like to extend my thanks to all the archivists who guided me through the labyrinth of documentary evidence. Giulia Pandozj was extremely useful while consulting the Archivio Centrale di Stato in Rome, assisting me in my research on the papers of the Ministry of Labour. Aurora Riccardi and Ilaria Romeo were particularly helpful during my research trips at the archives of Confindustria and the CGIL in Rome. Debora Migliucci and Eleonora Cortese, together with Nino, Ida and Primo, made my time at the Archivio del Lavoro an extremely pleasant one. Aldo Papa provided invaluable support while I was in Naples. Antonio Pizzinato, Fausto Bertinotti and Giorgio Benvenuto patiently shared with me their memories and experience of Italian trade union politics during the 1970s and the 1980s, acting like living archives. I wish to thank all my friends and colleagues at the University of Cambridge: Alain, Dario, Constantine, Eloise, Eoin, Fabrice, Giulia, Lorena, Lorenzo, Judith, Paco, Rodrigo, Salvatore, Tae, Tiago, Yasmin, Walter, and all the others. The Economics and Social Council (ESRC) has funded my fees during this programme and helped to fund fieldwork. The Cambridge Faculty of History