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Home , 21st Army (Wehrmacht), Andrew Thorne, Arnfinn Moland, Battle of the Atlantic, Bernard Paget, Bodyguard of Lies

Notes

1 Introduction

1. Donald Macintyre, (: Evans, 1959), p. 15. 2. See Olav Riste, The Neutral Ally: ’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War (London: Allen and Unwin, 1965). 3. Reflections of the C-in-C Navy on the Outbreak of War, 3 September 1939, The Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs, 1939–45 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990), pp. 37–38. 4. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 10 October 1939, in ibid. p. 47. 5. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 8 December 1939, Minutes of a Conference with Herr Hauglin and Herr on 11 December 1939 and Report of the C-in-C Navy, 12 December 1939 in ibid. pp. 63–67. 6. MGFA, Nichols Bohemia, n 172/14, H. W. Schmidt to Bohemia, 31 January 1955 cited by Francois Kersaudy, Norway, 1940 (London: Arrow, 1990), p. 42. 7. See Andrew Lambert, ‘Seapower 1939–40: Churchill and the Strategic Origins of the of the Atlantic, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 17, no. 1 (1994), pp. 86–108. 8. For the importance of Swedish iron ore see Thomas Munch-Petersen, The Strategy of (: Militärhistoriska Förlaget, 1981). 9. Churchill, The Second World War, I, p. 463. 10. See Richard Wiggan, Hunt the Altmark (London: Hale, 1982). 11. TMI, Tome XV, Déposition de l’amiral Raeder, 17 May 1946 cited by Kersaudy, p. 44. 12. Kersaudy, p. 81. 13. Johannes Andenæs, Olav Riste and Magne Skodvin, Norway and the Second World War (: Aschehoug, 1966), p. 49. 14. Kersaudy, pp. 9–12. 15. Adrian Carton de Wiart, Happy Odyssey (London: Jonathan Cape, 1950), p. 169. 16. Kersaudy, pp. 209–26 and Macintyre, Narvik, pp. 196–99. 17. Olav Riste, ‘Norway’ in I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot (eds), The Companion to the Second World War (Oxford: OUP, 1995), p. 823. 18. Maurice Harvey, Scandinavian Misadventure (Tunbridge Wells: Spellmount, 1990), p. 300. 19. Macintyre, Narvik, p. 217. 20. Churchill cited by Len Deighton, Blood, Tears and Folly (London: Jonathan Cape, 1993), p. 180. 21. Kersaudy, p. 227. 22. There is a good official history, Thomas K. , The Campaign in Norway (London: HMSO, 1952). A number of accounts were produced in the 1950s and 1960s. See Donald Macintyre, Narvik, Bernard Ash, Norway 1940 (London: Cassell, 1964), J. L. Moulton, The Norwegian Campaign of 1940: A Study of Warfare in Three Dimensions (London: Eye and Spottiswoode, 1966), Richard Petrow, The Bitter Years (: Murrow, 1979) and Johan Waage, The Narvik Campaign

236 Notes 237

(London: Harrap, 1964). Also worthy of note is the contemporary account of the Poles at Narvik, Karol Zbyszewski and Józef Natanson, The Fight for Narvik (London: Drummond, 1940) which is beautifully illustrated by Natanson’s wood- cuts. There was also a spate of publications on the 50th anniversary, the best of which is Kersaudy, Norway 1940. See also Jack Adams, The Doomed Expedition (London: Leo Copper, 1989) and Maurice Harvey, Scandinavian Misadventure. There has been a recent burst of scholarship; see Joseph Kynoch, Norway 1940: The Forgotten Fiasco (Shrewsbury: Airlife, 2002), Douglas Dildy, Denmark and Norway 1940: Hitler’s Boldest Operation (Oxford: Osprey, 2007), Graham Rhys- Jones, Churchill and the Norway Campaign (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2008) and Henrik Lunde, Hitler’s Pre-emptive War: The Battle for Norway 1940, (Drexel, PA: , 2009). The German air campaigns of 1940 and afterwards are covered by Adam Claasen, Hitler’s Northern War: The ’s Ill-Fated Campaign, 1940–45 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001). In Norwegian, the situation is similar. Odd Lindbäck-Larsen’s Krigen i Norge 1940 (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1965) is a standard work. See also R. Roscher Nielsen, ‘Krigen i Norge April–Juni 1940’ in Sverre Steen (ed.) Norges Krig 1940–1945, I (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1947), pp. 87–452. For an example of revisionism, see , Unngå å Irritere Fienden (Oslo: Oktober, 1981). 23. Patrick Salmon (ed.) Britain and Norway in the Second World War (London: HMSO, 1995). 24. Ibid., p. xvi. 25. Olav Riste, London-Regjeringa, I and II, (Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget, 1973 and 1979, 2nd edn, 1994). See also the semi-official history by Jakob Sverdrup, Inn i storpolitiken (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1996). 26. David Thompson, From Neutrality to NATO: The Norwegian Armed and Defence Policy, 1905–55, PhD Dissertation (Ohio State University, 1996), Alan Brown, Airmen in Exile (Stroud: Sutton, 2000), Christopher Mann, ‘The Norwegian Armed Forces in Britain’, in Martin Conway and José Gotovitch (eds), in Exile (Oxford: Berghahn, 2001), pp. 153–166 and Christopher Mann, ‘The in Exile’, in Matthew Bennett and Paul Latawski, Exile Armies (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 42–54. 27. Ralph Hewins, Quisling: Prophet Without Honour (London: W. H. Allen, 1965), Paul M. Hayes, Quisling: The Career and Political Ideas of (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1971), Oddvar K. Hoidal, Quisling: A Study in Treason (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1989), , Quisling: A Study in Treachery (Cambridge: CUP, 1999) and Henrik Nissen (ed.), Scandinavia during the Second World War (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), Christopher Mann and Christer Jörgensen, Hitler’s Arctic War (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2002), Johannes Andenæs, Olav Riste and Magne Skodvin, Norway and the Second World War (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1966) and Olav Riste and Berit Nøkleby, Norway 1940–45: The Resistance Movement (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1970). 28. David Howarth, second-in-command at SOE’s base which ran agents and supplies into Norway, wrote two accounts of his and SOE’s activities: The (London: Fontana, 1951) and We Die Alone (London: Collins, 1955). See also Oluf Reed Olsen, Two Eggs on My Plate (London: Pan, 1952), Einar Hauge, Salt Water Thief: The Life of Odd Starheim (London: Gerald Duckworth, 1958) and Frithjof Sælen, None but the Brave, (London: Souvenir Press, 1955). 29. See Ivar Kraglund and , Norge i Krig, VI, Hjemmefront (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1988), Ole Kristian Grimnes, Hjemmefrontens Ledelse (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1970). Erling Jensen, Per Ratvik and Ragnar ’s 238 Notes

Kompani Linge, I and II (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1948), Frithjof Sælen, Sjetlands-Larsen (: J. W. Eides, 1947) and Einar Grannes, I Skyggen av Jupiter 1941–1944, (Oslo: Tiden, 1989). Also available are numerous short but scholarly publications by Norges Hjemmefrontmuseum and Jens Chr Hauge’s Rapport om mit arbeid under okkupasjonen (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1995). Tore Gjelsvik’s Hjemmefronten (Oslo: 1970) is available in English as Norwegian Resistance (London: C. Hurst, 1979). Also translated are the hugely enjoyable memoirs of the leader of the Oslo Gang, Gunnar Sønsteby, see Rapport fra ‘Nr. 24’ (Oslo: Orion, 1960)/Report from No. 24 (London: Four Square, 1965). On the liberation see Jens Chr Hauge, Frigøringen (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1950), translated as Jens Chr Hauge, The Liberation of Norway (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1995). On the same subject see Peter Thorne, ‘ and the Liberation of Norway’, Intelligence and National Security, vol. 7, no 3, (1992), pp. 300–16 and Olav Riste (ed.), Fredsgeneralen (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1995). Thorne’s reports are available in the original at the National Archives (TNA) at Kew in WO 106/1983 and WO 106/1984. 30. Charles Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia (Oxford: OUP, 1986) and Dorothy Baden-Powell, Operation Jupiter: SOE’s Secret War in Norway (London: Hale: 1982). I am particularly fond of her description and defence of SOE’s recruiting methods, pp. 34–35. 31. Ian Herrington, The Special Operations Executive in Norway 1940–45: Policy and Operations in the Strategic Context, PhD Dissertation (De Montfort University, 2004). 32. Dir. , The Heroes of , 1965 and with regard to literature see books by the participants , Skis Against the Atom (London: William Kimber, 1954) and Jens Anton Poulsson, Tungtvanns Sabotasjen (Olso: Orion Forlag, 2006). See also Thomas Gallagher, Assault in Norway (London: Purnell, 1975), Richard Wiggan, Operation Freshman (London: William Kimber, 1986), Jostein Berglyd, Operation Freshman: The Hunt for Hitler’s (Stockholm: Leander and Ekholm, 2006), Ray Mears, The Real Heroes of Telemark (London: Coronet, 2004) and Dan Kurzman, Blood and Water (New York: Henry Holt, 1997). Kurzman’s work has the distinction of being considered the best second- ary work on Operation ‘Gunnerside’ in the opinion of the party’s leader Joachim Rønneberg, who felt it came close to ‘capturing the spirit’ of the ‘Gunnerside’ party. Informal conversation with Joachim Rønneberg, 30 May 1997. 33. Joseph Devins Jr, The Vaagso Raid, (London: Robert Hale, 1967) and Stephan Schofield, Musketoon 1942 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1964) about the raid on Glomfjord power station. See also a curious first-hand account of the first Raid, Evan John, Lofoten Letter (London: Heinemann, 1941). 34. For see Christopher Buckley, Norway: The Commandos: Dieppe (London: HMSO,1952), Rupert Butler, Hand of Steel (London: Sheridan, 1980), John Durnford-Slater, Commando (London: William Kimber, 1953), Gordon Holman, Commando Attack (London: Hodder and Stoughton,1942, revised 1944), James Ladd, Commandos and Rangers of World War II (London: MacDonald and Jane’s, 1978), Lord Lovat, March Past (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978), Kenneth Macksey, Commando Strike (London: Guild, 1985), Charles Messenger, The Commandos (London: William Kimber, 1985), Tim Moreman, British Commandos, 1940–46 (Oxford: Osprey, 2006), Robin Neillands, By and Land (London: Fontana, 1987) and The Raiders, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989), Hilary St George Saunders, The Green Beret (London: New English Library,1949) and Peter Young, Storm from the Sea (London: Corgi, 1958). For the see Donald Notes 239

Macintyre, The Naval War Against Hitler (London: B. T. Batsford, 1971) and S. W. Roskill, The Navy at War 1939–45, (London: Collins, 1960), and at Sea 1939–45, III, Parts I & II (London: HMSO, 1960 and 1961). 35. The Coastal Command campaign and its economic effects are fully examined in Christina Goulter’s definitive account, A Forgotten (London: Frank Cass, 1995). 36. Hauge, Liberation, p. 131.

2 The Problem of the German Fleet and Norway, Part I (1941–43)

1. See Donald Bittner, The Lion and the White Falcon: Britain and in the World War Two Era (Hamden, CT: Archon, 1983). 2. TNA, CAB 120/271, PM to 1st Sea Lord and 1st Lord, 1 August 1940 and PREM 3/191/3, 1st Sea Lord to PM, 2 August 1940. 3. S. W. Roskill, The , I (London: HMSO, 1954). 4. Henry Denham, Inside the Nazi Ring (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1984), pp. 84–85. 5. Ludovic Kennedy, Pursuit: The Sinking of the Bismarck (London: Collins/Fontana, 1974), pp. 36–37. 6. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fueher, 6 June 1941 in Fuehrer Conferences, pp. 217–18. 7. 19 June, 1943, Hugh Trevor-Roper (ed.), Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944 (London: Phoenix, 1953, 2nd edn 2000), p. 708. 8. Churchill, VI, p. 5. 9. Roskill, War at Sea, II, p. 143. 10. TNA, CAB 106/341, Tovey to Admiralty, 12 September 1941. 11. Ibid., p. 142. 12. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 13 November 1941 in Fuehrer Conferences, p. 237. 13. Report by the Chief of , Naval Staff, Fricke on the conference with the Fuehrer, 22 January 1942 in ibid., p. 260. 14. TNA, PREM 3/191/2A, of Churchill’s Speech to the House of Commons, 16 February 1942. 15. Ibid., D9/2, WSC to Ismay for the COS Committee, 25 January 1942. 16. Ibid., Note by Ismay on conversation between WSC and Pound, 22 January 1942. 17. TNA, AIR 15/366, S50128/DCAS, AVM Bottomley to AOC-in-C Bomber Command, 27 January 1942. 18. Ibid., C-in-C Home Fleet to Admiralty, 2 March 1942. 19. F. H. Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, II (London: HMSO, 1981) p. 210. 20. For a good first-hand account of this attack, see Imperial War Museum (IWM), 86/37/1, Charles Friend, Only Friend Survived the War (unpublished manuscript), pp. 122–26. 21. TNA, PREM 3/191/1, M83/2, WSC to 1st Sea Lord, 13 March 1942. 22. Ibid., 1st Sea Lord to PM, 15 March 1942. 23. Report by C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 12 March 1942 in Fuehrer Conferences, pp. 265–66. 240 Notes

24. TNA, AIR 15/366, CC/S777010/14/7/Plans, Memo on attack on Tirpitz, 2 March 1942. 25. Ibid., CC/PBJ/1029/42, Joubert to Air Commodore Durston, HQ 18 Group, 2 March 1942. 26. TNA, AIR 14/2023 HQ No 4 Group Operational Order No 11, Group C Gregor for AOC No 4 Group, 11 April 1942. 27. Douglas Bennett, (London: Goodall, 1958), p. 116. 28. TNA, AIR 14/2023, Briefing Notes: No 4 Group, Undated. 29. Ibid., Operations against the Tirpitz, 23–30 April 1942. 30. TNA, AIR 15/366, Operation Bluebeard, Intelligence Report by Flt Lt Ogilivie, 8 May 1942. 31. Bennett, p. 117. 32. Bennett managed to escape cross-country to with his radio operator Sgt Forbes. He later became an air vice marshal heading Bomber Command’s Pathfinder , see Bennett, pp. 118–25. 33. Conversation with Flt-Sgt Harold Smith, No 413 Squadron, RCAF. 34. Léonce Peillard, Sink the Tirpitz! (London: Jonathan Cape, 1965), p. 100. 35. For a description of the role of NID 14 see Donald McLachlan, Room 39 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), p. 5. 36. Lord Cochrane 10th Earl of Dundonald (1775–1860), British captain in the and naval innovator. 37. TNA, HS 2/179, NID 1728, Memo by John Godfrey, 1 March 1942. 38. Ibid., FN/XX/1128, Nelson to Godfrey, 3 March 1942. 39. RA Bonham-Carter cited by B. B. Schofield, The Arctic Convoys (London: MacDonald and Jane’s, 1977), p. 40. 40. PM to Ismay for the COS Committee, 17 May 1942 in Churchill, VII, pp. 236–37. 41. Tovey cited by Richard Woodman, Arctic Convoys, 1941–45 (London: John Murray, 1994), p. 159. 42. Dönitz’s War Diary, 3 June 1942 cited by Schofield, p. 46. 43. Pound to King cited by Donald Macintyre, The Naval War against Hitler (London: BT Batsford, 1971), p. 215. 44. S. W. Roskill, The Navy at War, 1939–45 (London: Collins, 1960), pp. 205–06. 45. Ibid., footnote, p. 206. 46. Report on a conference between the C-in-C Navy and the Fuehrer, 15 June 1942 in Fuehrer Conferences, p. 284. 47. Hinsley, II, p. 217. 48. For varying accounts of this meeting see Schofield, p. 56, Woodman, pp. 213–15, Roskill, War at Sea, II, pp. 139–40, and Peter Kemp, ‘Sir ’ in Stephen Howarth (ed.) Men of War (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1992), p. 35. 49. Tovey cited by Roskill, War at Sea, II, p. 144. 50. Hinsley, II, p. 222. 51. TNA, PREM 3/324/25, D1/2, PM to Ismay for COS Committee, 18 January 1942. 52. TNA, HS 2/203, SN/1989, Title by JS Wilson (SN), 16 November 1942. 53. Ibid., SN 705 SN to D/Navy, 22 June 1942. 54. TNA, HS 2/202, Title, 1 July 1942. 55. Ibid., Local 860, Stockholm to London, 4 . 56. Ibid., No 0100/973, HR Connroy, CO HMS Titania, to Admiral (), 11 August 1942. 57. led a remarkable wartime career, winning the CGM, DSM and Bar, DSC and DSO plus numerous Norwegian honours. No one else has ever won Notes 241

all these British awards. See David Howarth, The Shetland Bus, (Fontana, 1951) pp. 97–100, and Frithjof Sælen, Sjetlands-Larsen, (Bergen: J. W. Eides, 1947). 58. TNA, HS 2/202, Title, 12 September 1942. 59. Peillard maintains it was the Nelson’s Rodney, p. 127. 60. TNA, HS 2/203, SN/1989, Title by Wilson, 16 November 1942. 61. Ibid., Title: Report by R Strand, RNorN, 7 December 1942. 62. Ibid., Title: Report by Leif Larsen, 28 November 1942. 63. HS 2/203 Henry Moore FO (Subs) to Charles Hambro, CD, 18 November 1942. 64. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 50. 65. TNA, HS 2/203, D/DC(0)/61, D/CD to CD, 19 November 1942. 66. Conference between C-in-C Navy and Fuehrer, 19 November 1942 in Fuehrer Conferences, pp. 298–99. 67. Hitler cited by Cajus Bekker, Hitler’s Naval War (London: MacDonald, 1971), p. 280. 68. Kluber to Kummetz in ibid., p. 283. 69. Tovey cited by Schofield, p. 94. 70. Hitler cited by Bekker, p. 292. 71. Conference between the C-in-C Navy and the Fuehrer on 6 January 1943 in Fuehrer Conferences, pp. 306–08. 72. Raeder cited by Bekker, pp. 296–97. 73. Minutes of the conference between the C-in-C Navy and the Fuehrer on 26 February 1943 in Fuehrer Conferences, pp. 311–12. 74. TNA, PREM 3/191/1, M67/3 WSC to CCO, Paymaster , 1st Sea Lord, CAS, and C-in-C Bomber Command, 16 February 1943. 75. Ibid., Attacks on the Tirpitz, Pound to PM,15 April 1943. 76. TNA, ADM 1/12207, No884/SM04349, Horton to Markham, 28 April 1942. 77. TNA, DEFE 2/1009, Enclosure to Capt (S)12 no1598/63, Report on Capabilities of Welman Craft, 18 May 1943. 78. TNA, ADM 1/12207, Horton to Markham, 28 April 1943. 79. TNA, PREM 3/191/1 Pound to PM, Attacks on Tirpitz, 7 June 1943. 80. TNA, HS 2/206, SM04351/3, Ashbourne for Admiral (Subs) to J. S. Wilson, 19 . 81. Ibid., SM04351, Cdr Davis for FO (Subs) to Wilson, 24 October 1942. 82. Ibid., Wilson to Davis, ‘X’-Craft Towing Trials by Lt Howarth, 16 January 1943. 83. Ibid., Barry to Wilson, 14 February 1943. 84. TNA, ADM 1/14810, SM04351/207, Barry to ACNS (Home) and C-in-C Home Fleet, 16 June 1943. 85. Ibid., R. K. Dickson for Capt Lambe, Director of Plans, 19 June 1943. 86. TNA, PREM 3/191/1, Pound to PM, 2 August 1943. 87. McLachlan, p. 311. 88. Hinsley, III, Part 1, pp. 258–59. 89. Job, pp. 72–77. 90. TNA, ADM 199/888,No146, RA Archer, SNO North Russia, to Secr- etary of the Admiralty, 4 . 91. Ibid., SM04351/343, Preliminary Report on Operation Source, RA Barry to VA Sir Neville Syfret, VCNS, 12 October 1943. 92. TNA, PREM 3/191/1, Barry to 1st Lord A.V. Alexander, 2 February 1944. 93. Ibid., No192/SM04351, Barry to Sir Henry Markham, Secretary of the Admiralty, 2 February 1944. 94. Conference Minutes of the C-in-C Navy at the Fuehrer’s Headquarters, 24 September 1943 in Fuehrer Conferences, p. 369. 242 Notes

95. TNA, ADM 199/888, German Navy Staff War Diary cited in No1098/SM04351 Final Report on Operation Source, Admiral (Subs) G. E. Creasy to Markham, 26 July 1945. 96. Hinsley, III, Part 1, p. 261. 97. TNA, ADM 199/888, No 2347/SM04351, Report on Operation Source, Admiral (Subs) Barry to Secretary of Admiralty, 8 November 1943. 98. Hinsley, Vol III, Part 1, pp. 256–57. 99. TNA, ADM 1/14834, 18G/M51645/16/DO, AVM Ellwood to AM Slessor, 12 October 1943. 100. Ibid., CinC 1660, Slessor to Under Secretary of State for Air, 16 October 1943. 101. TNA, ADM 199/1890, SM 403/297, Information of Midget and Clandestine Craft, W. J. W. Woods for FO (Subs) to Director of Operational Research, 25 April 1947. 102. See Chapter 5 for more on their activities. 103. Jon Rustung Hegland, Angrep i skjærgården (Oslo: Dreyer, 1989), p. 131. 104. Wilson Report, p. 92. 105. Carsten Johnsen cited in Kompani Linge, I, p. 308. 106. Interview with Carsten Johnsen, 20 April 1997. 107. See Hegland, pp. 132–38. 108. TNA, ADM 199/270, Report No 62, 54 (RNorN) MTB Flotilla, 8 February 1944. 109. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 93. 110. Kompani Linge, I, p. 310. 111. Hegland, pp. 91–4 and Job, p. 57. 112. Roskill, War at Sea, III, Part 2, p. 78. 113. Minutes of the Conference of the C-in-C Navy with the Fuehrer, 19 and 20 December 1943 in Fuehrer Conferences, p. 374. 114. TNA, ADM 1/15691, CB 3081(17), Battle Summary No 24, Sinking of the Scharnhorst, 26 December 1943, 1944. 115. Hinsley, III, Part 1, pp. 262–4. 116. Roskill, War at Sea, III, Part 1, p. 88. 117. TNA, ADM 1/15691, CB 3081(17), Battle Summary No 24, Sinking of the Scharnhorst, 26 December 1943, C-in-C’s Summing Up, 1944.

