Notes 1 Introduction 1. Donald Macintyre, Narvik (London: Evans, 1959), p. 15. 2. See Olav Riste, The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War (London: Allen and Unwin, 1965). 3. Reflections of the C-in-C Navy on the Outbreak of War, 3 September 1939, The Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs, 1939–45 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990), pp. 37–38. 4. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 10 October 1939, in ibid. p. 47. 5. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 8 December 1939, Minutes of a Conference with Herr Hauglin and Herr Quisling on 11 December 1939 and Report of the C-in-C Navy, 12 December 1939 in ibid. pp. 63–67. 6. MGFA, Nichols Bohemia, n 172/14, H. W. Schmidt to Admiral Bohemia, 31 January 1955 cited by Francois Kersaudy, Norway, 1940 (London: Arrow, 1990), p. 42. 7. See Andrew Lambert, ‘Seapower 1939–40: Churchill and the Strategic Origins of the Battle of the Atlantic, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 17, no. 1 (1994), pp. 86–108. 8. For the importance of Swedish iron ore see Thomas Munch-Petersen, The Strategy of Phoney War (Stockholm: Militärhistoriska Förlaget, 1981). 9. Churchill, The Second World War, I, p. 463. 10. See Richard Wiggan, Hunt the Altmark (London: Hale, 1982). 11. TMI, Tome XV, Déposition de l’amiral Raeder, 17 May 1946 cited by Kersaudy, p. 44. 12. Kersaudy, p. 81. 13. Johannes Andenæs, Olav Riste and Magne Skodvin, Norway and the Second World War (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1966), p. 49. 14. Kersaudy, pp. 9–12. 15. Adrian Carton de Wiart, Happy Odyssey (London: Jonathan Cape, 1950), p. 169. 16. Kersaudy, pp. 209–26 and Macintyre, Narvik, pp. 196–99. 17. Olav Riste, ‘Norway’ in I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot (eds), The Oxford Companion to the Second World War (Oxford: OUP, 1995), p. 823. 18. Maurice Harvey, Scandinavian Misadventure (Tunbridge Wells: Spellmount, 1990), p. 300. 19. Macintyre, Narvik, p. 217. 20. Churchill cited by Len Deighton, Blood, Tears and Folly (London: Jonathan Cape, 1993), p. 180. 21. Kersaudy, p. 227. 22. There is a good official history, Thomas K. Derry, The Campaign in Norway (London: HMSO, 1952). A number of accounts were produced in the 1950s and 1960s. See Donald Macintyre, Narvik, Bernard Ash, Norway 1940 (London: Cassell, 1964), J. L. Moulton, The Norwegian Campaign of 1940: A Study of Warfare in Three Dimensions (London: Eye and Spottiswoode, 1966), Richard Petrow, The Bitter Years (New York: Murrow, 1979) and Johan Waage, The Narvik Campaign 236 Notes 237 (London: Harrap, 1964). Also worthy of note is the contemporary account of the Poles at Narvik, Karol Zbyszewski and Józef Natanson, The Fight for Narvik (London: Drummond, 1940) which is beautifully illustrated by Natanson’s wood- cuts. There was also a spate of publications on the 50th anniversary, the best of which is Kersaudy, Norway 1940. See also Jack Adams, The Doomed Expedition (London: Leo Copper, 1989) and Maurice Harvey, Scandinavian Misadventure. There has been a recent burst of scholarship; see Joseph Kynoch, Norway 1940: The Forgotten Fiasco (Shrewsbury: Airlife, 2002), Douglas Dildy, Denmark and Norway 1940: Hitler’s Boldest Operation (Oxford: Osprey, 2007), Graham Rhys- Jones, Churchill and the Norway Campaign (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2008) and Henrik Lunde, Hitler’s Pre-emptive War: The Battle for Norway 1940, (Drexel, PA: Casemate, 2009). The German air campaigns of 1940 and afterwards are covered by Adam Claasen, Hitler’s Northern War: The Luftwaffe’s Ill-Fated Campaign, 1940–45 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001). In Norwegian, the situation is similar. Odd Lindbäck-Larsen’s Krigen i Norge 1940 (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1965) is a standard work. See also R. Roscher Nielsen, ‘Krigen i Norge April–Juni 1940’ in Sverre Steen (ed.) Norges Krig 1940–1945, I (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1947), pp. 87–452. For an example of revisionism, see Lars Borgersrud, Unngå å Irritere Fienden (Oslo: Oktober, 1981). 23. Patrick Salmon (ed.) Britain and Norway in the Second World War (London: HMSO, 1995). 24. Ibid., p. xvi. 25. Olav Riste, London-Regjeringa, I and II, (Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget, 1973 and 1979, 2nd edn, 1994). See also the semi-official history by Jakob Sverdrup, Inn i storpolitiken (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1996). 26. David Thompson, From Neutrality to NATO: The Norwegian Armed Forces and Defence Policy, 1905–55, PhD Dissertation (Ohio State University, 1996), Alan Brown, Airmen in Exile (Stroud: Sutton, 2000), Christopher Mann, ‘The Norwegian Armed Forces in Britain’, in Martin Conway and José Gotovitch (eds), Europe in Exile (Oxford: Berghahn, 2001), pp. 153–166 and Christopher Mann, ‘The Norwegian Army in Exile’, in Matthew Bennett and Paul Latawski, Exile Armies (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 42–54. 