The National Plant Health The National Plant Health Status Report Status Report

07/08 Plant Health Australia

07/08 Z00 30193 © Plant Health Australia 2009 Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia (PHA) for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside This work is copyright. Apart from any use as Plant Health Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health permitted under the Copyright Act 1986, no part Australia does not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the may be reproduced by any process without prior information, or its usefulness in achieving any purpose. permission from Plant Health Australia. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction measures and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. and rights should be addressed to: Therefore, all information contained in this report has been collected for the 2007/08 financial year, and should be validated and confirmed by the relevant organisations/ Communications Manager authorities before being used. A list of contact details (including websites) is provided Plant Health Australia in Appendix 2. 5/4 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the ISSN 1836-7461 information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment An electronic version of this report is available for and enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided. download from the Plant Health Australia website. Print copies can be ordered by contacting Plant Health Australia.

In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: National Plant Health Status Report (07/08). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT. Contents

Chapter 1 – Introduction 7 1.1 The importance of plant health 10 1.2 The report 11

Chapter 2 – Organisation of plant health systems in Australia 13 2.1 National committees 16 Primary industries committees 16 Plant Health Committee 16 2.2 AusBIOSEC – the bigger picture 18 2.3 Australian Government plant health services 20 The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service 20 Biosecurity Australia 20 Product Integrity, Animal and Plant Health Division 21 Trade and Market Access Division 21 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 21 2.4 State and territory plant health services 22 2.5 Private plant health services 23 Industry representative bodies 23 Growers and landholders 23 Private agricultural consultants 23 2.6 Plant Health Australia 24

Chapter 3 – Australia’s plant health status 27 3.1 Australia’s high priority plant pests 32 3.2 Australia’s regionalised pests 39 3.3 Emergency response – eradication and containment of emergency plant pests 44 3.4 Weeds of national significance 46 Chapter 4 – Maintaining Australia’s plant health status 49 4.1 Pre-border activities 56 International trade 56 Imports 57 Exports 60 4.2 Border activities 61 Post-entry quarantine 61 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy 62 4.3 Post-border activities 64 Industry biosecurity planning 65 Pre-emptive breeding 67 Surveillance 67 Diagnostics 79 Regional, community and on-farm biosecurity 90 Communication and awareness 92 Plant health information and support systems 93

Chapter 5 – Emergency response, managing plant health emergencies 95 5.1 The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed 99 National Management Group 99 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests 99 Emergency Plant Pest Categorisation Group 99 5.2 PLANTPLAN 100 Contingency planning 100 Training 103 BioSIRT 103

Chapter 6 – Innovation, research and development 105 6.1 Research and development in association with the Australian Government 108 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 110 Australian Research Council 112 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 113 Australian Agency for International Development 115 Cooperative research centres 115 Research and development corporations 119 6.2 State and territory governments research and development 131 6.3 Universities and private research institutions 140

LEFT: Image coutesy of AQIS. Appendix 1 – Australia’s plant industries 145 Broadacre crops 147 Grains and pulses 147 Rice 148 Sugarcane 149 Cotton 150 Forestry 151 Horticulture 152 Citrus 152 Apples and pears 153 Stone fruit (excluding cherries and canned fruit) 154 Cherries 155 Strawberries 156 Grapes – table 157 Grapes – wine 158 Dried fruit 159 Mangoes 160 Bananas 161 Pineapples 162 Avocados 163 Olives 164 Vegetables (excluding processing tomatoes) 165 Onions 166 Tomatoes – processing 167 Passionfruit 167 Canned fruits 167 Nuts 168 Almonds 168 Macadamias 169 Nursery and garden 170 Honey bees 171

Appendix 2 – Plant health contact details 173 Acronyms and abbreviations 176 Index 177

RIGHT: Image courtesy of GRDC. Key Tables and Figures

Chapter 2 13 Figure 1. National governmental consultative committees 17 Figure 2. AusBIOSEC – Building on current sectoral strategies and programs 19 Table 1. State and territory agricultural departments 22 Table 2. Plant Health Australia’s members 25 Chapter 3 27 Figure 3. Australia’s plant health system 31 Table 3. High Priority Pests for the Viticulture Industry 33 Table 4. Australia’s High Priority Pests of Plant Industries (2007/08) 34 Table 5. Australia’s regionalised pests (2007/08) 40 Table 6. Emergency Plant Pests eradicated or undergoing eradication (2007/08) 44 Table 7. Australia’s weeds of national significance (2007/08) 47 Chapter 4 49 Table 8. Responsibilities and activities across the quarantine and biosecurity continuum 52 Figure 4. Fruit Fly Exclusion Zone 54 Figure 5. Biosecurity Australia import risk analysis flowchart 58 Table 9. Biosecurity Australia’s finalised policy advice and draft regulated import risk assessment reports 59 Table 10. Post entry plant quarantine facilities (2007/08) 61 Figure 6. NAQS area of operation 62 Figure 7. NAQS area of operation in Torres Strait 63 Table 11. Australia’s plant health surveillance programs (2007/08) 68 Table 12. Australia’s diagnostic services and laboratories (2007/08) 80 Figure 8. Approval process of national diagnostic procedures/protocols flow chart 87 Table 13. Diagnostic protocols (2007/08) 88 Chapter 5 95 Table 14. Contingency plans (2007/08) 101 Chapter 6 105 Figure 9. Organisations involved in plant health research and development 109 Tables 15–47. Plant health related research projects active in 2007/2008 110 APPENDIX 1 145 Figures 10–55. Industry production data 147

LEFT: Image courtesy of NAQS. Foreword

For the first time, a single document has been produced that provides a concise overview of Australia’s plant biosecurity system. This document, the National Plant Health Status Report, provides readers with a wealth of information covering the plant pests of greatest concern to Australian industries; the organisations and processes involved in keeping Australia’s agricultural and forestry industries free from pests; and innovative plant health research projects currently being undertaken by Australian research organisations and universities.

There are a number of reasons why we would want to consolidate all of this information into one publication. Firstly, it provides farmers, domestic producers and retailers with confidence in the security and viability of Australia’s food industries. It provides policy and decision makers across governments and industries with an overview of the sophisticated biosecurity system responsible for protecting Australia’s food supply and product markets. Similarly, for educators and those involved in providing support and commercial services to the plant industries it represents a useful reference manual on national biosecurity arrangements. For traders and international audiences, the Status Report demonstrates the robustness of Australia’s plant health system and gives them the confidence that Australian product is delivered to them pest free. Finally, all readers are offered an insight into the overseas and domestic initiatives in place that help maintain and protect Australia’s ongoing pest-free status.

The National Plant Health Status Report has been compiled by Plant Health Australia (PHA) with input from all of Australia’s key plant biosecurity stakeholders. PHA plans to publish this report annually. It is an appropriate commitment, given PHA’s position as the lead national coordinating body for plant biosecurity, bringing together governments and industries on important biosecurity issues.

Both as Chair of PHA and as a grower in my own right, I am proud of PHA’s efforts in facilitating this report and I am confident of the value that this will bring to Australian producers and markets in the long term.

I hope you find it as enlightening a read as we intend it to be.

Dr Tony Gregson Chairman Plant Health Australia 6 Chapter 1 Introduction 8 This first edition of theN ational Plant Health Status Report provides a snapshot of the structure and status of Australia’s plant health system in 2007/08. Australia’s geographic isolation has fortuitously allowed the island continent to remain relatively free from many of the pests that have significantly affected plant industries in other parts of the world. Consequently, Australia has placed a high priority on maintaining plant biosecurity: a policy that has, in turn, driven the development of an internationally recognised plant health system. As explained in this report, the functioning of this system depends on cooperative approaches and partnerships among all levels of government and Australia’s numerous plant industries. 1.1 the importance of plant health

Due to its wide geographic latitude, Australia can produce a staggering range of agricultural commodities: from bananas and sugarcane in the tropical north; to wheat, barley and pulse crops in the inland cereal belt; to pyrethrum and potatoes in the southern temperate zones.

In 2006/07, the gross value of agricultural and forestry1 production in Australia was $36.3 billion. During the same period, the total value of all agricultural and forestry exports was $28 billion. Approximately two-thirds of all commodities produced on Australian farms are exported.

However, left uncontrolled, pests2 can have a significant effect on plant crops by reducing yields, lowering the quality of food and

Chapter 1: InTRODUCTIO N fibre commodities, and increasing production costs. In some situations, pests can completely prevent the commercial cultivation of some commodities. Consequently, every year, Australian plant industries invest significant resources in combating established or endemic pests.

As part of a robust plant biosecurity system, Australia also needs to minimise the likelihood that an exotic pest (i.e. one currently not present in the country) will become established in the country. Australia’s biosecurity system therefore extends from assessment of agricultural commodities destined for import into Australia, to a rigorous border inspection system and a domestic on-farm surveillance and emergency response program.

Sustainable production is not the only benefit delivered by Australia’s plant health system. Meeting stringent international phytosanitary requirements (aimed at limiting the spread of pests) and maintaining freedom from exotic pests increases trade opportunities by retaining and securing access to domestic and international markets.

Other aspects of Australia’s environment also benefit from the implementation of effective biosecurity mechanisms. Australia’s unique natural environment is highly valued, and invasive species can have a serious impact on endemic species through predation, parasitism or direct competition (e.g. the effects of the red imported fire ant). Similarly, the social value of public amenities, such as parklands and private non-commercial plantings (e.g. fruit trees and gardens), can be reduced through the impacts of invasive pests, so these amenities also benefit from appropriate biosecurity systems.

The cost of an undetected or uncontrolled plant pest incursion can be enormous. For example, economic modelling has shown that an outbreak of karnal bunt in Western Australia’s wheat belt would have a national impact of $1.3 billion. Furthermore, when papaya fruit fly was detected in, and subsequently eradicated from the Northern Territory in 1995, a benefit-cost analysis undertaken at the time estimated the impact on trade alone at over $100 million per year.

It is vital to maintain Australia’s plant health status, to increase agriculture production, retain existing trade opportunities and protect the environment and social amenity from the adverse impacts of plant pests. The challenge of maintaining a biosecurity system today is greater than ever because, as international trade and travel increases, markets take a more stringent view of pest status, and governments and industries face increased competition for infrastructure and financial resources.

1 Gross value of log production only. 2 The International Standard on Phytosanitary Measures No. 5 (2007) Glossary on Phytosanitary Terms describes a pest in the context of plant health as ‘Any species, strain or biotype of 10 plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products’ (International Plant Protection Convention – IPPC). (NB: Pests therefore cover invertebrates, pathogens and weeds). LEFT: Image courtesy of PHA. 1.2 the report

This document – the National Plant Health Status Report – presents an overview of the Australian plant health system.

Chapter 2 provides an introduction to the organisations and individuals responsible for maintaining Australia’s plant health status. These include a range of government, industry and private stakeholders, who each have an important role to play in the system.

Chapter 3 – Australia’s Plant Health Status – provides details of the plant pest status of Australia in 2007/08. This section contains three important tables that identify three categories of pests, namely: • High priority plant pests – These are pests that have been identified as significant threats to Australia’s plant industries through the industry biosecurity planning process. These pests are either exotic or of significant quarantine importance, Chapter 1: InTRODUCTIO N and efforts are focused on preventing their establishment in Australia. • Regionalised plant pests – These are pests that are currently under active management and regulation in a specific region of Australia, thus preventing them from spreading any further. Active management is required to ensure that the rest of Australia remains free from the pests – eliminating the potential impacts on production and trade. • EPPs under eradication or containment – Pests in this category are Emergency Plant Pests (EPP’s) currently being eradicated or contained with the intention of eradication. An effective emergency response allows the early detection and successful eradication of pests to minimise their impact on Australian agriculture, preventing the ongoing costs associated with established pests.

Also identified are Australia’s weeds of national significance (WoNS). These are non-native naturalised plants considered to currently pose the most serious threats at a national level.

Chapter 4 outlines the various programs, activities and organisational structures used across the biosecurity continuum that provide comprehensive protection to Australia’s agricultural industries.

Chapter 5 highlights Australia’s comprehensive and unique emergency response arrangements that are aimed at dealing with exotic pests should they arrive in Australia. The arrangements in place bring together the Australian Government, state and territory governments and industry under a cost-sharing arrangement that enables all affected parties to have an input into the eradication process.

Australian agriculture has thrived in part because of the continuing technical advancements provided by successful research and development. Chapter 6 provides an overview of the research and development system that supports plant health in Australia, ensuring that advances in areas such as risk analysis, diagnostics, surveillance, eradication, disinfestation and quarantine continue to provide the most effective protection possible.

11 RIGHT: Image courtesy of PHA. 12 Chapter 12 Organisation of Introductionplant health systems in Australia Due to Australia’s geographic isolation and historically strong focus on national quarantine, the country is in the fortunate situation of being free of many significant pests that adversely affect agricultural production overseas. Australia’s internationally recognised biosecurity system, which encourages cooperative partnerships among all levels of government and plant industries, ensures this is the case and provides a range of significant benefits for growers, industries and the wider public.

14 Effective biosecurity is essentially about preventing pests from entering and spreading in Australia, and limiting their potential to impact on industries, environment and people. In terms of Australia’s agriculture and forestry sectors, the aim of effective biosecurity is to ensure that production is sustainable and access is maintained to domestic and international markets for traded commodities. In Australia, the traditional role of governments in managing plant health is complemented by a close association with plant industries. National plant health priorities are determined in consultation with a wide range of industry stakeholders, who participate in policy development, support targeted activities and contribute to emergency responses. 2.1 national committees

The Australian Government is responsible for quarantine and international plant health matters, including pest reporting, export certification and trade negotiation. The government also advises and coordinates national policy and, under some circumstances, provides financial assistance for national plant pest control programs. Australian state and territory governments, in conjunction with plant industry sectors, are responsible for domestic quarantine, pest control and eradication within their own boundaries.

The national committee structure (Figure 1) provides the framework for Australian governments to work together to serve the country’s overall interests. The committees guide and coordinate the various institutions responsible for delivering plant health outcomes.

Additional linkages are provided by Plant Health Australia: a not-for-profit public company formed by the Australian Government, state and territory governments, and the peak national bodies of Australia’s plant industries. Such an organisation is a world Image courtesy of BSES. first, establishing a genuine partnership approach between industry and government to The PISC is in turn supported by the National Biosecurity Committee (NBC). The ensure all members are involved in, and can contribute to, policy making and direction NBC is responsible for managing a national strategic approach to emerging and setting on major plant health issues. ongoing biosecurity policy issues across jurisdictions and sectors (primary production and the environment); it also monitors the implementation of commitments made by Primary industries committees jurisdictions under the AusBIOSEC Intergovernmental Agreement (see Section 2.2). The committee provides leadership to a range of supporting committees, including The Primary Industries Ministerial Council (PIMC) is the peak government forum for the Plant Health Committee. consulting, coordinating and integrating government action on national primary industries N AUSTRALIA SYSTEMS I N OF PLA T HEALTH Chapter 2: ORGA N ISATIO issues. The membership of PIMC includes ministers from the Australian Government, Australian state and territory governments, and the New Zealand Government who are Plant Health Committee responsible for agriculture, food, fibre, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture industries, and The Plant Health Committee (PHC) supports the NBC by providing strategic policy, rural adjustment policy. technical and regulatory advice on plant health matters. It also guides a range of PIMC is supported by a permanent committee, the Primary Industries Standing organisations through the establishment of national standards, and facilitates a consistent Committee (PISC), which comprises the heads of the Australian national, state and national approach to legislative outcomes and standards within the plant health sector. territory and New Zealand departments of agriculture, as well as representatives of The PHC is primarily concerned with improving biosecurity for Australia’s plant industries, the Bureau of Meteorology and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research and with contributing to safe domestic and international trade. Organisation (CSIRO). PHC’s membership comprises representatives from the Australian Government, the state and territory governments, Plant Health Australia, CSIRO, the Research Priority Coordination Committee and the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity Authority (observer status).

16 Figure 1: National governmental consultative committees

NRMMC PIMC

NRMSC PISC Task Force KEY

Primary industries focus

MACC NRPPC NBC IDC FFPC NRM/environment focus

Plant health focus

NIMPCG EBC AWC VPC AAHC PHC AHC PSIC AnWC Reporting lines Two-way communication on common policy issues NTAC SPHDS DQMAWG SRG T HEALTH SYSTEMS I N AUSTRALIA N OF PLA T HEALTH Chapter 2: ORGA N ISATIO

Key plant health abbreviations (hierarchical order) Other abbreviations (alphabetical order) PIMC Primary Industries Ministerial Council AAHC Aquatic Animal Health Committee NBC National Biosecurity Committee (new) PISC Primary Industries Standing Committee AHC Animal Health Committee NIMPCG National Introduced Marine Pest Coordination Group NBC National Biosecurity Committee AnWC Animal Welfare Committee NRMMC National Resource Management Ministerial Committee PHC Plant Health Committee AWC Australian Weeds Committee NRMSC National Resource Management Steering Committee SPHDS Sub-Committee on Plant Health EBC Environmental Biosecurity Committee (new) NRPPC Natural Resource Policies and Program Committee Diagnosis Standards FFPC Forestry and Forestry Products Committee NTAC National Tramp Ant Committee DQMAWG Domestic Quarantine and IDC Industries Development Committee PSIC Product Safety and Integrity Committee Market Access Working Group MACC Marine and Coastal Committee VPC Vertebrate Pest Committee SRG Surveillance Reference Group

Note: Only working groups specific to plant health are shown 17 2.2 ausBIOSEC – the bigger picture

AusBIOSEC is an over-arching biosecurity policy framework that has been developed in partnership with the Australian Government, states and territories, industry, environmental groups and other stakeholders. The framework has been designed to foster greater national collaboration on biosecurity issues, across both primary industry and the natural resource management sectors. AusBIOSEC not only mitigates risk to Australia’s plant-based primary production, it is also concerned with developing and maintaining effective, risk-based biosecurity systems that protect Australia’s unique natural landscapes, the ecosystem services they provide and individual quality of life.

AusBIOSEC integrates the existing elements of Australia’s biosecurity system under a single overarching framework of common principles and guidelines, so that biosecurity arrangements can be implemented consistently across sectors and jurisdictions.

The AusBIOSEC framework builds on specific industry strategies (such as the National Plant Health Strategy), together with legislation and operational procedures already in place for primary industries, and draws on these to establish arrangements for the environment sector (Figure 2).

AusBIOSEC is designed to deliver key outcomes that strengthen Australia’s plant health management system, such as: • well-defined, rapid decision-making processes, to ensure timely responses to national biosecurity events with predominantly environmental or social impacts • clearer definition of roles and responsibilities for biosecurity delivery across sectors and jurisdictions • pre-agreed, capped, risk-based, national cost-sharing arrangements between governments

N AUSTRALIA SYSTEMS I N OF PLA T HEALTH Chapter 2: ORGA N ISATIO for the public-good component of national responses to pests that are not covered by existing arrangements; that is, those with significant impacts on environmental or social amenity (or both), and • a greater level of coordination of research efforts to develop innovative and rapid solutions to serious threats to plant health.

An AusBIOSEC intergovernmental agreement (IGA) will provide a national framework for improving Australian biosecurity arrangements, and for addressing gaps in policy coverage for pests with environmental or social impacts. The IGA will commit jurisdictions to high-level policies and principles (including the cost-sharing arrangements) and is expected to be provided to ministerial councils for signature in 2009.

It is proposed that detailed action plans will be developed that will guide implementation of the commitments made though the IGA.

18 LEFT: Image courtesy of GRDC. Figure 2: AusBIOSEC – Building on current sectoral strategies and programs

Intergovernmental Agreement on enhancing the Australian Biosecurity System for Primary Production and the Environment (AusBIOSEC)

Primary Industry Focus Environment Focus

Animal Plant Health Aquatic Animal Marine pests Weeds Vertebrate pests Environmental Health

National Animal Health National Plant Health Australian Australian Pest System Framework Strategy (2008) Intergovernmental Weeds Strategy Animal Strategy (2005–2010) (Under development) AQUAPLAN Agreement on a (2006) (2007) Environmental (Australia’s National National System for Biosecurity— Strategic Plan for Prevention and including Aquatic Animal Health Management of Marine Invertebrates The Emergency Animal National Weeds Government 2005–2010) Pest Incursions and pathogens Disease Response (IGA) (2005) Incursion Plan (2008) Agreement (EADRA) (2002) and Plant Industry (Under development) Cost Sharing Deed in respect of Emergency Plant Australian Veterinary Pest Responses Australian Aquatic Australian Emergency Weeds of SYSTEMS I N AUSTRALIA N OF PLA T HEALTH Chapter 2: ORGA N ISATIO Emergency Plan (2002) (EPPRD) Veterinary Emergency Plan Marine Pest Plan National Significance (AUSVETPLAN) (AQUAVETPLAN) (EMPPlan) (2005–draft) (WoNS) Strategies

National Animal Australian Emergency National Plant Health Health Surveillance Plant Pest Response Plan Surveillance Strategy National Action Plans Strategy (2007) (2007) (PLANTPLAN) (Under development)

Animal Industry Plant Industry National Plant Health Biosecurity Plans Biosecurity Plans Diagnostic Strategy (Under development)

19 2.3 australian Government plant health services

The Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) delivers the government’s plant health role, mainly through four divisions: • the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) • Biosecurity Australia (BA) • the Product Integrity, Animal and Plant Health Division (PIAPH), and • the Trade and Market Access Division.

The Bureau of Rural Sciences (BRS) and the Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics (ABARE) also support the plant health system through collaboration with government agencies, to ensure that decision makers receive up-to-date scientific and economic advice.

Other organisations linked to the Australian Government that contribute to maintaining Australia’s plant biosecurity system include CSIRO, the Co-operative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity (CRC NPB), the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR), various research and development (R&D) corporations (see Chapter 6 for information on R&D organisations), the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, the Australian Customs Service and a number of Australian Government departments including Foreign Affairs and Trade, Environment and Water, and Defence.

The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service AQIS is the operational arm of Australia’s quarantine border framework. AQIS is charged with helping to protect Australia’s animal, plant and human health status, under the Quarantine Act 1908. To assist in maintaining the integrity of Australia’s borders, AQIS performs quarantine inspection services when international passengers, cargo, mail, animals and plants or their N AUSTRALIA SYSTEMS I N OF PLA T HEALTH Chapter 2: ORGA N ISATIO products arrive in Australia. To enable access to international markets to be maintained, AQIS also provides inspection and certification services for an extensive range of animal and plant products exported from Australia.

Biosecurity Australia BA is an independent agency within the Australian Government’s Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry portfolio. It provides science-based quarantine assessments and policy advice that protects Australia’s favourable pest status.

BA develops new quarantine policies through an import risk-analysis process, which is undertaken by a team of scientists and technical specialists. BA also provides scientific and technical advice and support to increase Australia’s access to international animal and plant-related markets, and is active in the development of international quarantine standards.

LEFT: Image coutesy AQIS.

20 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

Product Integrity, Animal and Plant Health Division The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade’s (DFAT) role is to advance Australia’s national interest, making the most of opportunities for Australia in our regional and global PIAPH coordinates national approaches to plant health and protection, animal health environments. This involves providing foreign and trade policy advice to the Australian and welfare, residues, food safety, and agricultural and veterinary chemicals. Government, government agencies and stakeholders. In relation to plant health, DFAT provides policy and strategic advice on market access and trade issues across the The Office of the Chief Plant Protection Officer (OCPPO) is located within this division, various bilateral and multilateral trade agreements that Australia has with its international and leads national responses to significant plant pest or food contaminant emergencies. trading partners. OCPPO also coordinates and develops national technical and operational plant health policy, collects and manages information on Australia’s plant health status, and encourages greater competency and capacity in plant health management within Australia.

Furthermore, the office coordinates proposals for improving international plant protection policy and standards to make them consistent with Australia’s trading policy.

Trade and Market Access Division Trade and Market Access Division provides policy and strategic support for the department’s international activities. The division’s objective is to make Australia’s agriculture, fisheries, food, and forestry industries more competitive by: • working to maintain and improve market opportunities for the agriculture, fish, forest and food sectors

• reducing distortions to global trade SYSTEMS I N AUSTRALIA N OF PLA T HEALTH Chapter 2: ORGA N ISATIO • improving trade cooperation • reducing external risks to Australia’s favourable status relating to plant and animal health, and • contributing to the development of international standards for agrifood products.

The Trade and Market Access Division is supported in its work by its network of Image: Routine surveillance. Image courtesy of DAFWA. agricultural counsellors located in China, Europe, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Middle East, Thailand and the United States.

21 2.4 state and territory plant health services

Under the Australian Constitution, state and territory governments are responsible for plant These state and territory departments undertake a broad range of activities within health services within their respective borders. Most plant health services are provided the plant health system, including: through the respective state and territory government agricultural departments (Table 1). • risk mitigation to identify potential pest threats and minimise their impacts Australia’s states and territories cover tropical, subtropical, Mediterranean and temperate should they arrive climatic ecosystems, and therefore distinctive approaches and separate legislation apply in • policy and strategy development each jurisdiction. A national approach to the management of plant health in Australia is maintained through the national committees’ framework (see Section 2.1 National • maintenance of domestic quarantine, including certification, treatment Committees) and Plant Health Australia membership. and inspection services • targeted and passive surveillance for high-priority pests (both endemic and exotic) Table 1: State and territory agricultural departments • emergency response in the event of a pest incursion State/territory Department Abbreviation • ongoing pest control and management of regionalised pests ACT Department of Territory and Municipal Services TAMS • maintenance of diagnostic services, and New South Wales Department of Primary Industries NSW DPI • activities aimed at increasing awareness among both private and public stakeholders. Northern Territory Department of Regional Development, Primary RDPIFR Industry, Fisheries and Resources Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries DPI&F South Australia Department of Primary Industries and Resources PIRSA Tasmania Department of Primary Industries and Water DPIW Victoria Department of Primary Industries DPI Vic Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food DAFWA N AUSTRALIA SYSTEMS I N OF PLA T HEALTH Chapter 2: ORGA N ISATIO

Image: State departments provide an extensive range of diagnostic services. Image courtesy DAFWA.

22 2.5 private plant health services

In addition to activities performed by the Australian Government and state and territory governments, industry and the private sector contribute to plant health services through several mechanisms, described below.

Industry representative bodies Funding is provided by industry representative organisations at a regional, state or national level for specific plant health activities such as research and development, management initiatives or emergency responses. This funding, commonly collected through levies or similar mechanisms, is often provided to specific organisations to deliver biosecurity outcomes. Such organisations include, for example, the Co‑operative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity (CRC NPB) (see Chapter 6) and Plant Health Australia. The funding is frequently matched by the Australian Government, or the state and territory governments, and supported through the active involvement of all parties.

Industry bodies also perform the critical role of providing a voice for growers at forums and on the committees that decide on the direction of plant health within Australia.

For descriptions of all of Australia’s major plant industries, see Appendix 1.

Image: Some 300 specialist agricultural aircraft are used in Australia to provide support for grower pest (biosecurity) control Growers and landholders programmes, wide area management of pests (eg, locust control) and emergency plant pest eradication (eg, fire ant control). Image courtesy of the Aerial Agricultural Association of Australia. Individuals at the farm level, landowners, managers or farm employees, play a vital role in T HEALTH SYSTEMS I N AUSTRALIA N OF PLA T HEALTH Chapter 2: ORGA N ISATIO Australia’s plant health system. Growers have a responsibility to maintain good biosecurity Private agricultural consultants practice on their farms to protect their plants, livelihood and industry from both endemic Private agricultural consultants and advisers in Australia provide a wide range of and exotic pests. Individual growers and businesses also contribute through: professional services to agri-industry and growers. Professionally trained advisers provide • the treatment of produce to ensure compliance with necessary quarantine regulations extensive plant health extension advice across most key commodity production areas. (e.g. interstate certification assurance and export protocols) • on-farm management practices aimed at suppressing pest prevalence The Australian Association of Agricultural Consultants (AAAC) is a specialist body of and produce damage, and the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology. The AAAC represents the interests of professional agricultural and natural resource consultants in Australia. • passive surveillance, which contributes to the early detection of exotic pests and Membership is open to consultants that meet the AAAC entry criteria; this ensures significantly increases the likelihood of eradication. that consultants and advisers in agri-industry and allied natural resource areas are professionals who provide a high standard of advice and abide by a code of ethics.

23 2.6 plant Health Australia

PHA is the peak national coordinating body for plant health in Australia. It is a dynamic partnership between industry bodies, the Australian Government and state and territory governments. PHA coordinates and brokers policy, and manages projects that increase the ability of the Australian agricultural sector and government to effectively respond to and manage the risks of exotic and emergency pests that affect commercial crops. Its mission is to ensure that the national plant health system delivers competitive advantage and preferred market access for Australia’s plant industries.

A key role of PHA is the administration of the EPPRD (see Chapter 5) and PLANTPLAN on behalf of its Members.

PHA is a not-for-profit public company funded by its Members through annual subscriptions (Table 2).

In addition to corporate responsibilities, PHA has five core areas of activity: • Priority A – Biosecurity Planning and Implementation: This portfolio includes the development and implementation of biosecurity plans for PHA’s Members. • Priority B – Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed: The ratification of the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) in 2005 established a mechanism for industry and governments to respond cooperatively in the event of a pest incursion. PHA maintains the EPPRD and the programs that support these arrangements. • Priority C – National Strategies and Policy Coordination: This area focuses on the development of important national strategies and policy that bring stakeholders together to achieve critically important outcomes for plant health and the national interest. • Priority D – Capacity and Capability: This portfolio involves establishing information frameworks so that accurate and reliable plant health data is readily available to plant health practitioners, policy makers, industry and the wider Australian community. • Priority E – Member Engagement: Brings together the myriad of activities that PHA deploys to stay networked across the N AUSTRALIA SYSTEMS I N OF PLA T HEALTH Chapter 2: ORGA N ISATIO plant health system and to communicate, consult and be accountable to Members.

LEFT: PHA General Meeting. Image courtesy of PHA.

24 Table 2: Plant Health Australia’s Members

Plant Industry Members: Government Members: A3P Australian Government Almond Board of Australia ACT Government Apple and Pear Australia Ltd Northern Territory Government Australian Banana Growers' Council NSW Government Australian Cotton Growers' Research Association Inc Queensland Government Australian Dried Fruits Association Inc South Australian Government Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Tasmanian Government Australian Macadamia Society Ltd Victorian Government Australian Mango Industry Association Western Australian Government Australian Nut Industry Council Australian Olive Association Australian Passionfruit Industry Association Associate Members: Image: AUSVEG signs the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed. Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Image courtesy of PHA. Australian Table Grape Association Australasian Plant Pathology Society Australian Walnut Industry Association BSES Ltd AUSVEG Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Avocados Australia Cotton Research and Development Corporation CANEGROWERS Grains Research and Development Corporation Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia SYSTEMS I N AUSTRALIA N OF PLA T HEALTH Chapter 2: ORGA N ISATIO Horticulture Australia Limited Cherry Growers of Australia Inc Citrus Australia Ltd Grains Council of Australia Growcom

Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Image: PHA training. Image courtesy of PHA. Onions Australia Ricegrowers' Association of Australia Strawberries Australia Inc Summerfruit Australia Ltd Wine Grape Growers Association of Australia Winemakers' Federation of Australia

25 26 Chapter 3 Australia’s plant health status Natural geographic isolation and a strong focus on quarantine ensure that Australia remains free from many pests that adversely affect agriculture in other parts of the world. Australia’s further advantage is its size, which may enable pests to be regionalised to a particular area, limiting their impacts on both production and market access. To prevent exotic pests from entering, establishing and spreading in Australia, the biosecurity system incorporates a range of measures before, at, and after the border; these measures are underpinned by scientifically justified pest-risk analysis to identify the key threats (Figure 3). Today, freedom from exotic pests is maintained though science-based biosecurity measures including risk-analysis, quarantine, and surveillance activities.

28 This chapter provides information about Australia’s plant health status, including pests that: • have been identified as high priority • have been ‘regionalised’ via active ongoing management, and • are currently under eradication or containment. Also identified areA ustralia’s weeds of national significance (WoNS). These are non-native naturalised plants considered to currently pose the most serious threats at a national level. T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S

30 Figure 3: Key components of Australia’s plant health system

Pre-border Potential pest threats are mitigated pre-border by: • International standard setting • Import risk analysis Post-border • Off-shore quarantine arrangements Potential pest threats are mitigated • Engagement with neighbours to post-border by: counter the spread of pests (training) • Biosecurity planning • Pre-emptive breeding programs • EPPRD commitments • Surveillance • Diagnostic capability • Regional, community and on-farm biosecurity • Communication and awareness • Information systems T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S

Emergency response arrangement Pest impacts are mitigated through: • EPPRD arrangements • PLANTPLAN • Containment

Border Regional pest Potential pest threats are mitigated management at the border by: Pests are managed on a regional • Screening of vessels, people and basis using: goods entering the country • Domestic quarantine • Post-entry quarantine facilities • Quarantine zones • Northern Australia Quarantine • Pest free areas Strategy • Suppression and low pest prevalence • Area wide management

LEFT: Image courtesy of NAQS. 31 32 Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S PLANT HEALTH STATUS Image courtesyofScott Bauer, Bugwood.org. USDAAgriculturalResearchService, Image: Tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris) a high-priority pest exotic to Australia. surveillance, maintenanceofcapacityandcapability, andpre-emptive breeding programs. identification ofHPPsassistswitharangebiosecuritypreparedness activitiessuchas High-Priority ests(HPPs)–themajorityofwhichare exotictoAustralia.The they establishinanarea ofproduction canbeidentified. Thesepestsare knownas From thesethreat summarytablesthepeststhatwould havethegreatest impactshould expert scientificconsultationandestablishthelevelofriskassociatedwitheachpest. identifying and prioritising pests of quarantine concern. The tables are developed with industries, andthethreat summarytablestheycontain,provides onemechanismfor The developmentofindustrybiosecurityplans(IBPs-seeSection4.3)forspecific impact onplantindustries,iftheywere toestablish. plant peststhataretoAustraliaandcouldhavean ofsignificantquarantineconcern The basisofanyriskmitigationsystembeginsbyestablishingthethreats, inthiscasethe australia’s highpriorityplantpests 3.1 Image courtesyofClemson University, USDACooperationExtension SlideSeries,Bugwood.org. Image: Plumweevil(Conotrachelus nenuphar)ahigh-prioritypestexotic toAustralia. Image courtesyofE.Killgore,HawaiiDepartmentAgriculture. Image: Eucalyptus rust (Puccinia psidii) a high-priority pest exotic to Australia.

Case study: The Viticulture Industry Biosecurity Plan Table 3: High Priority Pests for the Viticulture Industry Industry biosecurity plans (IBPs) are an industry’s blueprint for providing the Scientific name Common name best possible protection against exotic plant pests. The plans cover: Argyrotaenia citrana Orange tortrix • the pest threats to an industry (threat identification and analysis) Bois noir phytoplasma Bois noir • how an industry guards against HPPs (risk mitigation activities) Eotetranychus carpini Yellow vine mite • how an industry will know when a HPP has arrived (surveillance) and how Euschistus conspersus Consperse stink bug to identify it (diagnostics), and Grapevine flavescence doree Flavescence dorée • how an industry deals with HPPs if they are found (contingency plans). phytoplasma The Viticulture IBP identified 177 pests (predominantly exotics) that affect Guignardia bidwellii Black rot viticultural crops – these are the pest threats for the viticulture industry. Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter From this list, 17 HPPs were identified (Table 3). Mycosphaerella angulata Angular leaf spot of muscadines

Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S The analysis and ranking of pest threats takes into account a pest’s likelihood of entry, Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot establishment and spread, as well as the economic impact it would have should it become Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug established. All biosecurity plans, once finalised, are subject to review on a regular basis, ensuring that the pest lists and details accurately reflect the most up-to-date information3. Platynota stultana Omnivorous leafroller Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug In the Australian context, many of these HPPs may be deemed to be an Emergency Plant Pest (EPPs) under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed - a legally binding Pseudopezicula tetraspora Angular leaf scorch agreement covering the management and funding of responses to plant pest incursions Pseudopezicula tracheiphila Rotbrenner (see Section 5.1). Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight Table 4 lists the HPPs identified in each of the 20 IBPs (covering 24 plant industries) Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease produced to date and the pests listed in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD, (Section 5.1). Whilst this list predominantly contains pests which are exotic to Australia, it does contain some present in Australia of significant quarantine concern. This list does not represent all the pests of concern to Australia’s plant industries and inclusion on this list does not indicate it will, or will not, be deemed an EPP.