3 Combined Operations and Raiding, Part I (1940–41)

1. Churchill, II, p. 124. 2. TNA, DEFE 2/699, Interview with , ‘The Start of the Commandos’, 30 October 1942. 3. Deneys Reitz, Commando, (London: Folio Society, 1929, revised 1932). 4. Dudley Clarke, Seven Assignments (London: Jonathan Cape, 1948), p. 206. 5. Prime Minister to Ismay, 6 June 1940 in Churchill, II, p. 207. 6. TNA, DEFE 2/699, Interview with Gen Bourne, 4 August 1942, Appendix B, Directive to ACO, 17 June 1940. 7. Ibid. 8. TNA, DEFE 2/2, Interview with Maj Gen OH Lund, 8 May 1942. 9. TNA, DEFE 2/698, PM to Ismay, 17 July 1940. 10. British Museum Add Mss 525461. 48. Pound to Andrew Cunningham, 27 January 1941, cited by Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten (BCA, 1985), p. 154. 11. TNA, DEFE 2/697, History of COHQ , p. 33. 12. DEFE 2/1, COHQ War Diary, Churchill to Keyes, 25 July 1940. 13. Rear-Admiral John Hughes-Hallett, ‘The Mounting of Raids’, RUSI Journal, vol. 95, no. 580, November 1950, p. 57. Notes 243

14. TNA, DEFE 2/353, Note by Knox, 30 October 1940. 15. TNA, CAB 120/655, Ismay to PM, 30 December 1940. 16. TNA, DEFE 2/353, Goodenough to Knox, undated. 17. Ibid., COS (40) 438th Meeting, 27 December 1940. 18. Ibid., C-in-C Home Fleet to Admiralty, 2 January 1941. 19. TNA, DEFE 2/353, CJS/SL/17150, CJ Stopford, Director of British Titan Products to Capt. McFie [sic] DCO’s Office, 19 October 1940. 20. Ibid., Minutes of a meeting held at the DCO’s Office, 21 October 1940 and ‘Castle’, undated. 21. TNA, CAB 120/655 PM’s Personal Minute M16/1 to 1st Sea Lord, 3 January 1941. 22. TNA, DEFE 2/353 DDCO to CIGS, 3 January 1941. 23. TNA, DEFE 2/353, Operation ‘Castle’, Note by the DCO, 2 January 1941. 24. Ibid., DDCO to CIGS, 3 January 1941. 25. Keyes to Churchill, 2 February 1941 cited by Kenneth Macksey, Commando Strike (London: Guild, 1985), p. 42 and Keyes to Churchill, 4 Feburary, 1941 and COS (41) 166, Directive to the Director of Combined Operations, 14 in P. Halpern (ed.) The Keyes Papers, Vol. III 1939–1945 (London: The Navy Records Society, 1981), p. 152 and pp. 159–161 and TNA, DEFE 2/697, History of COHQ 1940–45, undated, p. 44. 26. TNA, DEFE 2/141, ‘Tip and Run’ Raids on Fishing Ports in the Lofoten Islands, 2 January 1941. 27. , Kampen for Norges Frihet 1940–45 (Oslo: Borregaard, 1958), p. 220 and Riste, London-regjeringa, I, p. 118 and endnote 81, p. 271. 28. TNA, DEFE 2/141 Knox to DDCO, 10 January 1941. 29. TNA, CAB 120/655, D20/1, PM to Ismay, 22 January 1941. 30. Ibid., Hollis to PM, 27 January 1941. 31. TNA, DEFE 2/141, Minutes of a Meeting held at DCO’s Office, 27 January 1941. 32. TNA, DEFE 2/140, Herr Lie’s Reply to SO2’s Questionnaire, 3 February 1941. 33. Riste, London-regjeringa, I, p. 118. 34. TNA, DEFE 2/141, Stagg to Knox, 7 February 1941. 35. TNA, HS 2/224, Claymore, Interview with Admiral Diesen, Capt Danielsen and S3a and S1, 5 February 1941. 36. Riksarkivet (RA), FO 60, Mappe: Frank Staggs Papier 7.Operation ‘Claymore’, Norway – Points Discussed with Linge, by S1, 15 November 1940 and Instructions to Capt Linge and Mr Lund, 29 November 1940. 37. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 11 and Appendix B – A Short History of the ‘Linge Company’, pp. 1–10, Kompani Linge, I, pp. 23–24 and Joachim Rønneberg, ‘The Linge Company and the British’, in Salmon (ed.), pp. 151–52. 38. TNA, DEFE 2/140, Discussion between Brig Hornsby, Capt Garnons-William and Adm Tovey, 6 February 1941. 39. TNA, DEFE 2/140, MI9a/C1/12, 17 March 1941. 40. Ibid., Report by Brig JC Haydon, 13 March 1941. 41. TNA, DEFE 2/140, Operational Order No. 2 (Military), 7 February 1941. 42. Ibid., No. 05C, Report by Captain C Caslon (Capt (D) 6th Flotilla), 8 March 1941. 43. Ibid., Report by Brig JC Haydon, 13 March 1941. 44. Ibid., Personal Account of Lt-Col Parks-Smith, undated. 45. TNA, DEFE 2/40, No 4 Commando War Diary, Report of Operation at Port ‘y’ (Brettesness) on 4 March 1941 by Maj Kerr. 244 Notes

46. TNA, PREM 3/328/7, PM to C-in-C Home Fleet, 7 March 1941. 47. One German source gives the tonnage lost as 13,000 tons, see Fuehrer Conferences, p. 181. 48. TNA, DEFE 2/140, Haydon, 13 March 1941. 49. David Kahn, Seizing the Enigma, (London: Arrow, 1992) pp. 127–37. 50. Some recent accounts have stated that the first Lofoten raid was launched spe- cifically to gain Enigma intelligence, and that the landings at the four ports and destruction of fishing oil facilities were intended to cover the raid’s true purpose: see Edward Thomas, ‘Norway’s Role in British Wartime Intelligence’, in Salmon (ed.) p. 123 and Adrian Weale, Secret Warfare (London: Coronet, 1997), p. 65. However, the specific capture of documents rates low on the operation’s objec- tives in the Combined Operations’ files, see particularly DEFE 2/140, and Caslon mentions in his No. 05C of 8 March 1941 the discovery aboard the Krebs of ‘spare wheels for a cypher machine’ but gives it little prominence. Admittedly, this is not conclusive proof to the contrary. The most convincing evidence that the dis- covery of the Enigma material was an accidental byproduct of Claymore comes in the definitive work on the subject, David Kahn’s Seizing the Enigma. Kahn interviewed Lt Warmington who found the wheels and Warmington’s account makes it clear that his discovery was fortuitous rather than by design, and that he did know what he had found. The Krebs incident should not be confused with the deliberate seizure of German weather ships, such as the München on 7 – involving incidentally Caslon, Warmington and HMS Somali again – and the Lauenberg on 28 June1941, for the specific purpose of seizing Enigma intelligence. 51. Hoidal, p. 522. 52. H.-A. Jacobson (ed.), Kriegstagbuch des Oberkommando der , I (Munich: Bernard und Graefe, 1982), pp. 346–47. 53. E. H. Cookridge, Set Europe Ablaze (London:Pan, 1966), p. 443. 54. Lie, p. 220. 55. Young, p. 37. 56. TNA, DEFE 2/1773 History of the Combined Operations Organisation 1940–1945, (Amphibious Warfare HQ, London, 1956) p. 85. 57. TNA, HS 2/224, Operation Hemisphere, 22 . 58. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 13. 59. Riste, London-regjeringa, I, p. 118. 60. RA, SOK 291, Mappe 70.8: Forslåtte operasjoner mv, COS (41) 148(0), British- Soviet-Conversations, 22 July 1941. 61. TNA, PREM 3/410, Extract from DO(41) 55th meeting, 7 August 1941. 62. Pownall’s italics, 8 August 1941, in Brian Bond (ed.), Chief of Staff: The Diaries of Lieutenant General Sir Henry Pownall, II, 1940–1944 (London: Leo Cooper, 1974), p. 34. 63. 8 August 1941, John Harvey (ed.), The War Diaries of Oliver Harvey 1941–1945 (London: Collins, 1978), p. 29. 64. TNA, PREM 3/410, Meeting at Foreign Office, 12 August 1941. 65. TNA, DEFE 2/228, Report of Proceedings by RA Philip Vian, 4 September 1941. 66. Ibid., Report by Maj AST Godfrey, RE, on Meeting held at Longyearby to discuss degree of destruction of coal mines at Advent Bay, 26 August 1941. 67. Ibid., subnote by Godfrey to the above, 26 August 1941. 68. TNA, DEFE 2/228, Report on embarkation of Russians at Barentsburg by Maj Bruce, 28 August 1941. Notes 245

69. For Exercise ‘Leapfrog’ see Macksey, pp.64–65. For Keyes’s opinion on the exer- cise see Keyes to Hollis and attached memo, 10 September 1941 and the COS proposal, COS (41) 59, 27 September 1941 in Halpern (ed.), pp. 188–92 and pp. 198–2000. For his resignation see TNA, DEFE 2/698, Churchill to Keyes, 4 October 1941. 70. See Leasor and Hollis, pp. 122–25. 71. Campbell-Johnson narrative, I, p. 202 in Ziegler p. 157. 72. Lady Mountbatten Papers, Mountbatten to Patricia, 5 November 1941 in ibid., p. 157. 73. TNA, DEFE 2/698, Keyes to Prime Minister, 14 October 1941. 74. TNA, DEFE 2/80 COS (41) 240(0) Revised, 24 October 1941. 75. TNA, DEFE 2/343 Proceedings of a Court of Inquiry held aboard HMS Prince Charles, 10 December 1941. 76. CLG Bryen in Neillands, p. 41. 77. TNA, DEFE 2/343, No98/003 Report of Proceedings – Operation ‘Kitbag’ by Capt P Todd, 3rd Destroyer Flotilla, 13 December 1941. 78. TNA, PREM 3/328/11A, Staff Conference at the Office of the MOD, 4 November 1941. 79. TNA, DEFE 2/66, Admiralty to C-in-C Home Fleet 20 November 1941. 80. TNA, PREM 3/328/11A, C-in-C Home Fleet to Admiralty, 1 December 1941. 81. Ibid., Churchill’s note, 4 December 1941. 82. PREM 3/328/11A, COS Committee Operation ‘Anklet’ . Note for Staff Conference, 4 December 1941. 83. TNA, DEFE 2/73, RA(D) Hamilton’s Memorandum, 9 December 1941. 84. TNA, DEFE 2/66, No 12 Commando Intelligence Report, 26 December 1941. 85. Ibid., Account of the 2nd Expedition to the Lofotens by Lt-Cdr EH Cartwright, undated. 86. TNA, DEFE 2/73, Lt-Cdr Marstrander, RNorR, to C-in-C RNorN, 3 January 1942. 87. TNA, DEFE 2/66, No 12 Commando Intelligence Report, 26 December 1941. 88. TNA, PREM 3/47, Taut No 385,VCNS to 1st Sea Lord, 5 January 1942. 89. TNA, DEFE 2/66, Capts JB Jefferies and P Pickney to OC12 Commando, 31 December 1941. 90. Ibid., Letter of Complaint of L. A. Putnam, 3 January 1942. Fellow correspondent Gordon Holman unsurprisingly does not mention this incident in his account of his experiences on the raid in Commando Attack although he was appa- rantly ‘still somewhat aggrieved’ in the 1960s according to Sgt Cecil Blanch in Neillands, p. 45. 91. TNA, PREM 3/47, GREY 260, PM to Ismay for COS Committee, 6 January 1941. 92. TNA, PREM 3/47, Pound to PM, 9 January 1942. 93. Ibid., M(A)13, PM to 1st Sea Lord, 10 January 1941. 94. TNA, DEFE 2/83, Personal Account of the Vaagso Raid by Maj-Gen JC Haydon DSO, OBE, undated. 95. TNA, DEFE 2/697, History, p. 61. 96. TNA, DEFE 2/83, ‘Archery’, Summary of Operation, undated. 97. TNA, HS 2/225, Report by Sgt Ruben Larsen, 15 January 1942, see also Bjørn Christophersen, ‘Vår Innsats utenfor Norge’ in Sverre Steen (ed.) Norges Krig 1940–45, I, (Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1947), p. 552. 98. TNA, DEFE 2/83, Personal Account of the Vaagso Raid by Maj-Gen J. C. Haydon, DSO, OBE, undated. 99. IWM, Burroughs papers, DS/MIS C/4, The Vaagso Raid, 7 February 1947. 246 Notes

100. Riste, London-regjeringa, I, p. 118. 101. TNA, HS/225, S1 to AD/S, 25 December 1941. 102. RA, Militærattasjeen i London 34, Mappe 348: Raid on Norway 27.12.41 – Vågsøy, Erik Colban to Petersen, 30 December 1941. 103. TNA, DEFE 2/80, Note by Knox, 25 December 1941. 104. Lie, p. 253. 105. FD 1326, Lies notat, 5 January 1942 cited by Riste, London-regjeringa, I, p. 176. 106. Lie, p. 253. 107. NHM, Wilson Report, pp. 17–18. 108. NHM, Diary of Birger Fjelstad cited by Arnfinn Moland, ‘ and SOE’ in Salmon (ed.), p. 144. 109. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 20. 110. TNA, HS2/127, Anglo-Norwegian Collaboration Regarding the Military Organisation in Norway, 24 November 1941 enclosure to CH/88, Hambro to Torp, 25 November 1941. 111. Ibid., CH/NO/150, Hambro to Ismay, 30 November 1941. 112. Ibid., Ismay to Hambro, 8 December 1941. 113. Riste, London-regjeringa, I, p. 177. 114. TNA, HS 2/127, CH/660, Hambro to Torp, 14 January 1942. 115. Ibid., DCD/904, Hambro to CCO, 5 February 1942. 116. Ibid., Torp to Hambro, 4 February 1942. 117. RA, Militærattasjeen i London 35, Mappe 356: Appointment of General Hansteen as Supreme C-in-C, The Appointment of a Supreme Commander-in-Chief for the Norwegian Army, Navy and Air Force, 6 February 1942 and see also Olav Riste, ‘Relations between the Norwegian Government in Exile and the British Government’ in Salmon (ed.), p. 45. 118. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 174. 119. Ibid., p. 23. 120. TNA, DEFE 2/698 Keyes to Ismay, 30 October 1941. 121. Young, p. 35. 122. TNA, DEFE 2/83 Personal Account by Capt P. Young, undated. 123. Butler, III, part II, p. 500.

4 Plans for the Retaking of Norway (1940–44)

1. Stalin to Churchill, 19 July 1941 cited by JMA Gwyer, Grand Strategy, III, Part I, (HMSO, 1946), p. 95. 2. TNA, CAB 84/31, JP(41) 388, Operation Dynamite, 19 May 1941. 3. CAB 84/33, JP(41) 593(10) , 26 July 1941. 4. TNA, PREM 3 328/11A, D253/1, WSC to Gen Ismay for the COS Committee, 12 September 1941. 5. Alf Johansson and Törbjorn Norman, ‘The Swedish Policy of Neutrality in a Historical Perspective’ in Neutrality and Defence: The Swedish Experience (Stockholm, Revue Internationale D’Histoire Militaire, 1984). 6. TNA, PREM 3/40, No 568, Mallet to Foreign Office, 20 September 1941. 7. Ibid., COS(41) 217 (0) (Draft) Sweden Draft Report, 23 September 1941. 8. Ibid., COS(41) 32nd Meeting (0) 24 September 1941. 9. 2 October 1941, Pownall, p. 45. 10. 2 October 1941, Pownall, p. 45. 11. Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives (LHCMA), Alanbrooke Papers, 5/2/16, Notes on My Life, IV, p. 290. Notes 247

12. 5 October 1941, Pownall, pp. 45–46. 13. LHCMA, Alanbrooke Papers, 5/2/16, Notes, IV, p. 296. 14. Ibid., Notes, IV, pp. 296–67. 15. Paget’s Diary in , The Crusading General: the Life of General Sir (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2008), p. 49. 16. LHCMA, Alanbrooke Papers, 5/2/16, Notes, IV, p. 297. 17. Paget’s Diary cited in Paget, p. 50. 18. John Kennedy, The Business of War, (London: Hutchinson, 1957), pp. 168–69. 19. LHCMA, Alanbrooke Papers, 5/2/16, Notes, IV, p. 299. 20. TNA, PREM 3/40, COS (41) 229 (0), Operation Ajax, Report by the C-in-C Home Forces, 12 October, 1941. 21. LHCMA, Alanbrooke Papers, 5/2/16, Notes, IV, p. 300. 22. TNA, PREM 3/40, Conference held at No 10 Downing Street, 12 October 1941. 23. LHCMA, Alanbrooke Papers, 5/2/16, Notes, IV, p. 300. 24. James Leasor and Sir Leslie Hollis, War at the Top (London: Michael Joseph, 1959), p. 169. 25. Communication between Gen Paget and author in Bryant, , pp. 260–62. 26. TNA, PREM 3/40, Conference, 12 October 1941. 27. 13 October 1941, Pownall, p. 47. 28. TNA, DEFE 2/69, JP (41) 839 (E), Operation Ajax, Memo by JPS, 13 October 1941. 29. TNA, PREM 3/40, PM to Ismay and Hollis for COS, 12 October 1941. 30. Kennedy, p. 170. 31. TNA, PREM 3/40, COS (41) 232 (0), 15 October 1941. 32. TNA, WO 106/3269, No 47 Hectic, Nye to CIGS, 22 December 1941. 33. TNA, WO 216/124, MacFarlane to CIGS, 22 December 1941 and WO 106/3269, COS (42) 3rd Meeting, 3 January 1942. 34. TNA, WO106/3269, MacFarlane to VCIGS, 5 January 1942. 35. TNA, WO 216/124, MacFarlane to CIGS, 8 January 1942. 36. Ibid., Mil 2452, MacFarlane to COS, 23 January 1942. 37. TNA, CAB 120/655, Note by WSC, 25 January 1942. 38. Ibid., Hollis to PM, 26 January 1942. 39. TNA, WO 106/3269, No66414, COS to MacFarlane, 24 January 1942. 40. Churchill, VI, pp. 209–10. 41. Memo from Roosevelt to COS, Admiral King, and Harry Hopkins, 6 May 1942 cited by M. Matloff and E. M. Snell, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1941– 1942 (Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1953), pp. 221–22. 42. Bryant, Tide, pp. 340–41. 43. D91/2, 1 May 1941, WSC papers, 20/67 cited by Martin Gilbert, Road to Victory – Winston S. Churchill 1941–45 (London: Heineman, 1986), p. 100. This minute was also the basis of D106/2 which was sent to the COS on 1 June. 44. TNA, CAB 120/656 D106/2, Operation Jupiter, PM to Ismay for COS, 1 June 1941. 45. TNA, CAB 79/21, COS(42) 574, Jupiter (42) 574 Operation Jupiter, Report by the JPS, 5 June 1942. 46. TNA, CAB 79/21, COS (42) 172 Meeting, COS (42) Operation Jupiter, Aide–memoir by the COS (draft), 8 June 1942. 47. TNA, CAB 120/656, D119/2, PM to Ismay for COS, 13 June, 1942. 48. TNA, CAB 79/21, COS (42) 179 Meeting, 15 June 1942. 49. Brooke’s diary, 29 June 1942, in Bryant, Tide, p. 403. 50. TNA, DEFE 2/341, P135/907, Mountbatten to Lambe, 30 June 1942. 248 Notes

51. TNA, PREM 3 257/5, COS (42) 65th Meeting (0), 6 July 1942. 52. Ibid., Brooke, Pound and Portal to PM, 8 July 1942. 53. Churchill, VIII, p. 23. 54. TNA, PREM 3 257/5, Conclusions of a meeting of the and Defence Committee, 7 July 1942. 55. Ibid., COS (42) 67th Meeting (0), 9 July 1942. 56. LHCMA, Alanbrooke Papers, 5/2/18, Notes, VI, p. 438. 57. TNA, PREM 3 257/5, PM to Ismay for COS, 23 July 1942. 58. 18 July 1942 in David Dilkes (ed.), The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, (London: Cassell, 1971), p. 463. 59. Churchill, VIII, p. 78. 60. TNA, PREM 3/76A/12, TL Rowan to PM, 4 September 1942. 61. LHCMA, Alanbrooke Papers, 5/2/19, Notes, VII, p. 529. 62. TNA, CAB 120/656, Operation Jupiter, Summary of Appreciation (Annex I) and Operation Jupiter, a review (Annex II) by Lt Gen AGL McNaughton, 4 August 1942. 63. TNA, PREM 3 257/3, COS (42) 263rd Meeting, 15 September 1942. 64. TNA, CAB 120 656, Hollis to PM, 15 September, 1942. 65. TNA, DEFE 2/341, Draft minute to PM, 12 September 1942. 66. TNA, CAB 120/656, Hollis to PM, 14 September 1942. 67. TNA, PREM 3 257/3, COS (42) 263rd Meeting, 15 September 1942. 68. TNA, CAB 120/656, D154/2, PM to Hollis for COS, 16 September 1942. 69. LHCMA, Alanbrooke Papers, 5/2/16, Notes, IV, pp. 302–3. 70. TNA, CAB 120/656, T1246/2, Churchill to Mackenzie-King, 22 September 1942, T1256/2, Mackenzie-King to Churchill, 24 September 1942, T1257/2, Churchill to Mackenzie-King, 24 September 1942, T1264/2, Mackenzie-King to Churchill, 26 September 1942 and T1266/2, Churchill to Mackenzie-King, 26 September 1942. 71. TNA, DEFE 2/34,1 CCO to Secretary of COS Committee, 22 September 1942. 72. TNA, PREM 3 257/4, COS (42) 278(0) (FINAL, 24 September 1942. 73. TNA, DEFE 2/341 JP (43) 80 (0) Revised Draft Operations in Norway, 29 March 1943. 74. LHCMA, Alanbrooke Papers, 5/2/16, Notes, IV, p. 302. 75. Ibid., 5/2/19, Notes, VII, p. 535. 76. Churchill Papers 20/67, PM’s Personal Minute M439/2, 26 October 1942, in Gilbert, Road, p. 242. 77. TNA, DEFE 2/341, COS (43) 22nd Meeting (0), 17 February 1943. 78. TNA, CAB 120/656, D134/3, PM to Ismay for COS, 19 July 1943. 79. TNA, PREM 3/257/4, JP (43) 80 (0) 2nd revised draft, Operations in Norway, 4 May 1943. 80. Ibid., Extract from the minutes of the 2nd meeting of the president and the prime minister with the held at the Citadel, 23 August 1943. 81. Ibid., CCS 319/3 (Final Quadrant Report) 24 August 1943. 82. TNA, CAB 120/656, Cadogan to Ismay, 24 August 1943. 83. TNA, DEFE 2/341 JP (43) 296 (Final) Operations against Norway, 9 September 1943. 84. General Eisenhower was not appointed supreme allied commander until 24 December 1943. 85. Sir Frederick Morgan, Peace and War (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1961), p. 175. 86. TNA, CAB 122/1190, COS (43) 578 (0) Preparation of Plans for an Operation against Norway, Report by COSSAC, 25 September 1943. Notes 249

87. Morgan, Peace, p. 175. 88. My italics, TNA, PREM 3/257/5, D49/4, PM to Ismay for COS, 19 February 1944. 89. Kersaudy, p. 165. 90. Hollis and Leasor, p. 168. 91. Martin Gilbert, Churchill – A Life (London: Minerva, 1991), p. 708. 92. Kennedy, p. 106. 93. LHCMA, Alanbrooke Papers, 5/2/19, Notes, VII, p. 530. 94. Lord Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay (London: Heinemann, 1960), p. 164. 95. LHCMA, Alanbrooke Papers, 5/2/17, Notes, V, p. 403. 96. Ismay, pp. 164–65. 97. J. R. M. Butler, Grand Strategy, III, part II (London: HMSO, 1964), p. 500.

