DOCSLIB.ORG

Molecular Markers for Species Identification of Hessian Fly Males

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Molecular Markers for Species Identification of Hessian Fly Males View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by K-State Research Exchange FIELD AND FORAGE CROPS Molecular Markers for Species Identification of Hessian Fly Males Caught on Sticky Pheromone Traps MING-SHUN CHEN,1,2,3 SHANDA WHEELER,2 HOLLY DAVIS,2 R. JEFF WHITWORTH,2 4 5 5 6 ALLEN KNUTSON, KRISTOPHER L. GILES, TOM A. ROYER, AND MARGARET SKINNER J. Econ. Entomol. 107(3): 1110Ð1117 (2014); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC13384 ABSTRACT Pheromone traps have been widely used to monitor insect population activity. How- ever, sticky pheromone traps for the Hessian ßy (Mayetiola destructor), one of the most destructive pests of wheat, have been used only in recent years. Hessian ßy male adults are small and fragile, and preserving specimens during sorting of sticky pheromone traps is a challenge when intact specimens are often required to visually distinguish them from related insects such as fungus gnats. In this study, we have established a quick and reliable method based on polymerase chain reaction markers to correctly distinguish Hessian ßy males from other closely related insects. Two Hessian ßy-speciÞc markers were established, one based on the trypsin gene MDP-10 and the other based on a gene encoding the salivary gland protein SSGP31Ð5. Both markers provided Ͼ98% identiÞcation success of 110 Hessian ßy samples prepared from single insects. The method should provide a useful tool to allow for identiÞcation of Hessian ßy individuals on sticky pheromone traps or in other situations when Hessian ßy eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults are difÞcult to distinguish from other insects. KEY WORDS Mayetiola destructor, hessian ßy, pheromone trap, wheat, molecular marker The Hessian ßy, Mayetiola destructor, is a major pest of like pathogens, in a typical gene-for-gene relationship, wheat in the United States and elsewhere worldwide and plant resistance to Hessian ßy larvae is categorized (Buntin 1999, Pauly 2002, Stuart et al. 2012). After as antibiosis because Þrst instars die in resistant plants hatching from eggs deposited on leaves, neonates mi- without development (Stuart et al. 2012). Plant pro- grate along the leaf and enter the plant between the tection based on deployment of a speciÞc resistant leaf sheath and stem, where they establish a single gene, however, is estimated to last 6Ð8 yr because feeding site on the stem. Hessian ßy larvae manipulate Hessian ßy populations change rapidly over time host plants extensively, presumably by injecting sali- (Gould 1998, Chen et al. 2009). Long-term successful vary secretions into wheat tissue (Byers and Gallun deployment of resistant genes requires continuous 1971, Chen et al. 2010). A single larva can irreversibly monitoring of Hessian ßy populations in different geo- inhibit wheat growth, suppress wheat defenses, and graphic regions and identiÞcation of the genes that establish a permanent feeding site (Byers and Gallun remain effective. Currently only around 25Ð40% of 1971, Liu et al. 2007). Unless a new tiller(s) grows out, wheat cultivars have Hessian ßy resistance, depending the infested plant dies after Hessian ßy larvae pupate on the wheat-growing region. and stop feeding. Several additional control measures are commonly Because Hessian ßy larvae live within wheat plant used to manage Hessian ßy, including late planting tillers and damage is irreversible, the most effective (called the Best Pest Management Planting Date, control measures are preemptive (late planting dates, BPMPD) and application of insecticides (Buntin and insecticidal seed treatments, and/or resistant culti- Bruckner 1990; Buntin et al. 1990, 1992; Buntin 1992; vars). The Hessian ßy interacts with host plants, much Morgan et al. 2005). Both of these tactics require accurate monitoring or prediction of Hessian ßy pop- ulation dynamics to be effective. The BPMPD ap- 1 Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDAÐARS, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, proach recommends planting wheat after adult Hes- KS 66502. sian ßiesÕ activity has ceased (Whitworth et al. 2010). 2 Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters However, owing to annual ßuctuations in temperature Hall, Manhattan, KS 6506. and rainfall, the BPMPD must be determined annually 3 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] or ming-shun.chen@ ars.usda.gov. by monitoring Hessian ßy populations. The proper 4 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, 17360 Coit Rd., Dallas, TX timing for application of insecticides is based on adult 75252. activity that needs to be documented as well. Sampling 5 Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, Oklahoma State of Hessian ßy pupae (ßaxseeds), larvae, or eggs in the University, 127 NBC, Stillwater, OK 74078. 