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Wheat Stem Maggot 39 Victorian guide to exotic pests and diseases of grain crops Exotic Plant Pest Hotline (1800 084 881) Edited by Jemma Pearl and Luise Fanning (Agriculture Victoria) With acknowledgments to Kurt Lindbeck (NSW DPI), Kat Fuhrmann (FAR Australia) and the Agriculture Victoria Chief Plant Health Officer’s team for their contribution of content and expertise. @The State of Victoria Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions 2020 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms, the Victorian Government logo, the Department of Jobs Precincts and Regions and the Agriculture Victoria logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/a/deed.en ISBN 978-1-76090-280-3 (Print) ISBN 978-1-76090-281-0 (pdf/online/MS word) Cover photo Faba bean rust by: Luise Fanning, Agriculture Victoria Accessibility If you would like to receive this publication in an alternative format, please telephone the DJPR Customer Service Centre on 136 186, email [email protected] or via the National Relay Service on 133 677 www.relayservice.com.au. For Translating and Interpreting Service, phone 131 450 and ask them to phone the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881. This document is able available on the internet at www.agriculture.vic.gov.au. Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. Exotic Plant Pest Hotline (1800 084 881) Contents Area of Freedom - what do we mean? 4 Exotic viruses • Red clover vein mosaic virus 26 CropSafe program • Wheat spindle streak mosaic 27 INTRO 5 Reporting suspect pests and disease Exotic pests 6 • Barley stem gall midge 29 Exotic diseases • Cabbage seedpod weevil 30 DISEASES Soil-borne diseases • European wheat stem sawfly & 31 BORNE SOIL • Fusarium wilt of canola 8 Wheat stem sawfly • Fusarium wilt of chickpea 9 • Hessian fly 32 FOLIAR • Cyst nematode (exotic strains) 10 • Khapra beetle 33 DISEASE • Canola verticillium wilt 11 Case study - Khapra beetle 34 Foliar diseases • Leaf miner as a group 35 • Leaf blight of wheat 12 • Sunn pest 36 RUST • Lentil anthracnose 13 • Turnip moth 37 • Lupin anthracnose 14 • Wheat aphid 38 Case study - Lupin anthracnose 15 • Wheat stem maggot 39 Rust HEAD • Ramularia 16 Exotic weeds • Barley stripe rust 17 • Asiatic witchweed 41 • Barley stem rust (exotic strains) 18 EXOTIC EXOTIC • Pea and Lentil rust 19 Glossary 42 VIRUSES • Leaf rust (exotic strains) 20 Useful resources 43 • Wheat stem rust, pathotype Ug99 21 • Wheat stripe rust (exotic strains) 22 PESTS Head EXOTIC • Karnal bunt 23 Case study - Karnal bunt 24 WEEDS EXOTIC EXOTIC Exotic Plant Pest Hotline (1800 084 881) Area of freedom - why is it important? The term ‘area of freedom’ is frequently used with It is important to not accidentally introduce exotic regards to biosecurity and surveillance for exotic pests or diseases into Australia after travelling pests and diseases, but what does the term mean? overseas. The risk of intoducing exotic diseases or new mutations of a pathogen into Australia can be Area of freedom is the understanding that a region minimised by having a biosecurity hygiene plan is free of a disease or pest, which can be proven following overseas travel. statistically through sample/data collection in a region over time. The requirements have changed in Basic biosecurity hygiene includes washing clothes the last 20 years so that it is no longer enough to not and cleaning footwear before returning to have detected these pests or diseases. Countries Australia or immediately on return. If high risk areas now need evidence to show that they have looked have been visited, consider leaving clothing and for these pests and diseases and not found them in footwear behind. Remind family members, order to be able to declare an area of freedom. employees or others travelling to also take these precautions. Hence surveillance is necessary to demonstrate area of freedom in order to meet trading partner The importance of surveillance requirements, as well as to demonstrate successful As you can imagine proving an area of freedom, and pest eradication at the end of a nationally approved the surveillance required, can be a very expensive eradication campaign. process. While the process of collecting and analysing In the Karnal Bunt case study (see page 24), the samples may sound simple, all the processes need number of samples that were collected in order to to be linked to a set of protocols that meet a set prove an area of freedom required significant time standard for collection of surveillance data. This and investment, but were necessary to maintain surveillance data provides the evidence that certain trade access. pests and diseases have