Ciortan Ioana

Volume 17(4), 16- 21, 2013 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology www.journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro

Contributions to the mycobiota knowledge of spruce forests from Obârşia Lotrului health resort(Romania)

Ciortan Ioana

Botanical Garden „Al. Buia” of University Craiova, 32 C-tin Lecca Street, 200217, Romania.

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract This paper presents 116 macromycetes species of spruce Key words forests [Eastern Carpathian subalpine spruce forests (Picea abies) with Oxalis acetosella – association Hieracio rotundati - Piceetum Pawł. et Br.-Bl. 1939 Obârșia Lotrului, Romania, oxalidosum] from Obârşia Lotrului Resort – area which is part of the site macromycetes, edibility, Natura 2000-Parâng, also socio-economic potential of the species (edibility, toxicity, practical toxicity, practical importance). importance

Just as noted Botnariuc in 2010 [8] „the the south of Pasul Tărtărău and north of the Pasul extinction of a species is an irreversible process, Urdele. This area is practically an area of about 1 km ignorance of its ecological role may be the loss of any around the Obârşia Lotrului mountain shed and along new medical resources, food, etc. or it may result to the the of the national road DN 7A towards Vidra Lake for destabilization of entire ecosystems”. In the a distance of about 3 Km. biodiversity conservation the first step is to establish From the botanical sense the adjacent territory list of species whose protection must be a priority. of the study area was investigated by Ştefureac et al. Therefore I decided establishment of an mycological 1954, 1955, 1959, 1963 [31, 32, 34, 35]. inventory of Obârşia Lotrului health resort. The The mycological research in the area were made Obârşia Lotrului area is recognized as one of the by Ciortan 2006 [9], and in the surrounding areas by richest from the country in mushrooms and berries. Niculescu et al. 2008 [25]. Here arriving for years, hundreds of pickers from all parts of the country and encamping in insalubrious Material and Methods conditions, leaving behind much garbage, both from the camping and from the cleaning of mushrooms. In the 2004, 2006 and 2008 years were made trips in August, September and October, and in 2010 in October. The fundamental objective of the research was the identification of taxa, and in a subordinate assessment of the socio-economic potential of macromycetes identified. The determinations were made on fresh material and continues in the laboratory for the species with have required the microscopic observation. The proper identification of taxa was achieved using specialized works [2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7; 10; 14; 17; 18; 19, 20; 23; 29]. The nomenclature in

accordance with Index Fungorum 2013 [36]. Fig. 1. Map of the investigated area Fieldwork has materialized by taking photos of which were recorded all aspects of major scientific The health resort, occupying an area of 3 ha, at significance, which we help identify taxa and an altitude of between 1.300 and 1.400 m, at the coenotaxons (associations/sinusiums) as well as confluence of Lotru River with Pravăţ River and determining the physiological condition of fungal Izvorul Tâmpei River (Fig. 1). Is part of the Natura communities. 2000-Parâng Site, founded by Order of Minister of The results researchs are presented into Environment and Sustainable Development no synthethical table, to point out the species published in 1964/2007. 2006 [9] and a socio-economic potential of species The study area is located in the surroundings of (edibility, toxicity, practical importance) for which Obârşia Lotrului mountain shed, situated at an 1.340 m have been consulted various works [16; 21; 22; 27; 28; altitude, latitudinal coordinates: 45º26′7″N, 23º37′50″E 29; 30; 37]. - 45°26′5″N, 23°37′51″E – at the intersection DN 67C (Transalpina) with DN 7A5 (Petroşani-Voineasa), to