27. Ralph Hewins, Quisling: Prophet Without Honour (London: W. H. Allen, 1965), Paul M. Hayes, Quisling: The Career and Political Ideas of Vidkun Quisling (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1971), Oddvar K. Hoidal, Quisling: A Study in Treason (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1989), Hans Fredrik Dahl, Quisling: A Study in Treachery (Cambridge: CUP, 1999) and Henrik Nissen (ed.), Scandinavia during the Second World War (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), Christopher Mann and Christer Jörgensen, Hitler’s Arctic War (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2002), Johannes Andenæs, Olav Riste and Magne Skodvin, Norway and the Second World War (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1966) and Olav Riste and Berit Nøkleby, Norway 1940–45: The Resistance Movement (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1970). 28. David Howarth, second-in-command at SOE’s Shetland base which ran agents and supplies into Norway, wrote two accounts of his and SOE’s activities: The Shetland Bus (London: Fontana, 1951) and We Die Alone (London: Collins, 1955). See also Oluf Reed Olsen, Two Eggs on My Plate (London: Pan, 1952), Einar Hauge, Salt Water Thief: The Life of Odd Starheim (London: Gerald Duckworth, 1958) and Frithjof Sælen, None but the Brave, (London: Souvenir Press, 1955). 29. See Ivar Kraglund and Arnfinn Moland, Norge i Krig, VI, Hjemmefront (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1988), Ole Kristian Grimnes, Hjemmefrontens Ledelse (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1970). Erling Jensen, Per Ratvik and Ragnar Ulstein’s 238 Notes Kompani Linge, I and II (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1948), Frithjof Sælen, Sjetlands-Larsen (Bergen: J. W. Eides, 1947) and Einar Grannes, I Skyggen av Jupiter 1941–1944, (Oslo: Tiden, 1989). Also available are numerous short but scholarly publications by Norges Hjemmefrontmuseum and Jens Chr Hauge’s Rapport om mit arbeid under okkupasjonen (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1995). Tore Gjelsvik’s Hjemmefronten (Oslo: 1970) is available in English as Norwegian Resistance (London: C. Hurst, 1979). Also translated are the hugely enjoyable memoirs of the leader of the Oslo Gang, Gunnar Sønsteby, see Rapport fra ‘Nr. 24’ (Oslo: Orion, 1960)/Report from No. 24 (London: Four Square, 1965). On the liberation see Jens Chr Hauge, Frigøringen (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1950), translated as Jens Chr Hauge, The Liberation of Norway (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1995). On the same subject see Peter Thorne, ‘Andrew Thorne and the Liberation of Norway’, Intelligence and National Security, vol. 7, no 3, (1992), pp. 300–16 and Olav Riste (ed.), Fredsgeneralen (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1995). Thorne’s reports are available in the original at the National Archives (TNA) at Kew in WO 106/1983 and WO 106/1984. 30. Charles Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia (Oxford: OUP, 1986) and Dorothy Baden-Powell, Operation Jupiter: SOE’s Secret War in Norway (London: Robert Hale: 1982). I am particularly fond of her description and defence of SOE’s recruiting methods, pp. 34–35. 31. Ian Herrington, The Special Operations Executive in Norway 1940–45: Policy and Operations in the Strategic Context, PhD Dissertation (De Montfort University, 2004). 32. Dir. Anthony Mann, The Heroes of Telemark, 1965 and with regard to literature see books by the participants Knut Haukelid, Skis Against the Atom (London: William Kimber, 1954) and Jens Anton Poulsson, Tungtvanns Sabotasjen (Olso: Orion Forlag, 2006). See also Thomas Gallagher, Assault in Norway (London: Purnell, 1975), Richard Wiggan, Operation Freshman (London: William Kimber, 1986), Jostein Berglyd, Operation Freshman: The Hunt for Hitler’s Heavy Water (Stockholm: Leander and Ekholm, 2006), Ray Mears, The Real Heroes of Telemark (London: Coronet, 2004) and Dan Kurzman, Blood and Water (New York: Henry Holt, 1997). Kurzman’s work has the distinction of being considered the best second- ary work on Operation ‘Gunnerside’ in the opinion of the party’s leader Joachim Rønneberg, who felt it came close to ‘capturing the spirit’ of the ‘Gunnerside’ party. Informal conversation with Joachim Rønneberg, 30 May 1997. 33. Joseph Devins Jr, The Vaagso Raid, (London: Robert Hale, 1967) and Stephan Schofield, Musketoon 1942 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1964) about the Commando raid on Glomfjord power station. See also a curious first-hand account of the first Lofoten Raid, Evan John, Lofoten Letter (London: Heinemann, 1941). 34. For Commandos see Christopher Buckley, Norway: The Commandos: Dieppe (London: HMSO,1952), Rupert Butler, Hand of Steel (London: Sheridan, 1980), John Durnford-Slater, Commando (London: William Kimber, 1953), Gordon Holman, Commando Attack (London: Hodder and Stoughton,1942, revised 1944), James Ladd, Commandos and Rangers of World War II (London: MacDonald and Jane’s, 1978), Lord Lovat, March Past (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978), Kenneth Macksey, Commando Strike (London: Guild, 1985), Charles Messenger, The Commandos (London: William Kimber, 1985), Tim Moreman, British Commandos, 1940–46 (Oxford: Osprey, 2006), Robin Neillands, By Sea and Land (London: Fontana, 1987) and The Raiders, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989), Hilary St George Saunders, The Green Beret (London: New English Library,1949) and Peter Young, Storm from the Sea (London: Corgi, 1958). For the Royal Navy see Donald Notes 239 Macintyre, The Naval War Against Hitler (London: B.