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An Exploratory Study Authors of the Summary: Hilde Heynen, André Loeckx, Marcel Smets Professors at the Catholic University of Louvain

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An Exploratory Study Authors of the Summary: Hilde Heynen, André Loeckx, Marcel Smets Professors at the Catholic University of Louvain COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Directorate-General Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation URBAN ENVIRONMENT L· xpert Csontributions EUR 13145 EN URBAN ENVIRONMENT EXPERT CONTRIBUTIONS GREEN PAPER ON THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT With a view to the preparation of the Green Paper on the Urban Environment, Directorate-General XI of the Commis• sion of the European Communities or• ganized a series of international confer• ences attended by officials and experts from cities throughout Europe, the re• sults of which have been extremely valuable. This document, which contains the sum• mary reports of all the conferences, to• gether with studies on specific topics pre• pared by various experts, provides an opportunity for further development of the subjects covered in the Green Paper. URBAN ENVIRONMENT Expert (contributions PAN.. EURO?. D ' N:!i. N.C./CCM CL COMMISSION OFTHE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES URBAN ENVIRONMENT Expert (contributions Commission of the European Communities Rue de la Loi 200 B-1049 Brussels Directorate-General 1990 Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection Ct^ ^a\ Published by the COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Directorate-General Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation L-2920 Luxembourg LEGAL NOTICE Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information This publication is also available in the following languages: ES ISBN 92-826-1796-3 DA ISBN 92-826-1797-1 DE ISBN 92-826-1798-X GR ISBN 92-826-1799-8 FR ISBN 92-826-1801-3 IT ISBN 92-826-1802-1 NL ISBN 92-826-1803-X PT ISBN 92-826-1804-8 Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1991 EUR 13145: ISBN 92-826-1800-5 Cat. No: CD-NA-13145-EN-C + EUR 12902: ISBN 92-826-1809-9 CD-NB-13145-EN-C © ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels · Luxembourg, 1990 Printed in Belgium TABLE OF CONTENTS — Conferences — 1 Brussels 13 June 1989 The decline of industrial areas: the Bicocca project and other similar projects in Europe Terni 1 and 2 December 1989 The steel towns of Europe Author of the summary: Bernardo Secchi Architect, Professor at the Department of Architecture of the University of Venice 19 Leuven 26 to 28 October 1989 The periphery: an exploratory study Authors of the summary: Hilde Heynen, André Loeckx, Marcel Smets Professors at the Catholic University of Louvain 31 Rome 28 and 29 November 1989 Green areas and urban design (Man and the city) Author of the summary: Renato Cecilia of the magazine AU-Arredo Urbano 39 Avignon 18 to 20 December 1989 Bremen 24 to 28 January 1990 Environment and urban development Perspectives for an integrated policy in the European Community Author of the summary: Mr H.E. Williams Ecotec Research and Consulting Ltd TABLE OF CONTENTS 51 Cortina d'Ampezzo 2 and 3 March 1990 Military facilities and land-use planning Author of the summary. Luigi Crimi Architect responsible for the Ufficio Servitù Militari of the Veneto region — Studies — 1 59 Indoor pollution Luca Beltrami Gadola Chairman of the Italian Consortium 'Indoor Air Quality' 67 Health and the city Dr Vicenzo Calò Surgeon and adviser to Carlo Ripa di Meana, Member of the Commission of the European Communities 77 The urban areas of Europe and their environment Vera Squarcialupi Journalist, former Member of the European Parliament 85 Some characteristic features of the evolution of certain European cities René Schoonbrodt Sociologist, expert at the EEC Conferences 1 THE DECLINE OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS AND EUROPEAN CITIES Synthesis of seminars in Brussels (13 June 1989) and Terni (1 and 2 December 1989) Bernardo SECCHI Architect, Professor at the Department of Architecture of the University of Venice In June and December of 1989 the Commission of the Eu• The main initial assumption, which was to serve as a basis for ropean Communities organized two seminars in Brussels and further study, was that it was possible to identify in Europe Terni entitled 'The decline of industrial areas: the Bicocca different types of industrial area which are disused or are be• project and other similar projects in Europe' (Brussels, 13 coming disused. These types can then probably be related to June 1989) and 'The steel towns of Europe' (Terni, 1 and 2 various models of industrialization based on historical devel• December 1989). opments in the various countries, regions and areas of Eu• rope. It should then be possible to draw, albeit tentatively, a The subject of the Brussels seminar were the policies on de• map of the different patterns of development, describing their clining industrial areas adopted by the various Member main characteristics, the specific problems affecting them and