3 This process is not intended as a definitive mechanism to identify all threats to Australia’s plant industries or as a formal mechanism for international quarantine arrangements (ISPMs). 33 Table 4: Australia’s High Priority Pests of Plant Industries (2007/08)

Scientific name Common name Industry Biosecurity Plan* Scientific name Common name Industry Biosecurity Plan* Acleris comariana Strawberry tortrix EPPRD (Strawberry) Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly Avocado, Mango Acrobasis pyrivorella Pear fruit moth Apple and pear Bactrocera melanotus Avocado, Mango Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit tortrix EPPRD (Apple and pear, Bactrocera occipitalis Tropical fruits, Mango Nursery and garden) Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly Avocado, Mango, Agrotis segetum Turnip moth Grains Tropical fruits Aleurolobus barodensis Sugarcane whitefly Sugar Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Avocado, Mango, Tropical fruits Amblypelta cocophaga Coconut bug Mango Bactrocera philippinensis Philippine fruit fly Avocado, Mango, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Cotton jassid Cotton Tropical fruits Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Nuts Bactrocera psidii South sea guava fruit fly Mango Anisogramma anomala Hazelnut blight Nuts Bactrocera trilineola Mango Anthonomus bisignatus Strawberry bud weevil EPPRD (Strawberry) Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly Tropical fruits, Mango Anthonomus grandis Boll weevil Cotton Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Avocado, Mango Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Melon aphid Cotton Bactrocera zonata Peach fruit fly Tropical fruits T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S Apiosporina morbosa Black knot EPPRD Banana bract mosaic virus Banana bract mosaic disease Banana Apple proliferation Apple proliferation Apple and pear (Potyvirus) (Phytoplasma) Bean yellow mosaic virus Bean yellow mosaic virus Grains Argyrotaenia citrana Orange tortrix Viticulture (Potyvirus) (seed-borne strains) Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly Grains Bemisia tabaci B type White fly Cotton Avocado blackstreak disease Avocado blackstreak disease Avocado and emerging strains Avocado sunblotch viroid Sunblotch Avocado (including Q-type) (Avsunviroid) Blood disease bacterium Blood disease Banana Bactrocera albistrigata Mango Bois noir phytoplasma Bois noir Viticulture Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Tropical fruits Botryotinia squamosa Leaf blight of onion Onion Bactrocera caryae Mango Burkholderia glumae Bacterial grain rot of rice Rice Bactrocera correcta Guava fruit fly Mango Bursaphelenchus spp. Pinewood nematode species Plantation timber Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fly Tropical fruits, Vegetables including B. xylophilus complex Bactrocera curvipennis Banana fruit fly Mango Cacopsylla pyricola Pear psylla Apple and pear Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Apple and pear, Avocado, Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly Grains Tropical fruits Ceratitis capitata Mediterranean fruit fly Mango Bactrocera facialis Avocado, Mango Ceratitis rosa Mango Bactrocera kandiensis Mango Ceratocystis ulmi Dutch elm disease EPPRD (Nursery and garden)

34 * ‘EPPRD’ indicates a pest that is not contained in a high-priority pest list but is listed under Schedule 13 of the EPPRD. Scientific name Common name Industry Biosecurity Plan* Scientific name Common name Industry Biosecurity Plan* Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Sugar Delia florilega Bean seed maggot Onion Cercospora longipes Brown spot Sugar Diaphorina citri Citrus psyllid Citrus (EPPRD) Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cabbage seedpod weevil Grains Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid Grains Cherry leaf roll virus Blackline Cherry, Nuts Duke 6 stem pitting Duke 6 stem pitting Avocado (Nepovirus) Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Apple and pear Chilo auricilius, Sugarcane stem borer Sugar Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug Pineapple C. infuscatellus, C. sacchariphagus, Elsinoë australis Sweet orange scab Citrus C. terrenellus, Endocronartium harknessii Western gall rust Plantation timber Chlumetia transversa Mango shoot borer Mango Eotetranychus carpini Yellow vine mite Viticulture Choristoneura rosaceana Oblique banded leafroller Cherry Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly Banana Ciborinia camelliae Camellia petal blight EPPRD (Nursery and garden) Erwinia amylovora Fire blight Apple and pear Cicadulina mbila South African maize Grains, Sugar Erwinia chrysanthemi Bacterial fruit collapse Pineapple leafhopper (distinct pathovar)

Citrus tristeza virus Mandarin stem-pitting Citrus STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S Ewernia herbicola Avocado blast complex Avocado (Closterovirus) Erwinia pyrifoliae Black stem blight Apple and pear Cladosporium caryigenum Pecan scab Nuts Eumerus strigatus Onion bulb fly Onion Clavibacter michiganensis Bacterial ring rot Potato subsp. sepedonicus Euschistus conspersus Consperse stink bug Viticulture Colletotrichum truncatum Lentil anthracnose Grains Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker Plantation timber (lentil strain) Fusarium guttiforme Fusariosis Pineapple Comoviridae: Nepovirus Nepoviruses group Strawberry Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation Mango Conotrachelus aguacatae Small avocado seed weevil Avocado Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium wilt of chickpea Grains Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio Cherry ciceris Coptotermes spp. Subterranean termites Plantation timber Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium wilt of canola Grains conglutinans Cotton leaf curl virus Cotton leaf curl disease Cotton (Begomovirus) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Panama disease EPPRD (Banana, Nursery cubense (race 4 – tropical) and garden) Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Nuts Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium wilt Cotton Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth Pineapple vasinfectum (exotic races) Ctenopseustis obliquana Brown headed leafroller Cherry Fusarium solani f. sp. Sudden death syndrome Grains Cydia latiferreana Fibertworm Nuts glycines Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape phylloxera type B EPPRD (Viticulture) Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae Rice Delia antiqua Onion fly Onion Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode Potato

35 Table 4: Australia’s High Priority Pests of Plant Industries (2007/08) (page 3 of 5)

Scientific name Common name Industry Biosecurity Plan* Scientific name Common name Industry Biosecurity Plan* Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode EPPRD (Vegetables) Lygus hesperus Western plant bug Strawberry Grapevine flavescence doree Flavescence dorée Viticulture Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug Cotton, Strawberry phytoplasma Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth Apple and pear, Plantation Guignardia bidwellii Black rot Viticulture timber Guignardia musae Freckle disease Banana Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast Rice Helipus lauri Large seed weevil Avocado Maize dwarf mosaic virus Maize dwarf mosaic virus Grains (Potyvirus) Helopeltis spp. Mirids Mango Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Grains Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode Vegetables Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge Grains Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode Grains Monillinia fructigena Brown rot Cherry High plains virus (Unknown) High plains virus EPPRD (Grains) Monochamus spp. Longhorn beetles Plantation timber Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter Viticulture Peach X disease Peach X disease Cherry Homoeosoma electellum Sunflower moth Grains (Mycoplasma-like organism) Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer Nuts European stone fruit yellows European stone fruit yellows EPPRD T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S Lepidiota blanchardi, Cane grub Sugar (Mycoplasma-like organism) L. discedens, L. pruinosa, Mycosphaerella angulata Angular leaf spot of Viticulture L. reuleauxi, L. stigma muscadines Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle Potato Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Banana Leucopholis near armata Cane grub Sugar Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka EPPRD (Banana) Liberobacter asiaticus Huanglongbing, Citrus Citrus Mythimna unipuncta Armyworm EPPRD (Grains, Rice, greening Strawberry, Sugar, Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner Vegetables Vegetables) Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leafminer Vegetables Nasonovia ribisnigri Lettuce aphid EPPRD (Nursery and garden, Vegetables) Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner Onion, Vegetables Nectria galligena European canker, Nectria Apple and pear, Cherry Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine Grains, Vegetables canker leafminer Noorda albizonalis Red banded borer EPPRD (Mango) Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Rice Numonia pirivorella Pear fruit moth EPPRD (Apple and pear) Little cherry virus 1 Little cherry virus 1 Cherry (Unassigned) Oligonychus perseae Persea mite Avocado Little cherry virus 2 Little cherry virus 2 Cherry Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus Rough strawberry weevil EPPRD (Nuts, Strawberry) (Ampelovirus) Pandemis cerasana Cherry brown tortrix Cherry Luteovirus (suspected) Blue disease Cotton Parasa lepida Blue-striped nettle grub Mango Lyctus africanus Powder post beetle Plantation timber Peridroma saucia Variegated cutworm EPPRD (Cotton, Vegetables)

36 Scientific name Common name Industry Biosecurity Plan* Scientific name Common name Industry Biosecurity Plan* Perkinsiella bicoloris, Sugarcane planthopper Sugar Protopulvinaria pyritormis Pyriform scale Avocado P. diagoras, P. lalokensis, Pseudocercospora purpurea Cercospora spot Avocado P. rattlei, P. papuensis, P. saccharivora, P. vastatrix Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Viticulture and P. vitiensis Pseudomonas syringae Blister spot of apples, Avocado Peronosclerospora Philippine downy mildew of Sugar (various pathovars) Avocado blast complex philippinensis maize Pseudopezicula tetraspora Angular leaf scorch Viticulture Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Sugar Pseudopezicula tracheiphila Rotbrenner Viticulture Peronosclerospora sorgi Sorghum downy mildew Grains Psila rosae Carrot rust fly Vegetables Peronosclerospora Downy mildew Sugar Puccinia asparagi Asparagus rust EPPRD (Vegetables) spontanea Puccinia psidii Guava/eucalyptus rust Plantation timber Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust Viticulture P. allii, P. allii-cepulae, Puccinia spp. Onion Phoma tracheiphila Mal secco Citrus P. alliorum, P. cylodontis, Phomopsis helianthi Sunflower stem canker Grains P. mixta, P. permixta, P. porri, P. sessali, P. schisma Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot Cherry, Cotton, Viticulture Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Barley stripe rust Grains STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leaf miner Onion hordei Phytophthora fragariae var. Phytophthora Strawberry Puccinia gramnis, Stem rust, Stripe rust, Grains fragariae P. striiformis, P. triticina Leaf rust Phytophthora infestans Potato late blight Potato (exotic pathovars) (A2 mating type) Pulvinaria iceryi Pulvinaria scale Sugar Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Plantation timber Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres Net form of net blotch Grains Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug Viticulture (resistant strains) Peanut stripe virus (Potyvirus) Peanut stripe virus Grains Pyrilla perpusilla Sugarcane pyrilla Sugar Planotortrix excessana, Green headed leafroller Cherry Ralstonia solanacearum Moko Banana P. octo (race 2) Plasmopara halstedii Sunflower downy mildew Grains Rhagoletis completa Walnut husk fly Nuts Platynota stultana Omnivorous leafroller Viticulture Rhagoletis fausta Black cherry fruit fly Cherry Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus, Sharka Cherry, Nursery and garden Rhagoletis indifferens Western cherry fruit fly Cherry Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Rice Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot Apple and pear, Cherry Potato mop top virus Potato mop top virus Potato Rhizoglyphus callae Bulb mite Onion (Pomovirus) Rhizoglyphus setosus Bulb mite Onion Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato, Vegetables Rosellinia necatrix Rosellinia root rot EPPRD (Apple and pear, (Pospiviroid) Cherry, Citrus, Viticulture) Procontorinia matteiana Mango leaf-gall midge Mango 37 Table 4: Australia’s High Priority Pests of Plant Industries (2007/08) (page 5 of 5)

Scientific name Common name Industry Biosecurity Plan* Scientific name Common name Industry Biosecurity Plan* Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Sugar Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice Rice Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips EPPRD (Citrus) Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Grains Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Avocado Tribolium castaneum Rust red flour beetle EPPRD (Grains, Rice) (phosphine resistant) Sesamia arfaki Pink stem borer Sugar Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Grains, Rice Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Sugar Ramu stunt Ramu stunt Sugar Sesamia inferens Pink stem borer Sugar Urocystis cepulae Onion smut Onion Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid Grains Uromyces scirpi Rust Vegetables Sorghum mosaic virus Sorghum mosaic virus Sugar (Potyvirus) Uromyces viciae-fabae Lentil rust Grains (lentil strain) Sphaceloma perseae Avocado scab Avocado Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt (defoliating Cotton Spiroplasma citri Stubborn Citrus strain) Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Sugar Verticillium longisporum Canola verticillium wilt Grains Stenoma catenifer Avocado seed moth Avocado Watermelon silver mottle Watermelon silver mottle, Vegetables T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Mango virus group (Tospovirus) Groundnut bud necrosis Stromatium barbatum Drywood longicorn beetle Plantation timber Wheat spindle streak mosaic Wheat spindle streak mosaic EPPRD (Grains) virus (Bymovirus) virus Strymon megarus Pineapple fruit borer Pineapple Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight Viticulture Sugarcane grassy shoot Grassy shoot Sugar phytoplasma Xanthomonas axonopodis Citrus canker Citrus pv. citri Sugarcane mosaic virus Mosaic Sugar (Potyvirus) (exotic strains) Xanthomonas axonopodis Bacterial blight angular leaf Cotton pv. malvacearum spot Sugarcane streak mosaic Sugarcane streak mosaic Sugar virus (Unassigned) Xanthomonas campestris Bacterial canker complex Avocado (avocado strain) Sugarcane white leaf White leaf Sugar phytoplasma Xanthomonas campestris pv. Bacterial blight Cotton mavacearum Synchytrium endobioticum Potato wart Potato Xanthomonas campestris Bacterial wilt Banana Tetramoera schistaceana Sugarcane shoot borer Sugar pv. musacearum Tetranychus desertorum Prickly pear spider mite Cotton Xanthomonas fragariae Angular leaf spot Strawberry Tetranychus lombardinii Crimson spider mite Cotton Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease Cherry, Nuts, Viticulture Tetranychus pacificus Pacific spider mite Cotton Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer Mango Tetranychus piercei Spider mite Banana Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus Vegetables Tetranychus turkestani Strawberry spider mite Cotton (Tospovirus)

38 3.2 australia’s regionalised pests

Despite Australia’s relative freedom from many serious pests, some have found their way into the country and are now under active management. Australia’s geographic size and Case Study: Potato cyst nematode varied climatic zones create internal barriers that prevent the spread of pests; of particular significance are Australia’s arid interior (which separates Western Australia from the eastern Potato cyst nematode (PCN) is a serious pest of potatoes worldwide, and states) and Bass Strait (which separates Tasmania from mainland Australia). is subject to stringent quarantine or regulatory procedures (or both) wherever it occurs. If not controlled, PCN can be a devastating pest of potatoes in Using a combination of Australia’s highly developed biosecurity system and active ongoing temperate regions. management programs, many pest species are effectively contained in regionalised areas defined by state boundaries, production zones or geographic regions. Pests under active There are two species of PCN – Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida – management are carefully monitored to ensure that they do not move out of these defined but only G. rostochiensis is known to occur in Australia. It was identified in WA boundaries. This means that although the pest is no longer exotic to Australia, many of the in 1986 and a successful eradication program was undertaken, with no further country’s production areas are still able to enjoy area freedom and therefore meet export detection since 1989. Ongoing surveillance and quarantine regulations continue phytosanitary requirements. to ensure the integrity of the eradication.

Most pest management activities for regionalised pests are undertaken by the relevant PCN was first found in Victoria in 1991 on potato crops in market gardens state or territory government’s agricultural agency. However, for some pests, the effective in the Wandin–Silvan area. Since then, the pest has been managed by the management also requires the input of state, territory and national governments, as well Department of Primary Industries (DPI) Victoria, in close association with STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S as that of industry. Victorian potato growers.

Table 5 lists the pests that are presently being regulated in, or contained within, each state A key to the management of PCN has been the establishment of three control or territory (regionalised pests). This list is not inclusive of all pests found within Australia. areas (CAs) under the Victorian Government’s Plant Health and Plant Products Act 1995. Strict movement conditions have been applied to host plants, machinery and equipment (e.g. packing bins) leaving the areas, to ensure that the pest remains contained. Similarly, three plant protection districts (PPDs) have been established to protect specific potato production regions, with movement restrictions also applying on goods and equipment entering these districts. DPI Victoria also manages the pest by: • improving the knowledge of PCN distribution in risk areas • developing effective legislation • developing state and regional market access programs, and • improving industry and public awareness of PCN and its impacts.

Further information about the program and the disease can be found on the DPI Victoria website (www.dpi.vic.gov.au).

Image: Potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis). Image courtesy of DPI Victoria.

39 Table 5: Australia’s regionalised pests (2007/08)

Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Queensland Aleurodicus dispersus Spiraling whitefly Torres Strait Islands, Cape York Peninsula, Mareeba, Charters Towers, coastal towns south to Bundaberg Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Bunchy top Noosa south to the NSW border Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar Far northern Cape York Peninsula Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease Race 1 – endemic throughout banana growing regions (race 1, race 2, race 4 – subtropical) Race 2 – South Johnstone and Cairns Race 4 (subtropical) – South-East Queensland as far north as Rosedale (approx 30 km north of Bundaberg) Idioscopus clypealis, Idioscopus Mango leafhopper Idioscopus clypealis – Cape York Peninsula and Mareeba area, Idioscopus nitidulus – Cape York Peninsula only nitidulus Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka Some northern and eastern Torres Strait Islands Papaya ringspot virus (Potyvirus) Papaya ringspot virus South-East Queensland as far north as Bundaberg area Procontarinia sp. Mango leaf gall midge Torres Strait and northern tip of Cape York Peninsula T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S Sugarcane Fiji disease virus (Fijivirus) Fiji disease Sugarcane Pest Quarantine Areas (PQA) 4, 5, 6, and 7 Sugarcane mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Sugarcane mosaic virus Sugarcane PQAs 5 and 6 Sugarcane striate mosaic virus Sugarcane striate mosaic virus Sugarcane PQA 3 (Carlavirus) Thrips palmi Melon thrips South-East Queensland as far north as Bundaberg area. North Queensland – coastal areas from Ayr to Mossman, and Atherton Tablelands Ustilago scitaminea Sugarcane smut Sugarcane PQAs 2, 4, 5 and 6 New South Wales Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Endemic within all of NSW excluding the Fruit Fly Exclusion Zone and the Pest Free Area of NSW as defined in Proclamation P184 and P191 Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Banana bunchy top virus Far North Coast, NSW - regulated via Order 77 under the Plant Disease's Act Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grapevine phylloxera Present within the NSW Phylloxera Infested Zone, comprised of the Sydney and the Albury/Corowa region as defined in Proclamation P176 of the NSW Plant Diseases Act 1924 No.38 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease Far North Coast, NSW - regulated via Order 77 under the Plant Disease's Act (race 4 – subtropical)

40 Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Ralstonia solanacearum Bacterial wilt in potatoes Endemic in NSW excluding the NSW Seed Protected Areas as defined in Proclamation P128 of the NSW Plant Diseases Act No.38 Spongospora subterranea Powdery scab in potatoes Endemic in NSW excluding the NSW Seed Protected Areas as defined in Proclamation P128 of the NSW Plant Diseases Act No.38 Victoria Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Permanent fruit fly zone (refer to specific orders) Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape phylloxera Phylloxera infested zone (PIZ) (refer to specific orders) Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode Control Area (CA) and Plant Protection District (PPD) (refer to specific orders) Tasmania Frankliniella occidentalis Western flower thrips Restricted to several indoor cultivation premises South Australia

Urocystis cepulae Onion smut Annual surveys of Allium crops in SA – quarantine measures if disease detected STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S Western Australia* Bemisia tabaci (b biotype) Silver leaf whitefly Carnarvon and Perth – including glasshouses. Host material restricted from movement into Kimberley Brontispa longissima Palm leaf beetle Present in Broome WA. Host material restricted from movement to rest of the State Cantareus aperta Green snail Perth metropolitan and Capel shire Ceratitis capitata Mediterranean fruit fly Endemic in WA outside of Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA). Host material restricted from entry to the ORIA Chortoicetes terminifera Australian plague locust Endemic – under official management whole of state Cosmopolites sordidus Banana weevil borer Carnarvon and Kununurra. Host material restricted from movement to rest of the State Cryptolestes ferrugineus Flat grain beetle Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Cryptolestes pusillus Flat grain beetle Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Ephesia elutella Tobacco moth Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Ephesia kuehniella Warehouse moth Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease Present in Carnarvon WA. Host material restricted from movement to rest of State. (race 1)

* The information contained in this table specific to Western Australia is under review and may not reflect current pest status. The information may change as a result of the current review of the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act in WA. Please contact the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia for confirmation of the current status of plant pests under regionalised management in WA.

41 Table 5: Australia’s regionalised pests (2007/08) (page 3 of 3)

Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode Incursion eradicated in 1989 from Perth area. Pest area freedom currently being further verified Hylotrupes bajalus European house borer Perth – urban and peri-urban. Under surveillance and eradication Oryzaephilus surinamensis Sawtooth grain beetle Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Pentalonia nigronervosa Banana aphid Present in Carnarvon. Host material restricted from movement to rest of the State Plodia interpunctella Indian meal moth Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Pythium tracheiphilum Lettuce blight Gingin and Perth metropolitan area Rhyzopertha dominica Lesser grain borer Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Sitophilus granarius Granary weevil Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Sitophilus oryzae Rice weevil Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Sitotroga cerealella Angoumois grain moth Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Thrips palmi Melon thrips Kimberley – northern WA (low pest prevalence area) T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S Tribolium castaneum Rust red flour Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Tribolium confusum Confused flour beetle Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Northern Territory Aleuroides dispersus Spiraling whitefly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine, Tennant Creek, Alice Springs Bemisia tabaci Silver leaf whitefly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area Brontispa longissima Palm leaf beetle Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation disease Darwin, Darwin rural area, Adelaide River Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease Darwin rural area (race 4 – tropical) Idioscopus nitidulus Mango leaf hopper Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Adelaide River, Pine Creek, Katherine Parlatoria blanchardi Date palm scale Alice Springs Selenothrips rubrocinctus Red-banded thrips Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Adelaide River, Pine Creek, Katherine Sternochetus mangiferae Mango seed weevil Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Batchelor, Adelaide River Thrips palmi Melon thrips Darwin Rural Area

RIGHT: Image coutesy of PHA.

42 T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S

43 3.3 emergency response – eradication and containment of emergency plant pests

With increasing global trade and Table 6: EPPs eradicated or undergoing eradication (2007/08) tourism, as well as the potential for pests to enter via natural routes, it is Scientific Common Industry Region Past action Current situation and status name name/s affected unrealistic to attempt to maintain an expectation of ‘zero risk of entry’. Pest Fusarium Mango Mangoes Near Detected November 2007. Destruction Ongoing surveillance and mangifera malformation Darwin, NT of all plants on infected site. awareness programs. No further incursions occur, and will continue to disease infected sites found. do so. Such incursions can have a significant impact on the economic Hylotrupes European Forestry Perth, WA Discovered in January 2004. Action Ongoing response including 4 viability of Australia’s plant industries. bajulus house borer undertaken to determine the extent surveillance, removal and of the pest and a surveillance and destruction of infested materials containment program implemented. and ongoing awareness aimed Coordinated, rapid and comprehensive Restricted movement zones established. at the public and private industry. responses to pest incursions provide the best opportunity for minimising the Potato Potato Potato, Tomato Carnarvon, WA Local eradication achieved Carnarvon, Extensive surveys planned for spindle tuber spindle tuber 2006 and 2007. Carnarvon to verify the PSTVd direct and associated impacts of plant viroid viroid status. pests. The ratification of the Emergency (Pospiviroid)5 Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S in October 2005 significantly increased Solenopsis Fire ant Environment, Brisbane, Detected February 2001. Restricted Ongoing surveillance, treatment invicta humans, Queensland areas and movement controls put in and containment. Australia’s capacity to prepare for, and animals and place. Surveillance and treatment respond to, incursions, by providing plant health programs established. both a policy and operational Trogoderma Khapra beetle Grains Rice Perth, WA Infestation in imported personal effects Transient incursion: actionable, framework for Emergency Plant Pest granarium detected and whole-of-house fumigation considered eradicated. No further (EPP) responses. Pests covered under in May 2007. detections with surveillance to verify the EPPRD are classified as EPPs eradication ongoing until May 2009. (see Section 5.1) and are of national Wasmannia Electric ant Environment, Cairns, Detected May 2006. Restricted areas Ongoing surveillance, treatment significance. auropunctata humans, Queensland and movement controls put in place. and containment. animals and Surveillance and treatment programs Table 6 identifies all the EPPs that were plant health established. eradicated, are currently undergoing Xanthomonas Citrus canker Citrus Emerald, Detected June 2004 and eradication Replanting and ongoing surveillance eradication, or are being contained in axonopodis Queensland program established. Quarantine area with no detections since May 2005. the interest of eradication in 2007/08. pv citri established and crop eradication followed by 18-month host-free period undertaken.

4 Whilst considered an EPP, European house borer is being eradicated under a unique agreement between relevant parties, seperate from the EPPRD. 5 Whilst considered an EPP, PSTVd was eradicated under normal commitments and therefore national cost sharing did not take place.

44 Case study: Citrus canker The citrus industry is a major contributor to the Australian economy, producing more than 500,000 tonnes of oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes and grapefruits a year. Citrus is Australia’s largest fresh-fruit export, with exports worth more than $160 million per annum.

In July 2004, citrus canker was detected in a commercial citrus orchard in the Emerald area of central Queensland. Citrus canker is a contagious pathogen of citrus (and of some other members of the Rutaceae family) caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pathovar citri. Trees infected with the pathogen or bacteria may suffer from low vigour and a reduction in fruit quality and quantity.

A pest quarantine area (PQA) was established covering approximately 3150 square kilometres – centred on the Emerald township. Extensive surveillance within the Emerald area in Queensland, and in other Australian states and territories, was undertaken to establish the extent of the outbreak. Although citrus canker has not been detected outside the PQA, three properties within the area were confirmed as harbouring the bacteria, highlighting the ability of the pest to spread by wind and rain. By 31 December STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S 2005, all citrus trees and other high-risk host plants within the PQA had been destroyed. These included Image: Restricting movement of produce – an effective biosecurity measure. approximately 500,000 commercial citrus trees, 4300 non-commercial (residential or domestic) citrus trees and a number of ornamental species that have been identified as alternative hosts of the pathogen.

Since the removal of all hosts, the pathogen has not been detected inside the PQA. Officers of the National Citrus Canker Eradication Program are continuing to monitor for host plant regrowth, to survey native citrus (Citrus glauca) in the PQA and to enforce strict quarantine and movement restrictions on host plants, equipment and other things that may carry the disease.

Recently, commercial citrus growers have been able to apply to introduce citrus plants into the PQA for replanting, with the premovement inspection of 72,000 citrus trees in June 2007. All replanted commercial citrus orchards in the PQA will be surveyed at 90-day intervals until 31 December 2008. In accordance with the national response plan, if no citrus canker is detected during this period, eradication of citrus canker will be officially declared in early 2009.

The cost of the eradication program has been estimated at $19 million. ABARE estimated that the long-term benefit to Queensland of eradicating citrus canker would be $105 million.

Further information about the program and the pathogen can be found on the Queensland DPI&F website.

Image: Citrus canker (limes) successfully contained in central Queensland. No detections since May 2005.

45 3.4 Weeds of national significance

In 1997 the National Weeds Strategy Committee developed an assessment procedure to identify weeds of national significance (WoNS) and to prioritise weeds over a range of land uses at the national level. The WoNS are the weeds considered to currently pose the most serious threats at a national level.

The criteria used to determine the weeds of national significance are: • invasiveness • impacts • potential for spread, and • socioeconomic and environmental values

Some 20 weeds (Table 7) were identified from a list of more than 3000 non-native naturalised plants in Australia. The list provides a framework for prioritising weeds at a national, regional and local level.

T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S A national strategy for each WoNS specifies actions to better manage the particular weed on a national basis. Each strategy is endorsed by the Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council and implementation is managed by the Australian Weeds Committee. Image: Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides). Image courtesy of NSW DPI.

The WoNS program has benefited Australia by: • raising each species’ profile and awareness of its impacts and ecology • increasing accessibility to information about the weed, including best management practices • achieving national distribution mapping and identification of containment lines, and • strengthening networks and dialogue at all levels to increase the sharing of information, experiences, resources and regulatory consistency.

Image: Serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma). Image courtesy of NSW DPI.

46 Table 7: Australia’s weeds of national significance (2007/08)

Scientific name Common name Acacia nilotica ssp. indica Prickly acacia Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligator weed Annona glabra Pond apple Asparagus asparagoides Bridal creeper Cabomba caroliniana Cabomba Chrysanthemoides monilifera Bitou bush / boneseed Cryptostegia grandiflora Rubber vine Hymenachne amplexicaulis Hymenachne Lantana camara Lantana Mimosa pigra Mimosa Nassella neesiana Chilean needle grass T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH Chapter 3: AUSTRALIA’S Nassella trichotoma Serrated tussock Parkinsonia aculeata Parkinsonia Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenium weed Prosopis spp. Mesquite Rubus fruticosus agg. Blackberry Salvinia molesta Salvinia Salix spp. (except S. babylonica, Willows except weeping willows, pussy S. X calodendron and S. X reichardtiji) willow and sterile pussy willow Tamarix aphylla Athel pine Ulex europaeus Gorse

Image courtesy DPI Vic.

47 48 Chapter 4 Maintaining Australia’s plant health status 50 Historically, Australia’s quarantine activities have focused on pre-border and border control: eliminating the threat of pests before or at the point of entry. In January 1996, an independent committee was given the task of reviewing Australia’s animal and plant quarantine policies and programs. Chaired by Emeritus Professor Malcolm Nairn, the report Australian Quarantine; A Shared Responsibility (also known as the Nairn Review) was produced in 1996. The report recommended the establishment of a ‘continuum of quarantine’, identifying that a holistic focus on pre-border, border and post-border management activities were needed to effectively combat the threat of plant pests. Furthermore, it recognised that quarantine is a ‘whole of community’ responsibility: involving government, industry and the wider public. This report laid the foundation for Australia’s current plant health system and the roles and responsibilities of the various organisations that make it up (Table 8). Table 8: Responsibilities and activities across the quarantine and biosecurity continuum

The continuum: Pre-border Border Post-border Activity: • Import risk analyses (covering risk assessment, • Implementation of risk management systems • Emergency preparedness management and communication) • Judgement and interpretation of policy • Practice / simulations • Offshore assessment, audit and verification • Education and awareness • Education and awareness • International standard setting • Inspection • Monitoring and surveillance • Capacity building in overseas countries • Monitoring • National coordination and response to pest incursions • Gathering global pest intelligence • Enforcement and compliance • Domestic quarantine • Pest management and control • Pre-emptive breeding Agency • Biosecurity Australia, plus AQIS and Product Integrity • AQIS • Product Integrity Animal and Plant Health Division Responsible: Animal and Plant Health Division (also supported by • State and territory governments Trade and Market Access Division) • Plant Health Australia Ltd • Industry and growers’ T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI

Image: Equipment used in the application of pesticides. Image courtesy of DAFWA. Image: Sterile male Mediterranean fruit flies being released into an area to prevent Image courtesy of University of Queensland. the laying of fertile eggs by female flies. Image courtesy of DAFWA.

52 The following case study on the management of fruit flies in Australia highlights the range of activities (pre-border, border and post-border) that occur to protect Australia from Border the adverse affects of pests. Preventing fruit flies from entering at the border is the most effective means of limiting incursions. This is done by regulating imports via science-based risk Case study: The management of fruit fly in Australia analysis, identifying potential entry pathways and ensuring appropriate measures Fruit flies are the world’s worst fruit pest complex. They appear on nearly every are in place to minimise the chance of entry. As imported fresh fruit has been continent and millions of dollars are spent annually on their control and eradication. identified as a potential entry pathway, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Fruit flies destroy fruit and vegetables grown commercially and in home gardens. Service ensures all commercial imports are disinfested or are certified as being Over the five year period from 2003-2008, Australian industry and government grown in a fruit fly free country or region. Non-commercial imports carried by invested $128 million in the management of fruit flies. passengers arriving in Australia or in mailed parcels are destroyed upon entry.

Australia is relatively free from some of the most damaging fruit fly species, such Post-border as Oriental fruit fly, Papaya fruit fly and Melon fly. Despite this, Australia remains at risk of incursions due to its close proximity to countries such as Indonesia Early detection is a critical factor in minimising the impact of any fruit fly and Papua New Guinea which have fruit fly species not present in Australia. incursion and greatly increases the chances of eradication. A national exotic fruit Further, Australia has two species of economic significance that are regionalised fly surveillance program has been established to detect targeted exotic fruit fly to various areas of the country: pests entering through international pathways at ports and into associated urban • the native Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni – Q-fly) found in areas of New areas. States and territories also maintain their own detection networks in and around production areas. Such surveillance programs support Australia’s ability South Wales, Queensland and the Northern Territory, and STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI to export produce on the basis that it is produced in areas free from fruit flies. • the introduced Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata – Med-fly) found in Western Australia. Whilst some states are free from Q-fly and/or Med-fly, others have established and manage pest free areas within state boundaries to protect against the harmful To manage fruit fly, Australia undertakes a number of pre-border, border and pests. To help protect key fruit-growing regions in South Australia, northern post-border activities to ensure protection from this damaging pest. Victoria and southern New South Wales, growers, industry and governments from the three states joined forces in 1994 to establish a Tri state Fruit Fly Pre-border Exclusion Zone (FFEZ) (Figure 4).

As part of the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (Section 4.2) a network The FFEZ enables horticultural growers and packers within its borders the of fruit fly traps are maintained across northern Australia and the Torres Strait. opportunity to trade internationally as a result of the ‘Area Freedom’ status These traps have been set up to detect and assist to eradicate any fruit fly species the zone provides. before they are able to establish in production zones on the mainland of Australia.

53 Figure 4: Fruit Fly Exclusion Zone (FFEZ)

Broken Hill Barrier New South Wales Highway Menindee Yunta

Ivanhoe Silver City Highway Lake Cargelligo Hillston

SA Cobb Border Highway West Wyalong

Renmark Mildura Blanchetown Griffith Sturt Highway

T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Euston Hay Sturt Highway Narrandera

Ouyen Murray Bridge Wagga Wagga Newell Pinnaroo Swan Hill Highway

Mallee Highway Hume Calder Murray River Finley Highway Highway NSW–VIC Border

Echuca Albury–Wodonga Charlton Shepparton Wangaratta

South Australia Horsham Bendigo Victoria

54 The zone was established as a means of coordinating the management of fruit fly across a broad geographical area and across state boundaries. Activities required to maintain the exclusion zone include: • ensuring all agreed protocols, reporting and auditing is undertaken to meet importing countries requirements for proof of area freedom • surveillance for fruit fly incursions and eradicating outbreaks should they occur • preventing fruit flies from entering the area through activities such as roadblocks, and community education, and • supporting the research, development and implementation of more effective control measures (such as sterile insect release techniques).

Outside the FFEZ in regions where fruit flies have established, management of the pest to minimise production losses and ensure market access is undertaken using a range of pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest controls and treatments.

Such activities reduce the impact on production and allow exporters (both to Image: Surveillance traps are loaded around main ports of entry. Image courtesy of PIRSA. domestic and international markets) to meet quarantine regulations aimed at preventing the spread of the pest. Such practices include: T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI • area wide management (otherwise known as systems approach) including cover sprays, baiting, male fruit fly annihilation and netting techniques • the use of specific harvest periods such as winter windows • inspection, and • post-harvest treatments such as fumigation, heat treatment, cold treatment, and irradiation.

The management of fruit fly in Australia demonstrates the importance of maintaining a national approach to plant health that incorporates pre-border, border and post border management elements whilst involving all relevant stakeholders.

Image: A quarantine roadblock. Image courtesy of PIRSA.