6 Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, 661 Þeld is very time-consuming, whereas monitoring Spear St., Burlington, VT 05405-0105. adult activity using sticky pheromone traps is poten- June 2014 CHEN ET AL.: MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF HESSIAN FLY MALES 1111 tially a more efÞcient method for individual Þelds and collected and used as reference specimens to aid in among Þelds in an area-wide program. identiÞcation. Like many other insects, Hessian ßy females emit a Fungus Gnats. Adult darkwinged fungus gnats (Bra- sex pheromone to attract males (Andersson et al. dysia sp., Family Scaridae) were collected from an 2009). A synthetic pheromone for Hessian ßy has been indoor plant growing room at the Entomology Re- produced and is commercially available (Anderson et search Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, al. 2012). In recent years, pheromone lures placed on VT, where green beans are grown continuously for a sticky cards have been used to monitor Hessian ßy thrips laboratory colony. The humid conditions favor populations in the United States. Initial results from a small continuous population of fungus gnats, which trappings have revealed unexpected phenomena: 1) feed on organic matter in the potting soil. Live adult large numbers of ßies are caught in late fall, even after ßies were collected in a net and placed immediately in the previously reported ßy-free dates; 2) the popula- 95% ethyl alcohol. tion level of ßies based on sticky pheromone trap Mayetiola hordei. M. hordei (also called the barley results is not well correlated with observed Þeld dam- midge) is similar to Hessian ßy morphologically age; and 3) large numbers of ßies captured on sticky (Bouktila et al. 2006) and genetically according to pheromone traps do not necessarily predict subse- their genome sequences. Therefore, a DNA sample quent signiÞcant infestations in the same areas (R.J.W. from a pool of M. hordei adult ßies was used as a et al., unpublished data). These conßicting observa- negative control. M. hordei ßies were collected from a tions and concerns about variable levels of taxonomic greenhouse culture by Dr. Mustapha El Bouhssini at expertise among scouts identifying ßies in traps high- the International Center for Agricultural Research in light potential issues with the usefulness of Hessian ßy the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria; placed in 95% ethyl sticky pheromone traps. Indeed, these observations alcohol; and shipped to the United States for DNA raise the question whether the insects caught on sticky extraction. pheromone traps are in fact Hessian ßy or are related DNA Extraction. Hessian ßies were either collected species that look similar, such as other Mayetiola spe- from laboratory cultures or obtained from traps using cies and fungus gnats (Gagne 1975). Male Hessian ßies forceps. Insects were put individually into 1.5-ml Ep- are difÞcult to distinguish morphologically from re- pendorf tubes with 100 ␮l STE buffer (10 mM Tris- lated species, especially after the insects get entangled HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0, 0.1M NaCl) and homoge- in the trap glue. The objectives of this research are 1) nized with an electric microtube pestle. Each sample establish a molecular method that can distinguish was then incubated in boiling water for 5 min and quickly and reliably Hessian ßy males from morpho- centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant logically similar species captured in sticky pheromone from each sample was collected and placed in a new traps, and 2) examine if insects captured in Hessian ßy Eppendorf tube, to which 250 ␮lofϪ20ЊC ethanol was sticky pheromone traps and visually identiÞed as Hes- added, and the tube was inverted several times to mix sian ßies are indeed Hessian ßy males. the contents. The samples were incubated at Ϫ20 ЊC for 14Ð18 h and then centrifuged at full speed for 20 min at 4ЊC to collect a DNA pellet, after which the Materials and Methods supernatant was discarded. The pellets were recon- ␮ Pheromone Traps. Capsules or lures of Hessian ßy stituted with 30 lofddH20, vortexed thoroughly, and pheromone were obtained from PheroNet (Alnarp, stored at Ϫ20ЊC for short-term storage or Ϫ80ЊC for Sweden). The Hessian ßy sex pheromone lure was long-term use. loaded onto a 10-mm polyethylene dispenser and DNA samples from insect populations (Kansas lab- placed in the center of a sticky trap (Tre´ce´ Inc., Adair, oratory Hessian ßies and Vermont fungus gnats) were OK). At multiple wheat Þelds in Kansas, Texas, Okla- extracted in the same way, but each sample was from homa, and Vermont, one to three of these sticky traps a pool of 10 individuals instead of single insects. were placed on the Þeld border and baited with a Primer Design and Polymerase Chain Reaction pheromone lure over several sampling dates in the fall Amplification. Primers for polymerase chain reaction and/or spring (2010Ð2012, see Table 2). The traps (PCR) ampliÞcation were designed using the Beacon were hung on bamboo sticks Ϸ30 cm from the surface Designer software (version 7) with default parameters of the soil. The numbers of captured Hessian ßy adults and synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies were counted weekly, and the sticky liner and lure (Coralville, IA).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report