16 Results and Discussions with less than consistency, hence the name of association given by Wraeber 1953 - Luzulo sylvaticae- The surveys were conducted in eastern Piceetum. In the cut forest is found Calamagrostis Carpathian subalpine spruce forests (Picea abies) with arundinacea or Gramineae mixed with Oxalis acetosella – association Hieracio rotundati - Dicotyledonatae (most commonly being encountered Piceetum Pawł. et Br.-Bl. 1939 oxalidosum [11], the Chamaenerion angustifolium). There is no shrub layer habitat 9410 Acidophilous Picea forests of the in these forests. montane to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetea) - (Natura The soil is a skeletal podzol, which is 2000) [13]. Association Hieracio rotundati - Piceetum characterized in that foliage stratum is quite thick, up is characteristic of the boreal belt, characterized by the to a few centimeters. In this stratum the organic dominant species Picea abies, many populations of substance, to a small extent decomposed, is studded mosses and herbaceous plants, mostly acidophilic. The with numerous micro- and macromycetes. herbaceous vegetation is very poor. Oxalis acetosella Macromycete list of species identified is may be substituted by Luzula silvatica in the arboretum presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Macromycetes from Obârşia Lotrului health resort No. Species identified in area Species Socio-economic potential published in 2006 1. Ascocoryne sarcoides (Jacq.) J.W. Groves & D.E. Wilson - Medicinal use. Contains ascocorinin, pigment, which in alkaline solution causes a purple- black color. Antibiotic activity of ascocorinin is moderately, inhibit the growth of Gram- positive bacteria, including Bacillus stearothermophilus [28]; saprotroph. 2. Agaricus sylvaticus Schaeff. + Edible; saprotroph. 3. Agaricus xanthodermus Genev. + Toxic - causes the resinoidian syndrome; saprotroph. 4. Albatrellus ovinus (Schaeff.) Kotl. & Pouzar + Edible, medicinal use; the industrial value at the research stage [16]. Contains albatrelins A-C (1-3), three novel dimers (meroterpenoid pigments), albatrelins D-F (4-6), and two known ones, 6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro- 3,6,9-trimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)- 1,9-epoxy-6H dibenzo[b,d]pyran and confluentin – showed weak cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines, HL-60, SMMC-7712, A-549, and MCF-7, in vitro [21]; saprotroph. 5. Amanita battarrae (Boud.) Bon - Suspect; mycorrhizal. 6. Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. var. muscaria + Toxic - causes the muscarian syndrome; narcotic, used in folk medicine as an aphrodisiac and dope [16]; mycorrhizal. 7. Amanita pantherina (DC.) Krombh. - Toxic - causes the pantherian syndrome; narcotic, used in folk medicine as an dope [16]; mycorrhizal. 8. Amanita rubescens Pers. var. rubescens - Edible or Poisonous/Suspect - after Phillips 2013 [37] suspected to be toxic, can causes hemolytic syndrome if not well boiled; mycorrhizal. 9. Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Lam. + Edible or Poisonous/Suspect - after Phillips 2013 [37] suspected to be toxic; mycorrhizal. 10. Amanita vittadinii (Moretti) Vittad. + Toxic - causes hemolytic syndrome; mycorrhizal. 11. Ampulloclitocybe clavipes (Pers.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & - Toxic - causes coprinian syndrome; medicinal Vilgalys use; saprotroph. 12. Baeospora myosura (Fries) Singer + Inedible; saprotroph. 13. Balsamia platyspora Berk. + Mycorrhizal. 14. Boletus appendiculatus Schaeff. + Edible, optionally; mycorrhizal. 15. Boletus badius (Fr.) Fr. - Edible, optionally; mycorrhizal. 16. Boletus edulis Bull. + Edible; mycorrhizal. 17. Boletus luridiformis Rostk. var. luridiformis + Poisonous/Suspect; mycorrhizal. 18. Bondarzewia mesenterica (Schaeff.) Kreisel - Inedible; lignocellulosic degradation (producing white rot); saproytoph-parasite. 19. Bovista plumbea Pers. + Edible at the young stage of development; saprotroph.