55 56 Chapter 4: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT HEALTH STATUS pre-border activities 4.1 LEFT: ImagecoutesyofGRDC. and phytosanitaryprotection, theSPSAgreement alsosetsoutMember’s obligations. and contaminants.WhilegivingWTO Memberstherighttomaintainappropriate sanitary life orhealthtominimisetherisks associatedwiththeintroduction ofpests,additives,toxins phytosanitary measures deemed necessaryfortheprotection ofhuman,animalandplant Under theSPSAgreement, WTOMembershavetherighttoundertakesanitaryand circumstances. as theGeneralAgreement on Tariffs andTrade 1994(‘GATT’), mayapplyincertain to Australia’s biosecurity system is the SPS Agreement although other agreements, such biosecurity are setoutunder WTOregulations. TheWTOAgreement mostdirectly relevant On amultilaterallevel,Australia’s rightsandobligationsinrelation toplanthealthand of multilateralandbilateraltradeagreements thatinfluenceAustralia’s planthealthsystem. Consistent withitsstatusasanactivetradingnation,Australiahas entered intoanumber trade International promoting Australia’s interests intheevolutionoftraderegulations, codesandstandards. neighbours andtradingpartners.Significanteffort isalsoinvestedingainingintelligenceand offshore pests, while reducing their impact on the agricultural systems of regionalcooperative approach boostsAustralia’s abilitytoactivelymonitorandlimitthespread of standard PlantProtection setting,suchastheInternational Convention(IPPC).This Australia’s tradingpartnersandregional neighboursandparticipatingininternational Australia complementsthisrisk-analysisprocess withacommitmenttosupporting of DAFF)orAQISandare considered whenapplications forimportpermitsare assessed. recommendations are passedtotheDirector ofAnimalandPlantQuarantine(thesecretary the healthofAustralia’s agriculturalandforestry industriesandtheenvironment. Thepolicy import requirements toachieveAustralia’s appropriate levelofprotection (ALOP)toprotect Biosecurity Australia (BA) assesses the risk associated with import proposals and develops Measures(SPSAgreement), andPhytosanitary Agreement ontheApplicationofSanitary According toAustralia’s obligationsundertheWorld Trade Organization’s (WTO) plants andplantproducts canbeimportedsafelyandwithminimalrestrictions ontrade. Pre-border activitiesincludethedevelopmentandreview ofbiosecuritypoliciessothat The Australian Government has the responsibility for ensuring that Australia’s biosecurity Australia’s biosecurity policies aim to protect Australia against the risks that may arise system is designed and implemented in a way that complies with its international trade from exotic pests entering, establishing and spreading in Australia, thereby threatening rights and obligations, including the SPS Agreement. Australia’s unique flora and fauna, as well as those agricultural industries that are relatively free from serious pests. Australia’s biosecurity policy development is consistent with the On a bilateral level, Australia has various free trade agreements (FTAs), each of which deals WTO’s SPS Agreement. with biosecurity issues in a slightly different way. Despite these differences, all agreements are consistent with the SPS Agreement and Australia does not negotiate on specific quarantine measures within its FTAs. Import Risk Analysis The import risk analysis (IRA) process is an important part of Australia’s biosecurity policies. It enables the Australian Government to formally consider the risks that could The International Plant Protection Convention be associated with proposals to import new products into Australia. If the risks are found The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is an international agreement to exceed Australia’s appropriate level of protection (ALOP), risk management measures specifically protecting the world’s plant resources from the introduction and spread are proposed to reduce the risks to an acceptable level. But, if it is not possible to reduce of pests. The IPPC is recognised by the WTO SPS Agreement as the body responsible the risks to an acceptable level, then no trade will be allowed. for the establishment of standards relating to plants and plant products moving in international trade, as well as to anything that can act as a vector for the spread of pests. Successive Australian Governments have maintained a conservative approach to the management of biosecurity risks. This approach is expressed in terms of Australia’s ALOP, These standards, known as International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures which reflects community expectations through government policy and is currently (ISPMs), provide specific guidelines for the management of plant health issues, such as described as providing a high level of protection aimed at reducing risk to a very low level, the development of pest risk analyses or guidelines for surveillance. Importantly, these but not to zero. standards are a means by which the various international organisations can harmonise STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI their phytosanitary requirements. The standards not only reduce the numbers of pests moved through international trade, but also help facilitate trade under the obligations of the SPS agreement.

DAFF provides input into the Commission of Phytosanitary Measures (which oversees the IPPC), the IPPC Strategic Planning and Technical Assistance Committee and associated working groups responsible for the development of ISPMs and other IPPC initiatives.

Imports The importation of plants and plant products into Australia is regulated by DAFF under the Quarantine Act 1908, and by the Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.

Image: Imports and exports of commodities are subject to regulation and biosecurity assessment.

57 Figure 5: Biosecurity Australia Import Risk Analysis flowchart

Australia’s IRAs are undertaken by Biosecurity Australia using teams of technical and BA consults with and BA consults with state and seeks input from applicant, scientific experts in relevant fields, and involves consultation with stakeholders at various territory departments, DEW industry and other relevant and where relevant, DHA stakeholders stages during the process (Figure 5). Analyses are conducted in accordance with ISPMs, in particular ISPM 2 (Framework for Pest Risk Analysis) and ISPM 11 (Pest Risk Analysis 1. BA announces scope and approach to import risk analysis including formation for Quarantine Pests, including analysis of environmental risks and living modified of specialist risk analysis organisms). A Pest Risk Analysis is ‘the process of evaluating biological or other team if required scientific and economic evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated Note: Numbered steps occur 2. BA develops issues within overall regulated timeframe paper (where required and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it’ (ISPM 5). for expanded IRAs) Steps with a specific regulated timeframe

BA Biosecurity Australia 3. BA publishes the issues DEW Department of Environment paper and consults formally and Water Resources with stakeholders on issues DHA Department of Health and Aging paper (where required ESG Eminent Scientific Group for expanded IRAs) IRA Import Risk Analysis IRAAP Import Risk Analysis Appeals Panel BA consults with and 4. BA undertakes risk seeks input from applicant, analysis and prepares industry and other relevant draft report stakeholders

5. BA publishes the draft report and consults formally with stakeholders

6. Draft report revised and finalised T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI

7. For expanded IRAs, the ESG reviews the revised draft IRA report,considers all stakeholder submissions and any relevant new information brought to its attention, assesses conflicting scientific views provided to it and reports to the director of quarantine

Yes Revision required?

No

8. BA prepares and publishes Input from state the provisional final IRA report and territory departments

Yes IRAAP considers appeal Appeal? and reports to the Director of Quarantine

No

Final report published Outcome addressed

Image: Border quarantine measures are informed by Import Risk Analysis. Image courtesy of AQIS. 58 Biosecurity Australia provides recommendations for animal and plant quarantine policy Policy Country (from) Year released to Australia’s Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine (the Secretary of DAFF). The Director, or delegate, is responsible for determining whether or not an importation can be permitted Mangoes Taiwan 2006 under the Quarantine Act 1908, and if so, under what conditions. AQIS is then responsible Mangoes Philippines 1999 for implementing appropriate risk management measures. Mangoes India 2008

The Australian Government announced changes to the IRA process on 18 October 2006. Mangosteen Thailand 2004 The new process applies to all IRAs announced by Biosecurity Australia on or after the Maize (bulk) USA 2002 commencement of the Quarantine Amendment Regulations 2007 (No.1) on 5 September Olive (plants approved sources) Generic 2003 2007. Table 9 details all finalised policy advice and draft regulated import risk assessment reports produced by Biosecurity Australia to October 2008. Further information on Oranges (sweet) Italy 2005 Australia’s biosecurity framework and the IRA process can be found in the Import Risk Papaya Fiji 2002 Analysis Handbook 2007. Pears China 2005 Pears Korea 1999 Table 9: Biosecurity Australia’s finalised policy advice and draft regulated import risk assessment reports (October 2008) Pears (Asian) China 2003 Pears (Ya) China 1998 Policy Country (from) Year released Pomefruit testing Japan / Korea / China 2003 Finalised policy advice Persimmon Japan / Korea / Israel 2004 Apples New Zealand 2006 Pineapples Generic 2002 STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Apples (Fuji) Japan 1998 Stonefruit (WA) New Zealand 2006 Apple / Pear (budwood) Generic 2002 Sweetcorn (seed) USA 2002 Cherries (to WA) New Zealand 2003 Tomato (truss) Netherlands 2003 Citrus Egypt 2002 Wood packaging Generic 2006 Durian Thailand 1999 Draft Regulated Import Risk Analysis Reports Durian (supplement) Thailand 2000 Mandarin (Unshu) Japan 2008 Grapes (table) Chile 2005 Capsicum Korea 2008 Limes (Tahitian) New Caledonia 2006 Stonefruit USA 2008 Lychees / Longan China / Thailand 2004

59 Biological substances The Grain and Plant Products Export Program Biological substances include a wide range of products derived from humans, animals, Australian grain and plant products exports are valued at approximately $6 billion per year. plants and microorganisms that are used for food, therapeutics, research or analytical The Grain and Plant Products Export Program (GPPEP) provides independent export work. The importation of biological products into Australia is governed by the Quarantine inspection and certification services to the grain and plant product industries, which is Act 1908. Under the Act, many biological products need an import permit from the consistent with the importing country’s quarantine requirements and Australia’s obligations Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine. Permits are issued based on an assessment under the IPPC. The GPPEP covers grains, including barley, canola, chickpeas, dried field of the risk associated with importation. peas, faba beans, lentils, oats, lupins, sorghum, soybeans, split vetch, whole vetch and wheat, or plant products, such as logs, woodchips, wood packaging, seeds for sowing, rice or flour. In addition, wheat exporters need to fulfill the quality requirements of the Exports Wheat Export Authority. The provisions of the Export Control Act 1982 and its subordinate legislation provide the legal framework by which Australian producers can export their products. Exporters must meet both the requirements of the Act and any importing country quarantine requirements. Horticulture Export Program AQIS is the agency responsible for ensuring exporters meet these standards and assists AQIS undertakes export certification and inspection services for horticulture produce: exporters by providing information, inspection and certification based on the import confirming the fitness of Australian horticulture produce for export and verifying that the requirements of trading partners. This process reflects Australia’s commitment to requirements of the importing countries have been met. In 2006, AQIS provided export international agreements, such as the SPS Agreement. certification for $3.6 billion worth of horticultural exports.

The subordinate Export Control (Plant and Plant Products) Orders 2005 provide standards The Horticulture Market Access Committee considers, sets priorities for, promotes and for the export of: communicates all horticultural market access issues on behalf of Australia’s horticultural T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI • fresh fruits industries. The committee undertakes these responsibilities under arrangements, and in consultation, with industry associations and their members, government agencies, the • fresh vegetables research community and others who are involved in achieving market access outcomes. • dried fruits • prescribed grain • mung beans, and • plants or plant products for which a phytosanitary certificate, or any other official certificate, is required by an importing country authority.

Ever-changing conditions in Australia and around the world can have significant impacts on plant health, food safety or other relevant areas, which, in turn, can threaten Australia’s access to markets. Both BA and AQIS are focused not only on maintaining current markets for Australia’s agricultural exports but also on gaining access to new markets.

60 4.2 border activities

With ever increasing levels of international travel and trade, a focus on detecting threats at the national border is a critical part of Australia’s plant health system. AQIS performs this role: providing Australia’s first line of defence via border control arrangements and post-entry quarantine.

AQIS employs more than 3000 personnel, many of whom contribute to the inspection of international vessels and passengers, cargo, mail, animals and plants or their products as they arrive at ports of entry. On average each year AQIS screens: • 150 million mail items • 11.9 million air passengers • 1.8 million cargo containers, and • 13,000 international vessels.

Quarantine officers use a range of techniques including risk assessment, detector dogs, X-ray machines, surveillance and inspection at international airports, seaports, mail exchanges and container depots. All plants or plant parts, fruits, seeds, cuttings, bulbs and wood or bamboo items are examined and treated as required. Low and medium risk plants can be Image: Post-entry quarantine facilities. Image courtesy of AQIS. imported and screened for exotic diseases in private quarantine approved facilities, whereas high risk plants are sent to either Australian or state post-entry quarantine facilities. Table 10: Post entry plant quarantine facilities (2007/08) T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI State/ Australian State government- Privately operated Scientific/ territory Government- operated facilities facilities approved research facilities Post-entry quarantine operated approved for holding for holding approved for facilities high-risk plant medium risk holding medium The AQIS Post-Entry Plant Quarantine (PEQ) Program is primarily concerned with high-risk material plant material risk plant material or research plants (including seed lines) in certified post-entry quarantine stations. This includes the with imported quarantine, growth and testing of plants ensuring they do not harbour harmful pests that seed lines could spread once released. ACT 9 NSW 1 1 16 3 PEQ material ranges from high-risk biological imports, such as the germplasm of propagation materials for horticultural crops, to low-risk plant material, such as live orchids. Entry into NT 1 Australia for new genetic material can also occur via the seed pathway. BA risk assessment Qld 2 17 8 methodologies are applied to imported material to determine the precise post-entry SA 1 1 3 conditions required. Tas 1 2 1 Imported material is housed in an approved quarantine facility (Table 10) for a specified Vic 1 2 22 3 period of time and continually monitored for the presence of pests. Imported plants have to be screened for pests and demonstrated to be negative before they can be released to the owner. WA 1 5 4

61 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy Quarantine in northern Australia is critical owing to the area’s proximity to South-East Asia and the Pacific, which harbour many pests not found in Australia. The region from Cairns to Broome, including the Torres Strait, is the focus for many important quarantine activities (Figure 6 and Figure 7). The Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) focuses on developing and implementing measures for the early detection of targeted pests in coastal northern Australia.

Figure 6: NAQS area of operation (shown in green)

Jayapura Vanimo

Indonesia Papua Kiunga New Guinea

Moorehead Dili Merauke Daru Port Moresby T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Timor Leste Torres Strait Thursday Island

Nhulunbuy Darwin Lockhart River

Cairns Australia Karumba Broome

LEFT: Inspecting debris on Woody Wallis Island. Image courtesy of NAQS.

62 Figure 7: NAQS area of operation in Torres Strait

Parama Island Papua New Guinea Ture Ture Daru Island Bramble Cay Buji Mari Tais Boigu Island Saibai Island Ugar (Stephen Island) Dauan Island Erub (Damley Island) Masig (Yorke Island) Mabuiag Island Iama (Yam Island) Mer (Murray Island) Torres Strait Badu Island Poruma (Coconut Island) Protected Moa Island Warraber (Sue Island) Zone

Thursday Island Group Special Bamaga Quarantine Zone

Jardine Northern River National Peninsula Park Image: Labelling and tagging plant samples. Image courtesy of NAQS. Area Aboriginal Reserve

Mapoon STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Australia

The program involves scientific surveys and monitoring, border activities, on and offshore capacity building and public awareness activities in northern Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor. This includes the quarantine management of the movement of people and goods from the outer Torres Strait Islands (Torres Strait Protected Zone) to the inner Torres Strait Islands (Special Quarantine Zone).

Image: AQIS led training for Mapoon and Napranum rangers. Image courtesy of NAQS.

63 4.3 post-border activities

Australia’s quarantine system aims to maintain a very low risk of plant pests entering and establishing in Australia. This does not, however, imply zero-risk and, as a result, Australia has recognised the need for a range of post-border measures aimed at limiting the impact of a pest should it be detected within Australia. Post-border activities range from planning and preparedness through to everyday pest management operations.

Identifying exotic threats, and being prepared for their arrival, significantly increases the chance of containing and successfully eradicating them should they arrive. Such preparedness activities include agreed and implemented biosecurity plans for plant industries, industry-targeted measures to raise awareness of plant pest risks, and internationally recognised surveillance systems capable of detecting pests early and demonstrating freedom from pests.

Similarly, there are a range of activities aimed at minimising the impacts of Australia’s endemic pests. Given Australia’s vast size and varied climatic regions, significant variations in plant pest status exist across the country. Domestic quarantine arrangements reflect these variations and provide the basis for access to both domestic and international markets.

The Australian Government, state and territory governments and industry all contribute to the management of endemic pests and preparing for potential exotic pest incursions. T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI

Image courtesy of PHA.

LEFT: Image courtesy of GRDC. 64 Industry biosecurity planning Industry biosecurity planning provides the mechanism for plant industries, in collaboration with government and other relevant stakeholders, to actively identify and prioritise pests that could have a significant impact on their crops (see Section 3.1 Australia’s high priority plant pests). This process allows the development of measures required to mitigate the risk posed by these pests. Through this pre-emptive planning process, industries are better placed to maintain domestic and international trade, negotiate access to new overseas markets, and reduce the social and economic costs of pest incursions to both growers and the wider community.

Plant Health Australia facilitates the development of each industry biosecurity plan, in consultation with an Industry Biosecurity Group (IBG). The IBG is comprised of representatives from industry, government, and research and development organisations. The plans, including the list of HPPs, are reviewed and updated on a 3 to 4-yearly basis.

Currently 20 IBPs have been developed, covering 24 of Australia’s major plant industries. These are: • Apple and pear IBP • Onion IBP • Avocado IBP • Potato IBP T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI • Banana IBP • Pineapple IBP • Cherry IBP • Plantation timber IBP • Citrus IBP • Rice IBP • Cotton IBP • Strawberry IBP • Grains IBP • Sugar IBP • Mango IBP • Tropical Fruit IBP • Nursery and garden IBP • Vegetable IBP • Nuts IBP • Viticulture IBP

Image courtesy of PHA.

65 T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI

66 Pre-emptive breeding Many Australian industries prepare for a potential exotic pest incursion through pre-emptive breeding. This involves the incorporation or improvement of cultivar resistance through plant breeding to combat pests that may establish in Australia in the future. In most cases the pest is not present in Australia and therefore a breeding program usually requires the testing of Australian varieties off-shore, or the use of disease resistance genetic markers linked with other traits that allow for the selection Image: Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia), a high-priority pest exotic to Australia. Image courtesy of GRDC. of resistance in the pest’s absence. In the event of an incursion, pre-emptive breeding for resistance enables growers to select new resistant varieties thus minimising a potential impact on crop yields. Key programs in Australia include the Australian Cereal Rust Control Case study: Russian wheat aphid resistance program Program and pre breeding for Russian Wheat Aphid resistance. Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) (RWA) is a significant pest of all major wheat-growing areas of the world, except Australia. The pale green, spindle-shaped aphid is primarily a pest of wheat and barley, Surveillance but also attacks rye, oats and triticale. It extensively damages wheat and barley at low population densities by secreting toxic saliva into host plants, causing chlorosis, leaf rolling, reduced leaf biomass Post-border surveillance provides a backstop by which incursions and trapped flag leaves and seed heads. of new plant pests can be detected before they have time to become widely established. Surveillance involves activities designed to: RWA has the potential to destroy up to 70 per cent of Australia’s wheat harvest and more in the case STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI • reveal the presence of a pest for the purpose of early detection of barley, if there was a major uncontrolled infestation. In North America, the pest caused losses in and response management excess of US$800 million in the seven years following its introduction. • demonstrate the absence of a pest supporting international A recently established GRDC project at Western Australia’s Murdoch University aims to pre-emptively or domestic market access, and deal with this threat should it breach Australian quarantine defences. Objectives of the five year project • determine the distribution (in response to an incursion or for are to understand the particular virulence of RWA and develop resistant wheat and barley varieties ongoing management) of pests that can have a negative impact suitable to the Australian environment. on plants or plant communities. By identifying RWA-resistant varieties elsewhere and testing Australian cultivars against the pest, The majority of post-border surveillance is undertaken by state the resistance program aims to develop germplasm that contain multiple resistant genes applicable and territory governments; however, several national programs are to a range of RWA biotypes. This germplasm will then be crossed with Australian lines of wheat supported by the Australian Government. Some industries also and barley to produce agronomically adapted, high yielding cultivars. undertake targeted surveillance for pests of concern. Table 11 shows the range of surveillance programs being undertaken across Australia Programs such as the RWA resistance project minimises the lead-time for responding to an incursion, by both governments and industry. reducing the impact to industry and growers.

LEFT: Image courtesy of GRDC.

67 Table 11: Australia’s plant health surveillance programs (2007/08)

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location National Australian Cereal Rust Control Cereals, grains Various rust strains GRDC, University of University of Sydney National Program – National cereal Sydney, NSW DPI rust survey NAQS pest and disease Broad range of horticulture, 152 high-priority exotic pests Northern Australia Northern Australia Australia’s northern coastline from Cairns to surveys (multiple surveillance grains, legumes, amenity Quarantine Strategy Quarantine Strategy Broome (Qld, NT and WA), including the Torres programs) plants, forestry and forest (DAFF) (DAFF) Strait – natural environments, agricultural and products community regions, ports of entry. National Asian gypsy moth Forestry, fruit, vines Lymantria dispar (Asian gypsy DAFF NSW DPI, PIRSA, NSW – Ports of entry trapping program moth), Lymantria spp. DPIW, DPI Vic, SA Southern – Major urban regions The University of and ports of entry Melbourne, DAFWA Tas – Ports of entry Vic – Ports of entry WA – Major urban regions and ports of entry National exotic fruit fly trapping Horticulture Fruit flies - Bactrocera spp., DAFF NSW DPI, RDPIFR, NSW – Sydney basin program – ports of entry Dacus spp., Ceratitis capitata, DPI&F, DPI Vic, NT North-West – Ports of entry C. rosa (WA only), other exotic DAFWA Qld – Ports of entry spp. Specific surveillance Vic – Ports of entry targets and activities vary WA – Major urban regions by state and territory. and ports of entry

T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI National grain insect resistant Cereals Tilletia indica (Karnal bunt), GRDC, NSW DPI, NSW DPI, DAFWA NSW – Agricultural regions monitoring Trogoderma granarium DAFWA Vic – Agricultural regions (Khapra beetle) SA – Agricultural regions WA – Agricultural regions National urban hazard site Amenity, horticulture, forestry, 94 high priority exotic pests DAFF NSW DPI, RDPIFR, NSW – Ports of entry surveillance program stored grains nationally. Specific surveillance DPI&F, DPIW, NT – Darwin Tourism and trade risk areas, targets and activities vary by Forestry Tasmania, Darwin urban areas state and territory. Most states DPI Vic, DAFWA Qld – Major urban regions and ports of entry run several programs Tas – Major urban regions, ports of entry contributing to this national Vic – Major urban, community and forestry regions initiative. WA – Major urban regions and ports of entry Red imported fire ant Amenity, forestry, nursery stock Solenopsis invicta Cost shared – RDPIFR, DPI&F NT North-West – Major urban regions surveillance (Red imported fire ant) Australian Qld – Agricultural and major urban regions governments New South Wales Banana surveillance – Banana Banana bunchy top virus GCA, ABGC NSW DPI North coasts – agricultural regions Bunchy top (Babuvirus) Forest pest surveillance exotic Pine and native forests Exotic and endemic pests NSW DPI NSW DPI Forests 68 and endemic Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Fruit fly exclusion zone – Horticulture Ceratitis capitata NSW DPI NSW DPI Agricultural and major urban regions Med-fly (Mediterranean fruit fly) Fruit fly exclusion zone – Horticulture Bactrocera papayae NSW DPI NSW DPI Agricultural and major urban regions Papaya fruit fly (Papaya fruit fly) Fruit fly exclusion zone activities Citrus, other susceptible fruit Bactrocera tryoni (Queensland NSW DPI NSW DPI Agricultural and major urban regions – surveillance fruit fly), Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) Peas – Bacterial blight Field pea Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi NSW DPI, GRDC NSW DPI Cropping regions surveillance (Bacterial blight of peas) Plant health surveillance Field crops, Horticulture Various NSW DPI NSW DPI Agricultural regions general Small hive beetle surveillance Bee hives Aethina tumida (Small hive NSW DPI NSW DPI Agricultural regions beetle) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Solanum, tomato Tomato yellow leaf curl virus NSW DPI NSW DPI Agricultural regions (Begomovirus) Tramp ants surveillance – Amenity plants Anoplolepis gracilipes NSW DPI NSW DPI Ports of entry Yellow crazy ant (Tramp ants) Wheat streak mosaic virus Wheat Wheat streak mosaic virus NSW DPI NSW DPI Cropping regions survey (Tritimovirus)

Northern Territory STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Banana surveillance – Banana Mycosphaerella fijiensis RDPIFR RDPIFR Agricultural and major urban regions black sigatoka (Black sigatoka) Citrus canker surveillance Citrus Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. RDPIFR RDPIFR Agricultural and major urban regions citri (Citrus canker) European house borer Forestry – plantation pine Hylotrupes bajulus RDPIFR RDPIFR Forest and major urban regions surveillance (European house borer) Exotic ant surveillance Various Anoplolepsis gracillipes and DAFF RDPIFR Agricultural and urban areas Opsisthopsis sp. (Exotic ants) Exotic bee and mites Bees Exotic bees and mites RDPIFR RDPIFR Ports of entry surveillance Exotic timber borers Forestry, native trees and Bostrychidae, Cerambycidae, RDPIFR RDPIFR Community and termites shrubs, wooden items Kalotermitidae, Lyctidae, Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae Field crops surveillance Various Fusarium oxysporum, RDPIFR RDPIFR Agricultural and community regions Peronospora maydis, Puccinia alli, Ustilago maydis

69 Table 11: Australia’s plant health surveillance programs (2007/08) (page 3 of 10)

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Forest pest surveillance Amenity, forestry, native Dothistroma pini (Needle blight) RDPIFR RDPIFR Forest and natural environment and exotic plant pests Fruit fly monitoring – endemics Horticulture Bactrocera cucumis, B. musae, RDPIFR RDPIFR Horticulture and urban areas B. neohumeralis Giant African snail surveillance Amenity, various Achatina fulica RDPIFR RDPIFR Ports of entry (Giant African snail) Grapevine leaf rust surveillance Grapevines Phakopsora euvitis DAFF RDPIFR Major urban regions (Grapevine leaf rust) Mango pulp weevil surveillance Mango Sternochaetus frigidus RDPIFR RDPIFR Agricultural regions (Mango pulp weevil) Mediterranean fruit fly Horticulture Ceratitis capitata RDPIFR RDPIFR Agricultural regions monitoring (Mediterranean fruit fly) Melon thrips surveillance Vegetables Thrips palmi (Melon thrips) RDPIFR RDPIFR Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin Rural Area, Adelaide River Panama disease audit Banana Fusarium oxysporum sp. RDPIFR RDPIFR Agricultural regions (known properties) cubense (race 4 – tropical) (Panama disease) Phytophthera surveillance Soil Phytophthera sp., RDPIFR RDPIFR Agricultural and urban areas Phytophthora cinnamomi

T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Purple scale and San Jose Nursery stock Lepidosaphes beckii, RDPIFR RDPIFR Agricultural and urban areas scale Quadraspidiotus peniciosus Red banded mango Mango Deanolis sublimbalis RDPIFR RDPIFR Community caterpillar surveillance (Red banded mango caterpillar) Rural block surveillance Banana and citrus Various exotic pests RDPIFR RDPIFR Darwin rural area program and diseases Silverleaf whitefly – Nursery stock Bemisia tabaci RDPIFR RDPIFR Agricultural regions nursery surveillance (Silverleaf whitefly) Queensland Banana surveillance Banana Erionota thrax, Fusarium DPI&F DPI&F Agricultural and urban banana growing regions oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Mycosphaerella eumusae, Mycosphaerella fijiensi, Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus), Banana bract mosaic virus (Potyvirus), Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum

70 Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Cape York peninsula surveys Various A range of pests DPI&F DPI&F Cape York Peninsula – Community regions Citrus Canker PFA surveillance Citrus Xanthomonas axonopodis Cost shared – DPI&F Agricultural and major urban regions outside PQA pv. citri Australian governments European house borer Timber (softwood) Hylotrupes bajulus DAFF, DPI&F DPI&F Forestry, major urban regions and ports of entry surveillance (European house borer) Exotic fruit fly trapping – Various fruits and vegetables Bactrocera spp. DPI&F DAFF, DPI&F Cape York Peninsula – Community regions Cape York Peninsula (exotic fruit flies) Exotic fruit fly trapping program Fruit, vegetables Bactrocera spp. DAFF DAFF Torres Strait – Community regions – Torres Strait (exotic fruit flies) Mango pest surveys Mango Deanolis sublimbalis, DPI&F DPI&F North, Atherton Tablelands – Idioscopus clypealis, Agricultural and major urban regions I. idioscopus, I. nitidulus, I. niveosparsus National Citrus canker Citrus Xanthomonas axonopodis Cost shared – DPI&F Emerald PQA eradication program – pv. citri Australian Emerald PQA governments Urban surveillance program Banana, citrus, mango, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. DPI&F DPI&F Agricultural and major urban regions ornamentals cubense, Mycosphaerella eumusae, M. fijiensis,

M. musae, M. musicola, STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Periconiella musae, Ralstonia solanacearum, Veronaea musae South Australia Bacterial wilt of potatoes – SA Potato Pseudomonas solanacearum PIRSA PIRSA Mallee – Agricultural regions (Bacterial wilt of potatoes) Crown gall Prunus Agrobacterium tumefaciens PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide – Agricultural regions (Crown gall) Eucalyptus rust Eucalyptus Puccinia psidii (Eucalyptus rust) DAFF, PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions European stone fruit yellow Apricot and Japanese plum, European stone fruit yellows DAFF, PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions prunus cultivars phytoplasma False codling moth Citrus, peach, avocado, Cryptophlebia leucotreta DAFF, PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions custard apple, guava, (False codling moth) persimmon, pomegranate, olives, mangosteen, cotton and corn

71 Table 11: Australia’s plant health surveillance programs (2007/08) (page 5 of 10)

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Fruit fly surveillance Fruit, primary and secondary Bactrocera spp, Bactrocera PIRSA PIRSA Agricultural and major urban regions, ports of entry hosts tryoni, Ceratitis capitata (Exotic fruit flies) Khapra beetle Seed spices, plant gums, Trogoderma granarium DAFF, PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions dates, dried fruits, nuts, (Khapra beetle) dried vegetables Olive knot Olive trees Pseudomonas savastanoi PIRSA PIRSA Community regions (Olive knot) Olive lace bug Olive trees Froggattia olivinia PIRSA PIRSA Northern Adelaide – Agricultural regions (Olive lace bug) Onion smut Allium Urocystis cepulae (Onion smut) PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide Hills, Northern Adelaide, South East, Upper and Lower Riverland, Mallee – Agricultural regions Oriental red mite Sunflowers, paw paws, Eutetranychus orientalis PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions sweet potatoes, watermelon, (Oriental red mite) cassava, cotton, figs, mulberries, bananas, guava, olives, quinces, almond, peaches, pears, mandarin, oranges and lemons Oriental scale Seedlings, vegetative, Oriental scale PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI flowering and fruiting Oriental spider mite Sunflowers, paw paws, Eutetranychus orientalis PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions sweet potatoes, watermelons, (Oriental spider mite) cassava, cotton, figs, mulberries, bananas, guava, olives, quinces, almonds, peaches, pears, mandarins, oranges and lemons Peach X disease Peach, nectarine, sweet cherry, Peach X disease phytoplasma DAFF, PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions sour cherry, Japanese plum, wild chokecherry Grape Phylloxera Grape Daktulosphaira vitifolia, Phylloxera and Grape Phylloxera and Grape Viticultural regions Daktulosphaira vitifolia (type B) Industry Board SA, Industry Board SA, PIRSA PIRSA Pierces disease Species of Vitis. Xylella fastidiosa DAFF, PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions (Pierce’s disease)

72 Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Plum pox virus / sharka Prunus, plums, peaches, Plum Pox virus (Potyvirus) DAFF, PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions apricots, nectarines, cherries, (Plum pox virus / sharka) almonds Potato cyst nematode Potato Globodera pallida, PIRSA, growers PIRSA Agricultural regions Globodera rostochiensis and exporters Red scale Citrus, olive, roses, okra, Aonidiella aurantii (Red scale) PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions papaya, figs, cotton, walnut, mango, banana, oleander, passionfruit, avocado, guava Trunk canker Exotic trees and shrubs, fruit Eutypa armeniaca Exporters PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions trees and vines, native trees (Trunk canker) and shrubs White garden snail Erect fence posts, vegetation, Theba pisana Exporters PIRSA Adelaide – Major urban regions cereals (White garden snail) Pome – Fruit Doctors Apple, nashi pear, pear Erwinia amylovora Fruit Doctors – Fruit Doctors – Riverland (European Canker), Rhagoletis private diagnostic private diagnostic pomonella (Apple maggot) laboratory laboratory Citrus – Fruit Doctors Lemon, mandarin, orange Asiaticum-africanum spp., Fruit Doctors – Fruit Doctors – Riverland Diaphorina citri, (Stubborn private diagnostic private diagnostic disease), Xanthomonas laboratory laboratory axonopodis pv. citri T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Stonefruit – Fruit Doctors Cherry, nectarine, peach Adoxophyes orana, Bactrocera Fruit Doctors – Fruit Doctors – Riverland tryoni, Ceratitis capitata, private diagnostic private diagnostic Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) laboratory laboratory Almonds – Fruit Doctors Almonds Plum pox virus (Potyvirus), Fruit Doctors – Fruit Doctors – Riverland Xylella fastidiosa (Pierce’s private diagnostic private diagnostic disease) laboratory laboratory Grapes – Fruit Doctors Grape Daktulosphaira vitifolia (type B) Fruit Doctors – Fruit Doctors – Riverland (Grapevine phylloxera), private diagnostic private diagnostic Homalodisca vitripennis laboratory laboratory (Glassy-winged sharpshooter), Phakopsora euvitis (Grape rust), Physopella ampelopsidis (Ampelopsis rust), Xylella fastidiosa (Pierce’s disease)

73 Table 11: Australia’s plant health surveillance programs (2007/08) (page 7 of 10)

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Tasmania Apple export surveys Apple For China, Taiwan and US: DPIW DPIW Tasmanian apple orchards registered for export Cydia pomonella (Codling to China, Taiwan and US moth) For China and US: Epiphyas postvittana (Light brown apple moth) For China: Eriosoma lanigerum (Woolly aphid), Monilina fructicola (Brown rot), Pezicula spp. (Anthracnose), Erwinia amylovora (Fire blight), Nectria galligena (Nectria canker) Border surveillance Various All pests, particularly fruit flies DPIW DPIW All major ports of entry (freight and passenger) and inspections Detector Dog Program Various All pests, particularly fruit flies DPIW DPIW All major ports of entry (freight and passenger) Western flower thrips survey Various Frankliniella occidentalis DPIW DPIW Importers premises, ports, major nurseries (Western flower thrips) and flower growers state-wide Bacterial wilt survey Potato Pseudomonas solanacearum DPIW DPIW 20% of Tasmanian potato production area annually (Bacterial wilt) Stem burrowing nematode Carrot Radopholus similis DAFF DAFF Agricultural regions T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI survey (Stem burrowing nematode) Fruit fly trapping program Fruit, temperate and cool fruits Fruit flies, particularly DPIW DPIW Grids around ports (air and sea), fruit and (mainly pome and stone fruit) Bactrocera tryoni, vegetable importers premises and commercial Ceratitis capitata and fruit growing regions Bactrocera papayae Melon thrips surveillance Curcurbits, nursery stock Thrips palmi (Melon thrips) DPIW DPIW Importers premises, ports, major nurseries and flower growers state-wide Oriental fruit moth surveys Apricots Grapholita molesta DPIW DPIW Tasmanian apricot orchards registered for export (Oriental fruit moth) to WA Pea weevil survey Field pea Bruchus pisorum (Pea weevil) DPIW DPIW Pea seed production regions Potato cyst nematode survey Potato Globodera rostochiensis DPIW DPIW 20% of Tasmanian potato production area annually (Potato cyst nematode) Red imported fire ant Amenity, forestry, nursery stock Solenopsis invicta DPIW DPIW All major ports, freight handlers, and nurseries surveillance (Red imported fire ant) San Jose scale survey Nursery stock, pome, Comstockaspis perniciosis DPIW DPIW Ports, selected stone fruit orchards, parks, stone fruit (San Jose scale) gardens and retail nurseries state-wide

74 Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Silverleaf whitefly survey Flowers, nursery stock Bemisia tabacci DPIW DPIW Importers premises, ports, major nurseries (Silverleaf whitefly) and flower growers state-wide Strawberry angular leaf spot Strawberry Xanthomonas fragariae DPIW DPIW Commercial strawberry growing regions survey (Strawberry angular leaf spot) Tobacco blue mould survey Tobacco Peronospora hyoscyami DPIW DPIW State-wide (Tobacco blue mould) Warehouse beetle survey Grains Trogoderma variable DPIW DPIW Selected food preparation or grain storage (Warehouse beetle) and processing premises state-wide Victoria Asparagus stem blight area Asparagus Phomopsis spp. DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions freedom surveillance Blueberry rust area freedom Blueberry Pucciniastrum vaccinii DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions survey (Blueberry rust) Citrus Canker National PFA Citrus Xanthomonas axonopodis DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions Surveillance pv. citri (Citrus canker) Currant lettuce aphid Lettuce, other host species Nasonovia ribisnigri DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions surveillance (Current lettuce aphid) Day lily rust area freedom Day lily crops, flowers Puccinia hemerocallidis DPI Vic DPI Vic Community regions surveillance

Fruit fly monitoring and Horticulture Bactrocera tryoni (Queensland DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural and major urban regions STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI surveillance – QFF and MFF fruit fly), Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) Grapevine phylloxera Grape Daktulosphaira vitifolia (type B) DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions (Grape phylloxera) Green snail area freedom Helix aperta (Green snail) DPI Vic DPI Vic Major urban regions surveillance Lettuce leaf blight area Lettuce Pythium tracheiphilum DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions freedom surveillance (Lettuce leaf blight) Lupin anthracnose area Lupin Colletotrichum gloeosporioides DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions freedom surveillance (Lupin Anthracnose) Lupin Phoma area freedom Commercial lupin crops, lupin Phoma schneiderae DPI Vic DPI ViC Agricultural regions surveillance Melon thrips area freedom Susceptible host crops Frankliniella intonsa DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions surveillance (Melon thrip) Potato cyst nematode soil Commercial potato crops, Globodera pallida, Globodera AUSVEG DPI Vic Agricultural regions sampling potato rostochiensis

