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THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: WAR AND RESISTANCE: THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History, 2018 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida, History Department What happened in the Philippine Islands between the surrender of Allied forces in May 1942 and MacArthur’s return in October 1944? Existing historiography is fragmentary and incomplete. Memoirs suffer from limited points of view and personal biases. No academic study has examined the Filipino resistance with a critical and interdisciplinary approach. No comprehensive narrative has yet captured the fighting by 260,000 guerrillas in 277 units across the archipelago. This dissertation begins with the political, economic, social and cultural history of Philippine guerrilla warfare. The diverse Islands connected only through kinship networks. The Americans reluctantly held the Islands against rising Japanese imperial interests and Filipino desires for independence and social justice. World War II revealed the inadequacy of MacArthur’s plans to defend the Islands. The General tepidly prepared for guerrilla operations while Filipinos spontaneously rose in armed resistance. After his departure, the chaotic mix of guerrilla groups were left on their own to battle the Japanese and each other. While guerrilla leaders vied for local power, several obtained radios to contact MacArthur and his headquarters sent submarine-delivered agents with supplies and radios that tie these groups into a united framework. MacArthur’s promise to return kept the resistance alive and dependent on the United States. The repercussions for social revolution would be fatal but the Filipinos’ shared sacrifice revitalized national consciousness and created a sense of deserved nationhood. The guerrillas played a key role in enabling MacArthur’s return. -
SENATE 8161 POSTMASTERS DELIBERATIONS with CLOSED DOORS the LEGISLATIVE CLERK
1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8161 POSTMASTERS DELIBERATIONS WITH CLOSED DOORS The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A bill (H. R. LOUISIANA The VICE PRESIDENT. Under the 3-291) to amend the National Housing Gussie Long Harris, Athens. order adopted yesterday, the Senate will Act, as amended. Willie B. Killgore, Lisbon. now proceed to deliberate with closed The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob NEW YORK doors to hear the Senators who recently jection to the present consideration of Frank C. Timm, Attica. visited the fighting fronts. the bill? Agnes D. Buckley, Boonville. Thereupon (at 12 o'clock and 3 min Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, may Mary B. Sherry, East Patchogue. utes p. m.) the Senate proceeded to de we have an explanation of the bill? Alma H. Jones, East Quogue. Mr. RADCLIFFE. Mr. President, I JenniE!' W. Jewell, Fishkill. liberate with closed doors. Agnes Rourke, Gansevoort. After 4 hours and 27 minutes the doors shall be glad to make la brief statement Samuel J. Hand, Genoa. were reopened. with respect to the bill. It deals with the subject of the Federal Housing Ad Joseph P. Wilson, Manhasset. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES Milton S. Smith, Mayville. ministration. It does not create any S. Erie Dodge, Newfane. _ The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob new functions for the Federal Housing Sylvester J. Krasniewicz, Pine Island. jection, certain routine reports received Administration, nor does it appropriate Wilbur A. Gruhn, Sea Breeze. this day will be received. any money. The bill provides for ex Josephine Westphall, South New Berlin. Mr. BA~KLEY. As if presented in tending the time of operation under Walter Rossen, Vestal. -
Holiday Death Toll Hits a Record High
Distribution High, tto. Low. »». Partly ton^y 17,375r tomorrow with a chance «f ae*l- tered ihoweri. H|fh In SOs. See weather page 2. I uonpAYTmovouraDAY-ttT.im J SH LOOIO V McPER WEEK JJIUM diuy. IfcnJU ttrouja fWUr. aeeoml Out RED BANK, N. J., WEDNESDAY, JULY 5, 1961 7c PER COPY PAGE ONE VOL. 84, NO. 6 Pud at KM But ul at <uMlUon»l Mtlltoc BY CARRIER To Counter Threats Berlin Moves Holiday Death Toll Slated by U.S. WASHINGTON (AP) - Presi- was ordered by the President last Hits a Record High -dcnt Kennedy's return to Wash- week before he left for his July ington today was expected to 4 holiday at Hyannis Port, Mass. bring a speed-up in U. S. plan- One of the tasks awaiting him ning of new moves to counter So- on his return to the capital was viet threats against West Berlin. the review of the progress of this 885 Die in Nation; Possible steps include sending work. Some plans are expected one or more army divisions to to be ready for consideration by reinforce the five divisions of the National Security Council in U. S. troops already serving with the near future. 27 NJ, Fatalities Note to Moscow NATO forces in Germany. Some As the nation ended its four-day Fourth of July fea ami air forces may be de- Officials said, meanwhile, that ployed, and a wide range of other the United States probably will observance today, it counted its heaviest holiday acci- actions is under consideration. -
US Army, Berlin, 1961-1994