17 20. Cantharellus cibarius Fr. + Edible; mycorrhizal. 21. Chlorophyllum rhacodes (Vittad.) Vellinga - Edible; saprotroph. 22. Clavulin a coralloides (L.) J. Schröt. + Edible; saprotroph. 23. Climacocystis borealis (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar - Inedible; lignocellulosic degradation (producing brown rot); saprotroph-parasite. 24. Clitocybe gibba (Pers.) P. Kumm. + Edible; saprotroph. 25. Clitocybe rivulosa (Pers.) P. Kumm. + Toxic - deadly (causes muscarinian syndrome) ; saprotroph. 26. Coltricia perennis (L.) Murrill, Inedible; medicinal use. Saprotroph. 27. Coprinopsis atramentaria (Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo + Poisonous/Suspect - causes coprinian syndrome; saprotroph. 28. Cortinarius camphoratus (Fr.) Fr - Inedible; mycorrhizal. 29. Cortinarius caperatus (Pers.) Fr. + Edible; mycorrhizal. 30. Cortinarius cinnamomeus (L.) Fr. - Toxic - causes orellanian syndrome; mycorrhizal. 31. Cortinarius collinitus (Pers.) Fr. - Poisonous/Suspect; mycorrhizal. 32. Cortinarius purpurascens Fr. - Poisonous/Suspect - causes orellanian syndrome; mycorrhizal. 33. Crepidotus applanatus (Pers.) P. Kumm. var. applanatus - Inedible; saprotroph. 34. Cystoderma amianthinum (Scop.) Fayod - Poisonous/Suspect; saprotroph. 35. Cystoderma carcharias (Pers.) Fayod - Poisonous/Suspect; saprotroph. 36. Dacrymyces stillatus Nees - Inedible; saprotroph. 37. Fomes fomentarius (L.) J. Kickx f. Inedible; used in folk medicine, bookbinding floral decorations, technique (wicks/touchwood, perfumes) [16]; lignocellulosic degradation (producing white rot); parasite. 38. Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst. + Inedible; used in folk medicine, bookbinding floral decorations [16]; lignocellulosic degradation (producing brown rot); saprotroph-parasite. 39. Gliophorus laetus (Pers.) Herink + Edible; saprotroph. 40. Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst. - Inedible; medicinal use; provider of colorant [16]; lignocellulosic degradation (producing white rot); saprotroph. 41. Gomphidius glutinosus (Schaeff.) Fr. + Edible [29], inedible [27]; mycorrhizal. 42. Gymnopus androsaceus (L.) J.L. Mata & R.H. Petersen + Inedible; saprotroph. 43. Gymnopus perforans (Hoffm.) Antonín & Noordel. - Inedible; saprotroph. 44. Helvella elastica Bull. + Edible, but of poor quality, or toxic if it is uncooked comsume [22] - causes gyromitrian sindrome; saprotroph. 45. Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. - Inedible; the industrial value in the research stage [16]; pathogenic of coniferous species; lignocellulosic degradation (producing white rot); saprotroph-parasite. 46. Hydnellum aurantiacum (Batsch) P. Karst. - Inedible; contains p-terphenyl pigment, called aurantiacin, and dihydroaurantiacin dibenzoate [15]; saprotroph. 47. Hydnellum geogenium (Fr.) Banker - Inedible; saprotroph. 48. Hydnellum suaveolens (Scop.) P. Karst. - Inedible; saprotroph. 49. Hydnum repandum L. + Edible, optionally; medicinal use; saprotroph. 50. Hypholoma lateritium (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. - Poisonous/Suspect; saprotroph. 51. Hypoxylon fragiforme (Pers.) J. Kickx f. + Inedible; saprotroph. 52. Inocybe asterospora Quél. - Toxic - causes muscarinian syndrome; mycorrhizal. 53. Inocybe geophylla var. lilacina Gillet - Toxic - causes muscarinian syndrome; mycorrhizal. 54. Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) P. Kumm. + Toxic - causes muscarinian syndrome; mycorrhizal. 55. Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.) Singer & A.H. Sm. Edible; medicinal use; cultivated, illegal dope use [16]. Saprotroph-parasite. 56. Laccaria amethystina Cooke + Edible; mycorrhizal. 57. Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke + Edible; mycorrhizal. 58. Lactarius aurantiacus (Pers.) Gray + Edible; mycorrhizal. 59. Lactarius bresadolanus Singer - Mycorrhizal. 60. Lactarius deterrimus Gröger ? Edible; mycorrhizal; medicinal use: content azulen, sequiterpen, present antibiotic and antioxidant activity. 61. Lactarius lignyotus Fr. + Edible; mycorrhizal. 62. Lactarius picinus Fr. + After most mycologist inedible due to acrid taste (after Kreisel 2005 [16] – edible); mycorrhizal.