75 Table 11: Australia’s plant health surveillance programs (2007/08) (page 9 of 10)

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Potato spindle tuber viroid (d) Capsicum, tomato Potato spindle tuber viroid d DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions in tomatoes (Pospiviroid) PVY surveillance in seed Potato Potato Y Potyvirus spp. DPI Vic Victorian Certified Agricultural regions potato districts Seed Potato Authority Inc. Silverleaf whitefly Glasshouse cut flowers, Bemisia argentifolii DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions nursery stock (Silverleaf whitefly) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Tomato Tomato yellow leaf curl virus DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions area freedom surveillance (Begomovirus) Western flower thrip Crops for export, horticulture Frankliniella occidentalis DPI Vic Brij Bugtrap Agricultural regions surveillance (Western flower thrip) Consultancy P/L CropSafe – DPI Vic Barley, wheat Diuraphis noxia DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions (Russian wheat aphid) Western Australia Apple scab surveillance Pome Venturia inaequalis (Apple scab) DAFWA, Western DAFWA Agriculture regions Australian Fruit Growers Association Inc. Codling moth surveillance Pome Cydia pomonella DAFWA, Western DAFWA, private South-West – Major urban and agriculture regions (Codling moth) Australian Fruit consultants T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Growers Association Inc. European house borer European Pinus Hylotrupes bajulus DAFWA DAFWA, Forest South-West – Major urban and forestry regions (European house borer) Products Commission European wasp surveillance Amenity, grape, social, Vespula germanica DAFWA DAFWA South-west – Major urban, community stone fruit (European wasp) and agriculture regions Fruit fly surveillance in ORIA Fruit Bactrocera spp., Dacus spp. DAFWA DAFWA Agricultural and community regions Grain pest resistance testing Cereals Cryptolestes spp, Oryzaephilus DAFWA, GRDC DAFWA Agricultural regions surinamensis (Saw toothed grain beetle), Rhyzopertha dominica (Lesser grain borer), Sitophilus granarius (Grain weevil), Sitophilus oryzae (Lesser grain weevil), Tribolium castaneum (Red flour beetle), Tribolium confusum (Confused flour beetle)

76 Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Lettuce aphid surveillance Lettuce Nasonovia ribisnigri DAFWA DAFWA Agricultural regions (Lettuce aphid) Lettuce blight Lettuce Pythium tracheiphilum DAFWA DAFWA Gingin (lettuce blight) MedFly area freedom Fruit Ceratitis capitata DAFWA DAFWA Ord River Irrigation Area – surveillance in the ORIA (Mediterranean fruit fly) Agricultural and community regions Peacock spot surveillance Olive trees Spilocaea oleaginea DAFWA DAFWA Agricultural regions (Peacock spot) Pests and beneficial insects on Lettuce All DAFWA, HAL DAFWA Agricultural regions lettuce Plant pest hotline – WA Amenity, grape, Pinus, social Hylotrupes bajulus (House DAFWA DAFWA Major urban and forestry regions longhorn beetle), Solenopsis invicta (Red imported fire ant), Vespula germanica (German yellow jacket) Potato spindle tuber viroid (d) Vegetables Potato spindle tuber viroid d DAFWA DAFWA Carnarvon (Pospiviroid) Potato cyst nematode Potato, Solanum Globodera rostochiensis DAFWA, HAL DAFWA Agricultural regions surveillance (Potato cyst nematode) Queensland fruit fly surveillance Horticulture Bactrocera tryoni DAFWA, Fruit DAFWA Major urban regions (Queensland fruit fly) Growers Industry STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Trust Fund Sirex wasp surveillance Pinus Sirex noctilio (Sirex Wasp) Forest Product Forest Products Forestry regions Commission (WA) Commission (WA) Trogaderma trapping program Grains Trogoderma granarium DAFWA DAFWA Agricultural regions (Khapra beetle), Trogoderma variabile (Wharehouse beetle) AGWEST grain testing Stored grain, wheat Tilletia indica (Karnal bunt), DAFWA DAFWA Agricultural regions laboratory – DAFWA Trogoderma granarium (Khapra beetle) Western Australian on-farm Grains Trogoderma granarium PHA, DAFWA, GCA DAFWA Community regions biosecurity and surveillance (Khapra beetle)

77 78 Chapter 4: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT HEALTH STATUS found and eradicated. found anderadicated. the relevant authoritiesfollow upwithactionsto ensure anyotherindividuals are (or otherrelevant targetspecies) foundare reported. Ifatargetspeciesisreported, AlltrapcontentsareCapricorn. examinedregularly andanyspeciesofgypsymoth Traps forgypsymothsare deployedinfirstportsofcallsouththe Tropic of and horticultural trees. but inothercountriesitisresponsible forsevere damagetocommercial trees throughout theworld.To date,thepesthasnotbeenfound inAustralia, targeted inmanyurbancentres. Thesemothsare serious pestsofdeciduous Gypsy moths(Lymantria spp.) are an important group of pests that have been been chosenbecauseofclimate,availabilityhostsandimportconsignments. The program hasarangeoftargetpestsspecifictourbancentres, whichhave commodities from portsofentry, andthepresence ofsuitablehostsandhabitats. Australia. Siteselectionisbasedonanticipatedmovementsofpeopleand tradebywhich targetedplantpestsmayenter associated withinternational based largelyon ‘pathwayanalysis’.Thisinvolvesconsideringfeasiblepathways Identification ofhazard sites,andtheselectiontargetingofpestshavebeen in 2006/07and2008. andPerth)in2004/05, extendedtoAdelaide,DarwinandSydney Melbourne site surveillanceprogram wasestablishedinfoururbancentres (Brisbane,Hobart, creates anopportunityforeffective earlydetection,and therefore the urbanhazard pest tofirstestablishinandaround majorcities’portsofentry. Thissituation people enterAustraliathrough capitalcities,increasing thepotentialforanexotic pathogen beingintroduced intoAustraliaisincreasing. Themajorityofgoodsand theriseintradearound theworld,riskofexoticinvertebratesand With Case study:Urbanhazard sitesurveillance

Image courtesyofPHA. to thefarmlevel. with therespective industries; thiswillinvolvetrainingandcommunicationactivitiesdown industries. Athird stagein this project willlookateffective implementationofthese plans surveillance plansare being developedbythegrains,citrus,appleandpear, andcotton the developmentandimplementationofindustry-specificsurveillanceplans.Currently, PHA hasdevelopeda‘genericsurveillancestrategy’documentthatprovides guidelinesfor Industry-speillance plans cific surve stakeholders. and consultationwith,industrygovernment sustainable nationalapproach forplantpestsurveillancemanagement,withinputfrom, commissioned bytheSRG.Theinitiativeaimstodevelopaviable,cost-effective and The NationalPlantHealthSurveillanceStrategy(NPHSS)isanationalinitiative National PlantHealthillance Strategy Surve ongoing resource commitmentandmonitoringcost effectiveness ofprograms. on improving record management,capabilityandmethodsofdetection,whilesecuring collaboration withjurisdictionsandindustry, inthe nationalinterest. Thegroup focuses Surveillance Reference Group (SRG), responsible for overseeing surveillance in In November2004,thePlantHealthCommitteeagreed totheestablishmentofa illance ReferenGroup Surve National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool In 2006, OCPPO, in consultation with PHA, developed an online National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool (NPSRT). This tool allows state and territory surveillance coordinators across Australia to enter plant pest survey data into a web-enabled database. The nationally captured surveillance data is able to be used to address national and international market access issues, identify surveillance activities for particular plant pests and track surveillance activities across Australia in a standardised and consistent manner.

Diagnostics The accurate diagnosis of plant pathogens and invertebrate pests is a vital component of all management activities aimed at preventing the establishment of exotic pests. Plant pest diagnostic services also provide the foundation of endemic pest management through the timely identification of plant pests that, uncontrolled, could disrupt agricultural plant production and restrict market Image: Pest trapping for routine surveillance. Image courtesy of DAFWA. access of agricultural produce.

Diagnostic expertise provides the ability to both quantify the magnitude of an incursion and determine and execute an appropriate response in a timely manner. One of the underlying principles of the EPPRD is that eradication programs will only commence where it has been determined that the target pest is both eradicable and that it is cost effective to do so. T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI

Diagnostic capacity is not only an essential component of any eradication effort, but also underpins much of the everyday management practices involved in the production and trade of plant products. Pest management programs, including the selection and application of farm chemicals, rely on the accurate identification of pests. Rapid identification also supports quarantine processes, such as maintaining pest-free areas, which allow access to markets both domestically and internationally.

These critical diagnostic services are distributed across every state and territory throughout Australia. Services are generally provided from cities to regional centres in most of Australia’s major agricultural and horticultural production areas.

Diagnostic services are delivered by a range of agencies, including state and territory governments, the Australian Government, commercial diagnostic laboratories, CSIRO and universities. Services are provided on an ad hoc, commercial and nationally coordinated basis, as required. Diagnostic operations are often performed as part of collaborative research activities that focus on specific pests of concern (Table 12). Image: Accurate diagnosis of plant pathogens and pests is a vital component of Australia’s plant health system. Image courtesy of DAFWA.

79 Table 12: Australia’s diagnostic services and laboratories (2007/08)

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections New South Wales Orange Agricultural Institute NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens, specialist insect and mite identification Fungal, bacterial and insects Orange, NSW (mycology and entomology) Elizabeth MacArthur NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens (virology, bacteriology and mycology) NATA accreditation Agricultural Institute, (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) Menangle, NSW Yanco Agricultural Institute NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens (vegetables and rice pathology) Yanco, NSW Australian Cotton Research Institute NSW DPI Cotton pathology (e.g. mycology, virology, bacteriology) Narrabri, NSW Australian Museum Australian Museum Entomology Sydney, NSW Mcleay Museum University of Sydney Entomology Sydney, NSW CSIRO Cotton Research Unit CSIRO Entomology Australian Cotton Research Institute (ACRI), Narrabri, NSW Grafton Agricultural Research NSW DPI Insect pest surveillance programs and Advisory Station Grafton, NSW. T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Tamworth Agricultural Institute NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens Tamworth, NSW (entomology, plant pathology broadacre crops) The Cereal Rust Laboratory University of Sydney, Rust pathology Cobbitty, NSW NSW DPI Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute Charles Sturt Plant pathology, nematode identification Wagga Wagga, NSW University, NSW DPI Alstonville Tropical Fruit NSW DPI Plant pathology Research Station Alstonville, NSW Forest Science Centre NSW DPI Forest pest and diseases, timber pests. Specialist termite identification Forest insects, pathogens West Pennant Hills, NSW and termites Forest Health NSW DPI Internal routine diagnostics only Management Laboratory West Pennant Hills, NSW Sydney Botanic Gardens DECC NSW Plant pathogens using both classical and molecular methods

80 Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Plant Quarantine Station AQIS Plant pathogen screening, stone fruit, pome fruit, citrus, grape, clonal Eastern Creek, NSW grasses and ornamentals. Virus elimination in citrus. Fungal testing of animal feeds and products based on corn cob. Lucerne seed testing for fungal pathogens. Wash water testing of imported cereal seed for open PEQ Crewe Place AQIS Pest and disease identification, collection and rearing of immature stages Rosebery, NSW of arthropods, pathology investigation to determine causal agent Queensland DPI&F Indooroopilly DPI&F Molecular, entomology, virology, bacteriology, mycology and nematology Plant pathology, entomology Plant Health Laboratory Indooroopilly, Qld DPI&F Cairns DPI&F Exotic fruit fly screening, entomology, plant pathology triage Cairns, Qld DPI&F Centre for Tropical Agriculture DPI&F Entomology, molecular, bacteriology Mareeba, Qld DPI&F South Johnstone DPI&F Nematology, entomology, plant pathology Research Station South Johnstone, Qld DPI&F Ayr Research Station DPI&F Entomology, horticulture Ayr, Qld

DPI&F Gatton Research Station DPI&F Vegetable pests and diseases STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Gatton, Qld DPI&F Maroochy Research Station DPI&F Entomology, horticulture Nambour, Qld DPI&F Kingaroy Research Station, Kingaroy, Qld DPI&F Toowoomba DPI&F Field crop pests and diseases, molecular, entomology, virology, Toowoomba, Qld nematology, and mycology DPI&F Applethorpe DPI&F Entomology Applethorpe, Qld BSES Limited, BSES Limited Sugarcane pests and diseases Indooroopilly, Woodford, Mackay, and Tully, Qld University of Queensland University of Entomology Queensland

81 Table 12: Australia’s diagnostic services and laboratories (2007/08) (page 3 of 5)

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Victoria DPI Knoxfield Centre DPI Vic Entomology, mycology, virology, nematology, bacteriology, general AQIS approved Fungal, bacterial, nematode, Knoxfield, Vic plant pathology, taxonomy – fungal and insect, high throughput AS/NSZ 9001:2000 / invertebrates, limited virus molecular diagnostics QA certification Forest Health Laboratory University of Forest pathology and entomology Heidelberg, Vic Melbourne Frankston Research Centre DPI Vic Weeds Frankston, Vic Horsham Research Centre DPI Vic General plant patholog and virology (grains focus) Horsham, Vic Irymple Research Centre DPI Vic General plant pathology and entomology Irymple, Vic Operational Science Laboratory AQIS Entomology and plant pathology Tullamarine Airport, Vic Plant Quarantine Centre AQIS General plant pathology Knoxfield, Vic Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne Royal Botanic Mycology and weeds Melbourne, Vic Gardens Melbourne Rutherglen Research Centre DPI Vic Entomology

T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Rutherglen, Vic Tatura Research Centre DPI Vic Entomology Tatura, Vic Tasmania Plant Health Laboratories DPIW Entomology, and plant pathology (virology, mycology and bacteriology), Laboratories Insect reference collection New Town, Tas TASAG ELISA testing services (virology) AQIS approved TASAG laboratories have NATA accreditation (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) Forestry Tasmania Forestry Tasmania Limited diagnostics in pathology, main focus is on testing Tasmanian forest insect collection: Hobart, Tas for Phytophthora cinnamomi main diagnostic resource for Tasmanian forest insect pests South Australia South Australian Research SARDI Molecular diagnostic, plant pathology (mycology, nematology, Molecular Diagnostics and Development Institution virology, taxonomy) and surveillance Laboratory is NATA Adelaide, SA accredited under Biologicals

82 Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections South Australian Museum Dept of Premier Entomology Adelaide, SA and Cabinet Waite Institute University of Nematology Adelaide, SA Adelaide School of Earth and University of Entomology Environmental Sciences Adelaide Adelaide, SA Western Australia AGWEST Plant Laboratories DAFWA Commercial diagnostic laboratory for plant pathogen identification Perth, WA Quarantine Plant DAFWA Biosecurity and emergency plant pest identifications Western Australian plant pathogen Pathology Laboratory collection – fungal, bacterial and viral Perth, WA AGWEST Plant Virology Laboratory DAFWA Plant virus identification Perth, WA AGWEST Plant DAFWA Horticultural and agricultural nematode identification Nematology Laboratory Perth, WA DAFWA Insect Reference Collection DAFWA Insect identification Entomology Unit Insect Perth, WA Reference Collection T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Manjimup DAFWA Entomology Small local insect Manjimup, WA reference collection Kununurra DAFWA Entomology Small local insect Kununurra, WA reference collection Albany DAFWA Horticultural pathology Albany, WA Bunbury DAFWA Horticultural pathology Bunbury, WA Carnarvon DAFWA Horticultural pathology Carnarvon, WA Perth International Airport AQIS Identification of quarantine intercept samples, mostly exotic pests Small reference collection, WA mostly exotic invertebrates North Australian Quarantine Strategy NAQS (AQIS) Identification of quarantine intercept samples, mostly exotic pests Small reference collection, Broome, WA mostly exotic invertebrates

83 Table 12: Australia’s diagnostic services and laboratories (2007/08) (page 5 of 5)

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Saturn Biotech Murdoch University Commercial molecular biology laboratory for plant pathogen identification Murdoch, WA Phytophthora Laboratory Murdoch University Commercial and research Phytophthora diagnostic laboratory Murdoch, WA Department of Environmental Biology Curtin University of Mycology Perth, WA Technology Western Australian Museum Western Australian Insect identification for general public Largest insect collection in WA Kewdale, WA Museum Northern Territory Berrimah Farm RDPIFR Pests including fungal, viruses and bacteria and insect identification Fungal and economic insects Darwin, NT Katherine Research Station RDPIFR Pests including fungal and insect identification Katherine, NT DNRETAS Herbarium DNRETAS Plant identification for general public and commercial purposes Registration for Native plant collection of the NT Palmerston and Alice Springs, NT Exchange (Export and Import) of Scientific Specimens The Museum and Art Gallery DNRETAS Insect identification for general public and commercial purposes Registration for Insects – focus on native spp. of the Northern Territory, Exchange (Export and Darwin NT Import) of Scientific T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Specimens NAQS Regional Laboratory NAQS (AQIS) Plant pathology, virology, bacteriology and mycology, PCR, Disease as herbarium specimens, Darwin, NT mycology, BIOLOG bacterial diagnostics, ELISA viral diagnostics, bacterial and live fungal entomology, botanical Centre for Tropical Agriculture NAQS (AQIS) Plant pathology, virology, bacteriology and mycology, PCR, mycology, Disease as herbarium specimens, NAQS, Mareeba, NT diagnostics, ELISA viral diagnostics, entomology, botanical bacterial and limited live fungal and bacterial cultures ACT Australian National Insect Collection CSIRO Insect identification Entomology ACT Other Forest Health Reference Laboratory ENSIS Diagnostics and identification of insects, tree pathogens, mycology, Fungal and Insect Australia and New Zealand molecular capacity. There is a network of forestry labs similar for state government agricultural plant health diagnostic laboratories

RIGHT: Image courtesy of GRDC.

84 T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI

85 86 Chapter 4: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT HEALTH STATUS Diagnostic protocols and exoticorigin. ensuring thecapabilityexiststoquicklyandreliably identifyplantpestsofbothendemic SPHDs isalsotaskedwiththedevelopmentofaneffective NationalDiagnosticNetwork, all thenecessaryinformationtodiagnoseapestinnationallyconsistent format. (Figure 8).Thisensures thatdiagnosticprotocols are ofthehighestquality, andcontain when developingaprotocol, andtheprocess bywhichthatprotocol canbeverified several reference standards thatdetailthetechnicalprocedures thatmustbefollowed accepted asnationaldiagnosticprotocols. Aspartofthisprocess, SPHDSmaintains A keyrole oftheSPHDSis thetechnicalverificationofstandards –enablingthemtobe reliability ofplantdiagnostics forEPPsthroughout Australia. December 2004bythePlantHealthCommitteetosustainandimprove thequalityand The Sub-committeeonPlantHealthDiagnosticStandards (SPHDS)wasestablishedin Diagnostic Standards Sub-committee onPlantHealth detectionofapestinanarea where itisnotknowntooccur. • routine diagnosisforpestsfoundinimportedconsignments,and • pestdiagnosticoperationsassociatedwithphytosanitarycertification • surveillanceaspartofanofficialcontrol oreradicationprogram • testingofmaterialforcompliancewithcertificationprocedures • generalsurveillanceforpeststatus • for themanagementofestablishedandexoticpests,including: pest, or group of pests, to a species or sub-species level. Such information is crucial protocols. The standards provide a routine set of protocols for identifying an unknown and effective systemforthedevelopment,review and provision ofplantpestdiagnostic plant pest,orgroup ofpests,relevant toitsdiagnosis (Table 13).Australiahasacoherent Diagnostic protocols are documentsthatcontaindetailed informationaboutaspecific

Image: Spikeorheadinfection inwheatcausedbyPucciniastriiformis f.sp.tritici.ImagecourtesyofColinWellings, PBICobbitty. Image courtesyofDAFWA. Figure 8: Approval process of national diagnostic procedures/protocols flow chart

Assessment process

Does an approved national protocol already exist?

Yes No Facilitate development of new protocol

Is it an Australian or international protocol?

Does it follow SPHDS RS No. 2?

Yes No Adopt Protocol

Validated in an Independent Australian laboratory?

Yes No Return to author 3 year reviewed process T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI

Reviewed by the Expert Panel?

Yes No Expert Panel advise

SPHDS approval

Yes No Expert Panel review

ACCEPT Author to revise protocol NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOL

PHC endorsement No

Yes

87 Table 13: Diagnostic protocols (2007/08)

Scientific Name Common Name Status* Scientific Name Common Name Status* Monilinia fructigena Brown rot Endorsed Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease (race 4 – tropical) Completed Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus / sharka Endorsed Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae Completed Agrotis segetum Turnip moth / cutworm Completed High plains virus (Unknown) High plains virus Completed Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Completed Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter Completed Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fly Completed Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle Completed Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Completed Liriomyza huidobrensis Pea leafminer, Serpentine leafminer Completed Bactrocera facialis Fruit fly Completed Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leafminer Completed Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly Completed Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Completed Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly Completed Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth / gypsy moth Completed complex Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Completed Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast Completed Bactrocera philippinensis Philippine fruit fly Completed Maize dwarf mosaic virus Maize dwarf mosaic virus Completed Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Completed Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Completed Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight, bacterial grain rot Completed of rice Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka Completed

T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Bursaphelenchus spp. including Pine wilt nematode / pinewood Completed Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) Blackline Completed B. xylophilus nematode species complex Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew of maize Completed Ceratocystis ulmi Dutch elm disease Completed Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust Completed Chilo auricilius, C. infuscatellus, Sugarcane stem borer Completed Phoma tracheiphila Mal secco Completed C. sacchariphagus, C. terrenellus, Eldana saccharina, Sesamia Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Completed Citrus tristeza virus (Closterovirus) Mandarin stem-pitting Completed Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Completed Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Bacterial ring rot Completed Potato mop top virus (Pomovirus) Potato mop top virus Completed sepedonicus Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid Completed Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil Lentil anthracnose Completed (Pospiviroid) strain) Pseudomonas syringae Blister spot of apples / avocado Completed Erwinia amylovora Fire blight Completed blast complex Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker Completed Puccinia psidii Guava / eucalyptus rust Completed Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Stripe rust of barley Completed

88 Scientific Name Common Name Status* ScientificN ame Common Name Status* Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot Completed Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum weevil, plum curculio Draft Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips Completed Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Draft Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Completed Diaphorina citri Citrus psyllid Draft Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Completed Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid Draft Synchytrium endobioticum Potato wart Completed Guignardia musae Freckle disease Draft Tetranychus desertorum Prickly pear spider mite Completed Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode Draft Tetranychus lombardinii Crimson spider mite Completed Liberobacter asiaticus Huanglongbing / citrus greening Draft Tetranychus pacificus Pacific spider mite Completed Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Draft Tetranychus piercei Spider mite Completed Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Draft Tetranychus turkestani Strawberry spider mite Completed Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot Draft Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice Completed Phytophthora fragariae var. Phytophthora, red steele root rot Draft fragariae Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Completed Psila rosae Carrot rust fly Draft Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus Completed (Bymovirus) Ralstonia solanacearum (race 2) Moko Draft

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Citrus canker Completed Sesamia arfaki Pink stem borer Draft STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI Xanthomonas fragariae Angular leaf spot Completed Sesamia inferens Pink stem borer Draft Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease / peach phony / Completed Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Draft leaf scald Tribolium castaneum (phosphine Rust red flour beetle Draft Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit tortrix Draft resistant) Banana bract mosaic virus Banana bract mosaic disease Draft Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Draft (Potyvirus) Ramu Stunt Ramu Stunt Draft Banana bunchy top virus Banana bunchy top virus Draft (Babuvirus) * Endorsed – the standard has been assessed by the SPHDS and endorsed by PHC as a National Diagnostic Protocol. Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease Draft Completed – the standard has been assessed by SPHDS and requires further work before it can be recommended for endorsement. Blood disease bacterium Blood disease Draft Draft – the standard has not yet been assessed by SPHDS. Ceutorhynchus Cabbage seedpod weevil Draft (Ceutorhynchus assimilis, C. napi and C. pallidactylus)

89 Regional, community and on-farm biosecurity Communication and collaboration with grower groups, including regional communities and small rural landholders is an important part of Australia’s approach to the protection of plant industries from plant pests. Effective communication of key biosecurity issues assists the establishment of practices that minimise the impact of pests and facilitate early detection.

On-farm biosecurity On-farm biosecurity involves taking a proactive approach to biosecurity on farms. This includes practices such as cleaning farm machinery before and after it is allowed to enter production areas, regularly inspecting crops for pests, and training producers and agronomists to identify key exotic pests.

On-farm biosecurity incorporates a range of activities; including: • inspection and surveillance for pests • avoidance of pest spread by selecting appropriate planting materials • removing or reporting volunteer or neglected plants • control of pest vectors Image: On farm equipment wash down facilities: an effective measure for limiting the movement of weeds, pests and diseases. Image courtesy of DAFWA. • control of alternative hosts T HEALTH STATUS PLA N T HEALTH N I G AUSTRALIA’S Chapter 4: MAI N TAI • destruction of crop residues • integration of biosecurity awareness into post-harvest handling and transport procedures • use of warning and information signs for biosecurity awareness • use of dedicated equipment in high-risk areas • restriction of people and vehicle movement in high-risk areas • reporting suspect pests to appropriate authorities, and • including farm biosecurity in industry best management practice (IBMP) and Quality Assurance (QA) schemes.

90 Case study: Industry based on-farm biosecurity programs The Grains Council of Australia and PHA have established a joint venture to develop an on-farm biosecurity program for the grains industry. Training modules are being developed and delivered to the grains industry. These modules provide information on the importance of accurate basic identification of key pest threats, as well as basic information on procedures in place to respond to detections of plant pest incursions.

Similarly, PHA has established an on-farm biosecurity implementation project in conjunction with Apple and Pear Australia Ltd and Horticulture Australia Ltd (HAL). As part of this project, an Orchard Biosecurity Manual has been developed that guides growers on the adoption and

implementation of on-farm biosecurity best practice. The manual covers farm hygiene, biosecurity n, research a n d de v elopme t atio issues associated with domestic and international travel, and the movement of people, machinery and produce on and off the farm. The manual also includes fact sheets on exotic plant pest threats to the apple and pear industry, and designs and specifications for farm signage. Accompanying the release of the manual, PHA presented on-farm biosecurity workshops during May and June 2008 in nine major apple and pear growing regions around Australia. Chapter 4: Inn o v

Images courtesy of PHA.

91 Regional and community biosecurity There is an increasing understanding of the important role non-government community stakeholders (including the industry and public) can play in effective biosecurity. This can be seen through special activities such as the weed spotters network funded by DAFF which engages individuals from a range backgrounds to look-out for and report serious weeds, and various national emergency response programs that depend on community engagement, such as the national tramp ant and fruit fly programs.

Recognising this, DAFF has established a horticultural biosecurity engagement program. The aim of this social science project is to develop and implement a national strategy aimed at increasing the ability of the horticulture industry to mitigate the impacts of exotic pests. The project will identify methods for successful community n, research a n d de v elopme t atio engagement, and develop regionally based networks for the surveillance and control of exotic pests. Given that needs differ by locality, the project will identify the nature of engagement strategies that work with specific types of communities.

Communication and awareness

Chapter 4: Inn o v Responsibilities for biosecurity communication activities (both risk mitigation and incursions) vary across jurisdictions. The Australian Government is primarily responsible for presenting messages about quarantine and border protection, while state and territory governments and industry focus on regional and on-farm biosecurity messages.

Biosecurity communications and awareness program Plant industries are becoming increasingly involved in biosecurity communications in an effort to mitigate pest risks through heightened awareness and improved practices. These industries are looking for guidance in developing communications strategies that complement the work being undertaken by others, and in identifying specific tactics that have been shown to be most effective in achieving desired outcomes. To meet this need, PHA is developing a National Communications Strategy Framework to help industry organisations communicate biosecurity messages to growers and encourage the uptake of practices that increase on-farm biosecurity.

Image courtesy of GRDC.

92 Plant health information and support systems Pests and Diseases Image Library The Pest and Disease Image Library (PaDIL) provides high-quality, diagnostic images for Information and data-management systems provide people and organisations with a range of pests that pose a potential plant health threat to Australia. PaDIL aims to: the tools to carry out their work more effectively and efficiently. In terms of plant health, information systems may be as simple as hand-written logs containing the results of a • provide high-quality images of primarily exotic organisms of concern to pest survey, or as complex as web-based emergency response management systems. plant health in Australia Information management underpins many of the key activities required to maintain a • assist and improve plant health diagnostics in all areas successful, worldclass plant health system. • link training and research organisations, and develop tools to assist relevant educational programs, and The Australian Plant Pest Database • create public awareness about plant health concerns in Australia. The Australian Plant Pest Database (APPD) is a national, online database of pests of PaDIL is an Australian Government initiative that was developed and built by Museum Australia’s economically important plants. The database provides an information system Victoria’s Online Publishing Team, with support from DAFF and PHA. Project partners n, research a n d de v elopme t atio 6 that enables rapid location of voucher specimens and efficient retrieval of detailed data. also include Museum Victoria, the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and the The system provides support critical to decision making during emergency management Queensland University of Technology. To access the database visit www.padil.gov.au of incursions, supports bids for market access and validates phytosanitary measures.

The database’s records are based on validated specimen records of pests that have significance to agriculture, forestry or pasture. Chapter 4: Inn o v

The Plant Health Experience Register The Plant Health Experience Register is an online database of professionals with plant health experience. The register includes contact details, qualifications and specific expertise and experience of Australian and international plant health specialists.

The register enables quick and easy identification of relevant expertise, by searching using activities (diagnostic, surveillance or response) or categories (pest, host or discipline). It helps to improve response times in the event of an exotic pest incursion – avoiding the need for reliance on existing informal networks for locating relevant expertise.

The database currently contains more than 250 experienced plant health professionals, mainly from within Australia.

Image: Information systems support a range of plant health activities. Image courtesy of DAFWA.

6 A voucher specimen is one that is archived in a permanent collection. It serves as physical evidence of occurrence at a time and place. 93 94 Chapter 5 Emergency response, managing plant health emergencies 96 With increasing global trade and tourism, and the ongoing potential for pests to enter via natural routes, a comprehensive biosecurity system cannot rely on border quarantine or other preventative measures alone. The risk of an exotic pest incursion will never be zero (this is reflected inA ustralia’s ‘appropriate level of protection’ being set above zero), and incursions of significant pests can damage the economic viability of Australia’s plant industries. Therefore, the ability to rapidly and effectively respond to an incursion of an exotic pest – and eradicate it – is an essential component of Australia’s plant health system. 98 Chapter 5: EMERGENCY RESPONSE, MANAGING PLANT HEALTH EMERGENCIES 5.1 the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed

The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) is a formal, legally binding agreement National Management Group between PHA, the Australian Government, all state and territory governments and 26 plant industry signatories7 that covers the management and funding of eradication responses to The National Management Group (NMG) is responsible for the key decisions in the Emergency Plant Pest (EPP) incidents. The EPPRD, of which PHA is the custodian, came response to an EPP incursion. The group is formed when an incursion is identified; it into effect on the 26 October 2005. There are currently 26 industries signed to the EPPRD. consists of representatives from all affected government and industry parties that have signed the EPPRD. The group is responsible for approving a response plan, including the The EPPRD replaces previously informal arrangements and formalises industry’s role budget, if it is agreed that eradication is feasible and cost beneficial. The NMG is advised in the decision-making and operational processes of EPP eradication responses. Under on technical matters by the Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests (CCEPP). the EPPRD, government and plant industry signatories share the costs of eradicating EPPs, based on an assessment of the relative private and public benefits. The EPPRD is designed to ensure a rapid and effective response, while giving certainty to management Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests and funding arrangements. The CCEPP is a technical committee that advises the NMG on incursion management responses. Similar to the NMG, the CCEPP is formed when an incursion occurs and No single party is exclusively responsible for decision making under the EPPRD. Decisions consists of the Australian Chief Plant Protection Officer, all state and territory Chief Plant are made by the three committees described below, with government and industry Health Managers, as well as nominated representatives from each affected industry party. representation drawn from parties who are affected by the incident. The CCEPP is responsible for assessing the grounds for eradication and for providing technical advice needed for decision making. A Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) may For a pest to be covered by the EPPRD it must be an EPP, and therefore meet at least be convened by CCEPP to review and advise on specific technical matters. one of the following four criteria8: • a known exotic plant pest that could have an adverse economic impact regionally and/or nationally if established in Australia Emergency Plant Pest Categorisation Group • a variant form of established plant pest which can be distinguished by appropriate The Emergency Plant Pest Categorisation Group is responsible for determining the formal investigative methods that could have an adverse economic impact regionally and/or categorisation of an emergency plant pest. A pest’s category determines the split of costs nationally if established in Australia between government and industry parties in an emergency response; there are four • a serious plant pest of unknown or uncertain origin which may be an entirely new possible Categories: 9 plant pest, or one listed in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD , and • Category 1 – 100% government EMERGE N CIES Chapter 5: EMERGE N CY RESPO SE, MA AGI G PLA T HEALTH • a plant pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered and not • Category 2 – 80% government, 20% industry yet present there or being officially controlled. • Category 3 – 50% government, 50% industry, and • Category 4 – 20% government, 80% industry.

The Categorisation Group comprises nominated representatives from the affected parties, relevant technical and economic experts and PHA’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO), who chairs the group.

7 As of 30 June 2008. 8 The criteria listed represent a simplified version of the definition contained in the EPPRD (Clause 1.1 – Definitions) and therefore should not be used to override, amend or alter the terms of the EPPRD in any way. 9 Schedule 13 of the EPPRD identifies EPP’s that have been categorised and agreed by Relevant Parties to be listed in the EPPRD. 99 5.2 plantplan

PLANTPLAN is incorporated as Schedule 5 of the EPPRD. It is an agreed technical response plan used by government jurisdictions and industry when responding to an EPP incident. PLANTPLAN provides a set of nationally consistent guidelines covering the management and response procedures for EPP incursions affecting Australian plant industries.

PLANTPLAN describes the general procedures, management structure and information flow system for handling a plant pest emergency at national, state, territory and district levels. PLANTPLAN is a general manual for use by all jurisdictions for all plant pest emergencies. It is regularly reviewed and updated to ensure that it provides the best possible guidance to plant industries and governments.

PHA manages the continued development and maintenance of PLANTPLAN on behalf of government and industry.

Contingency planning Contingency plans are developed ahead of time to provide information required in the case of an incursion relating to a specific pest or industry. The plans contain background information on the pest biology, surveillance, control measures and destruction strategies. These enable the quick development of an effective response plan in the event of an incursion.

Contingency plans for management of nearly 50 pests have been developed by industry and government in Australia (Table 14). T HEALTH EMERGE N CIES Chapter 5: EMERGE N CY RESPO SE, MA AGI G PLA T HEALTH

Image: Emergency response simulation exercises. Image courtesy of PHA.

100 Table 14: Contingency plans (2007/08)

Scientific Name Common Name Contingency plans Achatina fulica Giant African snail Giant African Snail Contingency Plan (2002) prepared by MD Trinca, DPI&F Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fly National Contingency Plan for response to an incursion of Melon Fly: Bactrocera cucurbitae and its allies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia (1999) prepared by the Queensland Department of Primary Industries (now DPI&F) Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly National Contingency Plan for response to an incursion of Papaya Fruit Fly: Bactrocera papayae and its allies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia (1999) prepared by the Queensland Department of Primary Industries (now DPI&F) Bactrocera spp. Fruit flies Draft Regional Contingency Plan for response to an incursion of lure responsive exotic fruit fly (Bactrocera spp.) on Cape York Peninsula, Queensland (2001) prepared by DPI&F Bactrocera tryoni and Queensland fruit fly Fruit Fly Contingency Plan – Tasmania prepared by DPIW Ceratitis capitata and Mediterranean fruit fly Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight / National Rice Industry Biosecurity Plan Contingency Plan for Panicle Blight/Bacterial Grain Rot of Rice (2005) bacterial grain rot of prepared by Eric Cother, Christine McKenzie, NSW DPI, and Vincent Lanoiselet, DAFWA rice Ceratocystis ulmi Dutch elm disease Draft contingency plan for Dutch Elm Disease (2001) prepared by G Lefoe, G Berg and D Beardsell, DPI Vic Chilo spp. Sugarcane stem borer Chilo spp. Incursion Management Plan version 2 (2008) prepared by N Sallam and PG Allsopp, BSES Colletotrichum lupini Lupin Anthracnose Plan for the Detection and Management of an Outbreak of Anthracnose in Lupins in NSW (2000) prepared by R Spurway, R Walker and J Sykes, NSW DPI Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape Phylloxera Phylloxera Outbreak Response Management Plan (revised 2005) prepared by the Phyloxera and Grape Industry Board of South Australia (type B) Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango Draft Contingency Plan for Red Banded Mango Caterpillar (2001) prepared by DPI&F. caterpillar adult Diatraea spp. Sugarcane borer Diatraea spp. Incursion Management Plan version 2 (2008) prepared by N Sallam and PG Allsopp, BSES Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid Grains National Biosecurity Plan Threat Specific Contingency Plan – Russian wheat aphid: Diuraphis noxia (2005) prepared by A Szito, J Botha and D Hardie, DAFWA

Eldana saccharina African sugarcane Eldana saccharina Incursion Management Plan version 2 (2008) prepared by N Sallam and PG Allsopp, BSES EMERGE N CIES Chapter 5: EMERGE N CY RESPO SE, MA AGI G PLA T HEALTH moth borer Eoreuma loftini Mexican rice borer Eoreuma loftini Incursion Management Plan version 2 (2008) prepared by N Sallam and PG Allsopp, BSES Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 1. Contingency Plan for Suspected or Confirmed Outbreaks of Fire Blight in NSW (1997) prepared by NSW Agriculture (NSW DPI) 2. Contingency Plans for Fire Blight in the Goulburn Valley and other Pome Fruit Districts (1996, revised 2002) prepared by P Merriman, DPI Vic 3. Fire Blight Contingency Plan for the Tasmanian Honey Industry – Management of Honeybees in the Event of an Incursion of Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora) Fusarium circinatum Pitch Canker Management Plan Response to an Incursion of Pine Pitch Canker in Australia or New Zealand (2003) prepared by P Gadgil, M Dick, J Simpson, D Bejakovich, M Ross, J Bain, G Horan, and R Wylie Eurygaster integriceps Sunn pest Grains National Biosecurity Plan Threat Specific Contingency Plan - Sunn Pest: Eurygaster integriceps (2008). Prepared by Dr Mali Malipatil, Department of Primary Industries, Victoria and Plant Health Australia.