COLD WARRIORS, GOOD NEIGHBORS, SMART POWER: U.S. ARMY, BERLIN, 1961-1994 Rex A. Childers A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2015 Committee: Beth A. Griech-Polelle, Advisor Marc V. Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Bill Allison Michael E. Brooks © 2015 Rex Childers All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor The end of the Cold War and the manner in which it was “won” by the Allied nations ignited debate over the utility of military power as a source of American leadership in the new unipolar world. A popular theme arose, that a new form of state power, soft power, had the capacity to achieve America’s interests as it prepared to enter the 21st century. The idea that expensive and dangerous technologies could be replaced by investments in peaceful means of influence, wielded by America’s foreign policy professionals to foster a new cooperative spirit in the world, was naturally attractive. The United States could be relieved of much of its global military presence and reduce its military’s intrusions upon foreign people and their cultures. This dissertation challenges the assumption that the impact of military stationing in the Cold War was limited to hard power. In the case of the U.S. Army in Berlin, the unit and its members practiced civic, social, cultural, and political behaviors that meet the criteria of the post-Cold War branded term, soft power. In their daily interactions with Berliners, they exercised the full spectrum of foreign policy smart power tools, as Cold Warrior defenders of West Berlin and in compliance with U.S. -
The Ledger and Times, August 21, 1962
Murray State's Digital Commons The Ledger & Times Newspapers 8-21-1962 The Ledger and Times, August 21, 1962 The Ledger and Times Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/tlt Recommended Citation The Ledger and Times, "The Ledger and Times, August 21, 1962" (1962). The Ledger & Times. 3834. https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/tlt/3834 This Newspaper is brought to you for free and open access by the Newspapers at Murray State's Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Ledger & Times by an authorized administrator of Murray State's Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. -•••.••••••• Pio • • • • I. ;T 20,A962 ight some gold." way it's going se •• 5elreird Al A Ben All Rontcl Kett-nay COrtillhdnfty KeWTriarier in -Largest God Circulation In The City We Largest we'll banish Trust Circulation In em ter good • The County presence .tent IN OUR 83rd YEAR United Press International Murray, Ky., Tuesday Afternoon, August MURRAY POPULATION 10,100 getting you 21, 1962 Vol. LXXXIII No. 198 .1.11 411MN. get them out Cases apart- Are Heard use or .Violent Wind i:IfiesedlindaWomany In County Court City Resident fAY out! Two Reds Down Several cases have been heard Brings Relief by In Judge Robert Miller State'Remains ree Estimate! during Passes Away the past week. rninate pests Ronald Roberts of Kirksey was At arrested for speeding by Trooper at low cost To Midwest Paducah Last Night • 124 Miles Apart Guy Turner, and fined $10.00 with costa of $15.50. Grip, Heat Wave winds pounced on Ohio Mrs. -
The Cultural Diplomacy of Education in Okinawa, 1945-1972
SCHOOLING FOR DEMOCRACY?: THE CULTURAL DIPLOMACY OF EDUCATION IN OKINAWA, 1945-1972 By So Mizoguchi A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of History- Doctor of Philosophy 2018 ABSTRACT SCHOOLING FOR DEMOCRACY?: THE CULTURAL DIPLOMACY OF EDUCATION IN OKINAWA, 1945-1972 By So Mizoguchi This dissertation analyzes U.S. policy on higher education during the American occupation of Okinawa. As the rise of the Cold War shaped the character of the Ryukyu Islands, postwar educational rehabilitation was positioned as the basis of an ideological battle between the United States and the Soviet Union. Among educational rehabilitation projects, the University of the Ryukyus Project was a centerpiece of Cold War educational policy. The U.S. military expected that the university would consistently educate new pro-American elite groups. With the scope of education policy expanding, however, the military was forced to handle many issues which required advanced academic skill. To accelerate the reconstruction process, the Army sought assistance from outside experts. MSU was selected as the mentor of the University of the Ryukyus because its excellent curricula satisfied the Army’s requirement of practical programs. While many scholarly works argue that postwar Okinawa succeeded in developing a democratic educational system, Okinawans were in fact disillusioned with American educational system because undemocratic practices and wide-spread racial and economic discrimination raised uncomfortable feelings in Okinawan society. Ironically, Okinawan teachers and the students of the university became the vanguard of the restoration movement in Okinawa. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am greatly indebted to numerous institutions and people for their help and support over the course of writing this dissertation. -
Warpath, out to Grab Their First City Title VOLUME 30, NUMBER 13