5 Combined Operations, 30th MTB Flotilla and Raiding, Part II (1942–44)

1. TNA, CAB 79/17, COS(42) 27th Meeting, 24 January 1942. 2. Ibid., COS(42) 31st Meeting, 28 January 1942. 3. TNA, CAB 120/655, Brooke, Portal and Pound to PM, Raids on Norway, 16 February 1942. 4. TNA, CAB 79/18, COS(42) 66th Meeting, 27 February 1942. 5. ‘The Greatest Raid of All’ according to Hilary St George Saunders, p.76 and ‘one of the most brilliantly daring ventures of the war’ in the opinion of Peter Calvocoressi in , I (London: Penguin, 1979, revised 1989), p. 470. 6. Churchill, VII, p. 107. 7. Admiral Sir Charles Forbes, commander of the operation, cited by St George Saunders, p. 94. 8. TNA, DEFE 2/710, COS(42) 174, 18 March 1942. 9. Churchill Papers, File 119, POUND (S/124), 7 March 1942 in Ziegler, pp. 168–69. 10. Bryant, Tide, p. 319 and 5 March 1942 in Alex Danchev and Dan Todman (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, (London: Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2001), p. 236. 11. TNA, PREM 3 300/2, Extract from Business of the House, cols 44,49 and 50,13 April 1942. 12. Leasor and Hollis, p. 128. 13. TNA, DEFE 2/710 COS(42) 195, Agreed Procedure for Raiding Operations, 30 March 1942. 14. Vice-Admiral John Hughes Hallet cited by Ziegler, p. 170. 15. Ziegler, pp. 170–80 and Leasor and Hollis, pp. 129–31. 16. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (London: Heinemann, 1948), p. 76. 17. Ziegler, p. 185. 18. Correspondence with Hugh Henry, 18 May 1996. 19. Viscount Montgomery, The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery (London: Collins, 1958), p. 76. 20. Incidentally, Kompani Linge loaned two men in their Norwegian uniforms to COHQ before Dieppe ‘to give the impression that the preparations indicated another attack on the Norwegian coast. It was not intended that they should be on the raid, but they went’. See NHM, Wilson Report, p. 46. 21. Ziegler, p. 186. 250 Notes

22. See Nigel Hamilton, Monty: The Making of a General 1887–1942 (London: Hamlyn, 1981) pp. 546–57 and also Andrew Robert’s, Eminent Churchillians (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1994), pp. 64–70. The most comprehensive work on this theme is Brian Villa, Unauthorized Action: Mountbatten and the (Oxford: OUP, 1990). 23. For a reasonably impartial postmortem on Dieppe by someone who was heavily involved in the operation, see Lord Lovat, March Past (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978), pp. 268–79. 24. Ibid., p. 273. 25. TNA, DEFE 2/1093, COS(42) 146(0),13 October 1942 quoted in SR1980/42, Mountbatten to the Secretary of COS Committee, 22 December 1942. 26. TNA, DEFE 2/160, P112, Operation ‘Centaur’, ACO to COS Committee, 6 February 1942. 27. TNA, DEFE 2/160, P112 Operation ‘Centaur’, 14 June 1942. 28. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 46. 29. TNA, DEFE 2/364, 10175 Maj Collins for CCO to Capt Black, 4 September 1942. 30. TNA, DEFE 2/109, Enclosure to CCO’s INT/34/1/1032, 4 November 1943. 31. Ibid., CCO to PM, 30 October 1942 received from High Command Royal Norwegian Forces, 2nd Department, Reports on Recent , 28 October 1942. 32. TNA, DEFE 2/364, SS/131/G24, Operation Musketoon, Note by Brig Laycock, 10 November 1942. 33. TNA, DEFE 2/364, M 051935/42 Remarks on Operation Musketoon, N. W. Bains for Director of Plans, 23 October 1942. 34. R. V. Jones, Most Secret War (Coronet, 1978), p. 269. 35. Ibid., p. 270. 36. Gallagher, p. 17 and NHM, Wilson Report, p. 50. 37. TNA, DEFE 2/224, Memo by Col R Neville, CPC, on visit by Lord President’s sec- retary, 24 September 1942. 38. TNA, DEFE 2/223, ( I Hydro), undated. 39. Jones, p. 393. 40. DEFE 2/224, Freshman Precis, 113th meeting of the Examination Committee, 15 September 1942. 41. Macksey, p. 152. 42. TNA, HS 2/184, Wilson to DSIR, 7 May 1942 in Herrington, p. 159. 43. TNA, DEFE 2/224, Appreciation: Lurgan, 14 September 1942 and Notes on Practicality of Operation, CAP appreciation, 30 September 1942. 44. For a comprehensible description of ‘Eureka’/’Rebecca’ see Foot, SOE, pp. 104–5. 45. TNA, DEFE 2/223, Operation ‘Freshman’: Outline Plan, 13 October 1942. 46. TNA, DEFE 2/224, Marginal note to Progress Report to CCO, 16 October 1942. 47. TNA, WO 106/1989, COS(42) 292nd Meeting, 19 October 1942. 48. TNA, Notes on Practicality of Operation, CAP Appreciation, 30 September 1942. 49. Ibid., 38W/MS10/15/Air, Paper by G/C Norman, 15 October 1942. 50. Ibid., CAP to COS, COHQ, 21 October 1942. 51. Ibid., ‘Freshman’, Notes by Peter Broad, AP1, 18 October 1942. 52. TNA, WO 106/1989, COS(42) 296th Meeting, 22 October 1942. 53. TNA, DEFE 2/224, 38W/MS10/15/Air, Norman to Willets, 28 October 1942. 54. TNA, DEFE 2/221, 38W/MS10/15/Air, Report on 38 Wing Operational Order No 5: ‘Freshman’, by G/C Norman, 8 December 1942. 55. Ibid., ACC/577/33/Air AM Barratt to Mountbatten, 31 January 1943. Notes 251

56. TNA, DEFE 2/224, Minutes of a Meeting on Operation ‘Freshman’ at COHQ, 14 October 1942. 57. DEFE 2/219, SR 403/42, Notes on Operation ‘Freshman’, CCO to COS Committee, 17 October 1942. 58. TNA, DEFE 2/224, Report on Operation ‘Freshman’ by Lt-Col Henneker, 23 November 1942. 59. TNA, DEFE 2/219, LCMN/498, Lt-Col Nash, MO1(SP) to Neville, 11 November 1942. 60. TNA, DEFE 2/224, Minutes of meeting at COHQ to discuss the escape plan, 26 October 1942. 61. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 51. 62. TNA, DEFE 2/219, MRP 4 to CAP, 13 November 1942. 63. Ibid., P/INT/501/21, German troop situation 24 October 1942, 15 November 1942. 64. TNA, DEFE 2/224, ‘Freshman’, Note by Barstow, 3 November 1942. 65. TNA, DEFE 2/221, Extract from History of Training and Operation, G/C Cooper quoted by Norman, 8 December 1942. 66. TNA, DEFE 2/219, Message from ‘Grouse’, 1040 hours, 20 November 1942. 67. TNA, DEFE 2/221, History, Cooper, 8 December 1942. 68. TNA, DEFE 2/219, Operation ‘Freshman’, report by W/C Homer, 20 November 1942. 69. Ibid., CCO to PM, 22 November 1942. 70. Ibid., Treatment of Prisoners, Conversation with Henneker, MRP4 to CMP and CAP, 30 December 1942. 71. TNA, DEFE 2/219, Operational Order for ‘Freshman’, Lt-Col Henneker, 14 November 1942. 72. TNA, DEFE 2/219, DEFE 2/224 and DEFE 2/109 Numerous papers 1942 to 1945, Lt-Col I Hellberg, ‘Operation Freshman’ in After the Battle, No 45, (1984) pp. 4–5, Kurzman, pp. 98–99 and 107–8 and interview with Ole Morton Smith-Hausken, former inmate of Grini, 2 August 1995. 73. Hitler’s Kommandobefehl, 8 October 1942, cited by Macksey, p.141. See also J. F. Vance, ‘Men in Manacles: The Shackling of Prisoners of War, 1942–1943’, The Journal of Military History, vol. 59, no. 3 (1995), pp. 483–504. 74. That said, the was not applied to the uniformed SAS in the summer of 1944 either. See M. R. D. Foot and J. M. Langley, MI9: Escape and Evasion 1939–45 (London: BCA, 1979), p. 244. The most detailed account of the application of the in is Peter Lieb, Konventioneller Krieg oder NS Weltanschaungskrieg? (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2007), pp. 141–54. 75. TNA, DEFE 2/224, Memo for CCO by AH Head, CMP, 30 December 1942 and DEFE 2/219, CPC to Planning Secretary, 4 May 1943. 76. TNA, NA, DEFE 2/219, Report from Mr RE, 19 May 1943, enclosed with JCA/238, J. Adamson to Col Neville, 19 May 1943. 77. TNA, NA, D EFE 2/224, Report on Operation Freshman, by Lt-Col M. Henniker, Commander , 1st Airborne , 23 November 1942. 78. TNA, DEFE 2/213, Operation Freshman: Outline Plan, by Maj P.Barstow, MRP4, 13 October 1943 and DEFE 2/219, COS (42) 292nd Meeting, 19 October 1942. 79. TNA, DEFE 2/224, PS43, Freshman, Notes by Wing Commander P.Broad, 18 October 1942, Ref 38W/MS10/15/Air, Norman to Willets, 28 October 1942 and P/ INT/501/21/1, Minutes of Meeting on Operation ‘Freshman’ at COHQ, 14 October 1942. 252 Notes

80. TNA, DEFE 2/221, Report on 38 Wing Operational Order No 5: Operation Freshman, by Group Captain Norman, 8 December 1942. 81. Ibid., Extract from History of Training and Operation, by Group Capt Cooper cited by Norman, 8 December 1942. 82. TNA, DEFE 2/219, SR1389/42, Head to Lt-Col Nash, MO1(SP), 26 November 1942. 83. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 51. 84. Joachim Rønneberg, ‘Operation ‘Gunnerside’: Reminiscences of a Heavy Water Saboteur’, IFS Info, no. 4 (1995), p. 13. 85. Haukelid, p. 67 and p. 71. 86. Interview with Birgir Strømsheim, 1 August 1995. 87. Haukelid, p. 72. 88. Ibid., p. 73. 89. Strømsheim interview. 90. Rønneberg, ‘Reminiscences’, p. 14. 91. Ibid., p. 14. 92. Kurzman, p. 150. 93. Rønneberg claims he found the spectacles – prescription glasses being in short supply in occupied Norway – being used as a bookmark in the watchman’s log- book, ‘Reminiscences’, p. 15, while Haukelid says Rønneberg discovered them on the end of the watchman’s nose, p. 96. 94. Haukelid, p. 98. 95. Helberg had a remarkably hair-raising journey to Oslo including spending a night in a hotel occupied by Reichkommisar Terboven and his staff and jumping from a moving bus after being arrested. See Kurzman, pp. 178–80. 96. Rønneberg, ‘Reminiscences’, p. 16. 97. Thomas Powers, Heisenberg’s War: The Secret History of the German Bomb (London: Jonathan Cape: 1993), p. 201. 98. NHM, Wilson Report, p.82 and Powers, p. 212. 99. See Haukelid, pp. 162–70. 100. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 104. 101. Ibid., p. 63 and Kurzman, pp. 162–63. 102. Ian Dear, Sabotage and Subversion (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1996), p. 129. 103. Haukelid, p. 169. 104. Adrian Weale, Secret Warfare, (London: Coronet, 1997). 105. Grimnes, ‘Heavy Water Operations’, p. 9. 106. Powers, p. 213. 107. TNA, DEFE 2/943 Meeting with ACOS, 6 October 1942. 108. Patrick Dalzel-Job, From Arctic Snow to the Dust of (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1991), p. 47. 109. TNA, DEFE 2/616, No2073/OS 0272, Raids by MTBs and MGBs on Enemy Shipping on the Norwegian Coast: Operation ‘VP’, 18 October 1942. 110. TNA, WO 106/1989, COS(42) 177th (0) Meeting, 10 November 1942. 111. TNA, DEFE 2/694, Amphibious Warfare HQ: Small Raids in Europe, undated. 112. TNA, DEFE 2/522, Major Trench MRP5 to CMP, 19 December 1942. 113. TNA, DEFE 2/151, MA/C11/4, Operation ‘Comet’ [Renamed ‘Pullover’], Brief for COS, 6 January 1943. 114. TNA, DEFE 2/522, Wedderburn to Trench, 17 January 1943. 115. Ibid., Henriques to Laycock, 23 January 1943. 116. TNA, DEFE 2/616, M/PD0188/42, S. H. Phillips, principal assistant secretary to the Admiralty to CCO, 4 November 1942. Notes 253

117. Ibid., Neville’s note on Admiralty letter, 6 November 1942 and SR902/42 by Capt Magnay, CNP, 10 November 1942. 118. Ibid., M052432/43, J. D. Higham, principal at secretary of the Admiralty to Home Waters C-in-Cs, 15 January 1943. 119. TNA, DEFE 2/122, SR78/43, Report of Interview with ACOS, Capt Magnay, 15 January 1943. 120. TNA, DEFE 2/943, Fynn to Maj Collins, 24 November 1942. 121. TNA, DEFE 2/449, Operations ‘Omnibus’, Brief for COS, 6 January 1943 and SR68/43 Operations ‘Omnibus’, Outline Plan, 5 January 1943. 122. TNA, DEFE 2/122, Notes on Planning Dates, August/September 1942. 123. Ibid., ACOS to CCO, 11 January 1943. 124. Ibid., Headquarters Aquaint No4, Attack on the Pyrites Mine on Stord Island in Southern Norway on 23/24 January 1943, 2 February 1943 and 0645/24, ACOS to Admiralty, 24 January 1943. 125. TNA, DEFE 2/533, ACOS Operation ‘Roundabout’, report by Col Neville, 2 April 1943. 126. Ibid., Operation ‘Roundabout’, Capt J Gilchrist, 12 Commando, 24 March 1943. 127. Ibid., Note by Henriques, 3 April 1943. 128. TNA, DEFE 2/137, Operation ‘Cobblestone IV’, 12 December 1942. 129. Ibid., Operation ‘Cobblestone’, Cdr Ryder to CNP and CMP, 19 December 1942. 130. TNA, DEFE 2/370, JHMC/570, Marshall-Cornwall to Haydon, 13 February 1943. 131. TNA, DEFE 2/617, ‘VP2’ Report on Aspø by Sub-Lt Godwin, 29 March 1943. 132. TNA, DEFE 2/135, CR3490/43, Operation ‘Checkmate’, undated. 133. Ibid., Magnay to Neville, 17 April 1943. 134. Ibid., PSN529, Subject: Operation ‘Checkmate’, note by Lt-Col Horton, Planning Secretary, 12 June 1943. 135. Ibid., CR5753/43, Operation ‘Checkmate’, by Neville, 5 June 1943. 136. TNA, DEFE 2/135, Testimony of Leif Jensen, Brig Sutton-Prat, military attaché, Stockholm, to Davidson, DMI, 11 May 1945. 137. Ibid., No1125, Testimony of Fenrik Rosenquist, Capt Denham, Naval Attache, Stockholm to Capt Rushbrooke, DNI, 19 May 1945. 138. Foot and Langley, pp. 154-5, conversation with MRD Foot and see footnotes 130 and 131. 139. TNA, DEFE 2/449, SR1529/43, Operations on the Norwegian Coast, by Neville, 12 April 1943. 140. The phrase ‘Nordic race – par excellence’ is borrowed from Oliver Harvey’s description of the Finns in December 1939, see John Harvey (ed.), The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey 1937–40, (London: Cassell, 1970), p. 332. 141. My italics, TNA, DEFE 2/449, Remarks on SR1529/43 by DH Magnay, CNP, undated. 142. Sir Frederick Morgan, Overture to Overlord (Hodder and Stoughton, 1950), p. 15. 143. Ziegler, p. 205. 144. TNA, DEFE 2/616, 0272/1, Proposed Raids on Lighthouses and Watch Posts on Norwegian Coast, ACOS to C-in-C Home Fleet, 29 July 1943. 145. TNA, DEFE 2/616, 0272/1, Wells to Mountbatten, 30 July 1943. 146. Ibid., CR8325/43, Mountbatten to Wells, 4 August 1943. 147. TNA, DEFE 2/694, Amphibious Warfare HQ: Small Raids in Europe, undated. 148. Ziegler, p. 202. 254 Notes

149. D TNA, EFE 2/151 Winter Operations in Northern Europe, Maj Trench, 22 May 1943. 150. TNA, DEFE 2/943 OC SS Bde to VCCO, 13 January 1943. 151. TNA, DEFE 2/45 War Diaries of No 10 (IA), No 12 and No 14 Commandos. 152. TNA, DEFE 2/616, CR8325/43 Wildman-Lushington for CCO to the secretary of the Admiralty (M Branch), 24 August 1943. 153. TNA, DEFE 2/617, CPC’s visit to Lynes on 18/19 August 1943, 20 August 1943. 154. TNA, DEFE 2/214, No0272/6, ACOS to CCO, 17 October 1943. 155. Ibid., p. 79 and , Mitt Liv, (Oslo: Damm, 1995), pp. 160–72. 156. NHM, Wilson Report, pp. 69–70. 157. TNA, HS 2/208, SNO/624, Technical Discussions on 1st Vestige Operations, Capt Cochrane, SN/O to MG, DSH, D/S and L/It, 22 November 1943. 158. TNA, DEFE 2/1095, CR12940/43, Laycock, CCO, to COSSAC, 31 December 1943. 159. Ibid., SHAEF/17225/, Morgan to CCO, 20 January 1944. 160. Ibid., 21A Gp/47/9/COS, Maj-Gen FW de Guingand, 27 January 1944. 161. Morgan, p. 181. 162. Churchill, XI, p. 11. and TNA, DEFE 2/697, History of Combined Operations, p. 76. 163. TNA, DEFE 2/151, Winter Operations, Trench, 22 May 1943. 164. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 62. 165. Ibid. 166. TNA, DEFE 2/122, SR43/43 Operation ‘Cartoon’, Collins for CCO to Fynn, 11 January 1943 and JSW/637, Wilson to Neville, 20 March 1943. 167. Job, p. 53. 168. TNA, DEFE 2/616, CCO to ACOS, 16 August 1943. 169. TNA, DEFE 2/143, CR12382/43, COCR Progress Report 4, note by Collins, 6 December 1943. 170. TNA, DEFE 2/449, SN/45, Wilson to DCCO, AVM Robb, 8 January 1943.