101 Table 14: Contingency plans (2007/08) (page 2 of 3)

Scientific Name Common Name Contingency plans Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae National Rice Industry Biosecurity Plan Contingency Plan for Bakanae (2005) prepared by Eric Cother, NSW DPI, and Vincent Lanoiselet, DAFWA Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode Potato Cyst Nematode Contingency Plan – Tasmania prepared by DPIW Globodera Potato cyst nematode Australian Potato Cyst Nematode Management Plan (2002) prepared by G Berg, P Merriman and R Sully, Agriculture Victoria (DPI Vic) rostochiensis Hylotrupe bajulus European house borer Draft Emergency Plant Pest Response Plan (2006) prepared by WA Dept of Agriculture and Forest Products Commission Liberobacter asiaticus Huanglongbing / Draft prepared by Peter Hart, CSIRO Entomology Citrus greening Liriomyza trifolii, Agromyzid leafminers Grains National Biosecurity Plan Threat Specific Contingency Plan – American serpentine leafminer: Liriomyza trifolii, bundled with L. cicerina, L. cicerina, L. huidobrensis, L. sativae, L. bryoniae and Chromatomyia horticola (2008). Prepared by Dr Peter Ridland, Dr Mallik Malipatil and Plant Health Australia L. huidobrensis, L. sativae, L. bryoniae and Chromatomyia horticola Lissorhoptrus Rice water weevil National Rice Industry Biosecurity Plan Contingency Plan for Rice Water Weevil (2005) prepared by M Stevens, NSW DPI oryzophilus Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth / A Response Plan and Strategy for Asian Gypsy Moth in Australia (2002) prepared by R Wylie, J Simpson, and D Bashford. gypsy moth complex Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast National Rice Industry Biosecurity Plan Contingency Plan for Rice Blast (2005) prepared by V Lanoiselet, DAFWA, E Cother, NSW DPI Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Grains National Biosecurity Plan Threat Specific Contingency Plan – Hessian fly: Mayetiola destructor (2005) prepared by A Szito, J Botha & D Hardie, WA Dept of Ag Mycosphaerella Black sigatoka Incursion Management Plan for Banana Black Sigatoka Disease Outbreak in Queensland (1999) prepared by RN Allen and the Banana Industry fijiensis Protection Board of Qld. Nysius huttoni Wheat bug Grains National Biosecurity Plan Threat Specific Contingency Plan – Wheat bug: Nysius huttoni (2008) prepared by M Malipatil, DPI Vic, and Plant Health Australia.

T HEALTH EMERGE N CIES Chapter 5: EMERGE N CY RESPO SE, MA AGI G PLA T HEALTH Peronospora Tobacco blue mould Tobacco Blue Mould Contingency Plan – Tasmania prepared by DPIW. hyoscyami Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust Grapevine leaf rust contingency plan (2006) prepared by A Daly and R Shivas Phyllophaga spp. May beetle Grains National Biosecurity Plan Threat Specific Contingency Plan - May beetle: Phyllophaga genus (2008) prepared by R Weppler, Riverina IPM Pty Ltd and Plant Health Australia Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail National Rice Industry Biosecurity Plan Contingency Plan for Golden Apple Snail (2005) prepared by M Stevens Plum pox virus Plum pox virus / Interim National Contingency Plan for Response to an Incursion of Sharka (Plum Pox Virus) (2000) prepared OCPPO, DAFF. (Potyvirus) Sharka Puccinia psidii Guava rust / Puccinia psidii: Forestry, rural and urban biosecurity plan - Pest specific contingency plan (2006) prepared by OCPOO, DAFF Eucalyptus rust

102 Scientific Name Common Name Contingency plans Red clover mosaic Red clover mosaic Grains National Biosecurity Plan Threat Specific Contingency Plan – Red clover vein mosaic virus (2008) virus (Carlavirus) virus prepared by A Freeman and Plant Health Australia Scirpophaga Top borer Preparedness for Borer incursion – Scirpophaga Incursion Management Plan version 2 (2008) prepared by N Sallam and PG Allsopp, BSES excerptalis Sesamia spp. Sugarcane and Sesamia Incursion Management Plan version 2 (2008) prepared by N Sallam and PG Allsopp, BSES maize Borers Sitona spp complex, Pea leaf weevil / Pea Grains National Biosecurity Plan Threat Specific Contingency Plan – Pea leaf weevil: Sitona lineatus (2008) prepared by J Botha and D Hardie, DAFWA especially S. lineatus and bean weevil Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice National Rice Industry Biosecurity Plan Contingency Plan for Kernal Smut of Rice (2005) prepared by V Lanoiselet, DAFWA, E Cother, NSW DPI Tilletia controversa Dwarf bunt of wheat National Contingency Plan for Tilletia contraversa, the cause of Dwarf Bunt of Wheat (2007) prepared by G Murray, NSW DPI and D Wright, DAFWA Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Draft National Contingency Plan for Karnal Bunt of Wheat (2006) prepared by D Wright, DAFWA, G Murray and J Brennan, NSW DPI Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Grains National Biosecurity Plan Threat Specific Contingency Plan – Khapra Beetle: Trogoderma granarium (2005) prepared by J Botha, A Szito, R Emery, M Grimm and D Hardie, DAFWA Ustilago scitaminea Sugarcane smut Sugarcane Smut – A Contingency Plan for the Australian Sugar Industry (1997) prepared by B Croft and R Magarey, BSES Xanthomonas Citrus canker 1. Draft Contingency Plan for Citrus Canker (2004) prepared by the OCPPO, DAFF axonopodis pv. citri 2. Draft Emergency Plant Pest Response Plan – Eradication of Citrus Canker in Qld (2006) prepared by DPI&F

Training Biosecurity Surveillance Incident Response and Tracing (BioSIRT) PHA conducts a national EPP training program on behalf of Members. The The Biosecurity Surveillance Incident Response and Tracing (BioSIRT) project was established in aim of the program is to familiarise industry and government personnel with May 2002. After being formally recognised and funded through PIMC, a management group was key elements of the EPPRD and Plantplan and ensure that if an incursion established (the PIHC BioSIRT Steering Group, PBSG) to monitor and oversee the project. occurs, all responsible parties are familiar with their roles and responsibilities.

BioSIRT is a spatial and textual, web based software application that has been developed to EMERGE N CIES Chapter 5: EMERGE N CY RESPO SE, MA AGI G PLA T HEALTH In 2007, workshops on biosecurity and EPPRD awareness were presented enable better management of information and resources during an emergency response to pest in the capital cities of all states and territories on behalf of Government and incursions across all animal, plant and aquatic production sectors. Some states and territories Industry Members. During 2008, additional workshops were presented in will also use BioSIRT in their routine surveillance activities and programs as well. key regional centres. Currently, the third stage of the application project is underway. It involves detailed consultation with each jurisdiction, to develop a plan for deployment of the database and integration with existing information systems.

103 104 Chapter 6 Innovation, research and development 106 Effective research and development (R&D) is essential to underpin biosecurity and quarantine arrangements and provide the tools and methods required to meet the ongoing challenges associated with plant health. Currently, R&D activities are conducted and coordinated by CSIRO, various rural research and development corporations (RDCs), cooperative research centres (CRCs), state and territory government agencies, universities and private organisations. Much of the R&D into plant health occurs under broader R&D frameworks and priorities, which is reflected in the number of organisations that undertake plant health research as a component of their overall portfolio. This chapter summarises some of the key organisations involved in plant health R&D and the research undertaken in 2007/08. 6.1 research and development in association with the Australian Government

The Australian Government currently contributes funding to a variety of plant health related research and development (R&D) activities. This is predominately through DAFF and other Australian Government departments – Education, Science and Training; Environment and Water Resources; and Foreign Affairs and Trade. R&D is used to support: • diagnostics • surveillance • management and eradication of plant pests • preventing plant pest incursions, and • capacity building projects.

Figure 9 depicts the linkages between these organisations and funding bodies. Coloured boxes n, research a n d de v elopme t atio indicate programs that are administered directly from a government department, while the coloured lines have been used to make the linkages easier to follow. Chapter 6: Inn o v

Image courtesy of DPIW Tas.

LEFT: Image courtesy of GRDC.

108 Figure 9: Organisations involved in plant health research and development

Department of Foreign Affairs Department of Agriculture, Department of Education, Department of the Environment and Trade Fisheries and Forestry Science and Training and Water Resources n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Australian Centre Commonwealth AusAID Research and Australian Cooperative for International Scientific and Development Research Research Agricultural Industrial Research Corporation Council Centres Research Organisation Chapter 6: Inn o v

Centre of Industry Plant Excellence Health Australia

National Commonwealth Collaborative Environment Research Research Infrastructure Universities Facilities Strategy

State and Territory Departments

109 Commonwealth Scientific and Project title Researcher(s) Partner Industrial Research Organisation Cotton rhizosphere microbial functions 1.03.27 PR Harvey CCC CRC, CRDC The CSIRO is Australia’s national science agency. It works to develop and improve Crop biofactories VS Haritos GRDC technologies in Australia and overseas and to improve community understanding of DAFF national blackberry biocontrol program L Morin DTWM science. The CSIRO contributes to Australia’s plant health system through research undertaken within its divisions of plant industry, entomology and sustainable Development of an integrated aeration-fumigation JA Darby GRDC system ecosystems. CSIRO plant industry conducts research to: Diagnose of PH3 resistance Y Ren GRDC • promote profitable and sustainable industries in agrifoods, fibre and horticulture • develop new plant products, and Early warning of pre-emergent EPP threats D Cook NPBCRC, all the States & • improve natural resource management. Territories DPIs, Lincoln Uni CSIRO Entomology conducts research in key areas of plant biosecurity, biodiversity Early warning threat identification D Cook CRC NPB and bioindustries. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems targets the challenges of social, economic and environmental sustainability. Enhanced biosecurity planning tools D Cook CRC NPB

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Enhanced risk analysis tools D Cook NPBCRC, DPI Table 15: CSIRO plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Vic, DAFWA Environmental impacts of herbicide tolerance G Vadakattu GRDC Project title Researcher(s) Partner Enzymatic bioremediation of pesticide residues RJ Russell CCC CRC ACIAR rodent management in Indonesian P Roebeling rice systems Evaluate EDN as a fumigant in packaging Y Ren DEST Australian nematodes and PCN ME Hodda ABRS Chapter 6: Inn o v Evaluating risk analysis systems P DeBarro NPBCRC, QUT, ACERA Biological control and ecology of alligator weed SS Schooler LWA Evaluating risk analysis systems P De Barro CRC NPB Biological control of blackberry L Morin NHT Field measurement of Bt toxins in Australian soil G Vadakattu DEH Biotic stress – necrotrophs S Chakraborty GRDC Fire management of woody weeds A Grice Boneseed rust L Morin LWA Fumigation technology J Darby CRC NPB Broad spectrum adult plant rust resistance in wheat E Lagudah Heliothis midgut genomics PD East GRDC Broad spectrum disease resistance in wheat E Lagudah Herbicide bioremediation in cotton RJ Russell CCC CRC Cereal rust control program G Alice Identification of invasive pests in the wet tropics D Westcott Characterisation of best candidate RJ Russell GRDC rainforests gene/enzyme systems Identification protocol Lymantria dispar M Horak DAFF Citrus greening (Huanglongbing) PJ De Barro UWS Identifying biocontrol agents TA Heard NHT, LWA Climate change and biosecurity S Chakraborty CRCNPB of Parkinsonia Climate change risks for alert weeds JK Scott LWA Improvement of cotton growth against Fusarium J Ellis Comparison of quarantine risk analysis systems P DeBarro NPBCRC, QUT, Innovative solutions to insect pests and necrotrophic K Singh GRDC ACERA pathogens

110 Project title Researcher(s) Partner Project title Researcher(s) Partner IPM in Bollgard II: coping with changes in pests and L Wilson CCC CRC, Russian wheat aphid O Edwards CRC NPB climate CRDC, NSW DPI, Sap-sucking insect HPR OR Edwards GRDC DPI&F Scoping study microbe-plant interactions G Vadakattu GRDC Management of aphids OR Edwards GRDC Smart trap scoping study L Morin CRC NPB Management of weed infested habitats A Ash Soil microbial function G Vadakattu GRDC Maximising the efficiency of refuge crops M Whitehouse CCC CRC, CRDC Soil nutrients and weeds invasion SA Cunningham LWA Mirid predation M Whitehouse, E CCC CRC Anora Survey of the Arthropods collections in the T Weir DAFF Philippines Modelling invasive species and invaded Y Buckley communities The regeneration niche of invasive plants Y Buckley Molecular control of reproduction in weeds A Young Varroa mite biosecurity DL Anderson Monitoring for resistance to transgenic cotton S Downes CRDC

Mortality of Helicoverpa in Bollgard II GH Baker CCC CRC n, research a n d de v elopme t atio National Pest Initiative GP Fitt GRDC Native vegetation to enhance pest control NI Schellhorn New cotton pathogens from native Fusarium B Wang NHT Parkinsonia management A Grice

Olive hymenachne A Grice Chapter 6: Inn o v Olive hymenachne joint CSE/CE project TA Heard DAFF Protecting Australia’s exports – M Horak NPBCRC Revision of the genus Epiphyas Registration and extension of the use of new Y Ren GRDC, NPBCRC ethyl formate formulations on stored grain and for structural treatment Release of St Johns Wort mite into WA JK Scott NHT Release, post-release evaluation and habitat N. Schellhorn HAL management of the silverleaf whitefly parasitoid, Eretmocerus hayati Remote microscopes J La Salle CRC NPB Resistance to Russian wheat aphid OR Edwards GRDC Risk assessment of weediness in transgenic clover R Godfree Root disease bio-control efficacy and environmental P Harvey GRDC fate of microbial inoculants in crop rotations Image: Queensland researchers monitoring the efficiency of insect control programs in cotton. Image courtesy of University of Queensland.

111 Australian Research Council Project title The Australian Research Council (ARC) is a statutory authority within the Australian Discovery of novel circular proteins in bacteria, plants and animals: applications in drug design Government’s Innovation, Industry, Science and Research (IISR) portfolio. Its mission and crop protection is to advance Australia’s research excellence, to be globally competitive and deliver Does the origin of Helicoverpa punctigera populations explain their susceptibility to agricultural benefits to the community. insecticides? Ecology of insect herbivore assemblages: influence of climate, evolutionary history and plant traits The ARC provides advice to the Australian Government on research matters. It also manages the National Competitive Grants Program (NCGP) – a significant component of Fast tracking pea weevil resistance into field pea cultivars through interspecific hybridisation Australia’s investment in research and development. Table 16 lists recent ARC research Gene identification and genetic marker analysis of herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum projects related to plant health. Impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on native vegetation in South Australia – understanding underlying mechanisms to improve management Table 16: ARC plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Invasive plant species and climate change in Australia: predicting the threat and projecting Project title the future A novel link between plant pathogen defence and DNA repair capability Linking environmental stress in pine plantations to bark stripping by browsers and fungal attack: developing novel options for management

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio A novel method of broad-acre weed seedbank management using a naturally occurring germination stimulant Long-term survival of Phytophthora cinnamomi in black gravel soils on mining leases in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest Assessing plant virus threats to indigenous Western Australian flora: implications for biodiversity, conservation, ecosystem reclamation and the wildflower industry Manipulation of apoptosis-related genes to generate novel disease resistances in banana Assessing the impact of a native parasitic plant, Cassytha pubescens, on the weeds gorse Marine natural products as sources of agrochemicals – the variolins (Ulex europaeus) and English broom (Cytisus scoparius) Mechanistic and probabilistic approaches to assessing the impact of pesticide mixtures in Chapter 6: Inn o v Attract and reward: a novel approach to enhancing biological control of crop pests Australian waterways Australian plague locust population genetics and migratory behaviour Mining the rice genome for alleles of value in rice improvement Australia's monsoon tropical flora: invader or relict? Molecular dissection of resistance to subterranean clover mottle virus using Medicago truncatula Automated photonic multi-spectral weed discrimination sensor for precision agriculture Molecular technology for biological control of the most destructive horticultural pest in Australia Biosecurity of Australia's eucalypts at risk from exotic diseases present in the Asian region Molecular tools for controlling pathogenic viruses in the seed potato industry Combinatorial controlled gene expression delivering crops resistant to nematodes Naturalisation to invasion: how do naturalised plants become successful invaders? Control of foliar diseases in horticulture using milk components: widening applicability through understanding mechanisms Novel technologies to resolve interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, phosphate fertilisers and root disease in wheat production Defining the evolutionary processes of resistance to the new mode of action herbicide, pyroxasulfone Nutritional ecology of predatory arthropods: molecular analysis of gut contents to elucidate prey choice and diet breadth Detection and elimination of resting spores of Olpidium vectoring lettuce big-vein disease in lettuce seedling nursery production Orally active spider toxins: a novel paradigm for control of insect pests Development of new herbicides targeting enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of branched- Pathogenicity of Mycosphaerella on Eucalyptus globulus plantations in Western Australia chain amino acids Phyloinformatics and biodiversity: developing bioinformatic tools for understanding the dynamics of extinction and invasion within species assemblages

112 Project title Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Phytochemistry of thrips resistance in potato and its influence on acquisition and transmission The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established to of tomato spotted wilt virus help identify agricultural problems in developing countries, and to commission collaborative Predicting co-extinction risk of invertebrates on endangered plants R&D, focusing on fields where Australia has special research competence. Its mission is to Proteome mapping of the model fungal plant pathogen Stagonospora nodorum using achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems for the benefit of developing LC-LC-MS/MS countries and Australia, through international agricultural research partnerships.

Race status, resistance mechanisms, and new sources of resistance to Phytophthora ACIAR’s biosecurity projects are spread across several program areas, including crop clandestina, a major threat to subterranean clover production protection, horticulture, agricultural systems economics and management, crop Race status, sources of resistance and mechanisms of resistance to Peronospora parasitica, improvement and management, forestry, agricultural development, support for market- a major threat to oilseed brassica production in Australia driven adaptive research, and soil management and crop nutrition. Table 17 lists recent Role of soil factors and transmission on propagation material of fungal pathogens in the ACIAR projects in plant health. severity of strawberry crown and root disorders Safeguarding Australia against invasive arthropod pests Table 17: ACIAR plant-health-related research projects active in 2007/08 Selective secretion: a novel mechanism of protein trafficking and its role in Phytophthora Project title pathogenicity n, research a n d de v elopme t atio A systems approach to rodent management in upland environments in Lao PDR Solving Darwin's dilemma: molecular analysis of worker sterility in social insects Biological control of ‘mile-a-minute’ (Mikania micrantha) in Papua New Guinea and Fiji Susceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi and sensitivity to phosphorus in native Australian plants: why are they linked? Biology, damage levels and control of red-banded mango caterpillar in Papua New Guinea and Australia Systematics and co-evolution of insect herbivores on casuarinas: testing phylogenetic Control of Asian honeybees in the Solomon Islands

congruence for selection of plant biocontrol agents Chapter 6: Inn o v Targeting of lipid transfer proteins and other secreted plant defence proteins by pathogen Detection surveys for mango seed and pulp weevils in Sarangani and Davao del Sur, effectors Mindanao, Philippines The cause(s) and management of the Eucalyptus gomphocephala decline epidemic in Detection surveys for mango seed and pulp weevils in Sarangani and Davao del Sur, Western Australia Mindanao, Philippines – Phase 2 The functional genomics of locust migratory behaviour Development of integrated crop management practices to increase sustainable yield and quality of mangoes in Pakistan and Australia The future of fruit fly control: making the sterile insect technique work for Queensland fruit fly Development of PRSV-P resistant papaya genotypes by introgression of genes from wild The regeneration niche of invasive plants: managing the weed-shaped hole Carica species The success and rapid evolution of invasive species: resolving a genetic paradox Diagnosis and control of soil-borne fungal diseases of plants in Indonesia Towards a durable management strategy for ray blight in Tasmanian pyrethrum crops Diagnosis and management of wilt diseases of banana in Indonesia Translocation of secreted effector proteins from fungal pathogens into host plant cells Diseases of crops in the central provinces of Vietnam: diagnosis, extension and control Understanding social cancers: intra-specific parasitism by honeybee workers Effective phosphine fumigation – technology transfer Where will species go? Revolutionising projections of species distributions with climate change Enhancing PNG smallholder cocoa production through greater adoption of disease control Why do only some exotics become invasive? Combining ecological and genomic approaches practices to address alternative hypotheses in a recent Australian weed Ensuring productivity and food security through sustainable control of yellow rust of wheat in Asia

113 Table 17: ACIAR plant-health-related research projects active in 2007/08 (page 2 of 2)

Project title Project title Establishing forest pest detection systems in South Pacific countries and Australia Management of fungal root rot in plantation acacias in Indonesia Establishment of fruit fly pest free areas Management of postharvest diseases of subtropical and tropical fruit using their natural resistance mechanisms Evaluation of the impact of Dasheen mosaic virus on and other viruses on taro yield Management of potato late blight in Papua New Guinea Fruit fly management in Papua New Guinea Managing pest fruit flies to enhance quarantine services and upgrade fruit and vegetable Herbicide use strategies and weed management options in Filipino and Australian cropping production in Indonesia Huanglongbing management for Indonesia, Vietnam and Australia Managing pest fruit flies to increase production of fruit and vegetable crops in Vietnam Improved farming systems for managing soil-borne pathogens of ginger in Fiji and Australia Managing trade risks arising from the use of crop protection chemicals in horticultural crops Improved plant protection in the Solomon Islands in the Philippines and Australia Improvement of vegetable production and postharvest management systems in Cambodia Microbial contaminants associated with sago processing and storage in Papua New Guinea and Australia Mitigating the threat of banana Fusarium wilt: understanding the agroecological distribution

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Improving cocoa production through farmer involvement in demonstration trials of potentially of pathogenic forms and developing disease management strategies superior and pest/disease resistant genotypes and integrated management practices Optimising the productivity of the potato/brassica cropping system in Central and West Java Improving mandarin production in Bhutan and Australia through the implementation Plant disease diagnostic manual of on-farm best management practices Plant health management for faba bean, chickpea and lentils Improving marketing efficiency and post harvest handling of sweet potatoes in PNG Postharvest handling and disease control in melons in China and Australia Improving postharvest quality of temperate fruits in Vietnam and Australia Chapter 6: Inn o v Reducing pest and disease impact on yield in selected PNG sweet potato production systems Improving understanding and management of rice pathogens in Cambodia Reducing spoilage and contamination risks of fresh vegetables in China and Australia Integrated control of powdery mildew and other disease, weed and insect problems in squash in Tonga and Australia Scoping study to identify research and implementation issues related to management of the brown planthopper/virus problem in rice in Vietnam Integrated crop management package for sustainable smallholder gardens in Solomon Islands Sustainable management of coffee green scales in Papua New Guinea Integrated disease management (IDM) for anthracnose, Phytophthora blight and whitefly Targeting crop protection research and development towards social change amongst ethnic transmitted geminiviruses in chilli pepper in Indonesia minority communities in central Vietnam Integrated pest management and supply chain improvement for mangoes in the Philippines Taro beetle management in PNG and Fiji and Australia TaroPest: a computer based information and diagnostics package for taro pests Integrated pest management for Finschhafen disorder of oil palm in Papua New Guinea of the South Pacific Integrated pest management in a sustainable production system for brassica crops in Technical support facility for commercialisation of protein bait production in north Vietnam Fiji and Samoa The use of pathogen tested planting materials to improve sustainable sweet potato International food safety regulation and processed food exports from developing countries: production in Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea a comparative study of India and Thailand Virus indexing and DNA fingerprinting for the international movement and conservation Management of Eumetopina flavipes: the vector of ramu stunt disease of sugarcane of taro germplasm in Papua New Guinea

114 Australian Agency for International Development Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity The CRC NPB – an unincorporated joint venture between a range of relevant participants The Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) is the Australian – is now the central coordinating body for plant biosecurity research across Australia. Government agency responsible for managing Australia’s overseas aid program. The objective of the aid program is to assist developing countries reduce poverty The centre’s objectives are achieved through its six research, education and delivery and achieve sustainable development, in line with Australia’s national interest. programs, which cover: AusAID provides advice and support to the Minister and Parliamentary Secretary • preparedness and prevention (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) on development policy, and plans and • diagnostics coordinates poverty reduction activities in partnership with developing countries. • surveillance Table 18 shows recent AusAID projects in plant health. • impact management Table 18: AusAID plant-health-related research projects active in 2007/08 • education and training, and • commercialisation and utilisation (delivery and adoption). Project title

Agreement between AusAID and AQIS – PNG Australia Quarantine Twinning Scheme Table 19 lists recent CRC NPB research projects. n, research a n d de v elopme t atio ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program Stream Design Mission III: Plant Health Table 19: CRC NPB research projects active in 2007/08 Building diagnostic capacity in Thailand to protect high value fruit crops and facilitate exports Capacity building in plant health in Thailand Project title Researcher Capacity building in plant health: building pest diagnostic capacity in Indonesia to underpin A community based model to manage EPPs D Eagling

agricultural exports Aphid diagnostics G Maynard Chapter 6: Inn o v Establishment, maintenance and sustainable use of biological collections linked to agricultural Ascochyta wind tunnel S Coventry trade (Philippines) Bayesian surveillance systems M Stanaway Forest Genetic Resources II (SPRIG) Biosecurity policy S Knight Indonesian Quarantine Strengthening Project Biosecurity quarantine model system P Whittle Samoa Quarantine Improvement Project Climate change J Luck Sanitary and Phytosanitary Capacity Building Program Comparison of quarantine risk analysis systems K Mengerson The Australian Fumigation Accreditation Scheme (AFAS) – the Philippines Cool grain fumigation G Daglish Detection in pathogen mixtures B Vogelzang Cooperative research centres Detection of Phytophthora ramorum G Hardy Early warning threat identification D Cook A Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) is a company formed through a collaboration of businesses and researchers. It provides a central coordinating body for R&D across Enhanced biosecurity planning tools D Cook all Australian states and territories. The CRCs program is an Australian Government Epiphyas revision R Hitchcock funded initiative. Evaluating risk analysis systems P De Barro Female lures FFT K Lindhout

115 Table 19: CRC NPB research projects active in 2007/08 (page 2 of 2)

Project title Researcher Project title Researcher Fire blight diagnostics R Powney Plant bacteria platforms D Hailstones Flying spore traps K Bayliss Post-entry quarantine Australia/New Zealand B Rodoni Fruit fly W Rahtz Predictive economic model L Elliston Fruit fly area freedom F De Lima Remote microscopes J La Salle Fumigation technology J Darby Resistance monitoring and management – Northern Region M Najak Fusarium TR 4 R Meldrum Resistance monitoring and management – Southern Region J Holloway Grains surveillance strategy S Taylor Resistance monitoring and management – Western Region R Emery Hosts of Phytophthora ramorum K Ireland Review of chemical and non-chemical alternatives to phosphine P Collins Hyperspectral pathogen detection A Mackie Russian wheat aphid O Edwards Improved karnal bunt diagnostics M-K Tan Sampling strategies for stored grains G Hamilton

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Increasing diagnostic capacity in Thailand G Kong Scarab beetle barcoding K Rigg Indo citrus greening W Mudita School education strategy K Burtenshaw Insect eradication W Woods Smart trap scoping study L Morin Khapra beetle M Castalanelli Smut fungi A McTaggart Khapra beetle diagnostics M Grimm Spore modelling D Savage Chapter 6: Inn o v Lettuce aphids C Feutrill Surveillance simulation platform G Milne Luteovirus M Hlaing Loh Surveillance systems analysis N Hammond Master class in plant biosecurity J Lovett Terrestrial observation predictive systems J Weiss Microarrays for virus diagnostics C Webster Tomato leaf curl-nano S Van Brunschot Nanobead diagnostic platform A Geering White fly systematics S Harvey National diagnostic database G Kong Women in biosecurity E Martiningsih National plant biosecurity curriculum A Clarke NICTA smart trap P Khuwuthyakorn Ordguard community engagement P Royce Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre Pathogen eradication strategies M Sosnowski The prime objective of the Molecular Plant Breeding CRC (MPB CRC) is to ensure the competitiveness of Australian crop and pasture industries. The centre achieves this PDA-assisted surveillance R Emery by developing the latest molecular technologies and delivering them through breeding Phosphine resistance – molecular D Schlipalius programs. The MPB CRC research program provides intellectual property, new molecular Phytophthora taxonomy A Rea technologies, tools and software that increase the efficiency and speed of plant breeding. Table 20 lists recent MPB CRC research projects related to plant health.

116 Table 20: MPB CRC plant health related research projects active in 2007/08

Project title Researcher Project title Researcher AWCMMP – MBQIP Marker implementation and validation (VI 7) J Eglinton Novel marker systems – multiplex PCR technologies to M Hayden accelerate the use of SSRs in cereal breeding and genetic AWCMMP – wheat marker implementation/validation for AGT R Eastwood research (VI 1) Rice–wheat–barley comparative genomics for key agronomic AWCMMP: curation of wheat and barley maps traits Barley characteristics – blackpoint formation A Able Transgenic wheat – assessment of candidate genes for fungal G Spangenberg Barley preharvest sprouting resistance – improved germplasm J Eglinton disease resistance Bioinformatics and biological computing for plant breeding M Bellgard Whole genome-based selection in backcross families in wheat K Chalmers and barley Bioinformatics systems for molecular plant breeding T Sawbridge Breeders' software – strategic tools H Eagles Breeders' software – tactical tools H Eagles

Control of cereal fungal diseases H Wallwork n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Curation of molecular plant breeding data D Mather Development and implementation of candidate gene-based J Forester molecular markers in outcrossing forage species Disease genetics – genetic evaluation of barley scald resistance H Wallwork

Disease genetics – pathogen variation and host interactions H Wallwork Chapter 6: Inn o v Disease resistance in cereals A Able Germplasm barley biotic – enhancement of disease resistance H Wallwork in elite malting quality barleys Germplasm wheat abiotic – new rust genes for Australian wheat I Dundas breeders from alien species Germplasm wheat biotic – stressed environments H Wallwork Germplasm wheat quality – using novel glutenin alleles H Wallwork Low cost analysis – solid phase diagnostics for DNA markers Map-based cloning of quality loci in barley K Chalmers Mapping and markers cereals – AB QTL analysis for malt quality J Eglinton Mapping and markers cereals – marker-trait linkages H Wallwork Mapping and markers cereals – new SSRs in Australian wheat K Oldach and barley germplasm Novel marker systems – developing new technologies and K Chalmers delivering to breeding programs Image courtesy of BSES.

117 Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture Project title Researcher The CRC for Viticulture (CRCV) is Australia’s leading viticultural research and development Ecology of Helicoverpa – transgenic cotton G Baker organisation. It is committed to accelerating quality viticultural management from grapevine to palate, to ensure the economic and environmental sustainability of Australia’s grape- Gene silencing technologies to control Helicoverpa armigera D Collinge, K Gordon growing industries. The Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture (CRCV) ceased operating on 29 June 2007. Table 21 lists recent CRCV research projects related to Hydrological and geophysical characterisation of paleochannels C Vanagas, W plant health. in northern NSW. Vervoort Improving management of summer weeds in dryland cropping systems S Walker Table 21: CRCV plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 with cotton Integrated cotton farming systems North Queensland P Grundy Project title IPM in northern broadacre farming systems M Miles Isolation of a major resistance gene to powdery mildew Irrigation monitoring system for comparative water requirements and S Yeates Mechanism of powdery mildew infection in grapevines optimal scheduling of Bollgard and conventional cotton systems Irrigation scheduling for drip irrigated Bollgard II® cotton in the west Kimberly G Strickland

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Is the source of mirids in cotton derived from local dispersal or long J Hereward Cotton Catchment Communities Cooperative Research Centre distance migration? The Cotton Catchment Communities CRC is leading research, education and Linking cotton-pathogen molecular L Pereg-Gerk commercialisation in the Australian cotton industry. The CRC aims to provide innovative Managing Helicoverpa spp. and sucking pests on cotton using A Singleton knowledge to stimulate economic, social and environmental outcomes at farm, regional semiochemicals. and national levels. The CRC supports research focused on producing competitive cotton farming systems and high-quality consumer-preferred cotton, and on increasing skills Maximising profitability with limited water J Payero Chapter 6: Inn o v and knowledge related to cotton production. Table 22 lists recent CCC CRC projects Maximising the efficiency of Bt refuge crops C Tann related to plant health. Mechanisms underlying the efficacy of petroleum spray oils (POSs) against A Rodriguez Aphis gossypii on cotton. Table 22: CCC CRC plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Minimum tillage in Northern Australia J Moulden Project title Researcher Mirid predation M Whitehouse Alternaria leaf spot – Northern Australia S Bhuiyan Molecular factors determining Thielaviopsis Basicola – cotton interactions L Pereg-Gerk Chemical ecology of insects in Australian cotton fields A Del Socorro leading to black root rot disease Deep drainage surface and groundwater – surface and groundwater D McGarry Mortality of Helicoverpa in Bollgard II cotton fields and implications S Downes implications for Bt resistance management Development of a field method for measuring deep drainage potential B Minasny New generation scouting tools M Bange Development of sustainable integrated weed management (IWM) strategies G Charles NORpak Communication Strategy North Australia. S Yeates for use with low input cotton systems NORpak validation and Bollgard II® demonstration block at Kununurra. G Strickland Development of sustainable IWM strategies for use with low input cotton I Taylor Optimising the establishment, persistence and impact of Trichogramma N Reid systems – the critical period for weed control concept Pretiosum in NSW Diseases of cotton IX D Nehl Pesticide and nutrient remediation: assessing application and integration A Crossan Ecology of fleabane B Sindel with on-farm storage systems

118 Project title Researcher Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Plant and soil factors optimising water use efficiency J Neilsen The Reef and Rainforest Research Centre (RRRC) was established to administer the research program in North Queensland of the Marine and Tropical Sciences Postgraduate: weed resistance risk management modelling in glyphosate J Werth Research Facility. The RRRC aims to address issues of concern for the sustainable tolerant cotton use, management and protection of the Great Barrier Reef and its catchments, tropical Quantifying deep drainage using lysimetry A Ringrose- rainforests, including the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area and the Torres Strait, Voase through the generation and transfer of world-class research and sharing knowledge. Rhizosphere biological functions Knox, Oliver Table 24 lists recent RRRC research projects related to plant health. Scoping study – weeds in the Burdekin Table 24: RRRC plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Supporting IPM for future cotton systems L Wilson Survival of the soil-borne fungal pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola in J Moulynox Project title Researcher association with cotton and other plants Identification and impact of invasive pests in the Wet Tropics D Westcott The effect of water availability and climate on boll retention and plant W Contay, B rainforests nutrition in cotton. Sutton

The role of IPM in the Northern Territory A Davies n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Thresholds for Bt susceptible Helicoverpa survivors on Bollgard II B Lu Research and development corporations Tracking H. armigera migration, and the accumulation of insecticide resistance K Scott There are 15 rural R&D corporations (RDCs) covering virtually all of the Australia’s Trichogramma incidence in cotton and grains growing regions of Australia K Scott agricultural industries. The RDCs bring together industry and researchers to establish – consequences for Helicoverpa management. the strategic directions for R&D and to fund projects that provide industry with the innovation and productivity tools to compete in global markets.