    The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report 2014 © Plant Health Australia 2015 Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside This work is copyright. Apart from any use as Plant Health Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part Australia does not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the may be reproduced by any process without prior information, or its usefulness in achieving any purpose. permission from Plant Health Australia. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction measures and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. and rights should be addressed to: Therefore, all information contained in this report has been collected for the 12 month period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2014, and should be validated and Communications Manager confirmed with the relevant organisations/authorities before being used. A list of Plant Health Australia contact details (including websites) is provided in the Appendices. 1/1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the ISSN 1838-8116 information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment An electronic version of this report is available for and enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided.
    [Show full text]
  • NDP 41 Hessian
    NDP 41 V1- National Diagnostic Protocol for Mayetiola destructor National Diagnostic Protocol Mayetiola destructor Hessian Fly NDP 41 V1 NDP 41 V1 - National Diagnostic Protocol for Mayetiola destructor © Commonwealth of Australia Ownership of intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia (referred to as the Commonwealth). Creative Commons licence All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, logos and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en. The full licence terms are available from https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/legalcode. This publication (and any material sourced from it) should be attributed as: Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics (2018). National Diagnostic Protocol for Mayetiola destructor – NDP41 V1. (Eds. Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics) Authors Severtson, D, Szito, A.; Reviewers Nicholas, A, Kehoe, M. ISBN 978-0-6481143-3-8 CC BY 3.0. Cataloguing data Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics (2018). National Diagnostic Protocol for Mayetiola destructor – NDP41 V1. (Eds. Subcommittee
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Biology and Life Cycle of the Barley Stem Gall Midge and Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Morocco
    Revue Marocaine de Protection des Plantes, 2016, N° 9: 17-37 Comparative Biology and Life Cycle of The Barley Stem Gall Midge and Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Morocco Comparaison de la Biologie et du cycle de vie de la cécidomyie à galle de l’orge et de la mouche de Hesse (Diptères: Cecidomyiidae) au Maroc 1, 2 2 1, 3 LHALOUI S. , EL BOUHSSINI M. , OTMANE R. , 1,3 1, 2, OURINICHE S. & ALAMI A. 1Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre Régional de Settat 2: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco 3: Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, Settat, Maroc ABSTRACT The barley stem gall midge, Mayetiola hordei (Keiffer) is the most serious pest of barley in Morocco. The biology and life cycle of this insect were studied in a laboratory and under natural weather conditions. The results showed that similarly to Hessian fly, barley stem gall midge has two feeding instars and a third non-feeding instar. The generation time was longer for barley stem gall midge than for Hessian fly (45 vs 32 days at 18 ± 1°C, and a 12:12 (L: D) h photoperiod). The eggs of barley stem gall midge hatched in 7 days compared to 4 days for Hessian fly. The largest discrepancy in developmental time was for second instar and pupa. Second instars and pupae of barley stem gall midge required twice as long as those of Hessian fly to develop and molt into next stage (12 vs. 6 days). The first and third instars of barley stem gall midge also required a little bit longer to complete development (9 and 10 days vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Status Report