6 Strategic Deception

1. Michael Howard, British Intelligence in the Second World War, V, Strategic Deception in the Second World War (London: HMSO, 1990), pp. x., 4, and 22. 2. Aids to Surprise with Particular Reference Deceiving, Mystifying and Confusing the Enemy on the Battlefield, Wavell’s Memorandum of 1940 in the Hoover Institution, Stanford, California cited by Anthony Cave Brown, (New York: Quill, 1975), p. 46. 3. TNA, CAB 79/14, COS(41) 344th Meeting, 7 October 1941. 4. David Mure, Master of Deception (London: William Kimber, 1980), p. 83. Although Pound probably did offer Clarke the job, Clarke’s recollection of the incident causes some confusion in the chronology. Clarke wrote in a letter of 1 June 1971 to , Wavell’s head of deception in India, that he was in London on Wavell’s initiative. He claimed that he said to Pound he was still serving under Wavell ‘who alone is conducting active operations’ and thus could not accept. Wavell was appointed C-in-C. India on 22 June 1941, which would indicate there was either an earlier meeting or Clarke was actually serving under to whom Clarke’s above quote would apply in October 1941. 5. TNA, CAB 79/14, JP(41) 819, Strategic Deception, Memo by JPS, 8 October 1941. 6. TNA, AIR 20/3693, JP(41) 1101, Strategic Deception Memo by Controlling , 27 December 1941. Notes 255

7. TNA, CAB 79/87, Confidential Annex to COS(42) 1st Meeting, 1 January 1942. 8. TNA, WO 106/1987, GS(P)/1186/Q/1 Operation ‘Hardboiled’ Draft Administration Appreciation 26 January 1942. 9. Ibid., EPS(42) 49(M), Operation ‘Hardboiled’, 15 February 1942. 10. TNA, NA, CAB 79/17, COS(42), 27th Meeting, 24 January, 1942. 11. TNA, NA, AIR 20/3693, Ref. No. D/NORWAY/10, Hollis to Portal, 27 February 1942. 12. , The Deception Planners (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p. 39. 13. Howard, p. 24. 14. OKW/KTB2/1011, Weisung an den Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Norwegen uber Aufgaben im Fall Barbarossa, 7 April 1941, cited by K. J. Muller, ‘A German Perspective on Allied Deception Operations in the Second World War’, in M. I. Handel (ed.) Strategic and Operational Deception in the Second World War (London: Frank Cass, 1987), p. 317. 15. TNA, CAB 120/769, 12461/C, Wavell to PM, 21 May 1942. 16. TNA, AIR 20/3693 Note by ACAS(P) on No 12461/C, 25 May 1942. 17. Ibid., JP(42) 619, Strategic Deception – Machinery, report by the JPS, 18 June 1942. 18. Ibid., Note by ACAS(P) on JP(42) 619, 20 June 1942. 19. Ibid., COS(42) 253rd Meeting, 2 September 1942. 20. TNA, CAB 120/656, Operation Jupiter, Summary of Appreciation (Annex I) and Operation Jupiter, a review (Annex II) by Lt Gen AGL McNaughton, 4 August 1942. 21. TNA, AIR 20/4504, C/O/22 Deception Plans – 1942, 31 July 1942. 22. TNA, AIR 9/161, LCS(42) 1, Operation ‘Torch’ – Deception and Cover Plan, Report by Controlling Officer, 8 August 1942. 23. Ibid., ACAS(P) notes on LCS(42) 1, 9 August 1942. 24. TNA, AIR 20/4504, Eisenhower to Ismay, 16 August 1942. 25. TNA, AIR 9/161, HF 00/566/G(Plans), Lt Gen Swayne, CGS, GHQ Home Forces, 22 August 1942. 26. Ibid., LCS(42) 3, 8 September 1942 and LCS(42) 4, 12 October 1942. 27. TNA, WO 199/465, HF 00/566/G(Plans), Directive to GOC-in-C Solo One from B Paget, General C-in-C Home Forces, 29 August 1942 and HF 00/566/G(Plans), Swayne to Thorne, 29 August 1942. 28. TNA, WO 199/465, Solo I’, Minutes of meeting held at GHQ, 2 September 1942. 29. Ibid., S/00/227/Ops, Lt-Col Russell to DCGS, 8 October 1942. 30. TNA, AIR 20/2508, COS(42) 416(0), 26 November 1942. 31. TNA, WO 106/2778, Rumours I and Rumours II, Controlling Officer’s Details, 4 September 1942. 32. TNA, WO 199/465, S/00/227/Ops, Solo I, Lt-Col Russell, GSO1 (G(Ops)) 12 September 1942. 33. TNA, AIR 20/2508, COS(42) 416(0) ‘Torch’ Cover and Deception Plans, General Report by Controlling Officer, 26 November 1942. 34. Ibid, COS(42) 453(0) Torch Cover and Deception Plans, Report by Controlling Officer, 15 December 1942. 35. Howard, pp. 29, 62–63. 36. TNA, AIR 20/2508, COS(42) 416(0), 26 November 1942 and Howard, p. 59. 37. TNA, CAB 106/969 Amphibious Operations From the , Directive to COSSAC(Designate) in History of COSSAC 1943–1945, p.3. 38. TNA, AIR 8/1202, COSSAC(43) 15 Final, Operation Cockade, 3 June 1943. 39. Ibid., COS(43) 119th Meeting, 7 June 1943. 256 Notes

40. Ibid., JP(43) 209(Final) Operation Cockade, Report by JPS, 17 June 1943. 41. TNA, DEFE 2/458, S/OO/308/2/Ops, Appointment of Lt-Gen Sir Andrew Thorne as commander responsible for planning Tindall, 4 July 1943 and COSSAC(43) 16(Final), Operation Tindall, 30 June 1943. 42. TNA, WO 199/464, SO/00/308/2/Ops, Note on Tindall, Lt Col Russell, 2 July 1943. 43. TNA, AIR 20/4550, CT/P2, J. F. Turner (Col Turner’s Department) to ACAS(Ops), 14 July 1943. 44. TNA, AIR 8/1202, COS(43) 389(0), 14th Report by COSSAC, 20 July 1942. 45. TNA, AIR 8/1202, ACAS(P) comments on COSSAC, 14th Report, 20 July 1943. 46. TNA, WO 199/464, I/42/1, Thorne to Paget, 14 July 1943. 47. Ibid., S/00/308/Ops, Maj Earle G(Future Ops)to GI(B), July 1943. 48. Ibid., G(Ops)/T/(02) Progress Report, 18 August 1943. 49. Ibid., G(Ops)/T/(02) Report on Operation ‘Tindall’ by Lt Gen Thorne, 19 November, 1943. 50. TNA, AIR 8/1202 ATH/DO/4, Harris to Portal, 9 July 1943. 51. TNA, WO 199/464, G(Ops)/T/(02) Report on Operation ‘Tindall’ by Lt-Gen Thorne, 19 November, 1943. 52. Ibid. 53. Sir Frederick Morgan, Overture to Overlord, p. 110. 54. TNA, CAB 119/66, LCS(43) (P)5, 1st Draft Deception Policy for the War against German – Plan JAEL, 22 September 1943. 55. Churchill, X p. 51. 56. TNA, CAB 122/1251, COS(43) 779(0) (Revise), Plan ‘Bodyguard’, 25 December 1943. 57. Wheatley, p. 164. 58. TNA, CAB 122/1250, OZ353, Ismay to JSM Washington, 21 January 1944. 59. Maj-Gen William Baumer’s diary cited by Brown, p. 440. 60. Gen Deane in interview with Brown, p. 443. 61. TNA, CAB 122/1252, No 380, Bevan to Ismay for Wingate, 11 February 1944. 62. Baumer’s diary, cited by Brown, p. 445. 63. Wheatley, p. 169. 64. TNA, CAB 122/1251, LCS(44) 1, Plan Graffham, 3 February 1944. 65. Peter Tennant, Touchlines of War, (: University of Hull Press, 1992), p. 52. 66. TNA, CAB 122/1252, No1508, Eden to Halifax 21 February 1944 and No1872, Eden to Halifax, 3 March 1944. 67. TNA, CAB 122 1252, All are telegrams sent from Mallet in Stockholm to the Foreign Office and later forwarded by Eden or Churchill to Halifax in Washington; No 311, 4 April 1944, No 322, 5 April 1944, No 328, 6 April 1944, No 353, 12 April 1944 and No 334, 10 April 1944. 68. TNA, CAB 122/1252. Stockholm No367, Thornton’s report, 14 April 1944. 69. TNA, AIR 20/3693, Mallet to Warner, 30 April 1944. 70. TNA, AIR 20/3694, ASP(IN) 93/44, W. L. Dawson, DofP, to D. Coyler, ACAS(P), 16 May 1944 and ACAS(P) 7629, ACAS(P) to AOC–in–C Bomber Command, 17 May 1944. 71. TNA, CAB 122/1252, Stockholm No37, 16 April 1944. 72. IWM, MI14/499, KFW 1279, 12 May 1944 cited by Howard, p. 118. 73. TNA, CAB 122/1252, COS(44) 136(0), Bodyguard – Plan Fortitude, memo by Controlling Office, 6 February 1944. 74. TNA, WO 219/1847, COSSAC 18216/Ops, 1st Draft, 3 January 1944. 75. Ibid., COS(44) 44th meeting, 10 February 1944. 76. Ibid., SHAEF(44) 13, Plan Fortitude, 23 February 1944. Notes 257

77. TNA, WO 199/1376 S/00/355/9/1/G(O) Appendix A Plan Fortitude – Scottish Command, 1 March 1944. 78. LHCMA, R. MacLeod’s papers, 2nd Accession. The Story of the and its Part in the Deception Operation to cover the , by Col MacLeod, undated, p. 5. 79. TNA, WO 199/1378, Conference, 16 March 1944 and Macleod, p. 5. 80. MacLeod, p. 5. 81. David Lindsay, Forgotten General: A Life of Andrew Thorne, (London: Michael Russell, 1987), p. 106. 82. P. Thorne, ‘Hitler and the Gheluvelt Article’, Guards Magazine, (Autumn 1987), pp. 106–7 and Howard, p. 111. 83. Ibid., p. 116. 84. IWM, AL 1828/1 in Howard, p. 117. 85. John Masterman, The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945 (London: Pimlico, 1972), p. 130. 86. Hans Fredrik Dahl, , Berit Nøkleby, Nils Johan Ringdal and Øystein Sørensen (eds), Norsk Krigsleksikon 1940–45 (Oslo: J. W. Cappelens Forlag, 1995) pp. 98–99. 87. Einar Grannes ‘Operation Jupiter: a Norwegian Perspective’ in Salmon (ed.), p. 114. 88. TNA, WO 106/1984, Thorne to General Ruge, 9 September 1945. 7 The Problem of the German Fleet and Norway, Part II (1944–45)

1. Hinsley, III, Part 1, pp. 271–72. 2. Minutes of the visit of C-in-C Navy to Wolfsschanze, 1–3 January 1944, in Fuehrer Conferences, pp. 379. 3. TNA, AIR 2/8422, Ops AUB7166, Gillmore, Director of Operations (AUB) to Bufton, Director of Bombing Operations, 25 January 1944. 4. Ibid., DBOps 21576, Bufton to Gillmore, 30 January 1944. 5. Ibid., ACNS (A) 2465/1, Notes on a Meeting Held on 4 February 1944 to Discuss Possible Cooperation by RAF and USAAF in Operation Thrustful, RA RH Portal, 7 February 1944. 6. Ibid., Attack on the Tirpitz by Carrier Borne Aircraft, Appreciation by Naval Staff, 30 January 1944. 7. Ibid., Operation Thrustful, ACAS (Ops) to CAS, 8 February 1944. 8. TNA, ADM 199/941, No0137/6206 – HMS Victorious’ Report, Capt Denny to Henry Moore, VA 2, 5 April 1944. 9. Ibid., 2nd BS 128/026, Moore to Fraser, C-in-C Home Fleet, 10 April 1944. 10. Ibid., No598/HF01325/178, Fraser to Sir Henry Markham, Secretary of the Admiralty, 14 April 1944. 11. Ibid., EC No0675/4, Bisset to Moore, 7 April 1944. 12. Ibid., 2nd BS 128/026, Moore to Fraser, 10 April 1944. 13. Roskill, War at Sea, III, Part 1, p. 277. 14. Minutes of the Conference between the C-in-C Navy and Fuehrer, 12–13 April 1944 in Fuehrer Conferences, pp. 388–89. 15. TNA, ADM 199/844, EC No0672/3 Operation Pitchbowl, 11 April 1944 and EC No322/0675/5 Report of Proceedings – Operation Pitchbowl, 13–15 April 1944, 15 April 1944. 258 Notes

16. Ibid., 2nd BS207/026/2 Operations Planet, Veritus and Ridge, Moore to Fraser, 1 May 1944. 17. TNA, ADM 199/844, EC No453/0675/7, Report of Proceedings – Operation Hoops by Bisset, 12 May 1944. 18. Ibid., No841/HF01525, Fraser to Admiralty, 19. Ibid., C-in-C Home Fleet to RAEC, 13 June 1944. 20. Ibid., EC No599/0675/12 Report of Proceedings – Operation Wanderers, Bisset to Fraser, 25 June 1944. 21. TNA, ADM 199/844, Sub-Lt Davies RNVR, HMS Royalist to RA Morgan, Director of Signals Division, 25 June 1944. 22. Ibid., No2383/01/4 Capt Garne to RAEC, 25 June 1944. 23. TNA, ADM 199/941, 2nd BS 128/026, Moore to Fraser, 10 April 1944. 24. TNA, ADM 1/942, No210/9/8, Operation Mascot, RA McGrigor (Commanding 1st Squadron) to C-in-C Home Fleet, 25 July 1944. 25. TNA, ADM 199/942, , Admiral Moore, C-in-C Home Fleet, 3 November 1944. 26. Ibid., No288/9/8 Operation Goodwood, McGrigor to C-in-C Home Fleet, 1 October 1944. 27. TNA, AIR 2/8394, Report to 1st Sea Lord on Operations ‘Servant’ and ‘Source’ by RA Brind, ACNS(H), and AVM Bottomley, ACAS(Ops), 1 July 1943. 28. Simons, pp. 107–8. 29. TNA, CAB 122/316, COS(44) 759(0), Bombing of Naval Targets, memo by 1st Sea Lord, 19 August 1944. 30. TNA, AIR 14/1970, AIR 921, 30 Mission to Air Ministry, 12 September 1944. 31. Ibid., 5G/101/81/Air, No 5 Group Operational Order No B393, signed A/Com Elworthy, 7 September 1944. 32. Ibid., Senior British Naval Officer to 5 Group, 16 September 1944. 33. Peillard, pp. 299–300. 34. TNA, ADM 199/735, NID 24/T 34/45,The Sinking of the Tirpitz, 12 November 1944, Compiled from captured German Naval Archive documents, signed E. G. N. Rushbrooke, DNI, 1 September 1945. 35. Minutes of the Conference between the C-in-C Navy and Fuehrer, 12–13 April 1944, pp. 388–89 and Minutes of the Conference of the C-in-C Navy at Fuehrer Headquarters, Wolfsschanze, 31 October – 2 November 1944, in Fuehrer Conferences, p. 415. 36. Hinsley, III, Part 1, pp. 277–78. 37. TNA, PREM 3/191/1, P44/49, Cunningham to PM, 27 October 1944. 38. Arthur Harris, Bomber Offensive, (Toronto: Stoddart, 1947) p. 256. 39. Paul Brickhill, The Dam Busters, (London: The Companion Book Club, 1952) pp. 254–55. 40. Peillard, p. 304, Brickhill, pp. 255–57 and Alan Cooper, Beyond the Dams to the Tirpitz, (London: Goodall, 1983) pp. 105–8. 41. TNA, ADM 199/735, Senior Survivor’s (Lt Fassbender) Account of the Attack, 4 December 1944 in NID 24/T 34/45 The Sinking of the Tirpitz, 12 November 1944, 1 September 1945. 42. Brickhill, p. 264. 43. TNA, ADM 199/530, No2182/HF01325/224, Operations Counterblast and Steak: Reports of Proceedings, Moore to Markham, 6 December 1944. 44. Ibid., No2294/HF01325/231 Report of Proceedings – Operation Lacerate, Moore to Markham, 22 December 1944. Notes 259

45. Ibid., No2265/HF01325/229, Moore to the Admiralty, 17 December 1944. 46. Roskill, Navy at War, p. 166, however RA McGrigor, commanding the opera- tion, reckoned he had sunk six merchant vessels and one escort, see TNA, ADM 199/530, No375/9/8, McGrigor, RA Commanding 1st Cruiser Squadron to C-in-C Home Fleet, 27 November 1944. 47. TNA, ADM 199/530, No11291/03, Hawkins to McGrigor, 17 November 1944. 48. Ibid., Piers to McGrigor, 13 November 1944. 49. TNA, ADM 199/530, No415/734/10 Operation Fretsan – Report of Proceedings, VA Dalrymple-Hamilton, commanding 10th Cruiser Squadron to C-in-C Home Fleet, 24 December 1944. 50. TNA, ADM 199/270, Minute by Capt Sayer (DDTTSD) 12 March 1995. Sayer noted that 54 Flotilla hit 67.8 per cent of the time as compared to 22.5 per cent for all Navy MTB attacks. 51. Ibid., No240A/6, MTB Operations Carried Out between 25 September 1944 and 15 February 1945, Capt Browne to ACOS, 16 February 1945. 52. Ibid., No/85/OS 0532, Harwood to Secretary of the Admiralty, 19 February 1945. 53. TNA, AIR 15/481, NIDUC Report No360, Cancellation of German Transit Traffic through Sweden, CAG Nichols, DDNI (M), 10 August 1943 and Enemy Shipping in Norwegian Waters, S/L RA Green, 12 August 1943. 54. Ibid., Memo on the Attack of Shipping between and Norway and along the Norwegian Coast, HQ No 18 Group, 24 November 1943. 55. Ibid., Minute on above, File TS15215 to C-in-C, JC Slessor, 12 December 1943. 56. Ibid., Memo on the Attack of Shipping between Germany and Norway and along the Norwegian Coast, HQ No 18 Group, 24 November 1943. 57. TNA, AIR 15/481, Attack on Shipping on the Norwegian Coast, A/Com Davis, Director of Operations (Anti-Shipping) to AOC-in-C Coastal Command, 19 December 1943. 58. Ibid., CC/S7010/20/7/Air, AVM Durston, SASO Coastal Command to AOC HQ 18 Group, 4 December 1943. 59. Ibid., 18G/TS/1623/15, Wick and Leuchers Strike Wings, HQ 18 Group to HQ Coastal Command, 13 July 1944. 60. Ibid., Sholto Douglas to Ellwood, 20 July 1944. 61. TNA, AIR 2/8571 CMS 711 Air Attacks on Certain Lighthouses on the Norwegian Coast, A. D. Gillmore, Director of Operations (Maritime), 20 December 1944. 62. AIR 15/481, 18G/s1618/14/5, Anti-Shipping Operations on the Norwegian Coast, AOC 18 Group to HQ Coastal Command, 5 October 1944. 63. Ibid., Sholto Douglas to Ellwood, 10 October 1944 and Note of Action, 15 October 1944. 64. TNA, AIR 2/8571, HQ Coastal Command to Admiralty, 18 February 1945. 65. TNA, AIR 15/481, HQ Coastal Command to 18 Group, 4 April 1944. 66. TNA, AIR 2/8571, CMS 711, Gillmore, Director of Operations (M) to Williams, ACAS (Ops), 19 March 1944. 67. See Goulter, pp. 294–96, this is the definitive account of Coastal Command’s work off the Norwegian coast. 68. Ciliax cited by Roskill, War at Sea, III, Part 2, FN p. 167. 69. This and the following argument is based on Andrew Lambert’s ‘Seizing the Initiative: The Arctic Convoys 1944–45’ in N. A. M. Rodger (ed), Naval power in the Twentieth Century, (London: Macmillan, 1996) pp. 151–62. 70. Ibid., p. 160. 71. Ibid., p. 155. 260 Notes

72. TNA, ADM 199/327, WA00770/18, Operation ‘FY’, Horton to Fraser, 31 March 1944. 73. Lambert, p. 157. 74. Ibid., p. 152. 75. TNA, AIR 15/468, NID1, Norway – Operational Bases, 29 May 1944. 76. C. E. T. Warren and James Benson, , (London: White Lion, 1953), p. 160. 77. Graeme Cook, Silent Marauders, (London: Hart-Davis MacGibbon, 1976), p. 146. 78. TNA, ADM 199/1890, SM 403/297, Information of Midget and Clandestine Craft, WJW Woods for FO (Subs) to Director of Operational Research, 25 April 1947 and Warren and Benson, pp. 160–69. 79. TNA, AIR 2/8571, Report on Meeting with AM Saundby, Deputy C-in-C Bomber Command, on 1 October 1944 by AM Bottomly, DCAS, 2 October 1944. 80. TNA, AIR 15/468, NID UC Report No539, Norway – Bergen U-boat Shelters, H. Clancy, DDNI (H), 8 October 1944 and AIR 2/6975, CC/S17243/AT, Final Assessment of U-boat Casualties 1939–45, 14 January 1948. 81. TNA, AIR 2/8571, C-in-C 1555, ACM Douglas, AOC-in-C Coastal Command, to Under Secretary of State (Air), 12 October 1944. 82. TNA, AIR 15/468, NID UC No558, Norway – State of Bergen U-boat Base, H. Clancy, 20 November 1944 and Roskill, War at Sea, III, Part 1, p. 182. 83. TNA, AIR 2/8571, No UT9/6, Bombing Requirements in the U-boat War, Admiral J. H. Edelsten, ACNS (UT), 21 October 1944. 84. Ibid., Air Staff Note on Admiralty U-boat Appreciation dated 23 October 1944, 30 October 1944. 85. Ibid., AM Bottomly, DCAS to AVM Williams, ACAS (Ops), 2 November 1944. 86. TNA, AIR 2/1084, Appreciation of the Potential Effectiveness within the Period of Phase I Hostilities against the Enemy U-boat Organisation by the Air Staff, 4 December 1944 and Remarks on Air Staff Paper on the Employment of Heavy Bombers Forces against Enemy U-boat Organisation, by the Naval Staff, 15 December 1944. 87. TNA, AIR 2/1084, AU (44) 4th Meeting, 19 December 1944. 88. Ibid., AU (44) 1st Meeting, The U-boat Campaign of 1945, paper by A/Com Gillmore, Director of Operations (M), undated. 89. TNA, AIR 14/3034 Investigation of Bomb Damage to the U-boat Shelters at Bergen, May 1945. 90. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 153. 91. TNA, HS2/2, Jack Mansfield to Colin Gubbins, 14 June 1945. 92. , Bomber Command, (London: Pan, 1979) p. 423. 93. , Former Naval Person, (London: Cassell, 1968) p. 302.