Water relations of the cotton plant J Neilsen Chapter 6: Inn o v Weed management strategies for farming systems with herbicide J Werth The RDCs do not perform research themselves, but provide support through research tolerant cotton providers such as state R&D agencies, tertiary institutions, CSIRO, industry associations and private service providers. Details of those of particular relevance to Australia’s plant industries are given below. Cooperative Research Centre for Value Added Wheat Building on 6 years of achievements of the Quality Wheat CRC, the CRC for Value Added Wheat (VAW) is integrating advanced bioscience, food science, agronomic and genetic investigations into wheat research. The CRC come to a close in June 2007. Table 23 lists recent CRC VAW research projects related to plant health.

Table 23: CRC VAW plant health related research projects active in 2007/08

Project title Researcher Exploiting Septoria resistance in wheat A Milgate Germplasm development for Stagonospora nodorum M Franki resistance in wheat: genotyping

Image courtesy of NSW DPI.

119 Cotton Research and Development Corporation Project title Researcher The Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC) was established in Managing cotton aphids with parasitoids J Hopkinson 1990. The CRDC is a partnership between the Australian Government and the Australian Cotton industry. Maximising the efficiency of Bt refuge crop C Tann Monitoring for resistance to Bt toxins S Downes The organisation aims to develop a more sustainable, profitable and competitive Silverleaf whitefly insecticide resistance monitoring 2007–2010 D Murray cotton industry – providing increased environmental, economic and social benefits to regional communities and the nation. Table 25 lists recent CRDC research Soil impacts on the incidence and evolution of Fusarium wilt W Bo projects related to plant health. Survival and reproduction of the Fusarium wilt fungus A Seyb Sustainable chemical control of mirids, cotton, aphid and TSM in cotton G Herron Table 25: CRDC plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Weed management strategies for farming systems J Werth, Project title Researcher with herbicide tolerant cotton D Thornby Cotton Fusarium wilt management L Smith Developing the capacity to manage cotton viral diseases C Gambley Grains Research and Development Corporation

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Development of weed control thresholds in management G Charles of herbicide damage in cotton The Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) is a leading grains research Diseases of cotton IX C Anderson organisation, responsible for planning, investing and overseeing R&D across the Australian grains industry. Funding is provided through a levy on grain growers, which is matched Ecology of fleabane (Conyza spp.) T Green (up to a cap) by the Australian Government. Genetic factors involved in pathogenicity of Thielaviopsis basicola TBA towards cotton The GRDC’s research portfolio covers 25 leviable crops, spanning temperate and tropical Chapter 6: Inn o v Helicoverpa insecticide resistance: monitoring, management L Rossiter cereals, oilseeds and pulses, which are worth over $7 billion a year in farm production. and esterase gene research Crop protection is identified as part of the corporation’s 5-year R&D plan, targeting Implications of Bt resistance in H. armigera R Mahon management options for cereal foliar and root diseases, increased farmer awareness Inducible tolerance to Bt toxins O Schmidt and adoption of weed-management practices, and new approaches to crop protection. Investigating the roles of toxins and pathogenicity factors J Conroy Table 26 lists recent GRDC research projects related to plant health. of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Table 26: GRDC plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Investigation of the effects of silicon application on the resistance J Whan of cotton to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Project title Area IPM in Bollgard cotton – new tools and strategies II: R Mensah A bioinformatics approach for identification of pathogenicity Building research capacity a farming systems approach factors and fungicide targets in Stagonospora nodorum and IPM in Bollgard II: coping with changes in pests and climate L Wilson closely related necrotrophic fungi Is the source of mirids in cotton derived from local dispersal J Hereward A systems approach to enhance the adoption of integrated Crop protection or long distance migration? weed management techniques in the northern agricultural region of Western Australia Linking cotton-pathogen molecular interactions B Coumons and black root rot management Addressing rust resistance and other key traits in wheat Germplasm enhancement breeding for the Western Region Management of mirids and stinkbugs in Bollgard II M Khan

120 Project title Area Project title Area Adult plant resistance and pathogen variability in cereal rust: Germplasm enhancement Barley improvement through germplasm introduction, Wheat and barley breeding cereal host pathosystems evaluation and enhancement Advanced application technology to manage spray drift Crop protection Biosynthesis and role of fungal toxins in blackleg Building research capacity and improve the efficacy of weed management practices disease of canola Albus lupin breeding Pulse, oilseed and CIMMYT alliance – Component 1: protecting the Australian Germplasm enhancement summer coarse grains wheat industry from karnal bunt through the development and implementation of molecular markers Applied weed management in Western Australia Crop protection Cloning of an insect resistance gene from sorghum Pulse, oilseed and Assessment of IPM strategies to control insects in rotational Crop protection summer coarse grains farming systems of the southern region Consultancy – a strategic approach to managing resistance New grain products Australian Centre for Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens – Crop protection to phosphine in the grains industry Disease resistance Contingency plans for emergency plant pests Crop protection Australian Cereal Rust Control Program (ACRCP) Gene discovery of the grains industry (University of Sydney)

Continued delivery of applied solutions to weed issues Crop protection n, research a n d de v elopme t atio ACRCP – Adult Plant Resistance to Wheat Rusts (CIMMYT) Germplasm enhancement in central Queensland ACRCP – Advancement of new genes for stem and Gene discovery Control and eradication of a parasitic weed, field trials Crop protection leaf rust resistance from uncultivated relatives of wheat (University of Adelaide) Control of cereal fungal diseases Germplasm enhancement ACRCP Triple Rust Initiative (CSIRO Plant Industries) Gene discovery Creation and deployment to wheat of new recombinant Germplasm enhancement alien translocations with barley yellow dwarf virus resistance

Australian Chickpea Breeding Program Pulse, oilseed and Chapter 6: Inn o v summer coarse grains Crop improvement of grain sorghum in Australia – core breeding Pulse, oilseed and summer coarse grains Australian Field Pea Breeding Program Pulse, oilseed and summer coarse grains Crop pest management for farming systems Crop protection in high rainfall areas of southern Australia Australian Lentil Breeding Program Pulse, oilseed and summer coarse grains Cropping options to limit root lesion nematodes Crop protection Australian National Durum Wheat Improvement Program Wheat and barley breeding Crown rot management for durum and bread wheats Crop protection for the Southern Region Australian Peanut Improvement Program Pulse, oilseed and summer coarse grains Crown rot-resistant bread wheat through new knowledge Crop protection of epidemiology and genetics AWCMMP – Component: markers for rust resistance in cereals Gene discovery Curation and development of invertebrate collections Crop protection AWCMMP – Component: towards the application of perfect Gene discovery within the Australian National Insect Collection markers for broad spectrum disease resistance in wheat Determining the cause, extent, impact and potential control Crop protection Barley Breeding Australia – Northern node Wheat and barley breeding measures for an unidentified disorder in sunflower crops in Barley Breeding Australia – Southern node Wheat and barley breeding central Queensland Barley Breeding Australia – Western Region Wheat and barley breeding Developing a sensitive dry seed test to detect seed-borne Crop protection viruses in bulk seed samples of wheat Barley cultivar development (DPI Vic) Wheat and barley breeding

121 Table 26: GRDC plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 (page 3 of 5)

Project title Area Project title Area Developing and demonstrating integrated pest Crop protection Fortuitous biological control as a sustainable provider Building research capacity management in broad-acre cropping of pest control Differential herbicide tolerance of winter crops Crop protection Fungal gene expression in the Rhynchosporium Building research capacity in south-eastern Australia Stage 2 secalis–barley interaction Disease resistance to Phytophthora in Medicago truncatula Building research capacity Fungal pathology developments for management Crop protection of oilseed brassicas in Australia Durum industry development – fast tracking genetic solutions Germplasm enhancement to crown rot Fungicide resistance strategy Crop protection Durum industry development – molecular marker assisted Germplasm enhancement Genetic and pathogenic variation in field population Building research capacity selection for crown rot resistance of the crown rot fungus (Fusarium pseudograminearum) Emerging foliar wheat disease issues in the Northern Region Crop protection Genetic approaches to resistance to Fusarium and Bipolaris Germplasm enhancement in wheat and barley Emerging mite pests in southern Australia Crop protection Genetic dissection of fungal disease resistance in legumes Germplasm enhancement

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Enhancing resistance to Stagonospora nodorum Germplasm enhancement using Medicago truncatula in Australian wheat germplasm Helicoverpa spp insecticide resistance: monitoring, Crop protection Enhancing the detection of Tilletia indica, Crop protection mechanisms and management the cause of karnal bunt Herbicide tolerance of barley and wheat cultivars Crop protection Epidemiology and control of Botrytis grey mould in lentils Crop protection in the Northern Region (Phase 3) Evaluating herbicide tolerance with new crop varieties Crop protection

Chapter 6: Inn o v Host plant resistance in Medicago truncatula (Leguminosae) Building research capacity Evaluation and selection of high-quality brassica breeding Pulse, oilseed and to Acrythosiphon pisum (Aphididae). lines for short season environments of Western Australia summer coarse grains Identification of secreted proteins, produced by the recalcitrant Building research capacity Evolution of Russian wheat aphid virulence Crop protection fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, that contribute to canola and resistance sustainability white rot disease Examining the cross resistance patterns of diflufenican Building research capacity Implementing technologies and strategies to maintain Crop protection resistant wild radish populations resistance to sunflower rust Exploiting Septoria resistance in wheat Germplasm enhancement Improved herbicide tolerance for pulses in the Western Region Crop protection Faba bean breeding – Southern and Western Regions Pulse, oilseed and Improved vetch varieties for Australian farmers and end-users Pulse, oilseed and summer coarse grains summer coarse grains Faba bean improvement – Northern Region Pulse, oilseed and Improving weed control options in conservation farming systems Crop protection summer coarse grains Incorporating new sources of stem and leaf rust resistance Germplasm enhancement Facilitating integrated pest management adoption Crop protection from wild oat species into cultivated oat varieties in Northern Region broadacre farming systems Inoculants for soil-borne disease control New farm products Fast tracking of rust resistant stylet replacements Wheat and barley breeding and services for growers in Southern Australia Insecticide resistance and sustainable management of aphids Crop protection Field studies and management of crown rot in the Northern Region Crop protection Integrated and sustainable control of pest mite species Building research capacity

122 Project title Area Project title Area Integrated disease management in field crops with emphasis Crop protection National Brassica Improvement Program Pulse, oilseed and on Sclerotinia stem rot in canola (DPI Vic and lead agency) summer coarse grains Integrated pest management for pulses in Northern Australia Crop protection National Brassica Improvement Program (NSW Agriculture) Pulse, oilseed and – sustainable production in a changing cropping environment summer coarse grains Integrated weed management in southern New South Wales Crop protection National Brassica Improvement Program (South Australia) Pulse, oilseed and summer coarse grains Integration of biopesticides into integrated pest management New farm products against sucking pests and services National Invertebrate Pest Initiative Crop protection Investigation of flax rust resistance R/Avr protein interactions Building research capacity National Mungbean Improvement Program Pulse, oilseed and in vitro summer coarse grains Investigation of possible non-target site resistance mechanisms Building research capacity National screening for barley grain defects including black point, Germplasm enhancement endowing atrazine resistance in wild radish populations staining and preharvest sprouting Maize germplasm enhancement and productivity improvement Pulse, oilseed and National Triticale Improvement Program Wheat and barley breeding for tropical Australia summer coarse grains n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Natural enemy evaluation of the silverleaf whitefly (SLW) Crop protection Management of annual ryegrass using deleterious rhizobacteria Crop protection and ecological processes affecting SLW dispersal Management of Fusarium diseases and common root rot Crop protection Non-race specific (broad spectrum) adult plant rust resistance Crop protection of cereals in the northern cropping zone in wheat Managing and identifying resistance against barley scald Germplasm enhancement Novel genes regulating plant defence Building research capacity

Managing disease constraints in Western Region farming Crop protection Optimising cereal profitability in the high rainfall zone Crop protection Chapter 6: Inn o v systems through the integration of disease management and canopy management principles Managing diseases using precision agriculture Agronomy and soils Pathology in pulse crops in the Southern Region – Crop protection Managing the risks of trifluralin resistance in no-till cropping Crop protection South Australia module systems Phosphine fumigation of cool grain New grain products Metabolism and infection in the Stagonospora nodorum–wheat Building research capacity pathosystem Population genetics of the lucerne flea with applications Building research capacity for biocontrol Modelling for sustainable glyphosate use in the Northern Region Crop protection Pulse Breeding Australia Pulse, oilseed and Molecular and genetic study of plant resistance to aphid Building research capacity summer coarse grains Monitoring populations of the blackleg fungus to develop Crop protection Pulse germplasm enhancement bacterial blight in field pea, Pulse, oilseed and strategies for deployment of resistance genes in oilseed pod drop in lentil, and heat stress tolerance in field pea and summer coarse grains brassicas faba bean More profitable chickpeas through disease management – Crop protection Pulse germplasm enhancement – boron and salt tolerance Pulse, oilseed and Northern Region in temperate pulses and durable Ascochyta blight resistance summer coarse grains MPBCRC: disease genetics – pathogen variation and host Germplasm enhancement in chickpeas interactions Reducing the impact of pulse diseases in the Northern Region Crop protection MPBCRC: improved disease resistance in cereals Germplasm enhancement Resistance monitoring and management – Western Region New grain products

123 Table 26: GRDC plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 (page 5 of 5)

Project title Area Resistance monitoring and management – Northern Region New grain products Rhizoctonia management – future directions Crop protection for the Southern Region Risk assessment and preventative strategies for herbicide Crop protection resistance in the northern grain region (Phase 2) Rotations to reduce impact of nematodes in western Crop protection cereal cropping systems SIP04: defect elimination in wheat – black point Germplasm enhancement SIP08: Effective and safe rodent management Crop protection in grain cropping systems Image courtesy of GRDC. Strategies to ensure longevity of blackleg disease resistance Crop protection genes in canola

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Forest and Wood Products Research Sustainable resistance of Brassica napus Building research capacity and Development Corporation to Leptosphaeria maculans The Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation (FWPRDC) The biology and control of Salsola tragus Building research capacity provides a national, integrated R&D focus for the Australian forest and wood products The importance and control of thrips in faba beans Crop protection industry. The FWPRDC is funded through industry levies and Australian Government in northern New South Wales support. Table 27 lists recent FWPRDC research projects related to plant health.

Chapter 6: Inn o v Understanding and management of weed resistance Crop protection to glyphosate Table 27: FWPRDC plant health related research projects active in 2007/08

Variation in barley scald and effective resistance Germplasm enhancement Project title gene deployment Introduction of a parasitoid/s for the biocontrol of pine aphid in south-eastern Australia Varietal herbicide tolerance in the Southern Region Crop protection incorporating national coordination Victorian cereal pathology support with emphasis Crop protection on crown rot management Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Victorian pulse pathology and virology support program Crop protection The Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) was set up by the Australian Government to work closely with Australian rural industries on the organisation Western Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative – Phase 2 Crop protection and funding of their R&D needs. The focus of the RIRDC is on new and emerging Western lupin technology – narrow-leafed lupin breeding Pulse, oilseed and industries as a way to diversify rural enterprises in Australia. This role is enhanced by for southern Australia summer coarse grains responsibility for R&D for a range of established rural industries and for key generic Wheat breeding for the Western Region Wheat and barley breeding issues confronting the rural sector. Wheat with enhanced resistance to Fusarium diseases Building research capacity RIRDC has a specific Food Integrity and Biosecurity Program to address pest and market Yellow lupin improvement Pulse, oilseed and access issues specific to its industries. Table 28 lists recent RIRDC research projects summer coarse grains related to plant health.

124 Table 28: RIRDC plant health related research projects active in 2007/08

Project title Researcher Project title Assessment and communication of risk in agricultural quarantine issues M Alston Invasion potential of Eumetopina flavipes, vector of Ramu stunt disease of sugarcane Biosecurity and the small landholder: linking spatial data C Hollier and M Reid Mulgrave cane growers strategic grub management: implementing BSES decision-making to risk analysis tools Biosecurity risk management in the food chain – a framework J Bobbitt Optimum cane grub management within new sustainable cropping systems Development of olive pest and disease field guide R Spooner-Hart Smut-proofing the Australian industry – ensuring a reliable cane supply through reduced genetic vulnerability to sugarcane smut Enhanced biosecurity planning tools P de Barro Sugarcane biosecurity integrated plan Integrated management strategies for diseases and pests L Tesoriero of Asian vegetables Utilising a predictive model for the monitoring and management of cane grubs in the Mackay region by the Mount Kinchant Growers Group Management and ecology of key rice pests M Stevens Whole-farm planning for management of varieties to maximise productivity and reduce losses Rotational weed control practices for rice M Taylor from diseases Survey of Australian rice blast races and cultivar susceptibility E Cother n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Weed management in Australian rice production M Taylor

Sugar Research and Development Corporation The Sugar Research and Development Corporation’s objective is to foster an innovative and sustainable Australian sugar industry through targeted investment in R&D. The R&D Chapter 6: Inn o v focuses on providing economic, environmental and social benefits for rural and regional communities. The corporation is funded by levies paid by the sugar industry, which are matched by funds from the Australian Government. Table 29 lists recent SRDC research projects related to plant health.

Table 29: SRDC plant health related research projects active in 2007/08

Project title An integrated approach to nut grass control An integrated pest management strategy for climbing rat in the Far North Queensland sugarcane production system Development and implementation of NIR based predictive tools to rate sugarcane varieties against smut and Fiji leaf gall GrubPlan 2: developing improved risk assessment and decision-support systems for managing greyback cane grub Increasing productivity and profitability in soldierfly-affected crops in the Pioneer Valley

Image courtesy of GRDC.

125 Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation Project title Area The Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation (GWRDC) supports the Use of predatory mites for long-term prevention Program 5: Smart, Science, Practical development of the Australian grape and wine industry by planning and funding collective of rust mite, 3b, 3c and 3d bud mite, and other Solutions: Industry Solutions R&D programs and then facilitating the dissemination, adoption and commercialisation pest mite outbreaks in Australian vineyards of the results throughout the industry. The GWRDC’s funding for R&D investment comes Use of predatory mites for long-term prevention Program 4: Sustainability of Industry, from levies on the annual grape harvest and wine yield, with the Australian Government of rust mite, bud mite and other pest mite Environments and Communities: providing matching funds. Table 30 lists recent GWRDC research projects related to outbreaks in Australian vineyards Sustainable Production plant health. Vine health and environment; multiseason Program 4: Sustainability of Industry, impacts on vine productivity and grape Environments and Communities: Table 30: GWRDC plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 composition Sustainable Production

Project title Area Biological control of grapevine scales Program 4: Sustainability of Industry, Environments and Communities: BSES Limited Environmental Custodians BSES Limited is the principal provider of R&D and extension services for the Australian Effective Botrytis management for cool climate Program 4: Sustainability of Industry, sugar industry. BSES works closely with the sugar industry to provide R&D focused n, research a n d de v elopme t atio viticulture Environments and Communities: on the areas of plant improvement, crop management, mechanisation enhancements, Sustainable Production product and process improvement, analytical support and customer service. BSES Management of Botrytis and other bunch rots by Program 5: Smart, Science, Practical sugarcane varieties make up 98% of all varieties grown in Australia. BSES is partially – (a) identification of other bunch rots fungi Solutions: Industry Solutions funded through a voluntary service-fee paid by growers and millers. Table 31 lists producing PPOs (b) clarification of registered recent BSES research projects related to plant health. chemical against non-Botrytis bunch rots

Chapter 6: Inn o v identified as potential bunch rot pathogens Table 31: BSES plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Response of grapevine canopies to chemical Program 4: Sustainability of Industry, elicitors that induce disease resistance Environments and Communities: Project title Researcher Funding source Sustainable Production Biosecurity contingency plans for exotic pests and N Sallam SRDC/BSES/ Root-zone management options to minimise Program 4: Sustainability of Industry, diseases of sugarcane DPI&F off-site impacts of nutrients and pesticides Environments and Communities: Characterisation of the causal agents of sugarcane K Braithwaite BSES Sustainable Production Ramu stunt and chlorotic streak diseases Sustainable long-term strategies for Phylloxera Program 4: Sustainability of Industry, Developing resistant varieties – Woodford management under Australian conditions Environments and Communities: Looking Ahead Engagement of Productivity Services in the surveillance for sugarcane smut for eastern Australia Sustainable protection of grapevines from Program 5: Smart, Science, Practical except for Childers-Bundaberg garden weevils Solutions: Industry Solutions Epidemiology of sugarcane smut in Queensland R Magarey SRDC/ BSES/ Sustaining grapevines infected with Program 4: Sustainability of Industry, DPI&F Eutypa dieback Environments and Communities: Sustainable Production Epidemiology studies into sugarcane smut Testing pesticide effects on beneficial insects- Program 4: Sustainability of Industry, International and domestic quarantine strategies for returning vineyards to mealybug Environments and Communities: International and domestic quarantine for sugarcane N Thompson BSES levels below the economic threshold Environmental Custodians germplasm

126 Project title Researcher Funding source Horticulture Australia Limited IPM for exotic borers and insect vectors of sugarcane R Magarey, ACIAR/ BSES HAL is a national R&D and marketing organisation that works in partnership with the in Indonesia N Sallam horticulture sector to invest in programs that provide benefit to Australian horticulture industries. As part of the Australian Government’s commitment to rural research and Management of Eumetopina flavieps, the vector of Ramu stunt disease development, horticulture industries can access matching Commonwealth funding through HAL for research and development activities. Optimum cane grub management within new P Samson SRDC/ BSES/ sustainable cropping systems DPI&F Each year, HAL administers more than 1200 research, development and marketing Pest and disease consultancy at Ramu Sugar in PNG R Magarey, Ramu Sugar/ projects covering a diversity of topics, including biosecurity and plant health. The P Samson BSES Plant Health Portfolio Area focuses on activities inside the farm gate that address crop QCANESelectTM – on-line decision support tool B Croft SRDC/ BSES/ protection, while the Post Harvest and Biosecurity Area covers pre- and post-harvest for whole-farm planning for varieties and risk DPI&F areas of pest management and protecting the industry from pest incursions. Table 32 management lists recent HAL research projects related to plant health. Ramu stunt and CS characterisation Table 32: HAL plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Reducing the Australian sugar industry's genetic

vulnerability to sugarcane smut Project title Service provider n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Scoping study – remote sensing of sugarcane leaf A baseline survey of knowledge, attitudes, approaches and Instinct and Reason diseases aspirations regarding contamination management Screening Australian germplasm for resistance B Croft SRDC/ BSES/ A scoping study of IPM compatible options for the management of DPI&F to sugarcane smut in Indonesia DPI&F key vegetable sucking pests Screening clones for sugarcane smut resistance B Croft, M Cox BSES/ DPI&F Alternative fruit fly control and market access for capsicums and DPI&F for the BSES breeding program – Bundaberg tomatoes Chapter 6: Inn o v Smut spore trapping Alternative fruit fly management for market access for apples DPI&F SmutBuster: accelerated breeding of smut-resistant R Gilmour SRDC/ BSES/ Alternative fruit fly treatment for interstate market access for DPI&F sugarcane varieties DPI&F strawberries Smut-proofing the Australian industry – ensuring Alternatives to methyl bromide for Queensland strawberry production DPI&F a reliable cane supply An IPM manual for Australia's apple and pear industry NSW DPI Soil diagnostic assay laboratory, nematodes and R Magarey BSES Pachymetra root rot An IPM systems approach for market access for Australian VICDPI deciduous tree fruit Sugarcane biosecurity integrated plan Avocado carbaryl residue trials Agronico Research Sugarcane smut early detection through spore R Magarey, BSES Pty Ltd trapping K Braithwaite Best management options for onion thrips in onion NSW DPI The operation of the Tully soil biology assay laboratory. Pachymetra root rot and nematode assays Biological control of black scale, Saissetia oleae, in olives Biological Services are conducted on a commercial basis for industry. Biological control of the fruit-tree borer NSW DPI Understanding Fiji disease to improve cultivar Breaking the critical-use barriers preventing Australian horticulture DPI Vic. resistance ratings and field control from phasing out methyl bromide

127 Table 32: HAL plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 (page 2 of 4)

Project title Service provider Project title Service provider Commercial mass rearing system for Transeius (=Typhlodromips) NSW DPI Generation of dimethoate and fenthion residue samples to maintain Agronico Research montdorensis market access Pty Ltd Control of Helicoverpa by attract and kill in fresh market tomatoes DPI Vic. Generation of dimethoate residues in pineapples to maintain GROWCOM permitted preharvest use Demonstrating integrated pest management of IPM in brassica crops IPM Technologies Pty Ltd Generation of efficacy and residue data for imidacloprid (Confidor) Peracto Pty Ltd in lettuce to control lettuce aphid Desktop preparation of pesticide minor use applications AKC Consulting in various vegetable crops 2007 Pty Ltd Generation of pesticide residue data for pesticide minor use permit Peracto Pty Ltd applications in vegetable crops 2007 Determining the level of resistance to silverleaf whitefly in cucurbits DAFWA Generation of pesticide residue Data for pesticide minor use permit Agrisearch Services Developing management strategies for onion thrips in onion NSW DPI applications in vegetable crops 2007 Pty Ltd Developing sustainable solutions for integrated brassica crop SARDI Generation of pesticide residue data in various vegetables grown Agrisearch Services management under protected cropping situations Pty Ltd

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Development and promotion of IPM Strategies for silverleaf whitefly in DPI&F Generation of residue data for pesticide minor use permit applications Peracto Pty Ltd vegetables in vegetable crops 2008 Development of a PDA compatible electronic pictorial pest and Nursery and Garden Generation of residue data for pesticide minor use permit applications Agrisearch Services disease database Industry Queensland in vegetable crops 2008 Pty Ltd Development of cultural control methods for pests of leafy vegetables IPM Technologies Generation of residue data for pesticide minor-use permit Agronico Research Pty Ltd applications in vegetable crops 2008 Pty Ltd Chapter 6: Inn o v Development of herbicides for weed control in brassica crops TBA Getting the most out of Eretmocerus hayati, an effective natural CSIRO Entomology Development of Hippodamia and Micromus biocontrol agents for use NSW DPI enemy of silverleaf whitefly in brassica and other vegetable crops Horticultural Pest Management Strategic Plan Review and ongoing GROWCOM Development of IPM Strategies and tools for western flower thrips NSW DPI support (Frankliniella occidentalis) in hydroponic lettuce Identification of Conogethes spp pheromones for pest control The Horticulture and Efficacy of dimethoate and fenthion at low dose rates DPI&F purposes in Alpinia Food Research Institute of New Enhancing emergence and release methods of the sterile insect NSW DPI Zealand technique (SIT) to improve market access Identification of immune-suppressors of diamond-back moth (DBM) SARDI Enhancing the efficacy of fungal pathogens using a synergistic University of chemical, Imidacloprid Queensland Implementation of IPM plant health results VG05043 DPI&F Establishment of citrus gall wasp parasites in the Murray Valley Murray Valley Improved attractants for monitoring and mass trapping of oriental DPI Vic. Region Citrus Board Fruit moth and codling moth females in orchards Extension to the National IPM Coordinator for vegetables Horticulture Australia Improved IPM Systems in the Australian sweet corn industry DPI&F Ltd Improved spray application and pest management in mangoes Growing Greener Further developing integrated pest management for lettuce NSW DPI Growers Further development of integrated pest management strategies to DAFWA Improving market access R&D for the Australian horticultural control thrips in pome and stone fruit in WA and Qld industries

128 Project title Service provider Project title Service provider Improving SIT technique to control fruit fly for citrus market access University of Sydney Managing pesticide access in horticulture AgAware Consulting Pty Ltd Improving spraying and management of spotting bugs in avocados Growing Greener Growers Mango plant protection phase 1 DPI&F Improving the management of sweet potato soil insect pests DPI&F Mechanisms and management of insecticide resistance SARDI in Australian diamondback moth Improving the sterile insect technique for Queensland fruit fly control SARDI Minor chemical use and pesticide survey AgAware Consulting Incident Response Protocol – development and training for Control Risks Group Pty Ltd horticulture Minor use – desk and field work allocations Horticulture Australia Increasing adoption of IPM by WA vegetable growers and DAFWA Ltd development of an ongoing technical support service Minor use allocation for field and desktop studies Horticulture Australia Insecticide resistance detection and management in currant lettuce TBA Ltd aphid Minor use permits for Rubus industry TBA

Integrated management strategies for pests and diseases of Asian RIRDC n, research a n d de v elopme t atio vegetables Minor use permits for the almond industry TBA Integrated pest management in the green bean Industry DPI&F Minor use permits for the apple and pear industry TBA Integrated pest management of longicorn borers and leafhoppers in Stahmann Farms Minor use permits for the banana industry TBA pecans Enterprises Pty Ltd Minor use permits for the cherry industry TBA Investigating alternative soil sterilisation methods Bunya View Gardens

Minor use permits for the citrus industry TBA Chapter 6: Inn o v Pty Ltd Minor use permits for the custard apple industry TBA Investigating the potential of an ascovirus for biological control of University of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella Queensland Minor use permits for the fresh field tomato industry TBA Investigation of an area wide approach to control Carpophilus beetles DPI Vic. Minor use permits for the garlic industry TBA in stone fruit Minor use permits for the hydroponic tomato industry TBA Investigation of pyrethrum compatibility with integrated pest Botanical Resources Minor use permits for the lychee industry TBA management systems for horticultural and field crops Australia – Marketing Services Pty Ltd Minor use permits for the macadamia industry TBA IPM for greenhouse vegetables – research to industry NSW DPI Minor use permits for the mango industry TBA Maintaining biosecurity standards for soil-borne pathogens and DPI Vic. Minor use permits for the nursery industry TBA weeds in the strawberry runner industry Minor use permits for the olive industry TBA Maladaptation of sterile Queensland fruit flies used in SIT: from Macquarie University Minor use permits for the onion industry TBA behaviourally challenged to ecologically competent Minor use permits for the papaya industry TBA Management of insecticide resistance in silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia TBA tabaci) in vegetables Minor use permits for the passionfruit industry TBA Management of longicorn beetles in lychees NSW DPI Minor use permits for the pecan industry TBA

129 Table 32: HAL plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 (page 4 of 4)

Project title Service provider Project title Service provider Minor use permits for the pineapple industry TBA Provision of western flower thrips technology transfer services in DPI&F Bundaberg and Bowen Minor use permits for the pistachio industry TBA Rearing, release and evaluation of the mango scale parasitoid DPI&F Minor use permits for the potato industry TBA Refining integrated pest management of eggfruit caterpillar DPI&F Minor use permits for the processing tomato industry TBA Regional extension strategy for managing western flower thrips and NSW DPI Minor use permits for the strawberry industry TBA tomato spotted wilt virus in the Sydney Region Minor use permits for the summerfruit industry TBA Release, post-release evaluation and habitat management of the CSIRO Entomology Minor use permits for the table grapes industry TBA silverleaf whitefly parasitoid Minor use permits for the turf industry TBA Revegetation at property scale – designing the 'right' biodiversity for SARDI sustainable vegetable production MRL risk analysis and risk management options for major export AKC Consulting markets for citrus Pty Ltd Revegetation by design, Queensland: natural resource management CSIRO Entomology and IPM

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio MRL risk analysis for major export markets of the pome fruit industry AKC Consulting Pty Ltd Review of proposal and projects relating to the Queensland Pest Scholefield Robinson Management Strategic Plans Horticultural Services National diamondback moth project: integrating biological, chemical SARDI Pty Ltd and area-wide management of brassica pests Submissions regarding the Japanese positive list to address TBA Native parasitic wasps: a new biological tool for fruit fly incursion NSW DPI provisional MRLs management in Australia.