18 63. Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr. + Inedible; mycorrhizal. 64. Lactari us salmonicolor R. Heim & Leclair + Edible; mycorrhizal. 65. Lactarius scrobiculatus (Scop.) Fr. + Toxic – causes resinoidian syndrome; mycorrhizal. 66. Lactarius semisanguifluus R. Heim & Leclair + Edible; mycorrhizal. 67. Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke + Edible; saprotroph. 68. Lycoperdon excipuliforme (Scop.) Pers. - Edible in the young stage; saprotroph. 69. Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. - Edible in the young stage; saprotroph. 70. Lyophyll um connatum (Schumach.) Singer - Inedible; after Kreisel 2005 [16] – toxic; saprotroph. 71. Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer var. procera - Edible; saprotroph. 72. Marasmius epiphyllus Pers.) Fr. - Inedible; saprotroph. 73. Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr. + Edible; saprotroph. 74. Marasmius rotula (Scop.) Fr. + Inedible; saprotroph. 75. Mycena alcalina (Fr.) P. Kumm. + Inedible; saprotroph. 76. Mycena epipterygia (Scop.) Gray - Inedible; saprotroph. 77. Mycena galericulata (Scop.) Gray - Inedible; saprotroph. 78. Mycena galopus (Pers.) P. Kumm. var. galopus - Inedible; saprotroph. 79. Mycena polygramma (Bull). Gray - Inedible; saprotroph. 80. Mycena pura (Pers.) P. Kumm. - Toxic – causes resinoidian syndrome; saprotroph. 81. Mycetinis alliaceus (Jacq.) Earle ex A.W. Wilson & Desjardin + Used as a condiment; saprotroph. 82. Octospora humosa (Fr.) Dennis - Inedible; saprotroph. 83. Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.) Quél. var. papilionaceus + Suspect to produce narcotidian syndrome; saprotroph. 84. Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. - Toxic - produces a syndrome similar of giromitrian; micorrhizal. 85. Peziza badia Pers. + Edible, but without edible value; saprotroph. 86. Pholiota flammans (Batsch) P. Kumm. - Inedible; saprotroph. 87. Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. - Edible; saprotroph. 88. Porostereum spadiceum (Pers.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden - Saprotroph - determines the downfall of bark trees. 89. Postia stiptica (Pers.) Jülich + Inedible because of the bitter taste. lignocellulosic degradation (producing brown rot); saprotroph-parasite. 90. Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.) P. Karst. + Edible, but without edible value; medicinal use; saprotroph. 91. Ramaria flava (Schaeff.) Quél. + Edible; saprotroph. 92. Ramariopsis kunzei (Fr.) Corner - Inedible; saprotroph. 93. Rhodocollybia butyracea (Bull.) Lennox + Edible, but without edible value; saprotroph. 94. Russula atropurpurea (Krombh.) Britzelm. + Edible; mycorrhizal. 95. Russula aurea Pers. - Edible; medicinal use; mycorrhizal. 96. Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. - Edible; medicinal use; mycorrhizal. 97. Russula delica Fr. - Edible; mycorrhizal. 98. Russula emetica (Schaeff.) Pers. + Toxic - causes resinoidian syndrome; mycorrhizal. 99. Russula cuprea (Krombh.) J.E. Lange - Edible; mycorrhizal. 100. Russula foetens Pers. - Toxic - causes resinoidian syndrome; medicinal use; mycorrhizal. 101. Russula fragilis Fr. var. fragilis - Toxic - causes resinoidian syndrome; mycorrhizal. 102. Russula integra (L.) Fr. var. integra - Edible; mycorrhizal. 103. Russula nigricans Fr. - Medicinal use; mycorrhizal. 104. Russula ochroleuca Fr. - Edible; mycorrhizal. 105. Russula silvestris (Singer) Reumaux - Toxic - causes resinoidian syndrome; mycorrhizal. 106. Rus sula vesca Fr. - Edible; mycorrhizal. 107. Russula virescens (Schaeff.) Fr. + Edible; medicinal use; mycorrhizal. 108. Scutellinia scutellata (L.) Lambotte - Inedible; saprotroph. 109. Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer + Edible; mycorrhizal. 110. Thelephora terrestris Ehrh. - Inedible. saprotroph. 111. Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. - Medicinal use; lignocellulosic degradation (producing white rot); saprotroph. 112. Trichaptum abietinum (Dicks.) Ryvarden - Lignocellulosic degradation (producing white rot); saprotroph-parasite. 113. Trichaptum fuscoviolaceum (Ehrenb.) Ryvarden - Lignocellulosic degradation (producing white rot); saprotroph. 114. Tricholoma portentosum (Fr.) Quél. - Edible; mycorrhizal. 115. Tylopilus porphyrosporus (Fr. & Hök) A.H. Sm. & Thiers - Edible; mycorrhizal. 116. Xeromphalina campanella (Batsch) Maire - Inedible; saprotroph.

19 Of the 116 macromycetes species 48 are edible, and the reduction of human pressure on the 17 toxic and 10 suspects, medicinal 19, including folk environment, inherently in conditions of practicing medicine, mycorrhizal 50, lignodegradativ 11, forming under the large-scale tourism. pigments 4. Considering the positive and negative impacts References of identified macromycetes we see in Table 1 that the with positive effects [considering here edible (48 1. Adomas A., Asiebu F.O., Stenlid J. 2005. Conifer species), with medicinal potential (19 species), root and butt rot caused by Heterobasidion industrial potential (4-6 species) and mycorrhizas (50 annosum (Fr.) Bref. s.l. Molecular Plant species)] are superior to those with negative effects. Pathology 6(4): 395-409. The saprotroph mushrooms, together with 2. Bon M. 1988. Monographic key for European bacteria and slime molds with the same nutrition, Russulae. 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