8 Planning for the Liberation and Operations in

1. Morgan, Overlord, p. 112. 2. Ibid., p. 115. 3. Ibid., p. 113. 4. TNA, PREM 3/333/14, Concrete No 208, VCOS to COS, 14 August 1943. 5. TNA, PREM 3/257/4, CCS 319/3, Final Quadrant Report, 24 August 1943. 6. Morgan, Peace and War, p. 175. 7. Morgan, Overture, pp. 124–25. 8. FO arkiv H, ‘Operasjonsplaner på Norge’, mappe 13, Christophersens notat, 9 September 1943 cited by Olav Riste, London-Regjeringa, II, p. 154. Notes 261

9. Riksarkivet (RA), SOK 291, Mappe 70.8 Regjeringen: Planer for gjenerobringen, Organisation of the Naval Command in any Allied Operations for the Reconquest of Norway, memo by the Director of Plans, 18 May 1943. 10. RA, FO 61, Retningslinjer for forhandlinger med om norsk-britisk samar- beide under operasjoner i Norge, 21 June 1943. 11. RA, SOK 291, Mappe 70.7 Regjeringen: Planer for evakuering eller kapitulasjon, Avskrift (transcript), Erik Colban, 16 October 1943. 12. Ibid., Nr 1092, Britisk-alliert militær bistand i tilfelle av tysk evakuering av Norge eller kapitulasjon and enclosed Aide-Memoire, Erik Colban to Utenriksdepartement (for- eign ministry), 27 October 1943. 13. RA, Norske Militærmisjon 64, Rapport over den Norske Militærmisjons virksomhet i tiden 2.12.43 til 31.10.45, p. 1. 14. RA, Den Norske Militærmisjon 14, Mappe 04 Møtereferater, Conference – Army Commander’s Room, 2 December 1943 – Minutes, Signed Brig GA Pileau, BGS, 2 December 1943. 15. RA, FO 60, Headquarters Allied Land Forces Norway – After Action Report, Period from 13 September 1943 to 14 July 1945. 16. RA, FO 28, Mappe 6: Allies og Planlegning. Forberedelse med sikke på tysk kapitu- lasjon – Rankin Case C, General Strugstads konference med Scottish Command om plan for besettelse av Norge ved tysk kapitulasjon, W. Hansteen, 6 December 1943. 17. Ibid., Om vårt samarbeide med Scot Co om plan for gjenbesettelse av Norge ved tysk kapitulasjon, Notat av W. Hansteen, 15 December 1943. 18. Ibid., Security Operation ‘Rankin C’, O Strugstad to Lt-Col D Macfie, 20 December 1943. 19. Ibid., Notat om en samtale med Generalløytnant Thorne den 4 januar, O. Strugstad, 4 January 1944. 20. Ibid., COSSAC/3159/7/Sec, European Allied Contact – Norway, Lt-Col D. Macfie, Chief of European Contact Section to All Divisions, 12 January 1944. 21. FD 1119, Hansteens notat, 12 January 1944 cited by Riste, London-regjeringa, II, p. 155. 22. Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) was formed in February 1944 under General Eisenhower who had been appointed supreme commander in December 1943. It absorbed and superseded COSSAC. 23. RA, HOK 101, Mappe VII – Rankin Case ‘C’, ScCCR MS/4/74918/G(Ops), Notes of Conference at HQ Scottish Command, 2 February 1944. 24. RA, FO 28, Mappe 6: Allies og Planlegning. Forberdelse med sikke på tysk kapitulasjon – Rankin Case C, Appendix ‘B’ to ScCCR MS/4/74918/G(Ops), Notes on a Conference held at HQ Scottish Command on 3 February 1944, 10 February 1944. 25. Ibid., Resultat av konferanse med general Eisenhower den 18 februar og generalene Morgan og Bedell Smith den 26 februar 1944, Notat av W. Hansteen, 28 February 1944. 26. TNA, CAB 119/107, COS(44) 253(0,) Plans for the Occupation of Northern Norway, CF Warner, 14 March 1944. 27. Ibid., JP(44) 73(Final) Plans for the Occupation of Northern Norway, Report by the Joint Planning Staff, G Grantham, CS Sugden and WL Dawson, 17 April 1944. 28. UD 25.1/2 U-min samtaler, bd VII, 26 February 1944 cited by Jakob Sverdrup, Inn i storpolitikken 1940–1949, (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1996) p. 132. 29. Trygve Lie, Kampen for Norges Frihet 1940–1945 (Olso: Borregaard, 1958), pp. 318–20. 30. FD 58, Note Lie to Lebedev, 25 April 1944, cited by Riste, London-regjeringa, II, p. 171. 262 Notes

31. See RA, SOK 291, Mappe 70.1 Regjeringen: Avtaler, Memorandum of Agreement regard- ing Civil Administration and Jurisdiction in Norwegian Territory Liberated by an Allied Expeditionary Force, Eden to Lie, 16 May 1944 and FO 163, Mappe V-21-a Forberedelse for gjenerobringen av Norge, Overenskomst om siviladministrasjon og jurisdiksjon i nor- ske områder befriet ved en sovjetrussisk stryke, signed Lebedev and Lie, 16 May 1944. 32. Lie, p. 323. 33. TNA, CAB 119/107, SHAEF (44) 30, Operation ‘Rankin – Case B – Norway’, Appreciation and Outline Plan, 29 May 1944. 34. Ibid., SHAEF (44) 31 Operation ‘Rankin Case B – Norway’ During the Preliminary Stages or Progress of ‘Overlord’, 29 May 1944. 35. Ibid., AEAAF/TS593/Air Plans, Operation Rankin: Directive for Case B – Norway, Leigh-Mallory to Hill, 26 May 1944. 36. RA, FO 25, Mappe No. 25 Rankin Case B, Konferanse i Scottish Command med gen- eral Thorne 30.6.44, W. Hansteen, 30 June 1944. 37. TNA, CAB 119/107, JP(44) 164(S) (Tof R), Occupation of Norway, note by G. Mallaby, 13 June 1944. 38. RA, FO 25, Mappe No 27 Norsk-Britisk samarbeide under frigjøringen av Norge, 678/44-PL NorMM, The Presuppositions for the reoccupation of Norway, Strugstad to Thorne, 26 August 1944. 39. Ibid., ScCCR TS4/53679/1/G (Ops & SD), Thorne to Strugstad, 29 August 1944. 40. RA, FO 26, Mappe No 32 Event – Russisk innrykk i Nord Norge, NorMM Jnr990/44/KM, Operations in the Petsamo- Area, Strugstad to Thorne, 17 October 1944. 41. Ibid., Jnr2285/44, Collier to Lie, 19 October 1944. 42. See Riste, London-regjeringa, II, pp. 191–92. 43. TNA, PREM 3/328/8, No3102, Clark-Kerr to Foreign Office, 18 October 1944. 44. RA, FO 26, Mappe No 32 Event – Russisk innryke i Nord Norge, Jnr 1019/44, Hansteen to Thorne, 19 October 1944. 45. TNA, PREM 3/328/8, GO 103, ScotCo to SHAEF Main, 20 October 1944. 46. Ibid., S-63213-SG525 SHAEF Main to ScotCo, signed Eisenhower, 20 October 1944. 47. Ibid., A/QGO 101, ScotCo to SHAEF, 21 October 1944. 48. Ibid., COS(W) 394, 21 October 1944. 49. Ibid., FACS 99, CCS to SHAEF for Eisenhower, 23 October 1944. 50. Riste, London-regjeringa, II, p.191. 51. TNA, PREM 3/328/8, T1959/4, Churchill to Stalin, 23 October 1944. 52. Ibid., T 1974/4, Stalin to Churchill, 24 October 1944. 53. Ibid., D252/4 Churchill to Ismay for COS Committee, 26 October 1944. 54. Lie, p. 327. 55. Sverdrup, p. 169. 56. RA, FO 61, Mappe: Forhandlingene i Stockholm 1944–45, Möte mellom utenriksmin- ister Trygve Lie og utenriksminister Chr. Günther, Stockholm, 30 October 1944. 57. TNA, PREM 3/328/8, Ismay to Churchill, 27 October 1944. 58. Ibid., D256/4, Churchill to Ismay for COS Committee, 28 October 1944. 59. Ibid., Ismay to Churchill, 30 October 1944. 60. Ibid., COS (44) 353rd Meeting (0), 30 October 1944 and see Chapter 7 for more details of British naval operations off Norway. 61. RA, FO 26, Mappe No 32 Event – Russisk innryke i Nord Norge, 504/Q, Operation Crofter, Report by Brig Auten, 24 November 1944. 62. RA, FFK/Adjutanten 30, Mappe: Operasjoner Crofter NMMR, Avtale mellom den Kongelige Norske Regjering og den Sovietrussiske Regjering om samarbeide mellom Notes 263

norske og sovjetrussiske stryker under operasjoner som har til hensikt å befri norsk område, signed Olav, 26 October 1944. 63. RA, FO 26, Mappe No 32 Event – Russisk innryke i Nord Norge, 504/Q, Operation Crofter, Report by Brig Auten, 24 November 1944. 64. RA, FO 19, Mappe L 11a-1: Rapporter fra oberst Dahl, Report on Force 138 and Conditions in Northern Norway based on the following reports from Colonel A. D. Dahl; 22, 24 and 28 November 1944. 65. Ibid., Appendix D, Report of Meeting between representatives of the NMM to the USSR and representatives of the Russian Army Command, 11 November 1944. 66. RA, FO 26, Mappe No 32 Event – Russisk innryke i Nord Norge, Nor MM Jnr 1161/44/PL, Relief Stores til Finnmark, Strugstad to Olav, 10 November 1944 and G 102, HQ Scottish Command to NMM, 10 November 1944. 67. RA, SOK 293, Mappe 722.5 ‘Crofter’ 1944–45, Minutes of a Meeting held in the Admiralty on 3 November 1944 to discuss plans for assisting the population of North Norway in the event of a German withdrawal, signed Capt C. T. M. Pisey RN (DOD (H), 5 November 1944. 68. RA, FO 26, Mappe No 32 Event – Russisk innryke i Nord Norge, FO Jnr 932/44/KH Norwegian Naval Relief Expedition to North Norway, Olav to SHAEF, 15 November 1944. 69. Ibid., H16333/722.5/ECD/EP Developments in North Norway Naval Expedition, Corneliussen to Capt Jacobsen, Norwegian Naval Attaché, 25 November 1944. 70. RA, FO 25, Mappe No 27 Norsk-Britisk samarbeide under frigoringen av Norge, Lt General A. E. Grassett, SHAEF G-5 Division to Hansteen, 4 December 1944. 71. Ibid., FO Jnr H4121/44/KH, Hansteen to Grasset, 4 December 1944. 72. Woodman, pp. 414–15. 73. RA, FO 25, Mappe No 27 Norsk-Britisk samarbeide under frigjøringen av Norge, Lie to Eden, 28 November 1944. 74. Ibid., Enclosure to Lie’s letter, An Appreciation of the Possibilities for a Combined Attack on the Narvik-Mosjøen Area from Great Britain, 26 November 1944. 75. TNA, CAB 119/107, JP (44) 304 (Final), Operations in Norway, Report by JPS, Signed G. Grantham, C. S. Sugden and W. L. Dawson, 5 December 1944. 76. RA, FO 25, Mappe No 27 Norsk-Britisk samarbeide under frigjøringen av Norge, N7762/1586/G, Eden to Lie, 13 December 1944. 77. RA, FO 26, Mappe No 32 Event – Russisk innryke i Nord Norge, MA Jnr 722.5–NN/ JEJ/DH, Commodore Askim’s RNN Report of 19 December 1944 on Visit to Murmansk, 29 November to 18 December 1944, signed Captain Jacobsen, 22 December 1944. 78. RA, SOK 293, Mappe 722.5 ‘Crofter’ 1944–45, M058491/44, Meeting held with the and presided over by ACNS(H), 29 December 1944, 2 January 1945. 79. Ibid., FO Jnr SH 26/45, Norwegian Naval Expedition to Northern Norway, signed Olav, 3 January 1945. 80. TNA, CAB 119/107, SCOFOR to War Office, 20 January 1945. 81. TNA, ADM 1/18618, Lie to Eden, 15 January 1945. 82. Ibid., Enclosure to Lie’s letter, FO Jnr SH 102/45 Memorandum, signed Hansteen, 15 January 1945. 83. TNA, CAB 119/107, COS (45) 20th Meeting, 19 January 1945. 84. Ibid., JP (45) 25 Final, Norwegian Expedition to Northern Norway, Report by the JPS, signed G. Grantham, C. S. Sugden and W. L. Dawson, 25 January 1945 and RA, FFK/Adjutanten 30, Mappe ADN/101/1/AR Militærmisjon til Russland, FO Jnr SH 243/45, Disponering av norske flystridskrefter til Nord Norge, Hansteen to FFK (Flygevåpenenes felleskommando – Norwegian Air Force Command), 31 January 1945. 264 Notes

85. TNA, CAB 119/107 COS (45) 31st Meeting, 29 January 1945 and General Hollis, Secretary of the COS Committee to , 31 January 1945. 86. Ibid., N165/158/G No 18, Collier to Eden, 15 February 1945. 87. Ibid., JSM 565, Joint Staff Mission, Washington to AMSSO, 26 February 1945. 88. RA, FO 110, Mappe XX-3 Forhandlinger med de Allierte, Referat – Møte i British Joint Staff Mission, 7 mars 1945, signed Olav, 14 March 1945. 89. Ibid., Referat – Møte mellom HKH Kronsprisen og General Marshall i War Department, 7 mars 1945, 15 March 1945. 90. Ibid., Occupation of Liberated Portion of Norway: Basis for a Revised Broad Outline Plan, signed Olav, 17 March 1945. 91. Ibid., Olav to CCS, 27 March 1945. 92. RA, FO 19, Mappe L-8b Rapporter av Meldinger fra Militærattasjeen – Washington, Jnr 12155/45, Norske Stryker til Nord Norge, H. Rolsted to Forsvarsjefen [Olav], 25 April 1945. 93. RA, FO 60, Headquarters Allied Land Forces Norway – After Action Report, Period from 13 September 1943 to 14 July 1945. 94. TNA, ADM 199/188 2nd DF333, Operation ‘Opendoor’ Report of Proceedings, Capt J. H. Allison to R. R. McGrigor, Commanding 1st Cruiser Squadron, 2 March 1945 and Frode Færøy, Frigjøringen, (Oslo: Norges Hjemmefrontmuseum, undated) p. 28. 95. RA, FO 26, Mappe 31 Revised Form of Plan Rankin Case C, NorMM Jnr 817/44/ KH, Revised Joint Plan Rankin Case ‘C’ (Norway) 3rd Draft, Strugstad to Brig Whitefoord, BGS Scottish Command, 19 September 1944. 96. TNA, ADM 199/1077 ScCCR TS4/74918/1/G(Ops & SD), Operation Apostle – Joint Plan, by Admiral Whitworth C-in-C Rosyth, Lt-Gen Thorne GOC-in-C Scottish Command and A/Com Boret AOC 13 Group RAF, 19 October 1944. The October 1944 plan does not appear to fit in with the apparent chronology of Apostle, for example Admiral Ritchie proposes the provision of naval parties to secure the ports in January 1945 yet this already formed part of the original plan. A possible explanation for this anomaly is that this was an amendment added later to the plan but not dated. 97. TNA, ADM 1/18656, No N/0096XR/P/8, Provision of Port Parties for Norway, J. S. M. Ritchie to Whitworth, 3 January 1945, No 156/00968/XR/P/8, Early Implementation of ‘Apostle I’, Whitworth to Sir Henry Markham, Secretary of the Admiralty, 15 January 1945 and M 058580/45, John Higham to Whitworth, 7 February 1945. 98. RA, HOK 102, Mappe Operation Apostle – Diverse, No 00968XR/J/3/A, Apostle I – Reconnaissance, Whitworth to Corneliussen, 15 February 1945. 99. TNA, ADM 1/18656 GO 54/1, Proposed Initial Lodgement – Seaborne Lift – ‘Apostle’, Thorne to SHAEF G–3, 5 February 1945. 100. Ibid., No 442/00968/XR/J/1 ‘Apostle I’ Plan, Whitworth to Markham, 14 February 1945, GO 54/1 Whitefoord to Thorne, 23 February 1945 and M058723/45, J. H. Taylor, Principal Secretary at Admiralty to Whitworth, 15 March 1945. 101. NHM, SOE arkiv, SOE Boks 5 – 10/3/20 Directives on Policy in Norway, N/534 SHAEF Directive for Norwegian Resistance, D/S, Col J. S. Wilson, to 8654, E. E. M. Nielsen, 7 December 1944. 102. NHM, Wilson Report p.145. 103. Ibid., Appendix ‘O’, ‘Sunshine’ and Other Protective Measures, Report by Capt Einar Skinnarland and Capt Norman Lind, RE, 13 August 1945, pp. 1–9 and Kompani Linge, II, pp. 202–6. Notes 265

104. For more on B-org see Ivar Kraglund and Arnfinn Moland, Norge i Krig, Bind 6. Hjemmefront, (Olso: Aschehoug, 1988) and Hans Fredrik Dahl, Guri Hjeltnes, Berit Nøkleby, Nils Johan Ringdal and Øystein Sørensen (eds), Norsk Krigsleksikon 1940–45 (Olso: JW Cappelens, 1995) p. 34. 105. RA, SOK 293, Mappe H.722.5 ‘Polar Bear’ 1942–44, Ref 1112, Protection of Ports, SM1, Birger Larsen and SN/SQ, Capt Hoskier to D/S J. S. Wilson, 25 September 1945. 106. Ibid., JHR/472, Polar Bear, Lt Reimars to Wilson, 12 October 1945. 107. NHM, Wilson Report, Appendix ‘O’, Skinnarland and Lind, pp. 3–4. 108. NHM, SOE Boks 1–10/3/1, Mappe nr 10/1/1 Antipodes Operational Instructions, Operational Instructions – Operation ‘Antipodes D.11’, Signed J. S. Wilson, 27 March 1945. 109. RA, FO 110, Mappe XX 2 Forhandlinger med Svenske, FO IV Jnr 5411, Ad Statsråd Torps forhandlinger i Sverige, Major Nordlie to Hansteen, 31 January 1945. 110. Memo from EEM Nielson, 31 January 1945 cited in NHM,Wilson Report, p. 57. 111. Ibid., p. 51. 112. Olav’s underlining, RA, FO 18, Mappe XXV-6 , FO Jnr SH777/45/RS, Krigens seneste utvikling i relasjon til Norge, Olav to Defence Department, undated. 113. Eisenhower to CCS, 14 April 1945 cited by John Ehrman, Grand Strategy, VI (London: HMSO, 1956), p. 148. 114. Ibid., FO Jnr 864-45-LG, Plans for the Liberation of Norway in Case of Enemy Resistance, Hansteen for Olav to Thorne, 14 April 1945. 115. Edward Thomas in the ‘Discussion, Part V, The Liberation and After’ in Salmon (ed.), p. 246. 116. Terboven cited by Jens Chr Hauge, The Liberation of Norway, (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1950, English translation 1995) pp. 67–68. 117. RA, FO 18, Mappe XXV-6 Festung Norwegen, Jnr 107/30/45 Melding fra legasjo- nen i Stockholm: Utenriksministerens note til den Svenske legasjonen, 16 April 1945. 118. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 158. 119. RA, FO 18, Mappe XXV-6 Festung Norwegen, GO 64, Plans for the Liberation of Norway in Case of Enemy Resistance, Thorne to NMM, 19 April 1945. 120. TNA, WO 106/1991 JPS (45) 109 (Final), 2 May 1945. 121. Hauge, Liberation, p. 55. 122. TNA, WO 106/1991, No 1, Sir Laurence Collier to the Foreign Office, 3 May 1945. 123. Hauge, Liberation, p. 51. 124. See Montgomery, Memoirs, pp. 334–40, David Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War 1943–45, (New York: Vintage, 1986) pp. 791–802 and Hauge, Liberation, pp. 56–60. 125. RA, FO 28 Mappe No 6a Kystfestningen under av Flåtehavner, Flyplasser og Landgangsteder, Rankin C, Mars 1944, Jnr/44/RS, Ad Rankin Case C (Norway): Konferanse med Rosyth Command 10 og 11 mars 1944, Hovdenak to Forsvarsjefen, 20 March 1944.

9 The Liberation of Norway

1. For a detailed examination of Dempsey’s command of see Stephen Hart, Montgomery and Colossal Cracks (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000) pp. 129–54. 266 Notes

2. TNA, WO 106/1991, FWD 20526, SHAEF Forward to EXFOR Main G(SD), 3 May 1945. 3. RA, HOK 102 Mappe Operation Apostle: Diverse, NorMM Jnr 3653 Strugstad to Olav, 2 May 1945. 4. TNA, WO 106/1991, Lt Col GS, MO1 [Unidentified] to Maj-Gen Sugden, 4 May 1945. 5. Ibid., War Office to SHAEF Forward, 5 May 1945 and Office Note by MO3, Norway – 1 Airborne Division, signed Lt-Col Stockdale, 5 May 1945. 6. RA, FO 60, ‘After Action’ Report. 7. TNA, AIR 20/5515, FWD 20738 SHAEF Forward to SCOFOR, C-in-C Rosyth, AOC 88 Group and Admiralty. 8. John Baynes, Urquhart of (London: Brassey’s, 1993) p. 174. 9. RA, Fly-attasjeen i London 15, Mappe 184 Tactical Air Force No 132 (N) Wing HQ, Jnr 1382/45 AA, Withdrawal of the Norwegian Fighter Squadrons from 2nd TAF, Motzfeldt to Director of Allied Air Cooperation and Foreign Liaison, 4 April 1945 and 84G/AOC/Do AVM Huddleston to Admiral Riiser-Larsen, 9 May 1945. 10. TNA, AIR 20/5515, CMS 802/DOps(Tac), A/C Cross, DofOps (Tac) to AVM Williams, ACAS (Ops), 7 May 1945. 11. Hauge, Liberation, p. 70. 12. Ibid., p. 75. 13. Norsk Krigleksikon, p. 323 and Samuel Mitcham, Hitler’s Legions, (London: Leo Cooper, 1985) pp. 447–48. 14. Støren Papers, , cited by Andenæs, Riste and Skodvin, p. 81. 15. Ibid., p. 84. 16. Hauge, Liberation, p. 46. 17. Ibid., pp. 81–82. 18. TNA, WO 106/1991, Lt Col Stockdale to MI3, 5 May 1945 and No 50 Military Attaché to Stockholm Col Sutton-Pratt to War Office for DMI, 6 May 1945 and No 51 Sutton-Pratt to War Office for DMI, 6 May 1945. 19. Hauge, Liberation, p. 83. 20. TNA, WO 106/1991, MO3 to DMO (A) Brig Anstruther-Gough-Calthorp, 7 May 1945. 21. Böhme cited in Hauge, Liberation, p. 91. 22. TNA, WO 106/1991 Message received from C-in-C GAF Norway, 1137 hours 8 May 1945. 23. NHM, Wilson Report, pp. 160–63. 24. SOE parties operating in Norway were given a codename which referred to both the party and their radio output. These codenames were usually, though not exclu- sively, bird names. In the case of ‘Avocet’ (Osprey), the original ‘Osprey’ party in the district was reinforced by the four man ‘Avocet’ team in December 1943 as SOE felt this important area was undermanned, particularly with regard to its projected role under ‘Rankin’. See NHM, SOE Boks 5, DS/SN/2987, Outline of Projected Plans for Norway, Wilson, D/S, to AD/E, 21 September 1944. 25. Ibid., Nr 10/3/21 (c) Index: Avocet (Osprey), July 1944–April 1945. 26. Interview with Johan Palle Bjelland Thu, 30 April 1997. Fellow Kompani Linge veteran Carsten Johnsen suggested that a suitable method for the rapid removal of grease from weapons supplied from Britain was to boil them, as he and his party did in the field. 27. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 162, Gunnar Sønsteby, Rapport fra ‘Nr. 24’, (Oslo: Orion, 1960), pp. 217–22. Notes 267