Chapter 6: Inn o v Suppressing elephant weevil beetle in cultivated blueberry bushes University of Sydney Optimal irradiation procedures for sterilisation of Queensland fruit flies Macquarie University Synthesis of a citrus thrips IPM system with production and SARDI Pesticide effects on beneficial insects and mites in vegetables IPM Technologies environmental benefits Pty Ltd The delivery of IPM for the lettuce industry NSW DPI Pests, beneficials, disorders and diseases in cucurbits: field NSW DPI identification guide The generation of residue data from the application of bifenazate to Agrisearch Services almonds Pty Ltd Phase II: Native vegetation to enhance biodiversity, beneficial insects CSIRO Entomology and pest control in horticulture systems The sustainable use of pesticides (especially spinosad) against WFT NSW DPI in vegetables Preliminary assessment of control options for powdery mildew and Northern Victoria two spotted mite in field grown fresh tomatoes Fresh Tomato Thrips management in the green beans industry DPI&F Industry Development Towards sustainable pheromone based IPM in orchards VICDPI Committee Tristate fruitfly area freedom awareness program Murray Valley Progressing integrated pest management (entomology) in NSW DPI Citrus Board macadamias Understanding the fundamental interactions between woolly apple DPI Vic. Providing an IPM Advisory Service for Tasmania IPM Technologies aphid and pome fruit Pty Ltd Vegetable minor use permit cost Horticulture Australia Provision of dimethoate and fenthion residue data to maintain access GROWCOM Ltd to the pre-harvest use pattern for table grapes

130 6.2 state and territory governments research and development

Most of Australia’s state and territory agricultural departments have dedicated R&D Project title Funding Partner divisions. These institutes deliver various types of innovation to support Australia’s body/client agricultural industries. All focus to varying degrees on aspects of plant biosecurity PCN 'area freedom' for WA: evaluation of the current status HAL and pest control, depending on the priorities of the state or territory in question. These of potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) in WA organisations often carry out research for commercial clients as well as government. Pest Specific Incursion Management Plan and PRA HAL Together, these organisations deliver a significant portion of Australia’s agricultural for carrot cyst nematode research and development. Table 33–38 lists recent research projects from these organisations, related to plant health. Verification trials for citrus temperature × time treatments HAL for Japan (1) Table 33: DAFWA plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Verification trials for citrus temperature × time treatments HAL for Japan (2) Project title Funding Partner body/client n, research a n d de v elopme t atio A national industry Pest Specific Incursion Management HAL Table 34: SARDI plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Plan (PSIMP) for carrot rust fly (Psila rosae) Project title Funding body/client Partner(s) An enhanced protocol for detection of Tilletia indica CRCNPB NSW DPI A baculovirus-based system for assigning Cold disinfestation of grapefruit for export to Japan HAL odorants to nematode odorant receptors Determining the level of resistance to silverleaf HAL An integrated approach to the eradication of CRCNPB DAFWA, DPI Vic., Chapter 6: Inn o v whitefly in cucurbits arthropod emergency plant pests HortResearch NZ. Developing and communicating strategies for controlling HAL DPI&F AUSVEG IPM web page AUSVEG/HAL virus diseases in vegetable cucurbit crops Best management options for onion thrips in HAL NSW DPI, DPI Qld, Disinfestation of cherry and stone fruit against HAL onions Agronico Mediterranean fruit fly for access to Taiwan Crown rot management in southern regions GRDC DPI Vic. Disinfestation of sweet corn for export using phosphine HAL and controlled atmospheres Developing sustainable solutions for HAL Adelaide University, integrated brassica crop management DPI Qld, DPI Vic. Fumigation of citrus for access to China HAL DNA monitoring – potato diseases HAL TIAR, DPI Vic., Fumigation of table grapes for export HAL NZCFR Further development of integrated pest management HAL DPI&F DNA soil assay pulse pathogens SA Grains Industry strategies to control thrips in pome and stone fruit in Trust WA and Qld Dow agrosciences new chemistry baseline Dow Agrosciences Increasing adoption of IPM by WA vegetable growers and HAL susceptibility study development of an ongoing technical support service Foliar diseases – greenhouse vegetables HAL New technologies for light brown apple moth control USDA USDA Hatchtech novel ovicidal bioassay Hatchtech, Melbourne University

131 Table 34: SARDI plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 (page 2 of 2)

Project title Funding body/client Partner(s) Project title Funding body/client Partner(s) Importation, rearing and field release of the Land and Water Forestry South Risk management – EPP samples CRC NPB PHA Cape Broom psyllid Australia Australia, AMLR NRM Screening insecticides for ovicidal and USDA-APHIS Board, SA Dept of larvicidal action on light brown apple moth WLB and Conservation Soilborne diseases – Brassica HAL NSW DPI Improving sterile male performance in fruit fly IAEA Macquarie University, Surveys for conical snail biocontrol agent GRDC SIT programs WA Dept of Sarcophaga penicillata Agriculture Synthesis of a citrus thrips IPM system with HAL University of South Improving the sterile insect technique for Qld HAL Macquarie University, production and environmental benefits Australia fruit fly control WA Dept of Agriculture Management of almond and prune rusts HAL Almond Board Table 35: DPI Victoria plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Management of black scale in olives HAL Biological Services Project title Project leader n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Managing Eutypa dieback GWRDC A strategic review: the first step in establishing low input viticulture R Emmett Managing pests of quarantine concern for HAL NSW DPI, DPI Vic. regimes… rationalising powdery mildew control in Riverland vineyards citrus market access An integrated approach to the eradication of arthropod EPPs D Williams National Invertebrate Pest Initiative GRDC CSIRO, Melbourne Bacterial diagnostics project J Luck University, DPI Qld, Challenges to the Australian pistachio industry – bacterial dieback and nut C Taylor

Chapter 6: Inn o v DAFWA quality NVT nematology GRDC NVT Program Development and validation of diagnostic protocols for the detection of B Rodoni NVT pathology GRDC NVT Program endemic and exotic pathogens of grapevines Onion stunt in mallee HAL Effective management of Botrytis bunch rot for cool climate viticulture J Edwards Optimising eradication strategies CRC NPB DPI Vic., NSW DPI, Enhancing the plant immune response for improved disease control C Donald Cornell Univ Identification of IPM options for Pythium induced diseases L Minchinton Parasitoids for the biocontrol of pine aphids FWPRDC University of California Impact evaluation of invasive plants – economic and ecological F Ede Pratylenchus tolerant medics SA Grains Industry perspectives Trust Integrated management of bacterial diseases in pome fruit C Gouk Reducing impact of black dot on potatoes HAL SAPIT Integrated soil-borne disease management IJ Porter Research support for fruit fly control in South Australian South Australia Government Investigation of an area wide approach to control Carpophilus beetles in M Hossain stone fruit Revegetation at property scale – designing HAL the ‘right’ biodiversity for sustainable Management of potato late blight in Papua New Guinea R De Boer vegetable production NVI – premium fruit extension B Tomkins Revegetation by design – promoting RIRDC On-farm diagnostic kits for brassica diseases, phase II I Porter 'on-farm' use of native vegetation as agents for 'natural pest control'

132 Project title Project leader Project title Manager Project area Finding source Optimising DADS and other soil treatments for control of white rot and O Villalta Area-wide management of fruit fly A Campbell Plant Health Sci. HAL other onion diseases – Narromine NSW Pesticide effects on beneficial insects and mites in vegetables A Yen Assess IPM strategies to control J Holloway Plant Health Sci. GRDC insects in rotational farming systems Plant genetic resources, enhancing germplasm conservation for the B Redden Australian grains industry Australian species of the genus M Priest Scientific DEWR Albugo and its segregate genera Collections Potato processing – disease resistance, screening and mechanisms T Slater Avocado monitoring R Huwer Plant Health Sci. Collaborative Processing potato disease management – DNA tools N Crump Research Processing potatoes – optimal crop rotations for the control of potato soil N Crump Benchmark vegetable IPM S McDougall Plant Health Sci. HAL borne diseases Best management options for J Mo Plant Health Sci. HAL Processing potatoes – soil amendments for the control of potato disease N Crump onion thrips in onion Reducing the impact of established invasive weeds R Adair Contingency Plan for Barley Stripe C Wellings Plant Health Sci. DAFF/PHA Superior management of PCN in Victoria and enhanced interstate market A Yen Rust n, research a n d de v elopme t atio access based on enhanced understanding of PCN biology, behaviour and Contingency Plan for Dwarf Bunt G Murray Plant Health Sci. DAFF/PHA disinfestation of Wheat Sustainable Phylloxera management – phase II K Powell Crop care research K Moore Plant Health Sci. Research The three ‘R's – rootstock, resistance and resilience to grape Phylloxera K Powell Support (non-contract)

Understanding and responding to the risks associated with climate change J Luck Chapter 6: Inn o v and plant biosecurity CSIRO bioassay Comp on Rice M Stevens Plant Health Sci. Collaborative Research Understanding the fundamental interactions between Woolly apple aphid K Powell and pome fruit Delivery of IPM for the S McDougall Plant Health Sci. HAL lettuce industry Victorian pulse pathology and virology support program A Freeman Develop IPM Strategies and tools L Pilkington Plant Health Sci. HAL Victorian weed risk assessment in a changing environment R Adair for western flower thrips in hydroponic lettuce Table 36: DPI New South Wales plant health related Development of weed control G Charles Cotton Health CCC CRC research projects active in 2007/08 thresholds and management Management of herbicide damage in cotton Project title Manager Project area Finding source Diagnostic Training Scholarships R Huwer Plant Health Sci. DAFF/PHA APPD data capture – fungi M Priest Scientific Miscellaneous – torticid and pyrallid moths Collections government Disease control broad leaf crops K Lindbeck Plant Health Sci. GRDC contributions Dupont Rynaxpyr baseline L Rossiter Cotton Health Collaborative APPD data capture – insects P Gillespie Scientific Miscellaneous Management Research Collections government contributions Durum industry development – S Simpfendorfer Plant Health Sci. GRDC fast tracking genetic solutions to crown rot

133 Table 36: DPI New South Wales plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 (page 2 of 3) Project title Manager Project area Finding source Project title Manager Project area Finding source Enhancing emergence and release O Kvedaras Plant Health Sci. HAL IPM in Bollgard cotton plant R Mensah Cotton Health CCC CRC methods of SIT to improve market extracts and crude cotton seed oil Management access IPM in macadamias (HAL) R Huwer Plant Health Sci. Internal funds Extension strategy for managing WFT L Pilkington Plant Health Sci. HAL IPM manual for Australia's apple S Hetherington Plant Health Sci. HAL and TSW virus in the Sydney region and pear industry Fungal biodiversity M Priest Scientific Collaborative IPM Service for industry L Pilkington Plant Health Sci. Commercial Collections Research Services – cost Further developing integrated pest S McDougall Plant Health Sci. HAL recovery management for lettuce Management and ecology of rice M Stevens Plant Health Sci. RIRDC Fusarium wilt of snow peas A Watson Plant Health Sci. HAL pests Geo distribution and crop L Pilkington Plant Health Sci. CRC NPB Management of fusarium wilt and S Simpfendorfer Plant Health Sci. GRDC abundance of silverleaf whitefly other winter cereal disease in the

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Northern Cropping Zone Helicoverpa spp. insecticide L Rossiter Cotton Health GRDC resistance: monitoring, Management Management of longicorn beetles R Huwer Plant Health Sci. HAL mechanisms and management in lychees Helicoverpa spp. insecticide L Rossiter Cotton Health CRDC Managing bean root and stem A Watson Plant Health Sci. HAL resistance: monitoring, Management diseases mechanisms and management Managing Helicoverpa spp. and R Mensah Cotton Health CCC CRC Chapter 6: Inn o v Hippodamia and Micromus L Pilkington Plant Health Sci. HAL sucking pests on cotton using Management biocontrol for use in brassicas and semiochemicals other vegetable crops Managing pests of quarantine J Mo Plant Health Sci. Collaborative Improving understanding and E Cother Scientific ACIAR concern for citrus market access Research management of rice pathogens in Collections More profitable chickpeas through K Moore Plant Health Sci. GRDC Cambodia disease management – Northern Indent and monitor resistance in L Forsyth Plant Health Sci. HAL Region vegetable crops Native parasitic wasps O Kvedaras Plant Health Sci. HAL International Organisation for L Pilkington Plant Health Sci. Donations New approaches to the M Stevens Plant Health Sci. CRC NPB Biological Control, Asia Pacific management of phosphine Region Section resistance based on insect ecology IPM Bollgard in cotton: new tools R Mensah Cotton Health CRDC Onion thrips – EMAI G Herron Plant Health Sci. HAL and strategies Management Orchard plant protection J Bright Plant Health Sci. Publications IPM compatible options for the J Mo Plant Health Sci. Collaborative – cost recovery management of key vegetable Research sucking pests Phosphine fumigation of cool grain J Holloway Plant Health Sci. CRC NPB IPM for greenhouse vegetables – L Pilkington Plant Health Sci. HAL research to industry

134 Project title Manager Project area Finding source Project title Manager Project area Finding source Preschem/integral field study M Horwood Forestry Internal funds Towards adoption of IPM in R Huwer Plant Health Sci. HAL macadamias Progressing IPM in macadamias R Huwer Plant Health Sci. HAL Use of petroleum spray oils in IPM R Mensah Cotton Health Donations Prove and effectively manage area O Kvedaras Plant Health Sci. CRC NPB in cotton Management freedom from fruit flies Use of technology transfer and A Mooney Plant Health Sci. HAL Rapid microbe identification D Noble Scientific Research innovation to develop Australian systems Collections Support prune industry (non-contract) Resistance management of aphids G Herron Cotton Health CRDC and mites in cotton Management Table 37: DPI&F plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Resistance management of stored J Holloway Plant Health Sci. CRC NPB grain insects in the southern region Project title Researcher Lead agency 3 year DSDT&I Corymbia Pest Disease Management S Lawson DPI&F Risk analysis of light brown apple J Mo Plant Health Sci. HAL

Project with FPQ, ITCP and Forest Enterprises Aust Ltd. n, research a n d de v elopme t atio moth A national diagnostic database for EEPs G Kong DPI&F Severity factors in black root rot of S Driessen Cotton Health CRDC cotton and new control measures Management Alternaria apple fruit spot: new directions S Dullah DPI&F Spray blueberries A Campbell Plant Health Sci. HAL Alternative fruit fly control and market access for S Subram DPI&F capsicums and tomatoes Stem rot in canola G Murray Plant Health Sci. GRDC

Alternative fruit fly management for market access for E Hargr DPI&F Chapter 6: Inn o v Support to the Australian Plant M Priest Scientific DAFF/ PHA apples Pest Database (APPD) network Collections Alternative fruit fly treatment for interstate market access H Gu DPI&F Survey of Australian rice blast races E Cother Scientific CRC NPB for strawberries and cultivar susceptibility Collections Alternatives to methyl bromide for Queensland strawberry D Hutton DPI&F Survival and reproduction of the A Seyb Cotton Health CRDC production Fusarium wilt virus Management An investigation into some important pests and diseases E Hargr DPI&F Sustainable chemical control of G Herron Cotton Health CRDC of culinary herbs and dissemination of this information to mirids, aphids and two spotted Management relevant bodies mite in cotton Area wide management of fruit fly – Central Burnett phase 2 H Fay DPI&F Techniques control Qfly H Bensch Plant Health Sci. HAL Assess the efficacy of Oxamyl to control root knot R McCrys DPI&F The importance and control of thrips A Nicholas Plant Health Sci. GRDC nematode in sweet potato at two growing districts in faba beans in Northern NSW Australian horticulture's response to climate change and P Deuter DPI&F The sustainable use of pesticides G Herron Cotton Health HAL climate variability against WTF in vegetables Management Benchmarking predictive models, nutrients and irrigation C Akem DPI Vic. The taxonomic description of the D Knihicki Scientific Miscellaneous for management of downy and powdery mildews and Sonchus eriophyoid mite Collections government white blister contributions

135 Table 36: DPI New South Wales plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 (page 3 of 3) Project title Researcher Lead agency Project title Researcher Lead agency Best management options for onion thrips in onions L Senior DPI&F Field evaluation of Protectant™ as a physical barrier to C Fitzge DPI&F prevent subterranean termite ingress Best practice production models (lettuce, brassicas) D Carey DPI Vic Fruit fly host status testing of a new passionfruit cultivar E Hamac DPI&F Best-practice IPM strategies for control of major C Horloc DPI Vic. for interstate market access. soil-borne diseases of vegetable crops throughout Australia Fumigation protocols to control strong phosphine M Nayak DPI&F resistant flat grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus Cold treatment of apples, pears and nashi against Q-fly P Leach DPI&F (Stephens) for access to Taiwan Further development of integrated pest management E Hargr DAF Developing and communicating strategies for controlling D Persle HAL strategies to control thrips in pome and stone fruit in virus diseases in vegetable cucurbit crops WA and Queensland Development and promotion of IPM strategies for S Subram DPI&F Grow Help Australia C Carson DPI&F silverleaf whitefly in vegetables Hot water dipping of R2E2 and Kiett mangoes for P Leach DPI&F Development of integrated crop management practices to C Akem ACIAR

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio improved market access increase sustainable yield and quality mangoes in Pakistan and Australia Improved IPM systems in the Australian sweet corn P Deuter DPI&F industry Diagnosing emergency plant pests/diseases D Astrid DAFF Improving the management of sweet potato soil insect R McCrys DPI&F Disease management and breeding of passionfruit for J Ander DPI&F pests improved quality and productivity Improving yield and quality in avocado through disease E Dann DPI&F

Chapter 6: Inn o v Effect of fixative treatments on the viability and the R Shivas DPI&F management genomic integrity of selected bacterial and fungal pathogens Integrated management of foliar diseases in vegetable C Akem, C DPI&F crops Enhanced diagnostic platforms for post entry quarantine J Thomas DPI&F (PEQ) and market access (Phase 1) Integrated management of soil-borne pathogens J Duff DPI Vic. (Sclerotinia beans, lettuce, carrots, celery and other) Enhancing surveillance with remotely controlled aircraft to T Jensen DPI&F demonstrate freedom from EPPs over spatially large areas Integrated pest management in a sustainable production B Walsh University of system for brassica crops in Fiji and Samoa Queensland Epidemiology and management of tobacco streak virus in J Thomas DPI&F sunflower and pulse crops of the North Region Integrated pest management in the green bean industry J Duff DPI&F Establishing forest pest detection systems in South S Lawson DPI&F Integrated strategies for the management of bacterial wilt A Young NSW DPI Pacific countries and Australia (Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, and other wilting diseases in solanaceous crops in the Vanuatu) southern Philippines and Australia Evaluation of fungicide alternatives for the management of C Akem DPI&F Integrated viral disease management in vegetable crops D Persle DPI&F foliar diseases of vegetable crops Investigation of the distribution and incidence of avocado A Geerin DPI&F Evaluation of pyraclostrobin products for disease control L Coates DPI&F sunblotch viroid in Australia in mango, avocado, passionfruit and lychee Leafminer pest-generic incursion management plan for E Jovici DPI&F Expanding citrus market access using a systems A Miles DPI&F the Australian vegetable industry approach to control black spot

136 Project title Researcher Lead agency Project title Researcher Lead agency Male lures and female attractants for tephritid fruit flies H Fay DPI&F Review of ‘Diseases of Vegetable Crops’ A Cooke DPI&F Management of fungal root rot in plantation acacias in G Pegg DPI&F Scholarship Deed of Agreement - Surveillance System P Whittl DPI&F Indonesia Evaluation and Optimisation for Emergency Plant Pests Management of Phellinus noxius in urban and peri urban G Pegg DPI&F Simple carbon footprint tool – greenhouse gas estimation P Deuter DPI&F environments and mitigation on horticulture Management of Phytophthora fruit rot and Pythium- L Vawdre DPI&F Simplifying surveillance for air-borne fungal pathogens M Nayak DPI&F related root rot of papaya Strategic banana tissue culture industry development and S Hamill DPI&F Management of powdery mildew in field and greenhouse C Akem DPI&F biosecurity activities cucurbits Taxonomy – plant pathology L Coates DPI&F Mango disease management through field inoculum C Akem DPI&F The integrated pest management of eggfruit caterpillar on I KayI DPI&F reduction strategies eggplant Methyl bromide fumigation of cherries against Qfly for P Leach DPI&F

Thrips management in the green beans industry J Duff DPI&F n, research a n d de v elopme t atio access to Taiwan To evaluate the crop safety and efficacy of DPX-HGW86 I Kay DPI&F Molecular analysis systems – Nanabead diagnostic A Geerin DPI&F for the control of thrips (F. occidentalis and F. schultzei) in platform capsicums when applied as a foliar treatment Optimising DADS for management of onion white rot and A Duff DPI Vic. Tobacco streak virus in cotton-scoping study J Thomas DPI&F other soil-borne diseases Toxicity assessment of four insecticides to the silverleaf S Subram DPI&F

Palm Pilot pest and disease guide for Queensland L Cooper DPI&F Chapter 6: Inn o v whitefly parasitoid Eretmocerus hayati Nurseries Trial area consisting of ratoon plants of banana to study L Vawdre DPI&F Pest management systems – South – Operations D Persle DPI&F disease development and treatment by the youngest leaf Pest management systems – South-east – Operations P Deuter DPI&F spotted (YLS) method. Phosphine fumigation of cool grain H Daglish DPI&F Vapour heat treatment of honey gold mangoes E Hall DPI&F Process management system for CWTA , post entry P Langdo DPI&F Vegetable plant and soil health T Pattis HAL quarantine facility Virus identification and development of long-term J Thomas DPI&F Provision of western flower thrips (WFT) technology I Kay DPI&F management strategies for the rhubarb industry transfer services for Bundaberg/Bowen Reducing pest and disease related yield decline in E Colemn DPI&F selected PNG sweet potato production systems Resistance management of stored grain insects in the M Nayak DPI&F northern region Resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in J Thomas DPI&F tomato: molecular mapping and introgression of resistance to Australian genotypes

137 Table 38: Tasmania DPI&W plant health related research projects active in 2007/08

Project title Funding Partner Project title Funding Partner body/client body/client Addressing key limitations to the development GRDC Integrated viral disease management in vegetable crops* HAL DPI&F of high value grain crops in Tasmania Introduction and monitoring of gorse biological control Natural Cost effective and sustainable methods for nematode BRA agents using community groups* Heritage control in Pyrethrum crops* Trust Determining generic indicators of stress in eucalypt Forestry Tas, Tas Linking environmental stress in pine plantations to bark ARC NSW DPI, Forestry leaves for application to the remote sensing of canopy Forests and Forest stripping by browsers and fungal attack: developing Tas, Hosking condition and productivity modelling Industry Council, novel options for management Forestry Ltd, Gunns, State Norske-Skog Paper Forests of NSW, Mill, Rayonier Tas, WA Plantation Taswood Growers Resources Macrofungal biodiversity as a tool for the sustainable Forestry Tas Disease management strategies for the rural sector AusAID management of coarse woody debris in the forest that help deliver sustainable wood landscape – WarraLTer n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Effective management of Botrytis bunch rot for cool GWRDC Macrofungal biodiversity as a tool for the sustainable Holsworth climate viticulture* management of coarse woody debris in the forest Wildlife landscape Research Establishment of a national program for the release DPI Vic. Fund of the boneseed leaf buckle mite* Management of fungal root rot in plantation acacias in ACIAR Evaluation of efficacy of stem-injected Imidacloprid Forestry Tas Indonesia Chapter 6: Inn o v for protecting foliage of plantation eucalypts from chrysomelid leaf beetles Management of vegetable diseases with silicon* HAL Fire management and tree decline: mycorrhizal IFA, ESA, National Blackberry Biological Control Program in DAFF indicators of declining forest health Holsworth partnership with the community* Wildlife Parasitoid species collection NZFRIL Research Fund Phytochemistry of thrips resistance in potato and its ARC McCains Foods influence on acquisition and transmission of tomato Gum leaf skeletoniser (Uraba lugens): biological control Ensis spotted wilt virus* Importation and release of a new biological DPI Vic. Program management services in relation to turf and HAL control agent for Scotch broom* sustainability issues* Improving management of potato virus S through a HAL DPIW Tas Research conducted into flower diseases of Pyrethrum* BRA better understanding of mechanisms of virus transmission* Response of grapevine canopies to chemical elicitors GWRDC that induce disease resistance* Info-chemicals for the environmentally sustainable ARC Forestry Tas, management of autumn gum moth and scarab beetle Gunns, Tas Forests Response of sap flux and gas exchange of IFA pests of blue gum plantations and Forest Industry E. globulus Labil. to defoliation and water deficits Council, Timbercorp factors Ltd WA Plantation Resources

138 Project title Funding Partner body/client The role of phytotoxins in ray blight disease of ARC BRA Pyrethrum and significance of toxin tolerance to disease* Towards a durable management strategy for ray blight ARC BRA in Tasmanian Pyrethrum crops*

* Under a joint agreement between the University of Tasmania (UTas) and the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries and Water (DPIW), core grant funding is provided to the Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research (TIAR). This funding supports salaries for scientists with additional funding coming from competitive grants.

Table 39: Northern Territory RDPIFR plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Project title Funding agency Best practice IPM strategies for the control of major soil borne HAL

diseases of vegetable crops Image courtesy of PHA. Control of arthropods and development of IPM in tropical fruit crops RDPIFR Grapevine leaf rust – incursion risk assessment and improvement of GWRDC PCR diagnostics Chapter 6: Inn o v Increasing plant pest and disease diagnostics in East Timor AUSAID Integrated tropical passionfruit production systems in South Sulawesi ACIAR Management and control of termite pests of horticultural crops in the RDPIFR Northern Territory Pest management in ornamentals RDPIFR Quality management to enhance effective supply chains for mangoes ACIAR and rambutans in Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia and Australia The APPD project is designed to facilitate access to all records of DAFF pests and diseases of economically significant plants in Australia

Image courtesy of PHA.

139 6.3 universities and private research institutions

Australia has universities in every state and territory that provide research and education Project title Researcher services for the community. At universities research often complements local and regional issues. Research is funded by governments, industry, internal or international sources and Development of weed competitive wheat cultivars G Gill is often carried out in partnership with other organisations. In general, university research is Durum breeding program – boron tolerance T Rathjen less applied than in other institutions across Australia. Durum breeding program – crown rot resistance T Rathjen

Private research institutes are established – normally in collaboration with a university – Durum breeding program – pH tolerance T Rathjen to provide research facilities and services in relation to specific research areas. These Durum breeding program – salinity tolerance T Rathjen institutes generate and contain specialist knowledge and research skills in particular areas Effect of powdery mildew on grape and wine quality, and application B Stummer of significance to the Australian community. Table 40–46 list recent research projects of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for disease assessment related to plant health being undertaken in universities. Epidemiology and significance of cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora R Kimber zonata) of faba beans (Vicia faba) in southern Australia

n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Table 40: University of Sydney plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Factors affecting short and long distance dispersal of fungal pests – S Coventry chickpea ascochyta blight as a model Project title Researchers Generation and evaluation of transgenic wheats for frost tolerance G Daggard Australian plague locust population genetics and migratory S Simpson, G Sword, Herbicide resistance in weed species G Gill behaviour L McCulloch, M-P Chapuis, M Steinbauer Impact of milk and whey applied to control powdery mildew on wine M Tan Chapter 6: Inn o v quality – lactose and protein content Autonomous tracking and predictive modelling of Australian G Sword, S Sukkarieh, plague locust migratory band movement S Simpson, G Brooker, Improved herbicide tolerance for pulses in the Western region P Si and M P Spurgin Sweetingham On the move: the study of self-organised movement of animal S Simpson, M Beekman Interactions between genotype, plant nutrition and fungal disease A Able groups with and without leadership development in strawberry The functional genomics of locust migratory behaviour G Sword, S Simpson, Mechanisms of barley black point formation A Able N Lo, L Kang Microbial population growth responses to novel powdery mildew C Walker control in an organic vineyard

Table 41: University of Adelaide plant health related Molecular marker assisted selection for crown rot resistance in durum M Sutherland research projects active in 2007/08 Molecular markers for crown rot resistance M Sutherland

Project title Researcher Molecular markers for disease resistance in barley M Sutherland Black point: marker development and validation in wheat and barley G Daggard Molecular markers for improved wheat quality M Sutherland Challenges to the pistachio industry: bacterial dieback and nut quality D Ducray Mundulla yellows: a molecular approach to determine the cause and D Hanold disease cycle of Mundulla yellows Curation of wheat and barley maps A Lehmensiek Pink root disease of onion in South Australia Y Smith Determining the causal agent of chlorotic streak disease of sugarcane K Rogers Resistance responses of barley to Pyrenophora teres A Able

140 Project title Researcher Project title Researcher Rhizoctonia disease on potato: the effect of fungicides and interaction C Todd Improvement of Vietnamese vegetable seed and seedling production R Spooner-Hart of micronutrients using GAP principles and establishing production of superior hybrid varieties Sustainable management of grapevine powdery and downy mildew P Crisp Introduction of the principles of GAP for citrus through implementation O Nicitec Tillage systems effects on weed ecology and herbicide activity G Gill of citrus IMP using farmer field schools Tritrophic interactions between nematodes, insects and their host plants K Davies Novel approaches for use of mineral oil in organic farming and for O Nicitec control of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in rice Table 42: University of Queensland plant health related Safe use of fungicides to manage berry rot diseases for sustainable R Spooner-Hart research projects active in 2007/08 oelaculture Sustainable control of small hive beetle through targeting in-ground R Spooner-Hart Project title Researcher(s) stages Antifungal compounds in the sap of mango fruits J Eyre, DC Joyce, DE Irving, The development of the plant extract AP778 (eremophilone oil) as a R Spooner-Hart ME Johnston, A Dunn termiticide Genetic engineering of sorghum for insect resistance I Godwin n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Studies on disease resistance of Geraldton waxflower Q Dinh, DC Joyce, DE Irving Table 44: Australian National University plant health related (Chamelaucium uncinatum) to grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) research projects active in 2007/08 The mechanism of resistance to anthracnose disease in LCoates, E Dann, DE Irving, mango fruit AH Wearing Project title Researcher(s) Cell biology of the plant response to oomycete pathogens D Takemoto, R White,

D Jones Chapter 6: Inn o v Table 43: University of Western Sydney plant health related research projects active in 2007/08 Characterisation of cell wall degrading enzymes L Blackman, T Boyce Complement control proteins and zoospore-specific gene L Blackman, V Ludowici Project title Researcher expression Biological control of the fruit-tree borer R Spooner-Hart Elucidation of pathogen effector uptake by plants M Rafiqu, P Gan, M Koeck, Climate and crop disease risk management: an international initiative S Huda P Dodds, J Ellis, D Jones between Australia and India Phytophthora zoospore motility L Blackman, T Suzaki, Climate and risk management in agriculture related businesses: an S Huda J Harper international initiative between Australia and India Studies of the Phytophthora cyclophilin gene family P Gan, W Shan, L Blackman Climate risk management for crop protection: an international initiative S Huda The benefits and costs of biosecurity T Kompas in the Asia–Pacific Region Use of transformation to study P. nicotianae genes R Narayan, S Chakraborty, Combining disparate data sources to demonstrate disease/pest status S Huda preferentially expressed in germinated cysts W Shan, L Blackman Developing ecologically sustainable pest and disease management A Beattie Zoospore adhesion to the host plant surface L Blackman, V Ludowici strategies for citrus, with emphasis on huanglongbing Development of olive pest and disease field guide R Spooner-Hart Fruit fly management in Papua New Guinea A Beattie

141 Table 45: Queensland University of Technology plant health related research projects active in 2007/08

Project title Researcher Project title Researcher Developing sugarcane as a biofactory in Queensland: establishing an H Khanna Susceptibility of Australian plant species to Phytophthora ramorum, an G Hardy efficient plant regeneration and genetic transformation system for emerging potential threat to Australian plant industries and ecosystems smut-resistant cultivars Susceptibility of rare flora to Phytophthora B Shearer Development of bananas with optimised bioavailable micronutrients J Dale The assessment and reduction of inoculum potential for the construction of Phytophthora dieback-free roads Table 46: Murdoch University plant health related The biology and control of a new species of Phytophthora threatening G Hardy research projects active in 2007/08 Australia's proteaceous heathlands The efficacy of phosphite to control Phytophthora species from the C Dunne Project title Researcher south-west of Western Australia An investigation into the mechanism of action of phosphite on the The epidemiology of Phytophthora cinnamomi in native plant C Dunne defence system of Arabidopsis thaliana when challenged by communities on the south coast of Western Australia Phytophthora cinnamomi n, research a n d de v elopme t atio The introduction, transmission and spread of plant pathogens in plant Classical and molecular taxonomy and pathogenicity testing of G Hardy nurseries using Phytophthora as a model Phytophthora species The introduction, transmission and spread of plant pathogens in plant Conduciveness of the soils of the south coast region of Western C Dunne nurseries using Phytophthora as a model Australia to infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi The mechanism of phosphite in Phytophthora cinnamomi using G Hardy Detection of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae in Arabidopsis

Chapter 6: Inn o v post-entry quarantine material The role of Phytophthora species in Eucalyptus gomphocephala G Hardy Does phosphite need to accumulate within the plant to induce decline resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi? The role of plant defence pathways in phosphite induced protection of Does the physiological status of the plant at the time of spraying affect D Huberli Arabidopsis thaliana from Phytophthora cinnamomi infection the efficacy of phosphite? The use of high intensity phosphite to prevent front movement in C Dunne Efficacy of Phytoclean G Hardy Phytophthora infested native plant communities Enhancing the efficacy of phosphite with the addition/supplementation J McComb To reduce the autonomous spread of Phytophthora using phosphite W Dunstan of other chemicals and possibly other fungicides Eradication of Phytophthora cinnamomi from spot infections in a W Dunstan Use of Lambertia species as a model system to study the G Hardy native plant community in Western Australia pathogenicity of Phytophthora cinnamomi Eradication of Phytophthora cinnamomi from spot infections in a W Dunstan Use of phosphite to conserve threatened flora populations in situ in S Barrett native plant community in Tasmania areas infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi Long-term survival of Phytophthora cinnamomi in black gravel soils on G Hardy Utilisation of molecular technology to assess the efficacy of G Hardy mining leases in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest experimental containment and eradication methods for Phytophthora Screening Lambertia for resistance to Pc cinnamomi at Cape Riche

142 Table 47: Plant Breeding Institute – Cereal Rust Laboratory plant-health-related research projects active in 2007/08

Project title Researcher(s) Funding agency Australian Cereal Rust Control Program R Park GRDC Durable rust resistance in wheat R Park Cornell University Identification of molecular markers closely H Bariana AISRF linked with stem rust resistance genes in wheat Linking India and Australia to a global H Bariana, R Park ACIAR strategy for durable resistance against the Ug99 stem rust pathogen n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Chapter 6: Inn o v

Image courtesy of PHA.

RIGHT: Image courtesy of AUSVEG. 143 n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Chapter 6: Inn o v

144 Appendix 1 Australia’s plant industries n, research a n d de v elopme t atio Chapter 6: Inn o v

145 146 APPENDIX 1: AUSTRALIA’S PLANT INDUSTRIES Appendix 1–ustralia’s plantindustries national industrybodies.Theseindustriesare describedinthisappendix. PHA represents manyofthemajorplantindustriesthrough membershipbythe respective management andmarketingstrategiestheyemploy. to thesepressures bychangingthesizeandoutputmixoftheirfarms–aswell trade, environmentalandaneverchangingclimate.Farmers haveresponded concerns policies,adeclineinthesector’sconsumer demand,changesingovernment termsof Over the past decade, agricultural industries have faced a range of pressures – shifts in were smallerthan500hectares. Australian agriculture isstilldominatedbysmallfarms.In2003/04,around 60%offarms new technologies,andtherefore experienceahigher growth inproductivity. Nevertheless, of tradehaveencouragedtheexpansionfarmstoenablefarmersbenefitmore from terms ofphysicalarea andthevalueofoperations–hasincreased. Thedecliningterms decreased by about one-quarter since the 1980s and the average size of farms – both in than smallones.Consistentwithworldwidetrends, thenumberoffarmsinAustraliahas and changesinfarmingmethodshaveledtolargerfarmsbeingmore economicallyviable from generationtogeneration.However, economicfactors sincethe1950s,international Farms in Australia have traditionally been family businesses that have been passed on and employedaround 4%oftheworkforce. sector alonerecorded agross valueofproduction of$19.5billion,generated4%GDP in real terms–from $10billionin1963to$28 in 2005/06.In2005/06,theplant continual growth inabsoluteterms.Agriculturaloutputhasincreased twoandahalftimes a gradualdeclineoverthepastfewdecades,agriculturalsectorhasexperienced Although therelative importanceofagriculture tothe Australianeconomyhasexperienced diverse agriculturalproduction intheworld. itswidevariationsinsoils,geographyandclimate,Australiahassomeofthemost With

Broadacre crops

GRAINS AND PULSES Figure 10: Annual value of Australian grain production, 2002–07 (Local value of production, LVP). Represented by the Grains Council of Australia 10000 The Australian grains industry is the nation’s largest plant industry. Grain crops are grown in all Australian states and territories. 8000 The grains industry consists of 25 leviable crops, with the majority of production located in Australia’s 230–500 mm rainfall wheat 6000 belt: stretching in a curve from central Queensland through New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia to southwestern

$ (MILLION) 4000 Western Australia.

Most of the grain produced in Australia is exported – predominantly 2000 to Asian markets, including China, India, Japan and Korea. In 2006/07, grain exports were valued at $4 billion. 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 11: Distribution of grains production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

22% New South Wales 10% Victoria Northern Territory 9% Queensland Tasmania 14% South Australia 45% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 147 New South Wales Rice Figure 12: Annual value of Australian rice production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by the Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia Inc 300 The Australia rice industry is located in the Riverina – a temperate 250 climate region of southern New South Wales. Lack of water has had a severe impact on the rice industry in recent years, with only 200 16,000 ha planted to rice in 2006/07 – down from 144,000 ha

in 2001/02. The vast majority of Australia’s rice is exported to 150 international destinations, including Hong Kong, Japan and $ (MILLION) the Middle East. 100

50

0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 13: Distribution of rice production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

99% New South Wales 1% Victoria Northern Territory 0% Queensland Tasmania 0% South Australia 0% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 148 New South Wales Sugarcane Figure 14: Annual value of Australian sugarcane production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by the CANEGROWERS 1400

Most of Australia’s sugarcane is grown in high-rainfall areas on 1200 the coastal plains and river valleys along 2100 km of the eastern coastline between Mossman in Far North Queensland and Grafton 1000 in Northern New South Wales. Cane production on the Ord River 800 of Western Australia ceased in 2007. Cane growing and sugar production comprise one of the most important agricultural 600 $ (MILLION) industries in Queensland, which accounts for over 90% of Australia’s sugarcane production. 400

200 Australia is the world’s second largest exporter of sugar, behind Brazil. Approximately 80% of the sugar produced in Australia 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 is exported, and was valued at $1.3 billion in 2006/07. AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 15: Distribution of sugarcane production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

8% New South Wales 0% Victoria Northern Territory 92% Queensland Tasmania 0% South Australia 0% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 149 New South Wales Cotton Figure 16: Annual value of Australian cotton lint production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by Cotton Australia (formerly the Australian 1000 Cotton Growers Research Association)

Cotton is grown in Australia in most of the major inland river valleys 800 of eastern Australia: in a belt stretching from central Queensland in

the north to the Menindee Lakes in south-west New South Wales. 600 Cotton is generally grown as an irrigated crop in fertile alluvial floodplain soils.

$ (MILLION) 400

Australia accounts for 3% of world lint production; however, it has a much larger influence in the world cotton market, accounting for 200 10% of export trade. The vast majority of Australian cotton crop (over 95%) is exported – primarily to spinning mills in South-East Asia. 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 17: Distribution of cotton production value by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

76% New South Wales 0% Victoria Northern Territory 24% Queensland Tasmania 0% South Australia 0% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 150 New South Wales Forestry

Represented by Australian Plantation Products Figure 18: Annual value of log production, 2002–07 (gross value). and Paper Industry Council (A3P) 1750 Australian timber plantations and manufacturing facilities are 1700 located in all states and territories. Plantations are generally found in areas receiving greater than 700 mm (28 inches) mean annual 1650 rainfall. The plantation resource consists of some 1 million hectares 1600 of softwoods (mostly Pinus species) and 700,000 hectares of 1550 hardwoods (mostly Eucalyptus species).

$ (MILLION) 1500 Australia’s plantation sector continues to expand, with a further 1450 86 600 hectares established in 2006/07 despite increasing difficulties associated with land availability in many regions. 1400

Australia’s plantation estate increased to 1.9 million hectares 1350 in 2006/07. 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 19: Distribution of log production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

21% New South Wales 22% Victoria Northern Territory 11% Queensland Tasmania 17% South Australia 8% Western Australia Western Australia 21% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 151 New South Wales Horticulture

Citrus Figure 20: Annual value of Australian citrus production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by Citrus Australia Ltd 500 (formerly Australian Citrus Growers Inc)

Citrus (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes and grapefruits) 400 is grown throughout Australia, with the exception of Tasmania.

Major growing areas include the Riverland (South Australia), 300 the Riverina (Victoria/ New South Wales) and Central Burnett and Emerald (Queensland).