States, metropolitan areas and cities of Europe. The Euro• the policies adopted to solve these problems. pean Economic Community presented the Bicocca project, a programme to transform a large industrial area north of There are possibly even greater differences between the pol• Milan into a technology park, as a good starting point for icies adopted to tackle the problems which arise when various seriously rethinking the whole problem of converting large kinds of industrial area are abandoned. Not only are these consolidated manufacturing areas in the various towns and problems tackled at different institutional levels in the dif• regions of Europe. ferent countries, but for various reasons they may either be CONFERENCES seen as just problems or as opportunities which not only em• Attention is now being concentrated on the most important phasize the profound social malaise arising from the decline cases; on the largest areas, undertakings and plants which of large industrial areas but also make it possible to redesign form the nucleus for many smaller firms, often scattered over the city or the region both physically and in terms of its eco• very disparate urban, suburban or rural areas or in small nomic and social structures. towns or marginal regions. Depending on the particular town, these industrial areas may occupy a few dozen hectares or sev• The Terni seminar was designed to focus attention primarily eral hundred hectares. In Europe as a whole, these areas may on the special case of steel towns and regions. These are towns add up to some several thousand hectares in the EEC Mem• and regions which, as the industries have declined, have be• ber States alone. come crucially important because of the tremendous reper• cussions of their decline, because of the serious social prob• These orders of magnitude are likely to increase considerably lems which have tended to arise and because of the specific if we take into account what is likely to happen in the coun• nature and location of the plants which have been abandoned. tries of Eastern Europe. It is difficult to interpret a phenomenon on this scale as being Terni is a town where the steelworks was abandoned and has the result of economic changes. Nor should we think that it now been transformed into a congress and exhibition centre. can be tackled by short-term policies and that the problems The aim of the Terni seminar was to compare projects devised involved can easily be confined and solved. for various towns and regions of Europe and to think in prac• tical terms about possibilities and probabilities: the possibil• The underlying causes are many, although they were men• ities of converting an urban and regional environment and the tioned only briefly in Brussels. Marcel Smets summarizes associated economic, architectural and planning structures them once again on the following pages. The causes vary in which have been strongly dependent on and influenced by the each specific situation, as do their repercussions and partic• steel industry; the probabilities of the projects designed to ular importance, but generally the abandonment of industrial convert these towns and cities being actually implemented. areas is perhaps the clearest indicator of the final demise of the nineteenth-century city in terms of land-use planning and The aim was not so much to describe situations which are now economic and social structure. very familiar but rather to compare proposals, projects, pro• grammes and ideas and tó fire the imagination of the various The abandonment of industrial areas highlights the fact that public officials and others who are particularly concerned important technological equipment like gasometers, railway with the problems arising from the decline of vast industrial depots, bridges and canals, port infrastructure, the quays and areas. wharfs, major social infrastructure, like hospitals, prisons, schools and markets, and major military installations are also Naturally the two seminars did discuss other topics - often gradually falling into disuse. Towns that not long ago seemed in considerable detail - expanding on the studies and pro• to be a dense network of houses and factories where it was posals presented by each of the participants. Discussions difficult to find room for new social infrastructure or other in• made it possible to emphasize two main problem areas. stallations are now becoming nothing but empty spaces and sites which suddenly are no longer used for any specific pur• Brusseb: The demise of the nineteenth-century city pose and are now available for re-use, although it is difficult to imagine how. Underlying the enormous problem of the decline of industrial areas is an even vaster phenomenon. Clearly these phenomena are interlinked, although the links are not always obvious. Just to give an example, the aban• Until further studies are made, it is not possible to arrive at donment of railway stations, or of canals, bridges and wharfs a precise estimate of the total area which has been abandoned and certain technological installations would appear to be an or is being abandoned in Europe.
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