    The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report 2012 © Plant Health Australia 2013 Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside This work is copyright. Apart from any use as Plant Health Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part Australia does not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the may be reproduced by any process without prior information, or its usefulness in achieving any purpose. permission from Plant Health Australia. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction measures and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. and rights should be addressed to: Therefore, all information contained in this report has been collected for the 12 month period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012, and should be validated and Communications Manager confirmed with the relevant organisations/authorities before being used. A list of Plant Health Australia contact details (including websites) is provided in the Appendices. 1/1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the ISSN 1838-8116 information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment An electronic version of this report is available for and enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Arab and Near East Plant Protection Newsletter
    ARAB AND NEAR EAST PLANT PROTECTION NEWSLETTER Number 67, March 2016 Editor-in-Chief Ibrahim Al-JBOORY – Faculty of Agriculture, Baghdad University, Iraq. Editorial Board Bassam BAYAA – Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria. Khaled MAKKOUK – National Council for Scientific Research, Beirut, Lebanon. Shoki AL-DOBAI – Food and Agriculture Organization, Cairo, Egypt. Ahmed DAWABAH – College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ahmed EL-HENEIDY – Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt. Safaa KUMARI – International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Tunis, Tunisia. Ahmed EL-AHMED – Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria. Mustafa HAIDAR – Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, AUB, Lebanon. Ahmed KATBEH – Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. Bouzid NASRAOUI – INAT, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia. Wa’el ALMATNI – Ministry of Agriculture, Damascus, Syria. Editorial Assistant Tara ALFADHLI – P.O. Box 17399, Amman11195, Jordan. The Arab Society for Plant Protection and the Near East Regional Office of the FAO jointly publishes the Arab and Near East Plant Protection Newsletter (ANEPPNEL), three times per year. All correspondence should be sent by email to the Editor ([email protected]). Material from ANEPPNEL may be reprinted provided that appropriate credits are given. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this newsletter do not necessarily imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations or the Arab Society for Plant Protection (ASPP), concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory, city or area, or its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Turkey
    Türk. entomol. derg., 2005, 29 (1): 17-34 ISSN 1010-6960 Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Turkey Marcela SKUHRAVÁ* Şerife BAYRAM** Halit ÇAM*** Serdar TEZCAN**** Peyman CAN***** Summary The present fauna of gall midges of Turkey includes 71 species belonging to 38 genera. Of them, 62 species are phytophagous and are associated with 59 host plant species. In this study, their zoogeographical analysis and economical importance have also been evaluated. Key words: Cecidomyiidae, Diptera, fauna, Turkey, zoogeography Anahtar sözcükler: Cecidomyiidae, Diptera, fauna, Türkiye, zoocoğrafya Introduction Until now the data on gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) existing in Turkey were encountered in papers of about twenty Turkish researchers. In present paper a summary of gall midge species occurring in the territory of Turkey has been given for the first time. The level of gall midge species knowledge in Turkey is not satisfactory enough in comparison with the knowledge of some adjacent European countries – Bulgaria and Greece, but it is much higher in comparison with the knowledge of this family in adjacent Asian countries, such as Syria, Iran and Iraq. * Czech Zoological Society, Vinicna 7, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected] ** University of Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 06110, Ankara, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] *** University of Gaziosmanpasa, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 60240 Tokat, Turkey **** University of Ege, Department of Plant Protection, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey ***** Aegean Forestry Research Institute Urla, Izmir, Turkey Alınış (Received: 25.03.2005 17 Trotter (1903) was the first to collect galls in Turkey in the course of his journey through Balkan Peninsula and Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • Hessian Fly M Ayetiola Destructor (Say) 1817