$ (MILLION) 200

Over the past 10 years, citrus production in Australia has increased steadily. The Australian citrus industry is the largest 100 fresh fruit exporting industry in Australia, with exports valued at $168 million in 2006/07. Major export markets include the 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 United States, Hong Kong, Japan and Indonesia. AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 21: Distribution of citrus production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

26% New South Wales 13% Victoria Northern Territory 24% Queensland Tasmania 35% South Australia 2% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 152 New South Wales Apples and pears Figure 22: Annual value of Australian apple and pear production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by Apple and Pear Australia Ltd 600 The major production area for the Australian apple and pear 500 industry is in the Goulburn Valley in Southern Victoria. Significant areas in other states include Stanthorpe in Southern Queensland, 400 Orange and Batlow in New South Wales, Huon Valley in

Tasmania, the Adelaide Hills in South Australia, and the 300 Perth Hills, Donnybrook and Manjimup in Western Australia. $ (MILLION) 200 Apple and pear exports are focused on the premium markets of the United Kingdom and Europe and the bulk markets of South- 100 East Asia. Australia represents 0.8% of world production of apples and 1.4% of pears. In 2006/07 Australian exports of apples and 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 pears were valued at $18 million. AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 23: Distribution of apple and pear production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

13% New South Wales 57% Victoria Northern Territory 5% Queensland Tasmania 14% South Australia 5% Western Australia Western Australia 6% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 153 New South Wales Stone fruit (excluding cherries Figure 24: Annual value of Australian stonefruit production, 2002–07 (LVP). and canned fruit) 350 Represented by Summerfruit Australia Ltd

300 The ‘summerfruit’ industry (comprising fresh apricots, peaches, nectarines and plums) is mainly located in subtropical and temperate 250 Australia and is considered to be a major rural and regional employer. Although the major growing areas are located in Victoria, roughly 45% 200

of remaining production is spread between Queensland, New South 150 Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. Peaches $ (MILLION) and nectarines dominate production, followed by plums and apricots. 100

With considerable growth in production over the past 5 years, which 50 is aimed directly at export demand from markets such as China and 0 Taiwan, the recent closure of these markets to Australian growers 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S has meant that up to 70% of their volume of export markets has FINANCIAL YEAR been lost. In 2006/07 Australia exported over 10,000 tonnes of stonefruit – approximately 6% of production.

Figure 25: Distribution of stonefruit production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

15% New South Wales 55% Victoria Northern Territory 6% Queensland Tasmania 8% South Australia 15% Western Australia Western Australia 1% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 154 New South Wales Cherries Figure 26: Annual value of Australian cherry production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by Cherry Growers of Australia Inc. 100 The Australian cherry industry is concentrated in New South Wales (primarily in the Young area), South Australia, Victoria and, to a 80 lesser extent, Tasmania and Western Australia. The Australian cherry industry has been expanding its planting at an exponential 60 rate and the Australian cherry breeding program has released six new varieties in a 7-year period.

$ (MILLION) 40

The Australian cherry industry currently exports to more than 20 overseas markets, with the main focus being Hong Kong, 20 Taiwan and South-East Asia. Approximately 13% of the 2006/07 harvest was exported. 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 27: Distribution of cherry production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

39% New South Wales 27% Victoria Northern Territory 0% Queensland Tasmania 8% South Australia 1% Western Australia Western Australia 16% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 155 New South Wales Strawberries Figure 28: Annual value of Australian strawberry production, 2003–08 (Gross Value of Production). Represented by Strawberries Australia Inc. 350

Strawberries are grown in most states of Australia, by an estimated 300 600 growers in 2008. Production is concentrated in coastal regions, namely Beerwah in Qld; the Yarra Valley, Victoria; 250 Wannaroo and Albany in WA; the Adelaide Hills, SA; and the 200 Camden region of NSW. The short-term fruiting cycle of strawberries allows some growers to grow strawberry crops 150 $ (MILLION) intermittently with other short-term crops, such as vegetables. 100 Production has increased from 25,700t in 1997/98 to about 50 58,000t in 2007/08, due primarily to rising per capita consumption, driven by: higher planting numbers (more fruit); varieties that eat 0 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 better; and improved cool chain management. AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 29: Distribution of strawberry production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

1% New South Wales 44% Victoria Northern Territory 39% Queensland Tasmania 4% South Australia 11% Western Australia Western Australia 1% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 156 New South Wales Grapes – table Figure 30: Annual Australian table grape production, 2002–07 (tonnes). Represented by Australian Table Grape Association 85000 Green, red and blue/black varieties of table grapes are produced by 1200 growers in the major growing regions of Sunraysia and the 80000 Murray Valley in Victoria, the Riverina in New South Wales and in

South-East Queensland. 75000

In 2006/07, roughly half of the grapes produced in Australia were TONNES 70000 exported (40,000 tonnes) to an increasing number of markets around the world, including Hong Kong and South-East Asia. 65000

60000 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 31: Distribution of table grape production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

16% New South Wales 58% Victoria Northern Territory 18% Queensland Tasmania 1% South Australia 5% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 2% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 157 New South Wales Grapes – wine Figure 32: Annual Australian wine grape production, 2002–07 (tonnes). Represented by the Winemakers Federation of Australia 2000 and the Wine Grape Growers

Wine grapes are grown commercially in all states and territories and 1500 the wine industry is Australia’s largest fruit industry. Around 95% of wine grape production occurs in South Australia, Victoria and New

South Wales. Western Australia, Tasmania and Queensland have 1000 smaller wine industries, which are growing rapidly both in terms of volume and quality. TONNES (’000) 500 The dominant red varieties grown in Australia include merlot, cabernet sauvignon and shiraz, while the whites include chardonnay and semillon. 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S More than half of Australia’s wine exports go to either the United FINANCIAL YEAR Kingdom or United States, with total wine exports valued at $3 billion in 2006/07.

Figure 33: Distribution of wine grape production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

29% New South Wales 23% Victoria Northern Territory 0% Queensland Tasmania 43% South Australia 5% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 158 New South Wales Dried fruit Figure 34: Annual Australian grape production for dried fruit, 2002–07 (fresh weight). Represented by the Australian Dried Fruits Association Inc. 160

In Australia, grapes are grown for the dried grape industry in the 140 Riverland in South Australia, the Swan Valley and Bindoon regions 120 in Western Australia, and in the Sunraysia region, which spans north-west Victoria and south-west New South Wales around 100 the Murray River. The industry covers the production of sultanas, 80 currents, raisins and sunmuscats.

TONNES (’000) 60

Export markets for dried fruit are dominated by Germany (40%), 40 the United Kingdom (25%) and New Zealand (11%). In 2006/07, Australia exported $16 million worth of dried fruit. 20 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 35: Distribution of grape production for dried fruit by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

17% New South Wales 81% Victoria Northern Territory 0% Queensland Tasmania 2% South Australia 0% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 159 New South Wales Mangoes Figure 36: Annual value of Australian mango production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by the Australian Mango Industry Association 140

Mangoes are grown throughout northern Australia. Queensland 120 and the Northern Territory produce the majority of fruit; however, production also occurs in Western Australia and northern New 100 South Wales. Early season varieties grown in Australia include 80 Kensington Pride, R2E2 and Calypso, while later season varieties include Honeygold, Pearl, Keitt, Kent, Palmer and Brooks. 60 $ (MILLION)

In 2006/07, of the 57,000 tonnes of mangoes produced in 40 Australia, approximately 6% (3,272 tonnes) was exported. Key 20 export markets include Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand and South-East Asia. 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 37: Distribution of mango production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

0% New South Wales 0% Victoria Northern Territory 61% Queensland Tasmania 0% South Australia 5% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 34% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 160 New South Wales Bananas Figure 38: Annual value of Australian banana production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by the Australian Banana Growers Council 800

The majority of banana production in Australia is centred in North 700 Queensland: from Cardwell through to Tully, Innisfail through to 600 Babinda and on the Atherton Tableland. Banana production also occurs in some south-eastern coastal areas from Tweed Heads 500 to Coffs Harbour in New South Wales, Carnarvon and Kununurra 400 in Western Australia and around Darwin in the Northern Territory. $ (MILLION) 300

Cavendish bananas account for 95% of commercial production, 200 with lady fingers and other varieties making up the remainder. 100

As almost all bananas produced in Australia are consumed 0 domestically: very few are exported. 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 39: Distribution of banana production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

10% New South Wales 0% Victoria Northern Territory 87% Queensland Tasmania 0% South Australia 2% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 1% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 161 New South Wales Pineapples Figure 40: Annual value of Australian pineapple production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by Growcom 80

Some pineapples are grown in New South Wales and the Northern 70 Territory, but the vast majority of Australian pineapples are grown in 60 Queensland. The major pineapple growing regions in Queensland are Townsville, Wide Bay/Burnett, Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay/ 50

Brisbane and Fitzroy. The major varieties are Queensland Cayenne 40 and Smooth Cayenne. Newer varieties, such as Bethonga Gold, $ (MILLION) are being grown especially for the fresh market. 30 20 Seventy-eight per cent of pineapple production goes into canning, with the remainder going into the fresh fruit market. 10 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 41: Distribution of pineapple production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

0% New South Wales 0% Victoria Northern Territory 100% Queensland Tasmania 0% South Australia 0% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 162 New South Wales Avocados Figure 42: Annual value of Australian avocado production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by Avocados Australia 120 Queensland dominates Australia’s avocado production, with the 100 north, central and south-east of the state producing over 60% of the fruit. Other avocado-producing states include New South 80 Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia. Avocado varieties are dominated by Hass (accounting for approximately 75% 60 of production), but also include Shepard, Reed, Sharwil and Wurtz. $ (MILLION) 40 Of the 47,000 tonnes produced in Australia, only 2% are exported, with key markets including Singapore, Hong Kong and Thailand. 20

0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 43: Distribution of avocado production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

11% New South Wales 5% Victoria Northern Territory 62% Queensland Tasmania 7% South Australia 15% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 163 New South Wales Olives Figure 44: Annual Australian olive production, 2005–07 (fresh weight). Represented by the Australian Olive Association Ltd 60 Olives are produced in Australia for both olive oil and table fruit 50 markets. Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia are the largest producers, accounting for approximately 85% of Australia’s 40 production. There are over 100 known varieties of olives grown in

Australia. The most common are: the oil varieties Corregiola, 30 Frantoio, Paragon, Picual and Nevadillo Blanco; the table varieties TONNES (’000) Kalamata and Hardy’s Mammoth; and the dual-purpose varieties 20 (considered suitable for oil and fresh sale) Mission and Manzanillo. 10 Production for olive oil dominates the market and Australian exports of olive oil have grown sharply in recent years. Currently 30% of 0 05/06 06/07 planted trees have yet to yield any fruit, with the remaining 70% still AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S not producing at full capacity. FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 45: Distribution of olive production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

8% New South Wales 70% Victoria Northern Territory 1% Queensland Tasmania 7% South Australia 14% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 164 New South Wales Vegetables (Excluding processing tomAtoes) Figure 46: Annual value of Australian vegetable production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by AUSVEG 3000 Vegetable production is widely distributed in Australia, with some 2500 vegetables, such as potatoes, grown in all states. Expansion in some areas, such as the tropics of northern Australia, is limited by 2000 the lack of suitable varieties: the main growing region there being the Atherton Tableland with its cooler climate. AUSVEG comprises 1500 growers of potatoes, mushrooms, carrots, onions, freash tomatoes, $ (MILLION) capsicums, chillies, peppers, eggplant, brassicas, lettuces, 1000 celery, herbs, beetroot, parsnips, asparagus, garlic and cucurbits, among others. 500

Fresh vegetables are a major export category, with Australian 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 exports worth $145 million in 2006/07. Total Australian vegetable AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S exports fell for the fifth year in a row in 2006/07 to $246 million – FINANCIAL YEAR representing a loss in export markets of $100 million over the past 5 years. Figure 47: Distribution of vegetable production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

14% New South Wales 26% Victoria Northern Territory 32% Queensland Tasmania 15% South Australia 7% Western Australia Western Australia 5% Tasmania 1% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 165 New South Wales Onions Figure 48: Annual value of Australian onion production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by Onions Australia 200 Significant onion production regions exist in all states of Australia, with the key states being South Australia and Tasmania. The main 150 onion seed crops are grown in Narromine, Swan Hill and Southern Tasmania. Several types of onions are grown in Australia, including

brown, white, red and mild onions. Onions are available all year 100 round, but the main harvest period commences in August in $ (MILLION) Queensland and extends through to April in the southern states. 50 European markets are the main destination for Australian onion exports. Of the 246,000 tonnes produced in 2006/07, Australia exported 20% to international markets. 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 49: Distribution of onion production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

5% New South Wales 7% Victoria Northern Territory 16% Queensland Tasmania 45% South Australia 10% Western Australia Western Australia 17% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 166 New South Wales Tomatoes – processing Represented by the Australian Processing Tomato Research Council

Production of tomatoes for processing is split between NSW and Northern Victoria. The main varieties grown are Heinz varieties. 150,940 tonnes of tomatoes were delivered for processing during the 2007/08 season, supplied by 16 specialist processing tomato growers and one research farm.

Production is mainly focused on domestic demand with approximately 2,308ha planted in 2007.

Passionfruit AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S Represented by the Australian Passionfruit Industry Association

Originally introduced from Brazil in the early 1900s, Australia now grows more passionfruit than any other country in the world. Queensland, New South Wales and Western Australia are the primary states of production, with three varieties dominating the market – yellow, purple panama and red.

The industry has an approximate local value of production of $10 million. About 85% of production is sent to market as fresh product, while the remained is processed.

Canned fruits Represented by the Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia

The canned fruits industry, which is based in the Goulburn–Murray Valleys region of Victoria, primarily processes pears, peaches, apricots and plums.

Approximately 40% of total production is exported, with strong recent sales growth in South-East Asia and the Middle East.

167 Nuts

Represented by the Australian Nut Industry Council Figure 50: Annual value of Australian almond production, 2002–07 (LVP – kernel weight).

The Australian Nut Industry Council (ANIC) is the federation of 140 the Australian nut-producing industries and has representatives from the almond, chestnut, hazelnut, macadamia, pecan, pistachio 120

and walnut industries. The diversity of nuts grown in Australia has 100 resulted in many areas of production, including New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, Western Australia and 80

Tasmania. Australian nut production is expanding at over 60 10% per annum. $ (MILLION) 40 The total Australian nut production has a farm gate value of about $160 million, with a retail value of over $400 million. 20

Exports of Australian nuts in 2004 were valued at approximately 0 $172.5 million. 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR Almonds Represented by the Almond Board of Australia Figure 51: Distribution of almond production by state and territory, 2006/07. The Australian almond industry is concentrated in Victoria and South Australia, with increasing areas under cultivation in New Australian Capital Territory South Wales. Starting as a small industry, the Australian almond industry has dramatically expanded over the past four decades, 6% New South Wales with production growing from 790 tonnes in 1960 to approximately 59% Victoria Northern Territory 18,000 tonnes in 2006/07. Dominant varieties include Nonpareil (50% of plantings), Carmel (31%) and Price (12%). 0% Queensland Tasmania 35% South Australia In 2006/07 almond exports were valued at $57 million, with India accounting for 48% of consumption. Shelled and in-shell products 0% Western Australia each represent one half of exports. Western Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 168 New South Wales Macadamias Figure 52: Annual value of Australian macadamia production, 2002–07 (LVP). Represented by the Australian Macadamia Society Ltd 120 The majority of macadamia plantings are in northern New 100 South Wales and South-East Queensland. However, plantings are increasing rapidly around Bundaberg in northern Queensland 80 and there are a number of older orchards on the Atherton

Tableland. In addition to the macadamias grown in the northern 60 rivers region in New South Wales, there are plantings further $ (MILLION) down the coast – south of Coffs Harbour and at Macksville. 40

Ninety eight per cent of trees are the commercially preferred 20 Macadamia integrifolia species. Of this total, about 80% are Hawaiian selections. The remainder are Australian varieties, 0 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 including some relatively new releases. AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR Australia is currently the world’s largest producer and exporter of macadamia nuts, having overtaken Hawaii in 1996. In 2007, the value of Australian macadamia exports was $44 million. Figure 53: Distribution of macadamia production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

64% New South Wales 0% Victoria Northern Territory 35% Queensland Tasmania 0% South Australia 1% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 169 New South Wales Nursery and garden

Represented by the Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Figure 54: Annual value of Australian nursery production, 2005–07 (LVP).

The nursery and garden industry operates in all states and 1000 territories. It is the most diverse plant industry in Australia –

and one of the largest. 800

The nursery and garden industry covers the propagation of stock, bedding plants, bulbs and seeds, indoor plants, turf, trees and 600 shrubs. Parts of the nursery sector service a number of other

plant production sectors around Australia. $ (MILLION) 400

200

0 05/06 06/07 AUSTRALIA’S PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 55: Distribution of nursery production by state and territory, 2006/07.

Australian Capital Territory

26% New South Wales 33% Victoria Northern Territory 21% Queensland Tasmania 8% South Australia 9% Western Australia Western Australia 0% Tasmania 3% Northern Territory South Australia 0% Australian Capital Territory

Queensland

Victoria 170 New South Wales Honey bees

Represented by Australian Honey Bee Industry Council

Managed honey bees are found in all Australian states and territories. There are around 673,000 registered hives in Australia.

It is estimated that an average of at least 30,000 tonnes of honey are produced each year in Australia. The gross value of production over all sectors of the industry is estimated as being between $60 and $65 million per annum, of which $49 million comprises honey production. Pollination benefits are estimated to have a total paid and unpaid value of around $1.2 billion/year.

Despite honey bees being an ‘animal’ industry, it is a PHA member and signatory to the EPPRD due to the honey bees ability to vector plant pests (such as Fire blight) - potentially resulting in the industry being adversely affected in an emergency response. As a signatory PLA N T I DUSTRIES APPEND I X 1: AUSTRALIA’S to the EPPRD they have a say in the decision making process of an emergency response, cost sharing obligations and are eligible to owner-re-imbursement costs should it be necessary.

171 172 Appendix 2 Plant health contact details Appendix 2 – Plant health contact details

Contact details

Organisation Acronym Contact details Organisation Acronym Contact details

Australian Government Department of Agriculture, OCPPO Canberra City, ACT Australian Bureau of Agriculture ABARE Canberra City, ACT Fisheries and Forestry, Office of the Chief Plant Phone: 61 2 6272 4888 and Resource Economics Phone: 61 2 6272 2001 Protection Officer www.daff.gov.au www.abare.gov.au

Australian Government Department of Agriculture, AQIS Canberra City, ACT Trade and Market Access Division Canberra City, ACT Fisheries and Forestry, Australian Quarantine and Phone: 61 2 6272 3933 Phone: 61 2 6272 3270 Inspection Service www.daff.gov.au/aqis www.daffa.gov.au/about/contactus/id

Australian Government Department of Agriculture, BA Canberra City, ACT Australian Government DFAT Barton, ACT Fisheries and Forestry, Biosecurity Australia Phone: 61 2 6272 3933 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Phone: 61 2 6261 1111 www.BiosecurityAustralia.gov.au www.dfat.gov.au

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research CSIRO Canberra, ACT A3P Braddon, ACT Organisation Phone: 61 3 9545 2176 Phone: 61 2 6273 8111 www.csiro.au www.a3p.asn.au

Department of Territory and Municipal Services, TAMS Canberra, ACT Almond Board of Australia ABA Berri, SA Australian Capital Territory Phone: 61 2 6207 5111 Phone: 61 8 8582 2055 www.tams.act.gov.au www.aussiealmonds.com TACT DETAILS CO N TACT APPEND I X 2: PLA N T HEALTH Department of Primary Industries, NSW DPI Orange, NSW Apple and Pear Australia Ltd APAL North Melbourne, Vic New South Wales Phone: 61 2 6391 3100 Phone: 61 3 9329 3511 www.dpi.nsw.gov.au www.apal.org.au

Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, RDPIFR Darwin, NT Australian Banana Growers' Council ABGC Rocklea, Qld Fisheries and Resources, Northern Territory Phone: 61 8 8999 5511 Phone: 61 7 3278 4786 www.nt.gov.au/RDPIFR www.abgc.org.au

Department of Primary Industries DPI&F Brisbane, Qld Citrus Australia Ltd CA Mildura, Vic and Fisheries, Queensland Phone: 61 7 3404 6900 Phone: 61 3 5023 6333 www.dpi.qld.gov.au www.australiancitrusgrowers.com

Department of Primary Industries PIRSA Adelaide, SA Australian Cotton Growers' ACGRA Narrabri, NSA and Resources, South Australia Phone: 61 8 8463 3000 Research Association Inc Phone: 61 2 6799 1488 www.pir.sa.gov.au www.acgra.net.au

Department of Primary Industries DPIW Devonport, Tas Australian Dried Fruits Association Inc ADFA Mildura, Vic and Water, Tasmania Phone: 61 3 6233 8011 Phone: 61 3 5023 5174 www.dpiw.tas.gov.au www.adfa.asn.au

Department of Primary Industry, Victoria DPI Vic Melbourne, Vic Australian Honey Bee Industry Council AHBIC Sydney, NSW Phone: 61 3 5332 5000 www.honeybee.org.au www.dpi.vic.gov.au Australian Macadamia Society Ltd AMS Lismore, NSW Department of Agriculture DAFWA South Perth, WA Phone: 61 2 6622 4933 and Food, Western Australia Phone: 61 8 9368 3333 www.macadamias.org www.agric.wa.gov.au Australian Mango Industry Association AMIA Mareeba, Qld Plant Health Australia PHA Deakin, ACT Phone: 61 7 4086 6007 Phone: 61 2 6260 4322 www.mangoes.net.au www.phau.com.au Australian Nut Industry Council ANIC Sydney, NSW Bureau of Rural Sciences BRS Canberra City, ACT Phone: 61 2 9290 2444 Phone: 61 2 6272 4282 www.nutindustry.org.au www.daff.gov.au/brs

174 Organisation Acronym Contact details Organisation Acronym Contact details

Australian Olive Association AOA Pendle Hill, NSW Winemakers' Federation of Australia WFA Kent Town, SA Phone: 61 9863 8735 Phone: 61 8 8222 9255 www.australianolives.com.au www.wfa.org.au

Australian Passionfruit Industry Association APIA Keperra, Qld Australasian Plant Pathology Society APPS Phone: 61 7 4632 0467 Phone: 61 7 3351 8358 www.australasianplantpathologysociety.org. www.australianpassionfruit.com.au au

Australian Processing Tomato APTRC Shepparton, Vic BSES Ltd Indooroopilly, Qld Research Council www.aptrc.asn.au Phone: 61 7 3331 3333 www.bses.org.au Australian Table Grape Association ATGA Mildura, Vic Phone: 61 3 5021 5718 Cotton Research and Development Corporation CRDC Narrabri, NSW www.atga.com.au Phone: 61 2 6792 4088 www.crdc.com.au Australian Walnut Industry Association AWIA Phone: 61 3 5729 7647 www.walnut.net.au Grains Research and Development Corporation GRDC Barton, ACT Phone: 61 2 6166 4500 AUSVEG Clayton North, Vic www.grdc.com.au Phone: 61 3 9544 8098 www.ausveg.com.au Horticulture Australia Ltd HAL Sydney, NSW Phone: 61 2 8295 2300 Avocados Australia Ltd Woolloongabba, Qld www.horticulture.com.au Phone: 61 7 3846 6566 www.avocado.org.au Australian Research Council ARC Canberra Airport, ACT Phone: 61 2 6287 6600 CANEGROWERS Brisbane, Qld www.arc.gov.au Phone: 61 7 3864 6444 www.canegrowers.com.au Australian Centre for ACIAR Bruce, ACT International Agricultural Research Phone: 61 2 6217 0500 DETAILS CO N TACT APPEND I X 2: PLA N T HEALTH Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia CFICA Phone: 61 3 5829 2433 www.aciar.gov.au

Cherry Growers of Australia Inc CGA Cavan, SA Australian Agency for AusAID Canberra City, ACT Phone: 61 8 8349 4556 International Development Phone: 61 2 6206 4000 www.cherrygrowers.org.au www.ausaid.gov.au

Grains Council of Australia Ltd GCA Kingston, ACT Cooperative Research Centre CRC NPB Bruce, ACT Phone: 61 2 6273 3000 for National Plant Biosecurity Phone: 61 2 6201 2882 www.grainscouncil.com www.crcplantbiosecurity.com.au

Growcom Fortitude Valley, Qld Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre MPB CRC Bundoora, Vic Phone: 07 3620 3844 Phone: 61 3 9479 1698 www.growcom.com.au www.molecularplantbreeding.com

Nursery and Garden Industry Australia NGIA Epping, NSW Cotton Catchment Communities CCC CRC Narrabri, NSW Phone: 61 2 9876 5200 Cooperative Research Centre Phone: 61 2 6799 1500 www.ngia.com.au www.cottoncrc.org.au

Onions Australia OA Nairne, SA Reef and Rainforest Research Centre RRRC Cairns, QLD Phone: 61 8 8188 0385 Phone: 61 7 4050 7400 www.onionsaustralia.org.au www.rrrc.org.au

Ricegrowers' Association of Australia Inc RGA Leeton, NSW Forest and Wood Products Research FWP RDC Melbourne, Vic Phone: 61 2 6953 0433 and Development Corporation Phone: 61 3 9614 7544 www.rga.org.au www.fwprdc.org.au

Strawberries Australia Inc Sanctuary Cove, QLD Rural Industries Research RIRDC Barton, AC T www.strawberriesaustralia.com.au and Development Corporation Phone: 61 2 6271 4100 www.rirdc.gov.au Summerfruit Australia Ltd Melbourne, Vic Phone: 61 3 9329 3522 Sugar Research and Development Corporation SRDC Brisbane, Qld www.summerfruit.com.au Phone: 61 7 3210 0495 www.srdc.gov.au Wine Grape Growers WGGA Norwood, SA Association of Australia Phone: 61 8 8331 1422 Grape and Wine Research GWRDC Goodwood, SA www.wgga.com.au and Development Corporation Phone: 61 8 8273 0500 www.gwrdc.com.au

175 Acronyms and abbreviations

Acronym/abbreviation Name Acronym/abbreviation Name

AAAC Australian Association of Agricultural Consultants NT Northern Territory

ACT Australian Capital Territory NTAC National Tramp Ant Committee

ALOP Appropriate Level of Protection ORIA Ord River Irrigation Area

APPD Australian Plant Pest Database PaDIL Pest and Disease Image Library

AWC Australian Weeds Committee PEQ Post Entry Quarantine

BioSIRT Biosecurity Surveillance Incident Response and Tracing PHA Plant Health Australia

CA Control Area PHC Plant Health Committee

CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests PHER Plant Health Experience Register

CRC Co-operative Research Centre PIMC Primary Industries Ministerial Council

DAFF Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry PISC Primary Industries Standing Committee

DQMAWG Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Working Group PPD Plant Protection District

N S APPEND I X 2: ACRO N YMS A D ABBRE V IATIO EPP Emergency Plant Pest PQA Pest Quarantine Area

EPPRD Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed PRA Pest Risk Analysis

FFEZ Fruit Fly Exclusion Zone Qld Queensland

FTA Free Trade Agreement R&D Research and Development

GPPEP Grain and Plant Products Export Program RDC Research and Development Corporation

HPP High Priority Pest SA South Australia

IBG Industry Biosecusity Group SAP Scientific Advisory Panel

IBP Industry Biosecurity Plan SPHDS Sub-committee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards

IGA Intergovernmental Agreement SPS Agreement World Trade Organization’s Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures IPPC International Plant Protection Convention SRG Surveillance Reference Group IRA Import Risk Analysis Tas Tasmania ISPM International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures Vic Victoria NAQS Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy WA Western Australia NATA National Association of Testing Authorities WoNS Weeds of National Significance NBC National Biosecurity Committee WTO World Trade Organization NMG National Management Group

NPHSS National Plant Health Surveillance Strategy

NPSRT National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool

NSW New South Wales

176 Index

A Australian Mango Industry Association, 160 Breeding, pre-emptive, 65 Agricultural commodities, 10 Australian Nut Industry Council (ANIC), 168 Broadacre crops, 147–51 Agricultural consultants, 23 Australian Olive Association Ltd, 164 BSES Limited, 126 Agricultural production, 10 Australian Passionfruit Industry Association, 167 Bureau of Meteorology, 16 Almond Board of Australia, 168 Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Bureau of Rural Sciences (BRS), 20 Almonds, 168 20 Apple and Pear Australia Ltd, 91, 153 Australian Plant Pest Database (APPD), 93 C APPEND I X 2: N DEX Apples, 153 Australian Plantation Products and Paper Industry Canegrowers, 149 AusBIOSEC, 18–19 Council, 151 Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia, 167 Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA), 16, 18 Australian Processing Tomato Research Council, 167 Canned fruits, 167 Australia’s Appropriate Level of Protection (ALOP), 56, Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS), 20, Cherries, 155 57 60 Cherry Growers of Australia Inc, 155 Australia’s plant industries, 146 Australian Research Council (ARC), 112 Chief Plant Health Managers, 99 Australian Agency for International Development research projects, 112–13 Citrus, 152 (AusAID), 115 Australian Table Grape Association, 157 Citrus Australia Ltd, 152 Australian Association of Agricultural Consultants Australian Weeds Committee, 46 Citrus canker, 45 (AAAC), 23 AUSVEG, 165 Commission of Phytosanitary Measures, 57 Australian Banana Growers Council, 161 Avocados, 163 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Avocados Australia, 163 Organisation (CSIRO), 16, 20, 79, 110 Economics (ABARE), 20 research projects, 110–11 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research B Community biosecurity, 90, 92 (ACIAR), 113 Bananas, 161 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests research projects, 113–14 Biological substances (CCEPP), 99 Australian Cereal Rust Control Program, 67 definition, 60 Contingency planning, 100–3 Australian Chief Plant Protection Officer, 99 importation, 60 Co-operative Research Centre for National Plant Australian Constitution, 22 Biosecurity Biosecurity (CRC NPB), 23 20, 115 Australian Cotton Industry, 120 awareness, 92 research projects, 115–16 Australian Customs Service, 20 communications, 92 Co-operative Research Centre for Value Added Wheat Australian Dried Fruits Association Inc, 159 community, 90, 92 (CRC VAT), 119 Australian Government on-farm, 90–1 Co-operative Research Centre for Viticulture (CRCV), plant health services, 20–1 regional, 90, 92 118 research and development with, 108–30 Biosecurity Australia (BA), 20, 56, 58, 59 Co-operative Research Centres, 115 responsibilities of, 16 Biosecurity Surveillance Incident Response and Tracing Cotton, 150 Australian Honey Bee Industry Council, 171 (BioSIRT), 103 Cotton Australia, 150 Australian Institute of Science and Technology, 23 Border Cotton Catchment Communities Cooperative Research Australian Macadamia Society Ltd, 169 activities and responsibilities, 52, 61–3 Centre, 118 fruit fly management, 53 research projects, 118–19

177 Cotton Research and Development Corporation fresh vegetables, 165 Great Barrier Reef, 119 (CRDC), 120 grains, 147 Growcom, 162 CSIRO Entomology, 110 grapes, 157 Growers’ responsibilities of, 23 CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, 110 macadamias, 169 Gypsy moths, 78 mangoes, 160 D nuts, 168 H APPEND I X 2: N DEX Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry onions, 166 High priority pests (HPPs), 11, 32–8 (DAFF), 20, 57, 92, 93, 108 rice, 148 Honey bees, 171 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), 21, 115 stone fruit, 154 Horticulture, 152 Diagnostic protocols, 86–9 sugar, 149 Horticulture Australia Ltd (HAL), 91, 127 Diagnostic services, 79–84 wine, 158 research projects, 127–30 Direct competition, invasive species, 10 Horticulture export program, 60 Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine, 59, 60 F Horticulture Market Access Committee, 60 Dried fruit, 159 Farms, 146 Fire ant, red, 10 I E Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Import risk analysis (IRA), 57–9 East Timor, 63 Corporation (FWPRDC), 120 Imports, 57–60 Emergency Plant Pest Categorisation Group, 99 Forestry, 151 Indonesia, 63 Emergency Plant Pests (EPPs) gross value, 10 Industry best management practice (IBMP), 90 eradication and containment, 11, 44 Free trade agreements (FTAs), 57 Industry Biosecurity Group (IBG), 65 HPPs deemed to be, 33 Fruit Fly Exclusion Zone (FFEZ), 53–5 Industry biosecurity plans (IBPs), 65 Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD), 99 Fruit fly management, 53 development, 32 administration, 24 viticulture, 33 legally binding nature of, 33, 99 G Industry representative bodies, 23 ratification of, 44 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, 56 International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), 56, 57 Emergency response arrangements, 11, 44 Grain and Plant Products Export Program (GPPEP), 60 International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Export Control (Plant and Animal Products) Orders Grains, 147 (ISPMs), 57 2005, 60 Grains Council of Australia, 91, 147 International trade, 56 Exports, 60 Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC), Invasive species, effect, 10 almonds, 168 120 IPPC Strategic Planning and Technical Assistance apple and pear, 153 research projects, 120–4 Committee, 57 avocados, 163 Grape and Wine Research and Development ISPM 2, 58 cherries, 155 Corporation (GWRDC), 126 ISPM 5, 58 citrus, 152 Grapes ISPM 11, 58 cotton, 150 table, 157 dried fruit, 159 wine, 158

178 K O contact details, 174–5 Karnal bunt, 10 Office of the Chief Plant Protection Officer (OCPPO), 21 importance of, 10–11 Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR), 20 information, 93 L Olives, 164 key components of system, 31 Landholders’ responsibilities of, 23 On-farm biosecurity, 90–1 organisation of systems, 13–26 Log production, 151 Onions, 166 private services, 23 Onions Australia, 166 state and territory services, 22 APPEND I X 2: N DEX M Orchard Biosecurity Manual, 91 status, 27–47 Macadamias, 169 support systems, 93 Mangoes, 160 P Plant Health Australia (PHA), 23, 24, 91, 92, 93 Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility, 119 Papaya fruit fly, 10 biosecurity plans, 65 Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre Papua New Guinea, 63 core areas of activity, 24 (MPB CRC), 116 Parasitism, invasive species, 10 membership, 22, 25 research projects, 116–17 Passionfruit, 167 overview, 16 Museum Victoria, 93 Pathway analysis, 78 Plant Health Committee (PHC), 16, 86 Pears, 153 N Plant Health Experience Register, 93 Pest and Disease Image Library (PaDIL), 93 Nairn Report, 51 PLANTPLAN, 100 Pests National Biosecurity Committee (NBC), 16 administration, 24 costs of incursions, 10 National committees, 16, 17 Post-border diagnostic services, 79–84 National Communications Strategy Framework, 92 activities and responsibilities, 52, 64–93 effect, 10 National Competitive Grants Program (NCGP), 112 fruit fly management, 53 endemic, 64 National Diagnostic Network, 86 Post-Entry Plant Quarantine (PEQ) Program, 61 exotic, 10, 64 National Management Group (NMG), 99 Potato cyst nematode (PCN), 39 high priority, 11, 32–8 National Plant Health Status Report, overview, 11 Pre-border quarantine areas, 45 National Plant Health Surveillance Strategy (NPHSS), 78 activities and responsibilities, 52, 56–60 regionalised, 11, 39–42 National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool (NPSRT), 79 fruit fly management, 53 zero risk of entry, 44, 64 National Weeds Strategy Committee, 46 Predation Phytosanitary requirements, 10 New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry invasive species, 10 Pineapples, 162 Biosecurity Authority, 16 Pre-emptive breeding, 65 Plant biosecurity Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS), 53, 62 Primary Industries Ministerial Council (PIMC), 16 aim, 15 Nursery and garden, 170 Primary Industries Standing Committee (PISC), 16 nature of, 10, 15 Nursery and Garden Industry Australia, 170 Product Integrity, Animal and Plant Health Division Plant health Nuts, 168 (PIAPH), 20, 21 Australia’s status, maintaining, 49–93 Pulses, 147 Australian Government services, 20–1

179 Q Stone fruit, 154 World Trade Organization (WTO) Quality Assurance (QA) schemes, 90 Strawberries, 156 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Quarantine, 14, 20 Strawberries Australia Inc, 156 Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), 56, approved facilities, 61 Sub-committee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards 57, 60 northern Australia, in, 53, 62 (SPHDS), 86 post-entry, 61 Sugar Research and Development Corporation, 125 APPEND I X 2: N DEX techniques, 61 Sugarcane, 149 Queensland University of Technology, 93 Summerfruit Australia Ltd, 154 Surveillance R industry-specific plans, 78 Reef and Rainforest Research Centre (RRRC), 119 post-border, 67, 68–77 Regional biosecurity, 90, 92 urban hazard site, 78 Regionalised pests, 11, 39–42 Surveillance Reference Group (SRG), 78 Research and development Sustainable production, 10 Australian Government, with, 108–30 corporations, 119 T overview, 11 Tomatoes, 167 private institutions, 140–3 Torres Strait Islands, 62, 63, 119 state and territory governments, 131–9 Trade and Market Access Division, 20, 21 universities, 140–3 Training, 103 Research Priority Coordination Committee, 16 Rice, 148 U Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia Inc, 148 Universities’ research, 140–3 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation V (RIRDC), 124 Vegetables, 165 research projects, 125 Viticulture Industry Biosecurity Plan, 33 Russian Wheat Aphid resistance, 67 Voucher specimens, 93 S W Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP), 99 Weeds of National Significance (WoNS), 11, 46–7 State and territory governments Western Australian Department of Agriculture, 93 agricultural departments, 22 Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, 119 Chief Plant Health Managers, 99 Wheat Export Authority, 60 plant health services, 22 Wine grape growers, 158 research and development, 131–9 Winemakers Federation of Australia, 158 responsibilities of, 16

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