Negro parents, beginning today (Thursday), will be of Education to attend all-Negro schools. the hearing officers are Dr. John Richardson, MSU professor, Board officials believe it may take at least a week tdi1-., asked why they think their children should attend white and Paul Bryan, an attorney and former sessions court judge. When their children were turned back, almost a score hear all of the appeals. schools. of parents appealed to the Board of Education through Atty. Atty. Willis is representing all of the parents involved, Meanwhile the rejected pupils are attending all-Negro ; A. W. Willis, Jr. Mr. Willis attempted to enroll his son in He will conduct examinations and take testimony during the schools closest to their homes. .'j Persons due to testify are parents of 18 or more of the the first grade of a white school and is among those appeal hearings. Should the hearings result in the assignment of any of. , 50 Negro children who applied for enrollment in while , He said he thought parents asked him to file their ap ing. the Negro pupils to white schools it would mean that the peals because they knew he had become involved when he schools near their homes but were assigned by the Board pupil would shift from one school to another without missing The appeal hearings will be held at the Board and attempted to enroll his young son In the white school. any time in the classroom. ». Would ' J Warpath, Out To Grab is VOLUME 30, NUMBER 13 MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 1961 PRICE TEN CENTS Their First City Title ' ‘J Coaches, Players Predict This Is The YearTo Win (Second In A Series) THIS Is the season the Doug lass Red Devils have apparent ly been waiting for for 19 years Popular Radio Personality - and Devil football followers seem confident it will turn out AA&g-gt Z . -
Final Supplemental Environmental
-----------------affli??rp.-=~~~- Appendix G Transportation Transportation Table of Contents Section Page G. Transportation ....................................................................................................................................G-1 G.1 Impacts at Generator Sites........................................................................................................G-1 G.1.1 Impacts of Shipping Canisters and Campaign Kits to Generator Sites..............................G-1 G.1.2 Radiological Impacts to Workers from Loading................................................................G-2 G.1.3 Industrial Safety Impacts to Workers from Loading..........................................................G-3 G.2 Transportation Routes...............................................................................................................G-5 G.3 Shipments ...............................................................................................................................G-13 G.4 Radionuclide Inventory ..........................................................................................................G-15 G.5 Incident-Free Transportation..................................................................................................G-35 G.5.1 Radiological Impacts........................................................................................................G-35 G.5.1.1 Collective Radiation Dose Scenarios............................................................................G-36 G.5.1.2 -
Title Returning from US Study Abroad: Cold War Representation
Returning from US Study Abroad: Cold War Representation Title and Construction of Beiryu : Gumi's Identity in the US Military Occupation of Okinawa Author(s) 琉球大学欧米文化論集 = Ryudai Review of Euro-American Citation Studies(63): 19-39 Issue Date 2019-03-31 URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12000/44226 Rights Ryudai Review of EuroAmerican Studies No. 63, 2019 Returning from US Study Abroad: Cold War Representation and Construction of Beiryu-Gumi’s Identity in the US Military Occupation of Okinawa Kinuko Maehara Yamazato This is not a burden of responsibility that I am placing on you. It is one that you must assume voluntarily as Ryukyuans, and as leaders and future leaders of these islands. The people are turning to you among others, for advice, guidance and leadership. They want to hear your voice. They want to share your education. They want to benefit from your views of the wider world and, most of all, they want to learn the truth. ―Paul Caraway, High Commissioner of Ryukyu Islands, in “Facing Reality,” a speech given at the Golden Gate Club on June 12, 1962. 1 1. Introduction On March 5, 1963, General Paul Caraway, High Commissioner of the Ryukyu Islands, gave a speech at the monthly meeting of the Golden Gate Club. The Golden Gate Club was an alumni association established in 1952 by Okinawans who had received US government scholarships and studied in the US during the Occupation of Okinawa (1945–1972). In his speech entitled “Autonomy,” Caraway referred to the autonomy of the “Ryukyus” under the US military occupation as a myth, and further referred to Okinawans who worked for the Government of Ryukyu Islands as lacking of efficiency.2 He contrasted them with his audience at the meeting, the members of the Golden Gate Club, which consisted of Okinawans who had returned from their study abroad in the US, who he deemed highly sophisticated and praiseworthy for their contribution to developing mutual understanding between people in Okinawa and the US. -
World War II Participants and Contemporaries: Papers
