American Airpower Comes of Age General Henry H. “Hap” Arnold’s World War II Diaries Edited by MAJOR GENERAL JOHN W. HUSTON USAF Retired Volume 2 Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama January 2002 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Arnold, Henry Harley, 1886-1950. American airpower comes of age : General Henry H. “Hap” Arnold’s World War II diaries; vol 2 / edited by John W. Huston. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58566-094-9 1-58566-093-0 1. Arnold, Henry Harley, 1886-1950––Diaries. 2. World War, 1939-1945––Per- sonal narratives, American. 3. United States. Army Air Forces––Biography. 4. Generals––United States––Diaries. 5. United States. Army Air Forces––History. 6. World War, 1939-1945––Aerial operations, American. 7. Air power––United States––History––20th century. I. Huston, John W. II. Title. D811.A7318 A3 2001 940.54'4973'092––dc21 2001041259 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the editor and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. Air University Press 131 West Shumacher Avenue Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6615 ii This volume is dedicated to my wife Dorothy Bampton Huston and my children Ann Huston Faris and John B. Huston. All of them lovingly tolerated my preoccupation and ill humor while this was being completed. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii DEDICATION . iii FOREWORD . vii ABOUT THE EDITOR . ix PREFACE . xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xiii EDITORIAL NOTES . xv Notes . xviii HAP AT MIDPOINT . 1 Notes . 11 6 ENGLAND 31 AUGUST–8 SEPTEMBER 1943 . 13 Introduction . 13 The Diary . 34 Postscript . 43 Notes . 53 7 CAIRO, TEHRAN, PALESTINE, CAIRO, ITALY 11 NOVEMBER–15 DECEMBER 1943 . 67 Introduction . 67 The Diary . 74 Postscript . 102 Notes . 110 8 ENGLAND, NORMANDY BEACHES, ITALY 8 JUNE–21 JUNE 1944 . 131 Introduction . 131 The Diary . 148 v Chapter Page Postscript . 167 Notes . 171 9 QUEBEC 11 SEPTEMBER–16 SEPTEMBER 1944 . 185 Introduction . 185 The Diary . 202 Postscript . 207 Notes . 211 10 PARIS, CANNES, ITALY, NORTH AFRICA, SOUTH AMERICA 31 MARCH–8 MAY 1945 . 221 Introduction . 221 The Diary . 228 Postscript . 265 Notes . 271 PHOTO SECTION . 291 11 HAWAII, GUAM, IWO JIMA, PHILIPPINES 6 JUNE–24 JUNE 1945 . 307 Introduction . 307 The Diary . 320 Postscript . 343 Notes . 344 12 PARIS AND GERMANY 10 JULY–30 JULY 1945 . 359 Introduction . 359 The Diary . 364 Postscript . 385 Notes . 393 EPILOGUE . 407 Notes . 419 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 421 INDEX . 437 vi Foreword This volume has richly enhanced General Henry H. “Hap” Arnold’s reputation as the father of today’s United States Air Force. Major General John W. Huston, himself an Army Air Forces combat veteran of the war, has edited each of Arnold’s World War II diaries and placed them in their historical con- text while explaining the problems Hap faced and evaluating the results of his travels. General Huston, a professional his- torian, has taught at both the US Air Force Academy and the US Naval Academy. A former Chief of the Office of Air Force History and an experienced researcher both here and abroad in the personal and official papers of the war’s leaders, he has been careful to let Hap speak for himself. The result is an account of the four-year odyssey that took Arnold to every continent but one as he took part in delibera- tions that involved Allied leaders in major diplomacy/strategy meetings with Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S Truman, Winston Churchill, Josef Stalin, Charles de Gaulle, and Chiang Kai-shek. At those meetings, Hap recorded the comments of the various participants. His 12 diaries contain his own thoughts, which range from being lost over the Himalayas to comforting the wounded as they were airlifted from the Normandy beaches. He experienced an air raid in London and viewed the carnage in recently liberated Manila. Arnold recorded his honest impressions, from private meetings with King George VI in Buckingham Palace to eating from mess kits with his combat crews in the North African desert—all while perceptively com- menting on the many issues involved and assessing the people, the culture, and the surroundings. This volume offers the best assessment we have of Hap as he survived four wartime heart attacks and continued to work tirelessly for proper recognition of airpower. It will also con- tinue my emphasis while Chief of Staff of the US Air Force on encouraging professional reading through making historical vii accounts available to personnel of the finest air force in the world, a success achieved in large part because of Hap Arnold. RONALD R. FOGLEMAN General, United States Air Force, Retired viii About the Editor Major General John W. Huston was born on 6 March 1925 