28. Nygaardsvold’s cable, 5 May 1945 cited by Hauge, Liberation, p. 45. 29. Olav Riste and Berit Nökleby, p. 85 and Hauge, Liberation, pp. 95–96. 30. Sønsteby, p. 215. 31. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 161. 32. Sønsteby, pp. 223–4, Jens Chr Hauge, ‘Fra Krig til Fred’, in Sverre Steen (ed.), Norges Krig 1940–45, III, (Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1950) p. 789 and Report from ‘No. 24’, III. 33. Hauge, Liberation, pp. 103–4 and Norsk Krigleksikon, p. 300. 34. Alan Moorehead, Eclipse, (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1945) pp. 246–48. 35. Hauge, Liberation, pp. 101–2. 36. TNA, ADM 199/188, No 13/20 Operation Apostle Report No1, RA JM Ritchie to ANCEF, 5 June 1945 and WO 202/855, GO 202 Fornightly Report No 7 – 27 April to 11 May 1945, Signed Whitefoord for Thorne, 15 May 1945. 37. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 165. 38. TNA, WO 106/1985, GON 111/1, Lt-Col Garner Smith to Lt-Col Stockdale, MO3, 26 May 1945. 39. RA, FO 119 Mappe XXX: Operasjoner in Norge – Frigjøringen, Orders of the Allied Military Joint Commander to the Commander of German Land Forces in Norway, Revised 6 May 1945. 40. Hauge, Liberation, p. 93 and ‘Fra Krig til Fred’, p. 781. 41. It is possible that I have misidentified Jens Henrik Nordlie as ‘Colonel Nordlie, the DKØ’. He was heavily involved with Milorg and SOE district policy, particu- larly with regard to Østlandet, but Nordlie is not indentified with an initial in the document below. 42. RA, FO 119, Mappe XXX Operasjoner i Norge – Frigjøringen, FO Jnr SH/1078/45 Hansteen to FO II/C Move of Norwegian Forces in Sweden into Norway, 5 May 1945. 43. TNA, WO 106/1991, GO 380 SCOFOR to NMM, 9 May 1945. 44. Ibid., Böhme to Allied High Command, Office Note by MO3 Duty Officer, 8/9 May 1945. 45. Ibid., COSITINTREP No 400, SCOFOR to WO, 9 May 1945. 46. Interview with Ole Morton Smith-Hausken, 2 August 1995. 47. TNA, WO 106/1991, COSITINTREP No 400, SCOFOR to WO, 9 May 1945. 48. Ibid., COSITINTREP No 403, SCOFOR to WO, 1 May 1945 and AIR 20/5515 CMS 802/DOps(Tac), G/C Heber-Percy, DOps (Tac) to AM Sir Douglas Evil, VCAS, and Air Staff, 10 May 1945. 49. TNA, WO 106/1985, Thorne to Bedell-Smith, COS SHAEF, 27 May 1945 and Baynes, p. 175. 50. Ibid., MO 3/BM/2203, , Stockdale to Brig GS Thompson, Director of Plans, 12 May 1945 and COSITINTREP No 404, Supplement A, Part IV, Section C, SCOFOR to WO, 15 May 1945. 51. TNA, WO 106/1985, Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 27 May 1945. 52. TNA, ADM 199/188, No 13/20 Operation Apostle Report No1, RA J. M. Ritchie to ANCEF, 5 June 1945. 53. RA, SOK 294, Mappe 723.0 Operation ‘Apostle I’ 1945, Appendix A to GO9 (Directive to , Mobile Disarmament Units), Military Chain of Command and Responsibility in Norway, signed Brig Whitefoord, undated. 54. TNA, WO 106/1985, Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 27 May 1945. 55. TNA, WO 106/1991, MO3/PM/2204, Note on Operation ‘Apostle I’ and Operation ‘Doomsday’, 11 May 1945. This paper may well have been a product of MO3’s 268 Notes

Lt-Col Stockdale, who proved to be a keen advocate of Thorne’s cause at the War Office and developed a friendship with Thorne’s GSO 1, Lt-Col Garner- Smith, during their correspondence throughout the Allied Mission’s presence in Norway. 56. Ibid., Stockdale to Garner-Smith, 23 May 1945. 57. Ibid., Note on Apostle I and Doomsday, Brig Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe, DDMO to Maj-Gen Sugden, DMO, 11 May 1945. 58. Ibid., FWD 21370, SHAEF FWD to SCOFOR for Thorne, 13 May 1945. 59. TNA, WO 202/863, BGS 13 Serial No 27, Notes on Allied Land Forces Norway Conference, 18 May. 60. RA, SOK 291, Mappe H 722.3 Admiralstaben Krigsoppsetnings planer, Report on Study Period held in London for the Norwegian Operational Liason Officers January 1945, Lt-Col Pran, NMM Liaison Inspector, 31 January 1945. 61. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 163. 62. TNA, WO 106/1991, COSITINTREP No 404 Supplement, SCOFOR to WO, 14 May 1945 63. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 166 and Appendix ‘P’ Special Force Detachment, Force 134 – Subsequently Allied Land Forces Norway, p. 1. 64. TNA, WO 106/1991, C-in-C Home Fleet to Admiralty, 22 May 1945. 65. TNA, WO 106/1985, Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 27 May 1945. 66. Ibid., GON 111/1 Garner-Smith to Stockdale, 26 May 1945. 67. Ibid., GON 111 Garner-Smith to Stockdale, 4 June 1945 and WO 106/1991 COSITINTREP No 416, Part IV, Section C, SCOFOR Main to WO, 26 May 1945. 68. TNA, WO 106/1991, C-in-C Home Fleet to Admiralty, 3 June 1945. 69. Ibid., COSITINTREP No 426 – SCOFOR Part 4 Section ‘C’, SCOFOR Main to WO, 4 June 1945 and COSITINTREP No 428, Part 4 Section ‘C’, SCOFOR Main to WO, 10 June 1945. 70. TNA, WO 106/1983, GON 73, Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 10 June 1945. 71. TNA, WO 106/1985, Notes on Meeting at HQ SHAEF Mission to Norway, Oslo, 29 May 1945. 72. Ibid., GON 111/1, Garner-Smith to Stockdale, 26 May 1945. 73. TNA, WO 106/1983, Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 1 June 1945. 74. Ibid., GON 73, Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 10 June 1945. 75. Riste, II, p. 235. 76. TNA, WO 106/1985, GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 28 July 1945. 77. TNA, WO 106/1983, BM MO3/G/366, Brooke to Thorne, 31 July 1945. 78. For more on the Spitzbergen/Svalbard issue, the handling of which, according to Riste, ‘will hardly receive a place among the successful diplomatic operations in the annals of the Norwegian Foreign Office’, p. 332, see Riste, London-regjeringa, II, pp. 315–40, Sverdrup, pp. 146–48 and Malcolm Mackintosh, ‘The Western Allies, the and Finnmark, 1944–5’ in Salmon (ed), p. 230. 79. Riste, London-regjeringa, II, p. 235. 80. Hauge, Liberation, p. 127. 81. Wilson Report, p. 161. The numbers vary among secondary sources; the lowest being around 75,000 Russians according Norsk Krigleksikon, p. 361 and the highest is Frode Færøy’s estimate of 100,000 Allied PoWs, of which 83,000 were Russians, p. 39. 82. TNA, WO 106/1985, Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 27 May 1945 and WO 202/855, GO 202, Fortnightly Report No 8 For 12 May to 26 May 1945, signed Thorne, 1 June 1945. Notes 269

83. TNA, WO 106/1983, Thorne to Brooke, 30 June 1945. 84. Ibid., GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 15 July 1945. 85. TNA, WO 106/1985, Note by PWX Branch, attached to Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 27 May 1945. 86. Ibid., MO3/BM/2217 Stockdale to Garner-Smith, 4 June 1945. 87. Ibid., GON 111/1, Garner-Smith to Stockdale, 26 May 1945 and WO 202/855, GO 202, Fortnightly Report No 8 For 12 May to 26 May 1945, signed Thorne, 1 June 1945. 88. TNA, WO 106/1985, DCS/TS/108/23, Meeting held in the Swedish Foreign Office, Stockholm on 2 June 1945, 5 June 1945. 89. Ibid., DSC/TS.108/23, Notes on a conversation between Brig Firebrace, Brig Sutton-Pratt and W/Cdr Scarman in the British Legation,Stockholm on 2 June 1945, 5 June 1945 and WO 106/1983, Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 1 June 1945. 90. RA, FO 60, After Action Report. 91. TNA, WO 106/1983, Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 17 June 1945. 92. Ibid., GON 73, Thorne to Lt-Gen Morgan, 22 June 1945. 93. Ibid., Thorne to Brooke, 30 June 1945. 94. RA, FO 60, After Action Report. 95. TNA, WO 106/1983, GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 19 August 1945. 96. Hauge, Liberation, p. 128. 97. TNA, WO 202/856, GON 202, SHAEF Mission (Norway) – General Summary, signed Thorne, 1 August 1945. 98. Sir Peter Thorne’s papers, No 129, Sir Laurence Collier to Ernest Bevin, 2 November 1945. 99. M. R. D. Foot, ‘Prisoners of War’, in Ian Dear and M. R. D. Foot (eds), The Oxford Companion to the Second World War (Oxford: OUP, 1995), p. 913. 100. TNA, WO 106/1985, GON 111/1, Garner-Smith to Stockdale, 26 May 1945. 101. Ibid., Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 27 May 1945. 102. Ibid., GON 111/1, Garner-Smith to Stockdale, 26 May 1945. 103. TNA, WO 202/865, GO 202, Fortnightly Report No 9 – Period 27 May to 11 June 1945, Signed Thorne, 15 June 1945. 104. Peter Thorne, ‘Andrew Thorne and the Liberation of Norway’, in Salmon (ed.), pp. 217–18. 105. Lie, p. 380. 106. TNA, WO 106/1983, 21AGp/38852/3/G(SDO 6), Main ExFor to Pristern Audley 2, 22 June 45. 107. Montgomery, Memoirs, p. 356. 108. TNA, WO 106/1985, GON 73, Garner-Smith to Stockdale, 23 June 1945. 109. Ibid., MO3/BM/2217, Stockdale to Garner-Smith, 27 June 1945. 110. TNA, WO 106/1983, MO3/BM/2227, Sugden to Galloway, 24 June 1945. 111. Ibid., GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 15 July 1945. 112. Ibid., Thorne to Brooke, 22 July 1945. 113. TNA, WO 106/1985, GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 5 August 1945. 114. RA, FO 60, After Action Report. 115. TNA, WO 106/1984, GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 14 October, 1945 and Hauge, Liberation, p. 129. 116. TNA, WO 106/1991, SCOFOR to WO, 8 December 1945. 117. TNA, WO 106/1983, MO3/BM/2215, Brooke to Thorne, 5 June 1945. 118. Ibid., GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 19 August 1945. 119. Anthony Kemp, The SAS at War 1941–45 (London: John Murray, 1991), p. 227. 270 Notes

120. WO 106/1984, GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 31 August 1945. 121. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 138. 122. TNA, WO 106/1983, Thorne to Brooke, 22 July 1945. 123. TNA, WO 106/1984, GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 31 August 1945. 124. RA, FO 60, After Action Report. 125. WO 202/855, GO 202, Fortnightly Report No10 For 12 June to 30 June 1945, signed Col Charles Wilson for Thorne, 1 July 1945. 126. RA, FO 60, After Action Report. 127. TNA, WO 106/1983, Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 1 June 1945 and Olav Riste (ed.), Fredsgeneralen, p. 52. 128. TNA, WO 106/1985, GON 73 Thorne to Brooke, 28 July 1945. 129. Ibid., GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 5 August 1945. 130. TNA, WO 106/1983, GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 19 August 1985 and MO3/ BM/2213, Brooke to Thorne, 29 August 1945. 131. TNA, WO 216/108, Memo for C-in-C ALFN, signed JOM Bond, 3 August 1945. 132. TNA, WO 106/1984, Thorne to Brooke, 8 September 1945 and GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 20 September 1945. See also Riste, Fredsgeneralen, pp. 114–16 for the text of Thorne’s statement to the Norwegian press on the disposal of German war materiel of 8 September 1945. 133. TNA, WO 106/1984, GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 20 September 1945. 134. Ibid. 135. Ibid., Thorne to Ruge, 9 September 1945. 136. Ibid., GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 20 September 1945. 137. Ibid., Thorne to Brooke, 30 September 1945. 138. Ibid., GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 14 October 1945. 139. Ibid., No 50 (208/145), Collier to Bevin, 17 August 1945. 140. TNA, WO 202/855, GO 202, Fortnightly Report No 8 For 12 May to 26 May 1945, signed Thorne, 1 June 1945. 141. , Norge i Krig: London 1940–45, (Olso: Tiden Norsk Forlag, 1982), p. 228. 142. TNA, WO 106/1985, GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 5 August 1945. 143. TNA, WO 202/856, GO 202, Fortnightly Report No 9 for the period 27 May to 11 June 1945, signed Thorne, 15 June 1945. 144. TNA, ADM 1/18202, N5365/158/G, Sir Laurence Collier to C. A. Warner, Northern Department, Foreign Office, 12 May 1945. 145. Ibid., M 04941/45, Markham to Jacobsen, 25 May 1945. 146. Report from ‘No 24’, III, Documentary, Norwegian Armed Forces Recruiting and Media Centre, Audiovisual Division, 1994. 147. TNA, WO 106/1983. GON 73, Thorne to Bedell-Smith, 10 June 1945. 148. Sønsterby, p. 229. 149. TNA, WO 202/865, GO 202, Fortnightly Report No 9 – Period 27 May to 11 June 1945, Signed Thorne, 15 June 1945. 150. TNA, WO 106/1984, Thorne to Brooke, 8 September 1945. 151. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 170. 152. Ibid., pp. 169–71 and RA, FO 60, After Action Report. 153. TNA, WO 106/1984, GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 14 October 1945, WO 106/1991, COSITINTREP No 8, SCOFOR Main to WO, 6 October 1945 and SCOFOR to WO, 8 December 1945 and RA, FO 110, Mappe XX. Komiteer i forhandlinger med de allierte. 3a). Forhandlinger med engelske myndidheter, Minutes of Conference held 12 September 1945, signed Brig Auten, 13 September 1945. Notes 271

154. TNA, WO 106/1991, COSITINTREP No 18, SCOFOR to WO, 15 December 1945. 155. Gerhardsen cited by Hauge, Liberation, p. 130. 156. Thorne cited in NHM, Wilson Report, p. 167. 157. TNA, WO 106/1985, GON 111/1 Garner-Smith to Stockdale, 26 May 1945. 158. Thorne cited by Hauge, Liberation, p. 136. 159. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 164. 160. Collier cited by Lindsay, p. 175. 161. Sir Peter Thorne’s papers, No 129, Sir Laurence Collier to Ernest Bevin, 2 November 1945. 162. Hauge, Liberation, p. 131. 163. F.V.S. Donnison, Civil Affairs and Military Government in North-West Europe 1944– 46, (London: HMSO, 1961), p. 170. 164. Hauge, Liberation, p. 131. 165. TNA, WO 106/1984, GON 73, Thorne to Brooke, 14 October 1945. 166. Hauge, Liberation, p. 131.

10 Conclusion

1. Len Deighton, Blood, Tears and Folly, p. 103 and Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (London: Pimlico, 1995), p. 28. 2. Churchill, IX, pp. 3–4. 3. Report by the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 17 September 1941 in Fuehrer Conferences, p. 234. 4. Report by the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 12 December 1941 in ibid., p. 248. 5. Marc Miller, ‘’, in Dear and Foot (eds), p. 63. 6. Liddell Hart, p. 391. 7. Report by the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 29 December 1941 in Fuehrer Conferences, p. 247. 8. Report by the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 12–13 April 1944 in ibid, p. 389. 9. TNA, HS 2/179, NID 1728, Memo by Godfrey, 1 March 1942. 10. Report by the Chief of Staff, Naval Staff (VA Fricke) on the Conference with the Fuehrer, 22 January 1942 in Fuehrer Conferences, p. 258. 11. NHM, Wilson Report, p. 143. 12. TNA, WO 202/864, Amendment to G/INT/171, German Army Troops In Norway as on 1 April 1945 and Mitcham, pp. 340–42, p. 393 and p. 433. Bibliography

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Articles

Bennett, Ralph, ‘Fortitude, Ultra and the “Need to Know”’, Intelligence and National Security, vol. 1, no. 3, (1989). Bennett, Ralph, ‘A Footnote to Fortitude’, Intelligence and National Security, vol. 6, no. 1, (1991). 282 Bibliography

Grimnes, Ole Kristian, ‘The Allied Heavy Water Operations at Rjukan’, IFS Info, vol. 4, (1995). Hart, Stephen, ‘The Forgotten Liberator: The 1939–1945 Military Career of Sir Andrew Thorne’, The Journal for the Society of Army Historical Research, vol. 79, no. 319, (Autumn, 2001). Hart, Stephen, ‘The German “Northern National Redoubt Vanquished”: The Allied Liberation of Norway April–May 1045’, Mars & Clio, no. 28, (Summer, 2010). Hellberg, Ivar, ‘Telemark Recreated’, After the Battle, vol. 45, (1984). Herrington, Ian, ‘The SIS and SOE in Norway 1940–1945: Conflict or Cooperation?’, War In History, vol. 9, no. 2, (2002). Hughes-Hallett, John, ‘The Mounting of the Raids’, RUSI Journal, vol. 95, no. 580, November (1956). Johansson, Alf and Norman, Törbjorn, ‘The Swedish Policy of Neutrality in a Historical Perspective’ in Neutrality and Defence; The Swedish Experience, Revue Internationale, d’Histoire Militaire, no. 57, 1984. Lambert, Andrew, ‘Sea Power, 1939–40: Churchill and the Strategic Origins of the Battle of the Atlantic’, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 17, no. 1, (1994). Mann, Christopher, ‘Combined Operations, the Commandos, and Norway, 1941–1945’, The Journal of Military History, vol. 73, no. 2, (2009). Parker, R. A. C., ‘Britain, France and Scandinavia, 1939–40’ History, vol. 61, (1976). Phenix, Richard, ‘Messages from Station Charlie – When Wireless Meant Life or Death’, 73 Magazine, January (1982). Rønneberg, Joachim, ‘Operation “Gunnerside”: Reminiscences of a heavy water saboteur’, IFS Info, vol. 4 (1995). Thompson, David, ‘Norwegian Military Policy, 1905–1940: A Critical Appraisal and Review of the Literature’, Journal of Military History, vol. 61, no. 7, (1997). Thorne, Peter, ‘Hitler and the Gheuvelt Article’, The Guards Magazine, Autumn, (1987). Thorne, Peter, ‘Andrew Thorne and the Liberation of Norway’, Intelligence and National Security, vol. 7, no. 3, (1992). Vance, J. F., ‘Men in Mancles: The Shackling of Prisoners of War, 1942–1943,’ The Journal of Military History, vol. 59, no. 3, (1995).

Unpublished articles

Thompson, David, ‘Controversial Aspects of Norwegian Military History, 1905–1950’, (unpublished, 1995). (This piece, much revised, forms the basis of David Thompson’s 1997 Journal of Military History article.) Tudor, GDC, The Story of First Mountain Regiment, RA: Destination Norway?, (unpub- lished, 1998).

PhD dissertations

Goulter, Christina, A Forgotten Offensive, RAF Coastal Commands Anti-Shipping Campaign, 1940–45, PhD Dissertation, (University of London, 1993). Hart, Steven, Field Marshal Montgomery, 21st and North–West Europe, 1944–45, PhD Dissertation, (University of London, 1995). Herrington, Ian, The Special Operations Executive in Norway 1940–45: Policy and Operations in the Strategic Context, PhD Dissertation (De Montfort University, 2004). Bibliography 283

Hughes, Matthew, General Allenby and The Campaign of The Egyptian Expeditionary Force, June 1917–November 1990, PhD Dissertation, (University of London, 1995). Moreman, Timothy, ‘Passing it on’, The Army in India and the Development of Frontier Warfare, 1849–47, PhD Dissertation, (University of London, 1996). Thompson, David, From Neutrality to NATO: The Norwegian Armed Forces and Defence Policy, 1905–55, PhD Dissertation, (Ohio State University, 1996).

Films and documentaries

Director, Anthony Mann, , 1965. Author, Arnfinn Moland, Report from No. 24, I, II and III, 1994. Consultant, Bjørn Furuborg, Slått, men ikke slått ut, 1990. Index

A B Aberdeen, 133 Balfour, John, 140 , 125, 135 , 139 Admiralty, 19, 21, 26, 28, 32, 38, 48, 53–5, Baltic Sea, 13 65, 120, 122, 128, 134, 149, Banak, 80, 108 153–4, 156, 165, 185, 188, 222–3 Banks, Captain W.E., 29 A-Force, 126, 129 Bardufoss (air field), 6, 80, 83 Alamein, Battle of, 135 , 22, 28, 33, 157 Ålesund, 19, 90, 128, 193 Battle of, 26–8, 168 Alexandria, 24 Barentsburg, 49 Allenby, General Edmund, 234 Barrat, Air Marshal Sir Arthur, 99 Altenfjord, 23, 26, 28, 29–30, 34, 151, Barry, Vice Admiral Charles, 29–30, 107 155, 164, 182 Barstow, Major H.S.P., 97–8, 102 Air Ministry, 133, 138, 154 Baumer, Colonel William, 140–1 , 135 Bear Island, 21, 22, 26, 48, 150, 163, 215 Allied Land Forces Norway, 209, 213, Beichmann, Major-General Johan, 222, 216–17, 221, 224, 226, 228, 230 224 District Commands, 172, 181, 207 Belgium, 6, 62 Åndalsnes, 5–6, 71 Bennett, Wing Commander Doug, 19–20 Anderson, Sir John, 96 Bennett, Squadron Leader J.J., 206 Andvord, Rolf, 179, 181, 186 Berg, Major-General Ole, 183, 207–8 Anglo-Norwegian Collaboration Berg, Paal, 225 Committee, 62, 65, 96 Berge, Hjalmar, 166 Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe, Brigadier Bergen, 3, 14, 32, 158, 164, 171, 174, Richard, 211 191, 209, 218, 226 Anti-U-Boat Committee, 165–6 U-Boat Base, 164–5, 210, 212 1936, 36 , 146 Archangel, 15, 33, 50, 155 Bevan, Colonel John, 115, 129, 134, Arctic Sea, 9 139, 140–1, 144, 147 Arnold, General Hap, 119 Bevin, Ernest, 222 Arntzen, Ole, 204 Bey, Admiral Erich, 34 Askim, Commodore Per, 187, 206 Biarritz, 36 Atomic bomb, 96, 105–6 Biddle, Lieutenant-Colonel Anthony, 176 Åsenfjord, 18 Bisset, Rear Admiral Arthur La Touche, Ashbourne, Captain Lord, 25, 29 150–2 , 9, 13, 14, 31, 91–2, 153, Bjaering , 95 157, 164, 230, 232 Black, Captain Graeme, 95–6, 101 Battle of, 9, 16, 28, 80, 162, 167, 233 Black Sea, 141 Atlantic Wall, 148 , 46, 163 Attlee, Clement, 72, 214 Bodø, 33, 53, 54, 186 Auchinleck, General Claude, 6 Boheman, Erik, 68, 142 Audet, General Sylvestre-Gérard, 5 Boer War, 36 Auten, Brigadier Geoffrey, 184, 224 Böhme, General Franz, 195, 201–3, Aviemore, 63, 103 205–6, 215, 228