not been detected in Australia. This can then be used by our businesses This demonstrates targeted surveillance, which is to trade with countries that require evidence of important in establishing area of freedom (or area absence of a pest or disease. The surveillance data of spread) due to a suspected incursion. Other types collected also increases the early detection (and of surveillance include long term, general therefore ability to eradicate) any exotic pests and surveillance programs which provide evidence of diseases. area of freedom for a wide range of pests and diseases. Examples of these include the Sentinel A successful biosecurity system is a shared Silo Surveillance program (see page 33) and the responsibility, requiring scientists, government, CropSafe program. industry, and the community to cooperate. Fewer pest and disease problems mean lower production costs. Areas where rigorous biosecurity can deliver ‘area of freedom’ gives Australian producers an enormous advantage in international markets and allows us to have safer and cheaper locally produced food. 4 I CropSafe I Guide to exotic pests and diseases of grain Exotic Plant Pest Hotline (1800 084 881) CropSafe program CropSafe Program The CropSafe program maintains rigour through CropSafe is a critical tool in identifying potential contained communication and a range of extension exotic pests and disease threats to Victoria’s grains products. This ensures that the agronomists in the industry. Agriculture Victoria delivers the CropSafe network and the wider industry understand the key INTRO program in collaboration with a number of major pests and diseases that are of greatest risk to agribusiness companies. Together, this cluster Victorian grain growers. Growers and agronomists incorporates approximately 80 per cent of Victoria’s can find the key 34 pests, diseases and parasitic agronomists. CropSafe has a network of over 200 weeds that are threats to the Victorian grains experienced agronomists continually looking for industry in this booklet. A link to the electronic new pests and diseases. This means Victorian version of the booklet can be found in the useful farmers can be far more confident that their grain resources section. DISEASES crops are free of exotic pests. The CropSafe BORNE SOIL program has streamlined sample receipt, analysis, For sampling material and instructions (including reporting and record keeping. plastic specimen bags and plastic vials) or information on joining CropSafe, contact Luise The 2018 CropSafe general surveillance survey Fanning on (03) 4344 3111 or resulted in CropSafe agronomists reporting on just [email protected]. FOLIAR over 1.9 million hectares which is approximately half DISEASE of the estimated 3.2 million hectares of grain crops The success of CropSafe was acknowledged with a in Victoria. Crops were inspected three to ten times National Biosecurity Award in March 2017. (average five times) during the growing season, depending on the crop type and scouting program required for crop pest and disease management. Table 2. Probability of area of freedom* for RUST 2018 based on the area surveyed by CropSafe agronomists for Victoria’s top exotic pests and diseases in broadacre agriculture. Exotic pest/disease 2018 Table 1. 2018 passive crop surveillance inspection reported to CropSafe American Serpentine Leaf Miner 0.91600 Crop Number of paddocks Hectares Maize Leafhopper 0.99999 HEAD inspected Turnip Moth 0.85538 Wheat 9,004 620,628 Barley Stem Gall Midge 0.99437 Barley 5,309 470,322 European Wheat Stem Sawfly 1.00000 Oats 1,416 67,232 Cabbage Seedpod Weevil 0.90201 Triticale 93 4,679 Fursarium Wilt of Canola 0.94531 EXOTIC VIRUSES Canola 4,659 270,935 Fursarium Wilt of Chickpea 0.50917 Lentils 1,881 236,631 Barley Stripe Rust 0.99995 Vetch 1,219 121,163 Lentil Rust 0.95467 Field pea 417 52,109 Lupin Anthracnose 0.68911 PESTS Faba beans 646 43,555 Lentil Anthracnose 0.85283 EXOTIC Lupins 468 33,768 Karnal Bunt 0.99878 Chickpeas 164 20,570 *Given design prevalence of 1:1000 plants and 1:1000 crops affected, and a 1:20 year chance TOTAL 25,276 1,941,591 of incursion WEEDS EXOTIC EXOTIC CropSafe I Guide to exotic pests and diseases of grain I 5 Exotic Plant Pest Hotline (1800 084 881) Reporting suspect pests and diseases IF YOU SEE ANYTHING UNUSUAL, CALL THE EXOTIC PLANT PEST HOTLINE 1800 084 881 Any unusual plant pest should be reported The caller will then be connected to the relevant immediately to the relevant state or territory authority for that jurisdiction where calls will be agriculture agency through the Exotic Plant Pest answered by an experienced person, who will ask Hotline (1800 084 881).
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