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He began his military career as an avi- ation cadet and was commissioned at age 18 following comple- tion of navigator training. After flying a combat tour in B-17s with the 379th Bombardment Group of England in 1944 and teaching navigation in Liberal, Kansas, he left the Army Air Forces in 1945 and returned to college. He earned the BA degree from Monmouth College (Illinois) and the MA and PhD degrees from the University of Pittsburgh. He began a teaching career at the University of Pittsburgh and continued it at the US Naval Academy, where he became Chair of the History Department. His teaching career also took him to the University of Maryland, the University of Rochester, and Ball State University. He has pub- lished in a number of professional journals. General Huston also served in the US Air Force Reserve, fly- ing in C-46, C-119, C-124, and C-130 aircraft. He served in the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, as the Mobilization Assignee to the Commander of the 20th Air Division, and as a ix Major General Mobilization Assignee to the Deputy Chief of Staff/Personnel at Headquarters USAF. General Huston was recalled to active duty in 1976 as Chief of the Office of Air Force History. He served in that capacity until his retirement from the US Air Force in 1981, when he returned to the fac- ulty of the US Naval Academy. When he retired from the Naval Academy, General Huston was a Distinguished Visiting Pro- fessor at the US Air Force Academy. x Preface Although the need for a comprehensive biography of Gen Henry H. “Hap” Arnold exists, this volume does not constitute such a biography. However, to promote a better understanding of both man and diary, a brief biographical and circumstantial sketch precedes the diaries here. Nor is this work intended as a history of the Army Air Forces in World War II. The aim of the edi- tor has been to place in historical context the thoughts and immediate impressions of Arnold as he recorded them in the diaries he kept through each of his 12 trips abroad during the war. The diaries provide centerpieces for the 12 chapters of this work, each of which is devoted to the trip covered therein. To promote a better understanding of the man and his jour- nals, a brief biographic note introduces the diaries. Additionally, a brief description of the political and military background, some explanatory notes, and a postscript analysis are provided in each chapter for a clearer understanding of the setting and events of that chapter. These rely wherever possible on Arnold’s papers and other manuscript sources both in the United States and abroad. In all cases, the aim has been to let Arnold’s notes speak for themselves as he recorded them in his diaries. These journals represent his immediate thoughts and sponta- neous reactions rather than the reflective ruminations of a pro- fessional American military officer. Arnold had worn an Army uniform for almost 38 years when he began these volumes. His travels over the 51-month span included six major wartime diplomacy/strategy conferences that took him to all but one con- tinent, into most war zones, and through four heart attacks. No matter where he traveled or what topics were discussed, his freshly recorded impressions made at the end of a busy day were not revised or supplemented by second thoughts or considera- tions of propriety. To this editor, they appear honest, illuminat- ing, and reflective of the character, strengths, and shortcomings of General Arnold. No other American senior officer has left such an extensive, revealing, and contemporary account of World War II from such a vantage point. Arthur Bryant’s assessment of Lord Alanbrooke’s journals seems equally applicable to Arnold’s diaries: “This book is not xi a biography, nor is it a history of the war. It rests on a diary compiled in the heat of pressing events. It reveals how the diarist saw himself and those around him, but not how they saw him.” Bryant continued, cautioning that “a diary has lim- itations too, as history . written amid the passions and anx- ieties” of the time.* Arnold probably would have agreed. *Arthur Bryant, Triumph in the West: A History of the War Years Based on the Diaries of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959), 4–5. xii Acknowledgments As all researchers quickly discover, they incur immense debts to dedicated scholars, archivists, librarians, and others who have aided in many ways, from answering numerous obscure ques- tions to listening ad nauseam about the diaries. These helpful people are too numerous to be mentioned individually, but the staff of the reference section, United States Naval Academy Library, always went far beyond the dedicated professional ser- vice librarians seem to have been born with.