284 Index 285

Bommelfjord, 109 303rd Brigade, 212–13 Bond, Major-General John, 222 304th Brigade, 212–14, 226 Boret, Air Vice Marshal John, 176, 191, British Broadcasting Corporation, 129, 198, 209 205 Boulogne, 37 British Military Mission, Moscow, 74, Bonham-Carter, Rear Admiral Stuart, 21 127 Bourne, Lieutenant-General Alan, 37, 40 Brittany, 115, 136 Bremerhaven, 219 Broad, Wing Commander Peter, 98 Brest, 13, 15, 40, 231 Brooke, General Sir Alan, 41, 76, 77–9, Brettesness, 44 88, 90, 92, 93, 108, 119, 183, Brewster, Sub-Lieutenant Jack, 25 200, 215, 219–20, 222–3, British Army, 5, 9, 11, 36, 46, 64, 68, 226 117, 128, 176 Churchill’s Norway obsession, 89 Regiments and Corps, Planning Ajax, 69–74, 127 , 197 ATS, 134 Resistance to invading Norway, 70–2, Guards, 146, 221 79, 82, 234 , 134 Browne, Captain H.C., 160 Kings Own Scottish Borderers, 134 Browning, Major-General Frederick, 99 Paratroops, 37 Bruce, Major, 49 Royal Engineers, 44–5, 49, 59, 97–9, Bruneval, 91 193 Brutus, see MI5 Formations, Bruyne, Major H.B.A. de., 99 Home Forces, 129, 133, 137 Bulgaria, 141 , 117, 171, 196, Burma, 80 199, 219 Burnett, Admiral Robert, 27, 34–5 Commands and Armies Burroughs, Rear Admiral Harold, 57–9 Scottish Command, 133, 135–6, 137, 144, 172–5, 184–7, 190, C 198, 199, 202– Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 79, 86, 173 Herald Parties, 202, 205 Calvert, Brigadier Michael, 213, 220 2nd Army, 195–6, 199 Cameron, Lieutenant Donald, 30 4th Army, 144–5, 148 Carne, Captain W.P., 153 Corps, Divisions and Brigades , II Corps, 145 Army, 48, 78, 83–4, 93, 101, 108, 115, VII Corps, 145 117, 131 1st Airborne Division, 97–9, 102, , 120, 199–200, 206, 208, 210–12, Ship, 219, 220, 226, 227 HMCS Algonqin, 159 3rd Division, 145 Canary Islands, 50, 73 50th Division, 221 Carton de Wiart, Major General Adrian, 52nd (Lowland) Division, 132–4, 5–6 135, 145, 148, 172–4, 191, 199, Caslon, Captain C., 43–5 210–12, 220, 235 Chamberlain, Neville, 7 55th Division, 145 Chiefs of Staff (British), 5, 21, 39, 41, 58th Division, 145 42, 48, 50, 51, 53, 68–9, 74, 76, Special Air Service Brigade, 192, 77, 79, 81–2, 90, 92, 102, 114, 199, 208–9, 212–13, 218, 220–1, 125–7, 129, 131, 134, 136, 139, 226, 227 165, 170, 181, 188–9, 196 1st Air Landing Brigade, 208, Christiansen, Arne, 25 212–13 Christophersen, Bjorn, Colonel, 172 286 Index

Churchill, Winston, 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 13, 15, 47 Royal Marine Commando, 16, 18, 21, 45, 47, 50, 54, 56–7, 115–17 75, 88, 90, 92, 119, 129, 135, Conferences, 139, 144, 165–7, 197, 214, 230, Casablanca (Symbol), 135, 147 233 Potsdam (Terminal), 214–15 Norwegians in Finmark, 181–3 Quebec (Quadrant), 85–6, 114, 119, Resistant to raiding, 39–40, 42, 91, 128 139, 171 Retaking Norway, 9, 41, 67–70, 76, 77, Largs (Rattle), 118 80, 81–2, 84, 86, 89, 114, 125, Tehran (Eureka), 139 130, 147, 171, 234 Yalta (Argonaut), 217 Tirpitz, 21, 28, 156 Convoys, 9, 13 Ciliax, Admiral Otto, 18, 161, 195 Arctic, 1, 7, 9, 15–17, 21–24, 26, 28, Clarke, Lieutenant-Colonel Dudley, 33–5, 75, 80, 84, 122, 134, 149, 36–8, 126 153, 157, 162–4, 167, 169, 231, Cliffe, Major D., 123 232 Clyde, River, 135 Cost, 164 Cochrane, Lord, 20 Arctic convoys by codename, Cochrane, Air Vice Marshal Ralph, 156 Dervish, 15 Colban, Erik, 60, 173 JW 51, 26 Collier, Sir Laurence, 173, 188–9, 224 JW 51B, 26 Collins, Major Ian, 95, 123 JW 54 A and B, 33 Combined Operations/COHQ, 1, 9–10, JW 55A, 33 11, 28, 32, 37–, 47, 50, 51, 52, JW 55B, 34 57–9, 60, 64, 65, 78, 83, 90–92, JW 57, 150, 163 97, 101–3, 111–12, 116–18, JW 58, 150 121–3, 197, 234–5 JW 59, 153 Combined Operations North Force JW 62, 186 (CONF), 107–112, 114–15, 118, JW 64, 164, 190 121–2 JW 66, 167 Combined Chiefs of Staff, 77, 180–1, PQ 1, 15 188–90, 195–6, 200 PQ 12, 18 Commando Order, 26, 101–2, 112, 121 PQ 14, 21 Commandos, 1, 8, 9, 36–, 55, 57–60, PQ 15, 21 64, 90, 93, 94, 100, 101–2, PQ 16, 21–2 107–115, 120–1, 136, 148, 230, PQ 17, 22–3, 78, 134, 157, 168 234–5 PQ 18, 24 Independent Companies, 37 QP 8, 18 Special Service Brigade, 40, 44, 58, 95, QP 11, 21 115, 117, 191 RA 54A, 33 Army Commandos, RA 55A, 34 2 Commando, 58, 64, 94 RA 56, 163 3 Commando, 44, 47, 58 RA 64, 164 4 Commando, 44, 93 RA 66, 167 6 Commando, 52 Atlantic, 13, 16, 122, 169, 230 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando, 107, Harpoon, 22 110, 112, 116–17 Cooper, Group Captain T.B., 100–1 12 Commando, 54, 55, 64, 107, , 206 110, 112, 115–17 Cork and Orrery, Lord, Admiral of the 14 Arctic Commando, 108, 111, Fleet, 5 112, 116 Corneliussen, Admiral Elias, 185–6, 191 Index 287

Coryton, Air Vice Marshal W.A., 150, E COSSAC, 87, 114–16, 117– 18, 123, 136, Earle, Major P.B., 138 144, 170–4, 234 Eden, Anthony, 48, 60, 65, 142, 173, , 51, 55, 69 187 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 15 Edgerton, Admiral H.J., 187 Cruickshank, Charles, 8 Egersund, 159 Cunningham, Admiral Andrew, 151, Ehrenswäld, Count, 202 156, 166, 183 Eisenhower, General Dwight D., 92, 131, Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile, 132, 154–5, 176–7, 181, 188, 172 194–7, 199, 200, 201–2, 210, PoWs, 217 218, 225 Ellwood, Air Vice Marshal Aubrey, 31, D 137, 160 Dahl, Colonel Arne, 184–5, 190, 198 , 12, 39 Daily Telegraph, 194 , 16 Dalton, Hugh, 71 Enigma intelligence, see Ultra Daniel, Captain Charles, 39 Etaples, 37 Danielsen, Captain Edvard, 42–3 Eureka Beacon, 97 Daviken, 116 Evans, Able Seaman Robert, 26 Dawson, Group Captain Walter, 130–1 Exercise, Deane, General John, 140 Bumper, 70 Dekanozov, Vladimir, 181 Leapfrog, 50 Dempsey, General Sir Miles, 199 Denham, Captain Harry, 14, 216, 218 F Denmark, 142, 144, 146, 195–6, 199, Falkenhorst, General Nikolaus, 4, 100, 106 206 Festung Norwegen, 194, 200 Denmark Strait, 14 Finland, 68, 88, 89, 127, 142, 173–4, Denning, Commodore Norman, 23 177, 216 Deuterium oxide, 96 Army, 180 Dieppe Raid, 45, 66, 79, 90, 93, 101, Finnish General Staff, 75 119, 134 Defeat in 1944, 155, 179–80 Directorate of Military Intelligence, 133, Winter War, 3 138 Finnmark, 10, 47, 120, 155, 173–4, 176–7, Diesen, Admiral Henry, 43 179–80, 183, 186–7, 189–90, Dietl, General Eduard, 1, 6, 15, 68, 197–8, 226 142 German Policy, 185, Dill, General Sir John, 36–7, 41, 51, 70, 192, 195 74, 76 Florø, 52 Distinguished Service Cross, 32 Foreign Office, 60, 65, 142, 177, 188 Dönitz, Karl Admiral, 16, 22, 28, 31, Fornebu, 206 33–4, 149–50, 153, 155, 195–6, Forth, River, 128 201–3, 228, 232 France, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 36, 39, 52, 55, Douglas, Air Marshal William Sholto, 65, 67, 78, 102, 115, 119, 179, 70, 72, 161, 188 193, 195 Dragsund, 110 Chasseurs Alpins, 5 Drammen, 213 Fall of, 9, 12, 13, 231 Drummond, Admiral James, 198 Free French, 62, 172 , 36, 55 Fraser, Admiral Bruce, 24, 31, 33–5, Dutch Government-in-Exile, 172 150–2, 163 Durston, Air Vice Marshal Albert, 132 Freak, see MI5 288 Index

Friedeberg, Admiral Hans Geog von, 199 Ships, Future Operational Planning Section, Admiral Hipper, 13, 21, 23, 24, 27, 67, 126 65, 231 Fynn, Captain Ted, 107–110, 112, 116, Admiral Scheer, 13, 17, 21, 23, 24, 122 65, 231 Altmark, 4 G Bismarck, 9, 13–14, 16, 91, 168, Gallipoli, 79, 89, 234 231–2 Galloway, Major-General Sir Alexander, Blücher, 4 219 Bremse, 50 Garbo , see MI5 Fohn, 59 Gardermoen, 200, 206, 208, 210 Gneisenau, 5, 6–7, 12, 13, 16–17, Garner-Smith, Lieutenant-Colonel 65, 231 Kenneth, 211, 213, 218, 227 Graf Spee, 4, 232 Gaurock, 44 Graf Zeppelin, 18 George VI, King, 50, 157 Hamburg, 46 Geneva Convention, 102 Köln, 24 Gerhardsen, Einar, 225–6 Krebs, 44–6, 64 German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht), Lützow, 23, 27, 28, 31, 35, 231 Army , 39, 68, 194, 235 Prinz Eugen, 13–14, 16–17, 26, 149, Fremde Heere West, 143, 146 231 Formations, Scharnhorst, 5, 6–7, 9, 12, 13, 16–17, , 147 28, 30–1, 33–5, 65, 149, 161, 21st Army, 235 168, 231–3 20th Mountain Army, 155, 177, Tirpitz, 9, 13, 16–23, 24–6, 28, 29–31, 179, 235 35, 65, 90–1, 128, 149–53, 155, 6th SS Mountain Division, 201, 235 157, 158, 161, 164, 166–8, 182, 7th Mountain Division, 235 231, 232–3 295th Infantry Division, 235 Merchant shipping, 9 Panzer Division ‘Norwegen’, 235 coastal traffic, 158 Air Force (Luftwaffe), 15, 21, 24, 34, 44, SS Barenfels, 164 68, 134, 158, 163 , 94, 101, 113, 202, 206 Aircraft, Gheluvelt, 146 Focke Wulf FW 190, 31 , 50, 73 Focke Wulf FW 200, 18 Gironde, 102 Heinkel He-111, 21 Glomfjord, 94–5, 113, 120 Heinkel He-115, 55 Godfrey, Admiral John, 20, 46, 60, 232 Junker Ju-88, 21, 23, 110, 158 Godfrey, Major A.S.T., 49 Messerschmidt Bf 109, 31, 59 Godwin, Sub-Lieutenant Joe, 111–12, Navy (Kriegsmarine), 2, 6–7, 9, 12–35, 121 147, 186, 230 Golokov, Admiral Arseni, 15, 186 Benefits of capturing Norway, 12, 231 Government Code and Cypher School, Naval Staff, 33 46 U-Boats, 9, 12, 13, 16, 21–2, 24, 28, Graham, Major-General Douglas, 221, 34, 149, 152–3, 162–3, 167, 223, 226 212, 231, 233 Gram, Gregers, 117 Type XXI, 162, 165 Geassett, General A. E., 186 Type XXIII, 165 , 64, 69 Specific U-Boats Grini, 101, 112 U-354, 154 Groves, General Leslie, 105 Index 289

Guingard, Major-General Francis de, Henriques, Colonel Robert, 110 118 Henty-Creer, Lieutenant Henty, 30 Gulen Fjord, 116 (airfield), 19, 59 Günther, Christian, 142–3, 183 Herrington, Ian, 8 Highball bouncing mine, 154 H Hill, Air Marshal Sir Roderic, 179 Haakon VII, King of Norway, 4, 6, 205 Hilton, Brigadier Richard, 202, 206, 208, Returns home, 225 215, 218 Habbakuk, 85 Hitler, Adolf, 2, 4, 7, 23, 31, 33–4, 101, Hague Conventions, 68 121, 153, 195, 232 Halifax, Lord, 142 , 14, 16, 24, 28, 65, Hambro, Sir Charles, 42, 61–2, 65 168 Hamilton, Rear Admiral L.H., 53, 55, Norway, the ‘Zone of Destiny’, 7, 9, 57, 60 16, 27, 46, 89, 128–9, 135, 155, , 30, 154, 164 179 Hammersen, Major Frithjof, 204 Relationship with Andrew Thorne, Hampton, Lieutenant-Colonel C.S., 206 146 Hamresfjell, 193 Hollis, Leslie Brigadier, 42, 73, 75, 81, Hansteen, Major-General Wilhelm, 63, 86, 88 122, 181, 195, 197–8 Hölter, Major-General Herman, 202 Rankin, 174–7, 179, 222 Holtermann, Colonel Hans, 207 Hardanger Vida, 100, 104 Homer, Group Captain J.W., 97–8 Harriman, Averell, 140 Hornsby, Brigadier D.H., 40, 41 Harris, Air Marshal Sir Arthur, 138, 143, Hostvedt, Captain Erling, 186 165 Horton, 166 Tirpitz, 149, 156–7 Horton, Rear Admiral Max, 25, 107, 163, Harrison, Lieutenant-Colonel S.S., 55 169 , 5 Hotel Bristol, Oslo, 206 Hart, Basil Liddell, 232 Hovdenak, Captain Gunnar, 173, 187, Harvey, Oliver, 48 198 Harwood, Vice Admiral Henry, 159–60 Howarth, Sub-Lieutenant David, 25 Hastings, Max, 168 Hughes-Hallet, Captain John, 92 Hatvik, 164 Hughes-Hallet, Captain Charles, 158 Hauge, Jens-Christian, 10, 202, 204–5, Hvalfordhur, 12 225, 228–9 , 111 I Haugland, Knut, 99, 104–5 Iceland, 12 Haukelid, Lieutenant Knut, 103, 105–6 Idland, Lieutenant Kasper, 104 Hay, Colonel Robert, 206 Ilmenite, 40 Hawkins, Captain Geoffrey, 159 Inter-Services Security Board, 125–6, Haydon, Brigadier Charles, 44–5, 57–9, 134 111 Inter-Services Topological Department, Head, Colonel A.H., 95, 102–3 20, 29 Heavy water, 1, 96, 105–6, 193 Ismay, General Hastings, 42, 62, 72, 77, Helberg, Claus, 99, 104–5 84, 182 Helgeland, 148 Iron ore, 3, 7, 52, 57, 113, 158, 160, 168 Helleland, 101 Isakov, Admiral Ivan, 75 Henneker, Lieutenant-Colonel Mark, , 2, 13, 24, 28, 85, 119, 132, 136, 99–10 139, 146, 193 Henningsvær, 44 Invergordon, 133 290 Index

J L Jacobsen, Captain J., 60 Lade, 19–20 Jan Mayan Island, 18 Lambe, Captain Charles, 78 , 2, 13, 18, 74 Landet, 110 Job, Lieutenant Patrick Dalzel, 30, 107, Larsen, Leif, 25–6 109–112, 117, 122 Laycock, Brigadier Charles, 95, 115, 117 Jodl, General Alfred, 196 , 2 Johnsen, Lieutenant Carsten, 32 Leads, 14, 26, 109–17, 158, 163 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 130, 189 Leathers, Lord, 71 Joint Planning Staff, 39, 67, 73, 76, 77, Lebedev, Victor, 178 83, 85, 126, 129–30, 137, 140, Leigh-Mallory, Air Chief Marshal 177, 179, 186, 188 Trafford, 179 Joint Staff Mission (Washington), 189 Le Havre, 213 Jones, R.V., 96 Lie, Jonas, 204 Jøssingfjord, 4, 39–40, 42 Lie, Trgyve, 48, 182, 186, 215, 218, 222, Joulbert, Air Chief Marshal Philip, 19, 225 70 Claymore, 42, 43 German reprisals after Commando K raids, 60–1 Kaafjord, 150 Rankin, 173, 177 Karelian Istmus, 179 Norwegian-Soviet Cooperation Treaty, , 13 178 Kayser, Sergeant Fredrick, 104 Use of Norwegian troops in Sweden, Kennedy, Major-General John, 71, 183 88–9 Extended Crofter, 187–9 Kerr, Sir Archibald Clark, 140, 181 Lillebø, 113 Kersaudy, Françoise (historian), 7 Lillehammer, 201–2 Keyes, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger, Lindberg, Egil, 157 37–42, 45, 50, 51, 64, 65, 115 Linge, Captain Martin, 43–44, 58–9, Kiel, 195 60–2 King, Admiral Ernest, 22, 119 Lister, 159 King, William Mackenzie, 83–4 Ljungberg, Birger, 47 Kirkefjord, 54–5 Loch Cairnbawn, 27, 29, 30 Kirkenes, 15, 74, 77, 80, 127, 129, 164, , 150 180, 184–7 , 24, 33, 34, 153, 186 Kluber, Admiral Otto, 27 Lofoten Islands, 9, 18, 42, 44, 53–4, 57, Kjelstrup, Arne, 99, 105 63, 64, 65, 104, 128 Knox, Captain John, 39, 42, 60 Herring oil industry, 42, 44, 47 Korsfjord, 14 Reprisals, 46, 54, 55, 57, 61, 64 Kola Inlet, 33, 163, 167, 186 London Controlling Section, 130–3, Kollontay, Alexandra, 142 135, 140, 147 Kongsberg, 193 Longyearbyen, 49 Kongsvinger, 208 Lossiemouth, 156 Kranke, Admiral Theodore, 28, 195, Lovet, Lord, 44, 93 202 Lübeck, 195, 199 , 3, 14, 174, 176, 191, 209, Luftwaffe, see German Armed Forces, Air 212–13 Force, Kristiansund, 17, 19, 161 Lumby, Colonel Fritz, 127 Kummetz, Vice Admiral Oskar, 27, 34 Lumsden, Lieutenant-Colonel Bertie, 115 Kuznetzov, General Feodor, 140 Lund, Colonel Roscher, 14 Index 291

Lüneberg Heath, 196 Middle-East, 68, 80, 81, 125, 127 Lunna Voe, 25 Miles, Rear Admiral Geoffrey, 75 Lütjens, Admiral Günther, 13–14 Ministry of Aircraft Production, 96 Lysefjord, 101 Ministry of Economic Warfare, 40, 44, 151, 160 M Mitchell, Major Leslie, 25 MI5, 125–6, 133–4 Mo I Rana, 215 B1A, 125, 135, 146 Molotov, Vyascheslav, 76, 140, 181, 185, Agents 215 Brutus, 146 Moore, Admiral Charles, 212 Freak, 146 Moore, Vice Admiral Henry, 31, 150, Garbo, 135, 146 152–4, 158, 181 MI6, see Secret Intelligence Service Moorehead, Alan, 205 M19, 99 Montgomery, General Bernard, 93, 117, MacFarlane, Lieutenant General Noel 196, 199, 202, 219 Mason, 74–5, 127 Morgan, Lieutenant-General Frederick, Mackesy, Pierse, Major-General, 5–6 10, 87, 89, 114–15, 117–18, MacLeod, Colonel Roderick, 145, 148 119, 123, 144, 147, 197 , 115, 128 Retaking Norway, 87 Magnay, Captain D.H., 109, 111, 112, 123 SHAEF, 199 Maile midget , 24 Rankin , 170–7 Maisky, Ivan, 47, 79 Tindall, 135, 137, 139 Malaya, 129 Morocco, 68 Måløy/Maaloy, 57–60, 129 Moscow, 74, 79, 81, 83, 140, 180 Mallet, Victor, 68–9, 142–3 Motor Boats, 1, 9, 108–112 , 22, 82, 132 Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 51, 60–1, 63, Manus, Max, 117 65, 83, 95, 97, 99, 103, 108, Marshall, General George C., 92, 119, 128 189, 197 Dieppe, 93 Marshall-Conrwall, Major-General Eclipse of COHQ, 114–5, 118–19 James, 111 Rise of COHQ, 90–2 Marstrander, Lieutenant-Commander Jupiter, 78, 82, 84–5 Ernst, 54, 63 Munthe-Kaas, Colonel Otto, 207, 213 Marten, Major H. S., 203 Murmansk, 15, 68, 150, 184, 201, 217 Martens-Meyer, Lieutenant-Commander Alf, 212 N Masterman, Sir John, 147 Nagell, Captain Finn, 42 McCarthy, Rear Admiral, E.A.B., 186–7 Namsos, 5–6, 71–2 McGrigor, Rear Admiral Sir Rhoderick, Nash, Lieutenant-Colonel L.C.M, 103 154 Narvik, 1, 3–6, 7, 23, 26, 36, 52, 53, 58, McNaughton, Lieutenant-General 83, 89, 108, 127, 129, 131, 135, Andrew, 78–84, 86, 89, 131–2, 144, 146, 158, 164, 167–8, 174, 234 212, 217 Medhurst, Air Vice Marshal Charles, Nelson, Frank, 20 137 Neville, Colonel Robert, 112–16 , 13, 31, 33, 39, 82, Nielsen, Sven, 209 116, 161, 230, 232 Nissen, Henrik, 8 Meretskov, General Kiryl, 180 Nordenskiold, General Bengt, 142 Merlin Engine, 156 Nordlie, Colonel Hans Henrik, Mersey, River, 135 207–8 292 Index