    DEC11Pest of the month – November 2011 a b c Fig. 1. adult Hessian fly (a); infested young seedlings (b); Hessian fly pupae (‘flaxseed stage’) at the crown of a wheat plant (c); Photo credits: Dustin Severtson, DAFWA. Pest: Hessian fly Classification: K: Animalia, P: Arthropoda, C: Insecta, O: Diptera, F: Cecidomyiidae. Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) is a serious biosecurity threat to Australia’s wheat industry. It is considered an exotic high impact pest species in Australia. Should it be introduced, the Hessian fly has the capacity to establish over a wide geographic range throughout cereal cropping regions of Australia and utilise weed and native grass species to complete its life cycle. (Say) (Say) 1817 The Pest: M. destructor is a tiny fly (or midge) Host Range: Wheat is the primary host. Cereals and similar in appearance to a mosquito. All 4 life many other grasses are secondary hosts. stages (egg, larvae, pupa, adult) may be found on cereal or grass plants. Elongate, Impact: Wheat seedlings infested with Hessian fly cylindrical glossy red eggs are laid within leaf appear deep green in colour. However, the maggot veins. Hatched maggots are pale and releases digestive enzymes and stunts the plant. cylindrical growing from 0.5 to 4.0 mm long Later infestations may result in stem weakening and and feed on hidden parts of the plant such as lodging. Severe loss in wheat production has been within leaf sheaths. This feeding damage may seen in Europe and North America. It has also Hessian fly Hessian cause stunting and death of plants. Larvae lowered grain size and quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity of Mayetiola Destructor and Mayetiola Hordei (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) by Inter- Simple Sequence Repeats (Issrs)
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (7), pp. 601-606, July 2005 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2005 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Genetic diversity of Mayetiola destructor and Mayetiola hordei (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) by inter- simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) Maha MEZGHANI KHEMAKHEM1, Mohamed MARRAKCHI1 and Hanem MAKNI1,2* 1Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 El Manar, Tunisie. 2Institut Supérieur de l’Animation pour la Jeunesse et la Culture de Bir El Bey. Tunisie. Accepted 11 April, 2005 Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) polymorphism was used to reveal genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships within and between three haplotypes of Mayetiola species. A set of 14 ISSR primers were screened representing di-, tri, tetra and penta-nucleotide repeats out of which 10 generated scorable bands and three were able to distinguish one of three haplotypes. The consensus tree constructed using binary data from banding patterns generated by ISSR-PCR clustered the two Mayetiola species according to their mitochondrial haplotype. Moreover, genetic diversity estimated by the coefficient of variation indicates a high intra and inter-haplotypes polymorphism. Our results indicate that ISSR can be useful as DNA-based molecular markers for studying genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Mayetiola haplotypes. Keywords: Genetic diversity, ISSR markers, Mayetiola, haplotypes. INTRODUCTION Microsatellites orsimple sequence repeats (SSRs) are the repeats themselves, rather than in flanking regions short DNA sequences tandemly arranged. They are (Zietkiewicz et al., 1994). The generated PCR products highly polymorphic and widely distributed in the reveal polymorphic patterns on a single high resolution eukaryotic genome (Tautz, 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts of the 11Th Arab Congress of Plant Protection
    Under the Patronage of His Royal Highness Prince El Hassan Bin Talal, Jordan Arab Journal of Plant Protection Volume 32, Special Issue, November 2014 Abstracts Book 11th Arab Congress of Plant Protection Organized by Arab Society for Plant Protection and Faculty of Agricultural Technology – Al Balqa AppliedUniversity Meridien Amman Hotel, Amman Jordan 13-9 November, 2014 Edited by Hazem S Hasan, Ahmad Katbeh, Mohmmad Al Alawi, Ibrahim Al-Jboory, Barakat Abu Irmaileh, Safa’a Kumari, Khaled Makkouk, Bassam Bayaa Organizing Committee of the 11th Arab Congress of Plant Protection Samih Abubaker Chairman Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al Balqa AppliedApplied University, Al Salt, Jordan Hazem S. Hasan Secretary Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al Balqa AppliedUniversity, Al Salt, Jordan Ali Ebed Allah khresat Treasurer General Secretary, Al Balqa AppliedUniversity, Al Salt, Jordan Mazen Ateyyat Member Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al Balqa AppliedUniversity, Al Salt, Jordan Ahmad Katbeh Member Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan Ibrahim Al-Jboory Member Faculty of Agriculture, Bagdad University, Iraq Barakat Abu Irmaileh Member Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan Mohmmad Al Alawi Member Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al Balqa AppliedUniversity, Al Salt, Jordan Mustafa Meqdadi Member Agricultural Materials Company (MIQDADI), Amman Jordan Scientific Committee of the 11th Arab Congress of Plant Protection • Mohmmad Al Alawi, Al Balqa Applied University, Al Salt, Jordan, President
    [Show full text]