World War II Participants and Contemporaries: Papers Container List ACCETTA, DOMINICK Residence: Fort Lee, New Jersey Service: 355th Inf Regt, Europe Volume: -1" Papers (1)(2) [record of Cannon Co., 355th Inf. Regt., 89th Inf. Div., Jan.-July 1945; Ohrdruf Concentration Camp; clippings; maps; booklet ”The Story of the 89th Infantry Division;” orders; song; ship’s newspaper, Jan. 1946;map with route of 89th Div.] AENCHBACHER, A.E. "Gene" Residence: Wichita, Kansas Service: Pilot, 97th Bomber Group, Europe; flew DDE from Gibraltar to North Africa, November 1942 Volume: -1" Papers [letters; clippings] ALFORD, MARTIN Residence: Abilene, Kansas Service: 5th Inf Div, Europe Volume: -1" Papers [copy of unit newspaper for 5th Inf. Div., May 8, 1945; program for memorial service; statistics on service and casualties in wars and conflicts] ALLMON, WILLIAM B. Residence: Jefferson City, Missouri Service: historian Volume: -1” 104 Inf Div (1) (2) [after action report for November 1944, describing activities of division in southwest Holland; this is a copy of the original report at the National Archives] 1 AMERICAN LEGION NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS Residence: Indianapolis, Indiana Service: Veteran's organization Volume: 13" After the War 1943-45 [a monthly bulletin published by the Institute on Postwar Reconstruction, Aug. 1943-April 1945] American Legion Publications (1)-(11) [civil defense; rights and benefits of veterans; home front; citizenship; universal draft; national defense and security program; Americanism; employment manual; Boy Scouts-youth program; G. I. Bill of Rights; peace and foreign relations; disaster; natural resources; law and order; UMT-universal military training; national defense; veterans’ employment; 1946 survey of veterans; reprint of two pages from The National Legionnaire, June 1940; instructors manual for military drill; United Nations; junior baseball program] Army-Navy YMCA Bulletin, 1942-44 Atlas of World Battle Fronts [1943-45] China at War, 1939 [four issues published by the China Information Publishing Co.] Clippings [submarine war; Alaska; U.S. -
The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Western Europe First Supplement
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Western Europe First Supplement A UPA Collection from Cover: Map of Europe courtesy of the Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook. National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Western Europe First Supplement Guide by Dan Elasky A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road ● Bethesda, MD 20814-6126 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Western Europe. First supplement [microform] / project coordinator, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels ; 35 mm. –– (National security files) “Microfilmed from the holdings of the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts.” Accompanied by a printed guide, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of the John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Western Europe. First supplement ISBN 1-55655-881-3 1. United States––Foreign relations––Europe, Western––Sources. 2. Europe, Western ––Foreign relations––United States––Sources. 3. United States––Foreign relations––1963–1969–– Sources. 4. National security––United States––History––Sources. 5. Western Europe––Foreign relations––1945–1989. I. Lester, Robert. II. John F. Kennedy Library. III. University Publications of America (Firm) IV. Series. Microfilm XXXXX 327.7304––dc22 2008063101 Copyright © 2009 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-881-3. TABLE OF CONTENTS Scope and Content Note -
The Politics of the Alliance Never Really Became a Politics of Mutual Appendix: a New Career As Corporate Executive
the politics of the alliance never really became a politics of mutual Appendix: A New Career as Corporate Executive As Norstad approached the end of his military career, he was still a young man. He had made many important contacts both at home and abroad, and was therefore in a strong position to embark on a promising second career. But, as he said: "I ruled out exploiting my military connections, and I am going com pletely away from the armaments business." 1 In fact, he was attracted, but not seriously, toward a university appointment, which is why Professor Norman Gibbs, the Chichele Professor of the History of War at All Souls College, Oxford, offered to arrange for him a visiting appointment at All Souls. 2 He found himself more attracted to a career as a corporate executive. His criteria were: "I wanted to work with some company that had no significant business with the Government. I wanted to work with a big company because I had always worked with big organizations. I wanted to work with a company where I could feel that I could learn enough about it to be a factor in it, to be an influence."3 The former US Ambassador to France, Amory Houghton, head of the Corning Glass Works, wrote to him in August 1962: "Your resignation saddens me as I realize so clearly what a gap in the NATO picture your departure will mean .... I cannot let this moment go by without telling you how greatly I admire the job you have done. Perhaps having seen you at work first hand I can to an unusual degree appreciate the intelligence, vigor, skill and patience that were a part of your leadership as Supreme Commander.