Norman, Group Captain Sir Nigel, 98, Police troops (Sweden), 176, 182–3, 102 187, 190, 194, 202, 206–7, 224 Normandy, 9, 87, 115, 118–19, 145, Units, 152–3, 171, 179 6th Division, 6 Plant, 96–7, 104–6 Force 138, 184 Norsk Rikskringkasting, 205 Norwegian Brigade, 172, 212–13, North Cape, 15, 80, 146, 167, 171, 231 228 , 14, 24, 35, 43 Parachute Company, 176, 200, 206, Norway, 208 Campaign of 1940, 2–7, 10, 12, 71, Norwegian Navy, 42, 54, 63, 121, 175, 88, 197, 211, 224 185, 193, 222, 226, 230 Independence, 2 Sjøforsvarets Overkommando (SOK), Neutrality, 2 47 Parliament/, 225 30th [Later 52nd] Royal Norwegian Populations’ response to raiding, 45, 65 Navy Flotilla, 30, 32, 107–17, ‘’, 43–4, 46, 54, 57, 60 120, 159–60, 213 Hird, 195, 201 Vessels, SS Ski Battalion, 201 HMNS Eglantine, 186 State Police, 201 HMNS Stord, 34, 191 Resistance, 14, 32, 193, 195 HMNS Tønsberg Castle, 186–7 Central Leadership, 193, 196, 202, MTB 345, 33 204 MTB 626, 110, 111 B-Org 193 Norwegian Navy, Royal, 43, 47 Milorg. 63, 105, 176, 192, 201, Notraship, 189 203–4, 209–10, 212, 226–7 Nye, Lieutenant General Archie, 74, 81, Norwegian Government-in-Exile, 1, 10, 127, 188, 234 11, 14, 39, 42, 46, 47, 57, 60–1, Nygaardsvold, Johan, 60, 61, 204, 205, 66, 105, 112, 121, 175, 183, 225 185–6, 188, 197, 204, 209, 224, 230 O Norwegian Armed Forces-in- Exile, 171, Oberkommado Der Wehrmacht (OKW), 191 46 Forsvarets Overkommando, 63, 111, Office of Strategic Services, 63, 194 128, 172, 185–6, 188, 193, 226 Orkney Islands, 14 E-Kontor (Intelligence section) 42–3, Oscarborg, 4 214 Øksfjord, 47 Norwegian Military Mission, 172–3, Olav, Crown Prince, 157, 187, 189–90, 180, 184, 209, 221 194, 198, 223, 225, 228 Norwegian Military Mission to Russia, Norwegian C-in-C, 181 184 Returns to Norway, 209–10 Norwegian Air Force, 63, 175, 190, Operations (British) 200, 222 Ajax, 68–73, 76, 87, 89, 127, 131, 197 Squadrons, Aladdin, 87, 191 331, 210 Anklet, 52–55, 57, 60–2, 64, 65–6, 235 332, 210 Antipodes, 193 333, 188, 190 Apostle, 87, 191–2, 194, 197, 199–200, Norwegian Army, 63, 131, 133, 148, 209–10, 213 171, 181, 190, 221–4, 228, Archery, 55, 57–62, 64–6, 121, 129, 235 230 Ascot, 52, 53 Liaison Officers, 172, 212 Audacity, 90, 94 Index 293

Bluebeard, 19 Omnibus, 109–112, 120, 123 Bodyguard, 139–41 Overlord, 10, 85–6, 87, 89, 114, 116–19, Bolero, 76, 77 139, 144, 147, 151–2, 161–3, 168, Bracelet, 53 170–2, 176, 179, 233, 235 Carhampton, 121 Overthrow, 134 Carmarthen, 193 Passover, 131, 134 Cartoon, 110, 112, 120–2 Pilgrim, 50, 52, 73 Castle, 39–41, 65 Pullover, 108 Centaur, 94 Rankin, 170–5, 184, 190, 194, 209 Checkmate, 111–12, 121 Rankin A, 170–4 Claymore, 42–5, 47, 50, 52, 54, 60, Rankin B, 87, 170–4, 177–80, 191 64–6, 121, 235 Rankin C, 87, 170–8, 180, 190–1, 197, Cobblestone, 111–12, 117 199 Cockade, 136, 138, 147 Round-Up, 77, 78 Cocksure, 115 Royal Flush, 143 Collar, 37 Skye, 145 Conan, 209 Sledgehammer, 76, 78, 84–5, 92, 131 Crofter 183–7 Solo, 131–2, 134–5, 137, 136, 147 Extended Crofter, 187–90, 197 Source, 28–31, 154, 164, 168, 232 Doomsday, 197, 199–200, 207, Starkey, 115, 136–7, 138 209–10 Stumper, 53, 55, 57 Dynamite, 67–8, 69, 131, 197 Sunshine, 193 Forfar, 116 Tindall, 115, 121, 123, 136–8, 144 Forgan, 116 Title, 25–6, 29, 232 Fortitude, 144–6 Torch, 24, 26, 80, 82, 84, 93, 131, 135, North, 146–7, 151, 168, 178 233 South, 147 Tungsten, 150–2, 154 Foscott, 193 Vestige, 117, 121 Frankton, 102 VP, 107–112 Freshman, 95–102, 106, 120–2 Wadham, 115, 136, 138 Frodesley, 20, 25 Wilfred, 3, 4 Gauntlet, 48–50, 65 Operations (German) Goodwood, 153 Barbarossa, 15, 46 Graffham, 141–3 Regenbogen, 27 Guidance, 163–4 Rösselsprung, 23 Gunhouse, 108 Weserübung, 4, 165 Gunnerside, 103–6, 121 Organisation Todt, 148 Hardboiled, 127–30, 147 Oslo, 4, 5, 6, 67, 95, 99, 100, 101, 131, Heckletook, 165 174, 191–2, 202, 204, 207–9, Hemsiphere, 47 215, 217–18 Husky, 85 , 117, 166 Jael, 139 Ottawa, 86 Jubilee, 93 Jupiter, 76–87, 89, 119, 131–2, 138, P 171, 197 Paget, Lieutenant-General Bernard, 6, Kennicott, 132 71–3, 87, 131, 133 Kitbag, 52–3 , 36, 234 Marrow, 75, 78, 80, 81 Panfilov, General Alexsi, 76 Mespot, 144 Parks-Smith, Major Robert, 45 Musketoon, 94–5, 99, 100–1, 106, 120 Pas de Calais, 131, 135, 145, 147 294 Index

Pedersen, Sergeant Bjørn, 32 Reitz, Deneys, 36 Petersën, Colonel, 14 Rheam, Major G.T., 99 Pevik, Arthur Riiser-Larsen, Hjalmar, Rear Admiral, 48, Petsamo, 15, 74–75, 77, 80, 127, 141, 61–2 180 Riste, Olav, 8, 60 Piers, Lieutenant-Commander D.B., 159 Ritchie, Rear Admiral J.S.M, 191, 209, Pierse, Air Marshal Richard, 70 226 Pileau, Brigadier G.A., 176 Rjukan, 1, 8, 96, 100, 193 Place, Lieutenant Godfey, 30 Rognes, Major John, 63 Plough Force, 87 Romania, 141 Polish Exile Forces, 1, 6, 36, 62, 172 Rommel, General Erwin, 64, 148 Portal, Chief Air Marshal, Sir Charles, Rønneberg, Joachim, 103–6 17, 77, 78, 98, 130, 136, 137–8, Roosevelt, Franklin, 21, 51, 76, 77, 80, 150, 155, 165 82, 92, 135, 139, 194, 234 Port en Bessin, 116 Rosenberg, Alfred, 2 , 132 Roskill, Stephen, 16, 22 Potts, Brigadier Arnold, 48 Rosyth, 184 Poulsen, Jens, 100 (RAF), 1, 6, 9, 13, 16, 28, Pound, Admiral Sir Dudley, 13, 17, 18, 120, 122, 128, 137, 143, 156, 28, 38, 53–5, 57, 73, 77, 78, 203, 229, 230, 232 119, 126 2nd Tactical Air Force, 188, 200 Brian tumour, 73 Army Co-Operation Command, 98 Mountbatten, 51, 92 38 Wing, 98, 100, 102 Scatters PQ 17, 23 38 Group, 200, 208 Pownall, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry, Bomber Command, 13, 17, 19–20, 48, 69, 87, 89 136, 138, 149, 166, 168 Pran, Major Aage, 49 Operational Training Unit, 128 Prendergast, Brigadier Guy, 221 4 Group, 19 Prisoners of War, 10, 215 5 Group, 19, 155–6 9 Squadron, 155–6, 233 Q 10 Squadron, 19 Quebec, 85–6, 114, 139 50 Squadron, 58 Quisling, Vidkun, 3, 8, 184, 195, 201, 617 Squadron, 155–6, 233 207 Coastal Command, 9, 12, 13–14, Meets Hitler 3, 19–20, 31, 99, 160–1, 168 Lack of realism, 201 16 Group, 160–1 18 Group, 31, 132, 136–8, 160–1 R Banff Wing, 161 Raeder Erich, Grand Admiral, 2, 7, 13, North Coates Wing, 160–1 18, 23–4, 27–8, 168, 232–3 Fighter Command, Ramsey, Admiral Bertram, 118 13 Group, 175 Rasgariaeff, M., 184 Photo Reconnaissance Unit, 30, 127, Ratov, Major-General Ivan, 216–17, 128, 133, 136–7, 142, 150 220 RAF Regiment, 210 Rediess, SS General Wilhelm, 207 Aircraft, Reims, 196 Airspeed Horsa, 137 , 54, 60 Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, 98, Reuters News Agency, 28 102 Reykjavik, 21 , 19, 155–7, 166, 233 Reynaud, Paul, 88 , 19 Index 295

Bristol Beaufighters, 19–20, 31, HMS Dorsetshire, 14 58–9, 160–1 HMS Duke of York, 18, 34–5, 150, Torbeau, 160 153, 156 , 58–9 HMS Edinburgh, 21 Consolidated Catalina, 14, 19–20, HMS Furious, 15, 150–4 30, 97, 206, 212 HMS Formidable, 153 Consolidated Liberator, 155 HMS , 14, 18, 156 , 30, 154, HMS Glorious, 6, 7 156–8, 161, 166 HMS Goodall, 167 Handley-Page Halifax, 19–20, 98, HMS Hood, 14 100–1, 102, 208 HMS Implacable, 156, 158 Handley-Page Hampden, 58–9, 160 HMS Indefatigable, 153–4 , 15 HMS Illustrious, 51 Lockhead Hudson, 19 HMS Jamaica, 27, 34 North American Mustang, 160 HMS Kelly, 51 Short Stirling, 17, 208 HMS Kent, 159 , 206 HMS , 58–9 , 14, 30, 150 HMS Malaya, 29 Royal Navy, 2, 4, 5, 6–7, 9, 11, 12–35, HMS Nabob, 153–4 46, 71, 132, 136, 156–7, 162, HMS Nelson, 26 164, 168, 213, 229, 230 HMS Nigeria, 49 Directorate of Tactics, Torpedoes and HMS Norfolk, 14, 34–5 Staff Duties, 159 HMS Offa, 59 Naval Intelligence Division, 20, 106 HMS Onslow, 59 Operational Intelligence Centre, 23, HMS Oribi, 58–9 30 HMS Premier, 158 Western Approaches Command, 163 HMS Prince of Wales, 14, 18 Fleets, HMS Prince Charles, 52–3 Eastern/ Pacific Fleet, 35, 153, 162 HMS Princess Charlotte, 54 Home Fleet, 9, 14, 18, 22, 26, 28, HMS Pursuer, 158 31, 33, 35, 39, 43, 76, 90, 93, HMS Queen Beatrice, 43 95, 107, 114, 136, 149, 152–3, HMS Queen Elizabeth, 24 157–9, 162, 167–8, 181, 191, HMS Queen Emma, 43 232–3 HMS Rodney, 14 Mediterranean Fleet, 69 HMS Royalist, 150 Fighting , 24 HMS Renown, 18 Ships and auxiliaries, HMS Repulse, 18 HMS Ariadne, 209 HMS Scylla, 24 HMS Apollo, 209 HMS Sheffield, 27, 34–5 HMS Argus, 15 HMS Somali, 44–6 HMS Arethusa, 54–5 HMS Striker, 153 HMS Ark Royal, 14 HMS Suffolk, 14 HMS , 34–5 HMS Trinidad, 21 HMS Bellona, 159 HMS Trumpter, 153 HMS Berwick, 184 HMS Valiant, 24 HMS Bickerton, 154 HMS Victorious, 14, 15, 18, 150–2, HMS Birmingham, 213 232 HMS Campbeltown, 91 HMS Warspite, 5 HMS Chiddingford, 59 RMS Empress of , 48 HMS Devonshire, 6, 158, 209, 225 SS Largs Bay, 213 296 Index

Royal Navy – continued Scarlett-Streatfield, Air Vice Marshal, Submarines, James, 208 Chariot , 24–26, Schellenberg, SS Brigadeführer, Walter, 29, 33 202 S Type, 29 Scherbakov, Lieutenant-General V.I., 185 T Type, 29 Secret Intelligence Service/MI6 , 29, 31, X-Craft, 29–30, 32–3, 149, 164, 168, 96, 110, 111, 112, 122, 125, 232 149, 203 HMS Trident, 17 Semenov, Councillor, 142 HMS Sceptre, 164–5 Shean, Lieutenant Max, 164 HMS Seawolf, 18 Sherbrooke, Captain Robert, 27 HMS Stubbon, 31 Shaposhnikov, Marshal Boris, 74, 127 X-5, 30 Shetland Islands, 25, 32, 123, 203, 226, X-6, 30 226 X-7, 30 Shetland-Norway Gap. 12 X-8, 30 Sicherheitspolitzei, 33 X-9, 30 , 33, 119, 132 X-10, 31 Simpson, Air Vice Marshal Sturley, 161 X-24, 164–5 Sitwell, Captain Wilmot, 176 , 150, 154, 158, 168 Skinnarland, Einar, 96, 105, 193 Squadrons, Skitten, 100 52nd, 150 Skodvin, Magnus, 201 47th, 150 Sladden, Commander G.M., 25 Aircraft, Slavin, General Nicholai, 140 Fairy Albacore, 18 Slessor, Air Marshal John, 31, 160 Fairy Barracuda, 150–2, 154 Smith, General Walter Bedell, 176–7, Fairy Firefly, 154 210, 218 Fairy Swordfish, 14 Smith-Hausken, Ole, 208 Grumman Hellcat, 154 Smolen Island, 19 Grumman Tarpon, 31 Smuts, Field Marshal Jans Christian, 119 Grumman Wildcat, 150 Sola, 115, 176, 192, 200, 203, 209 Vought Corsair, 150, 154 Solviksund, 32 , 1, 37, 115, 128 Sönderman, Harry, 183, 207 Royal Marine Commando, see Sønsteby, Gunnar, 204–5, 225 Commandos Sorli, Odd, 26 Ruge, Lieutenant-General Otto, 1, 4, 6, Sorvagen, 54 222–4 , 73, 207 Rugsundo, 59, 112 HQ, 203, 207, 212, 226 Russell, Lieutenant-Colonel, 137 Special Operations Executive, 8, 20, 25, 32, 39, 43, 44, 60–1, 62–3, 65, S 99, 103, 109, 120, 166, 168, St Nazaire, 91–2, 94, 119 183, 192–4, 206, 226 Salmon, Patrick, 8 Kompani Linge (NIC-1), 32, 43, 52, Sanders, Brigadier Francis, 213 61, 63, 65, 93, 96, 99–106, 117, , 101 121, 126, 192, 203, 224, 226–7 Sargent, Sir Orme, 60 Oslogang, 203–4, 225 Sayer, Captain Guy, 160 Arthur (fishing boat), 25–6 Schrader, Admiral Otto von, 33 Norwegian Section, 8, 42, 47, 93, 123 , 14, 44, 45, 50, 53, 54, 58, Scandinavian Section, 42, 103, 111, 154 205, 215 Index 297

Special Training Schools Sweden, 2, 3, 13, 26, 64, 71, 89, 94–5, STS 17, 99, 103, 193 99, 105, 108, 139, 141, 160, STS 26, 103 168, 194, 196, 202, 206–7 STS 42, 193 Army, 69, 196 STS 61, 103 Air Force, 142 Organisations/Parties, General Staff, 143 Antrum, 25 Intelligence Service, 14 Avocet (Osprey), 203 , Gotland, 13 Bjørn West, 212 Offer to intern Germans, 218–19 Farnborough, 193 Passage of German troops through, Grouse, 98, 103 68, 182 Lark, 25–6 Red Cross, 216 Polar Bear, 193 Training Norwegian Police Troops, 176, Swallow, 103 182–3, 187, 190, 202, 206, 224 Spitzbergen, 24, 47–50, 64–5, 92, 215 Transport of Russian PoWs, 216–17 Sporberg, Harry, 61 Svolvær, 44, 54, 55 Stagg, Commander Frank, 42–3 Stalin, Joseph, 15, 21, 24, 47, 80, 82, 88–9, T 135, 139, 140, 181, 183, 214, Tait, Wing Commander J.B., 156–7 234 Tall Boy bomb, 155–7, 165–6 And the Second Front, 67, 79, 233 Tamber, Lieutenant Ragnvald, 49, 110 Stamsund, 44, 55 Tana River, 185, 187 Stänge, Captain Rudolf, 27 Tarven Island, 53, 57 Stanley, Colonel Oliver, 126–9 Teheran, 139 Statlandet, 31, 161 Telemark, 96–7, 193 Stavanger, 4, 68, 115, 127, 131, 136, Terboven, Reichskommisar Josef, 46, 144, 158, 171, 174, 176, 191–2, 195, 228 200, 203, 209 In favour of fighting on, 200 Steffens, Major-General, William, 180 Commits suicide, 207 Stockdale, Lieutenant-Colonel Frank, Texel, 40 211 Thompson, Sir George, 96 Stockholm, 13–14, 25, 68, 105, 141–2, Thorne, General Sir Andrew, 11, 132–3, 194, 218–19 137–9, 144, 148, 181, 185, 187, Stockmarkness, 43 190–2, 195–6, 198, 205–9, 211, Stokken, 20 213–14, 220, 226–7 Stord Island, 110, 120 Doomsday, 199–200 Støren, Finn, 201 Fortitude North, 145–6 Strømsheim, Sergeant Birgir, 104 Questions raised by Stalin at Potsdam, Strugstad, Major-General Oscar, 173–4, 215 176–7, 180, 209 Rankin, 172–7, 179 Sugden, Major-General Cecil, 211, 219 Role as ‘High Commissioner’, 210 Supreme Headquarters Allied Russian POWs, 216–17 Expeditionary Force, 117–18, Reconstitution of Norwegian Army, 123, 145, 175–6, 178, 180–1, 223 185–8, 190, 192, 196, 202, Repatriation of Germans, 218–19 210–12, 215, 225 Collier on, 228 Sutton-Pratt, Brigadier Reginald, 216 Thorne, Sir Peter, 218 Svedrup, Einar, 49 Thornton, Air Commodore William, Swartisen Glacier, 95 141–3 Swayne, Lieutenant-General, J.G., 133 Thu, Sergeant Johan Palle, 203 298 Index

Tinnsjø, Lake, 105–6 Douglas Dakota, 187, 206 Todd, Captain P., 53 US Navy, Tønsberg, 164 USS Ranger, 33 Tovey, Admiral Sir John, 14–18, 21–3, USSR, 3, 7, 15–16, 47, 65, 71, 127, 145, 27, 33, 39, 43, 53–5, 57, 70, 72, 168–9, 173–174, 231, 233 110 Red Army, 184–5 Törnberg, Major, 14 Prisoners of War in Norway, 211, Torp, Oscar, 61–2, 65, 174, 194, 209, 212–15 223–5, 228 General Staff, 181 Trench, Major P.E., 115 Soviet intentions in Finnmark, 174, , 186 177, 214–15 Tromsø, 6, 30, 83, 155–7, 191, 207, 209, Soviet ship, 213–15, 233 SS Vjatka, 184 Trøndelag, 177, 207 , 4, 5, 6, 16, 17–18, 21, 23, V 24, 25, 28, 71, 73, 90–1, 96, Vadsø, 184, 186 127, 131–2, 135, 155, 158, 166, Vaernes, 19 174, 191, 193, 207, 209, 213, Vaenga, 30, 184 215, 226 Vågsøy/Vaagso, 57–61, 235 U-Boat Base, 164 Vardø, 184, 186 Tronstad, Major Leif, 96–7, 103, 105, Vain, Rear Admiral Philip, 15, 48–50 193 Vemork, 1, 8, 96, 99–100, 105, 120 Troon, 145 Vetlesen, Lieutenant-Commander Truman, Harry, 214 Unger, 194 , 88 , 27, 31 Turner, Colonel John, 137 Vingvaagen, 158 Twenty Committee, 125, 135 W U Walcheren Island, 116 U-Boats, See German Armed Forces, Wallis, Barnes, 155, 157 Navy, U-Boats Wake-Walker, Rear Admiral William, 15 Ultra Intelligence/Enigma, Warburton-Lee, Captain Bernard, 5 18, 23, 30, 31, 34, 63, 149 Warner, Christopher, 143 Enigma Cipher Wheels, 46, 64 Wavell, General Sir Archibald, 125–6, 129 Urquhart, Major-General Roy, 200, 208, W-Board, 125, 135 210, 220–1, 223 Warmington. Lieutenant Sir Marshall, 46 United States of America, 16, 71 Weber, Captain Robert, 157 US Army, 174 Wedderburn, Lieutenant-Colonel, US Rangers, 110 E.A.M., 108 Formations and Units Wegener, Vice Admiral Wolfgang, 2 Force Nightlight, 191 Wehrmacht, 148 Group, 145, 171 Wells, Vice Admiral Lionel, 32, 107–8, , 196 109–114, 116–17, 121, 123, XV Corps, 145–6 159 55th Division, 145 Welman Midget Submarine, 29, 32–3 113th Independent Brigade, 145 Welsh, Eric, 96 USAAF 8th Air Force, 105, 136, 149 Western Desert, 129 9th Troop Carrier Command, 200 Westmacott, Lietenant H.P., 165 Aircraft, Wheatley, Pilot Officer Dennis, 127–8, Boeing B-17, 105 131 Index 299

Whitehaven, 194 Wilson, Field Marshal Sir Henry Whiteley, Major-General Jock, 200 Maitland, 189 Whitworth, Admiral William, 161, Wold, Terje, 183, 196, 209 191–2, 198 Wolnuhi, M. 49 Wick, 100 Wildman-Lushington, Colonel Geoffrey, X 98, 116 X-Craft, See Royal Navy, Submarines Wilhelmshaven, 16 Willets, Group Captain A.H., 98 Y Wilson, Colonel Charles, 209 Yagodnik, 155 Wilson, Colonel John Skinner, 25–6, Yersin, M. 49 61, 63, 94, 103, 117, 121, 123, Young, Captain Peter, 47, 64 205, 227 Ypres, Third Battle of, 146 Sweden, 194, 196 52nd Division, 212 Z SAS, 221 Raid, 37 SOE withdraw from Norway, 226 Ziegler, Phillip, 93