  • Hessian Fly and Barley Stem Gall Midge
    Hessian fly and barley stem gall midge EXOTIC PEST EXOTIC What are these pests? Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) and barley stem gall midge (Mayetiola hordei) are two serious fly pests of wheat and barley. They resemble mosquitoes, and feed on the leaves, stems and heads of plants, resulting in stunted growth and reductions in grain yield and quality. Hessian fly has been known to cause crop losses of – up to 40%. Control of these pests would rely on host CALL THE EXOTIC PLANT PEST HOTLINE IF SUSPECTED IF HOTLINE PEST PLANT EXOTIC THE CALL plant resistance and cultural control as chemical control methods are unreliable. What do they look like? These closely related flies are extremely difficult to tell apart and look similar to mosquitoes. Adult hessian fly Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org Adults are small flies 2-4 mm long, have one set of wings with a few weak veins, and beaded and elongated antennae. Larvae are maggots (legless) and can grow up to 3-4 mm in length with a cylindrical body shape tapered at one end. Hessian fly larvae (initially white in colour and then turning brown) lodge between leaf sheaths above nodes. The pupa and puparium, present towards harvest at the base of the plant, are dark brown in colour, up to 6 mm long, slightly tapered in shape and commonly known as “flaxseeds”. For barley stem gall midge, larvae are pale red at first, becoming milky white. The most distinguishable Brown ‘flaxseed’ pupae lodged at the base of the plant characteristic that is produced from direct feeding is the formation of pea-sized galls (swellings of the plant tissue) FAO at the base of host plants between the leaf sheath and stem.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 National Plant Biosecurity Status Report
    The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report 2017 © Plant Health Australia 2018 Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside Plant Health This work is copyright. Apart from any use as Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health Australia does permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the information, or its may be reproduced by any process without prior usefulness in achieving any purpose. permission from Plant Health Australia. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control measures Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. Therefore, all should be addressed to: information contained in this report has been collected for the 12 month period from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017, and should be validated and confirmed with the relevant Communications Manager organisations/authorities before being used. A list of contact details (including websites) is Plant Health Australia provided in the Appendices. 1/1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the ISSN 1838-8116 information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment and An electronic version of this report is available for enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Gall Midges (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae) of Germany
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280236539 Gall midges (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae) of Germany Article · January 2014 CITATIONS READS 4 1,798 3 authors, including: Marcela Skuhravá 90 PUBLICATIONS 876 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Diversity, frequency and taphonomy of the plant – arthropod interactions from the middle Miocene of the Öhningen, compared with those from the lower Oligocene of the Seifhennersdorf and from the lower Miocene of the Most Basin View project Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Egypt View project All content following this page was uploaded by Marcela Skuhravá on 21 July 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. SUPPLEMENT Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae) of Germany zu Faunistisch-Ökologische Mitteilungen Faunistisch-Ökologische Mitteilungen Supplement 38 Herausgegeben im Auftrag der Faunistisch-Ökologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Von P. Borkenhagen, U. Irmler und H. Roweck Ökologie-Zentrum der Universität Kiel Kiel, 2014 FAUNISTISCH-ÖKOLOGISCHE ARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT Vorstand: Dr. P. Borkenhagen, Prof. Dr. U. Irmler, Prof. Dr. H. Roweck Anschrift: Ökologie-Zentrum, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel Mitgliedsbeitrag pro Jahr 25,00 Euro (Studenten 15,00 Euro) (Konto F.Ö.A.G. bei der Fördesparkasse Kiel, Nr. 2009959 (BLZ 21050170). FAUNISTISCH-ÖKOLOGISCHE MITTEILUNGEN und SUPPLEMENTE Es erscheinen jährlich etwa 2 - 3 Hefte zu je 20 - 30 Seiten und 1 Supplement Band. Abonnement und Einzelhef- te beim Verlag (Einzelheft 8,00 Euro, im Abonnement 6,00 Euro). Die Preise der Supplement Bände sind unter fol- gender Internet Adresse zu erfahren: http://www.oekotec.uni-kiel.de/foeag.htm.
    [Show full text]