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He Papa Kuhikuhi Pilina'ōlelo Reference Grammar of The He Papa Kuhikuhi Pilina‘ōlelo Reference Grammar of the Hawaiian Language E onipaa kkou i ka imi naauao Aloha Kkou! A searchable version of this document, with clickable links in the Table of Contents, is available on-line at: https://hawaiian-grammar.org/reference/ The on-line version will aways be the most up-to-date, revised version of the Reference Grammar. You can submit comments, questions, and suggested corrections on-line at: http://hawaiian-grammar.org/comments/ Youre also invited to join our Facebook group where well post news, updates, and information about the project: https://www.facebook.com/Hawaiian-Reference-Grammar-100573231487860/ This is version 1.0, completed in 2019 and made available to the public in January, 2020. Reference Grammar of the Hawaiian Language Introduction 8 Who is this book for? 8 Who are we? 8 Version Information 8 Conventions and Notation 8 Kmole (Reference Texts) 8 Notations and Conventions 10 Overview of Hawaiian Language 11 Origin 11 12 Orthography and Pronunciation 12 Formation of Syllables 15 Accent 15 Structural Elements 16 Words 16 Non-Word Elements 17 Phrases 17 Sentences 19 Ke Kino A Me Ke Kino (O-Class and A-Class Possessive Relationships) 22 Ke Kino‘ā (A-Class) 23 Ke Kino‘ō (O-Class) 23 Terminology 25 Comparing Classical (Andrews, Alexander), Modern UH Mānoa (Pukui/Elbert, Hopkins in Ka Lei Haʻaheo) and Modern UH Hilo (Kamanā/Wilson in Nā Kai ʻEwalu) Grammatical Terminology 25 English/Latin Grammatical Terms 30 Word Types 32 Overview 32 Nā Kikino (Nouns) 37 Nā Meme‘a (Common Noun) 37 Nā Iʻoa (Proper Nouns) 37 Nā Helunui (Plurals) 38 Mass Nouns 40 Gender 41 1 N Ioa Henua (Locative Nouns) 41 N Papani (Pronouns) 45 Personal 45 As Subject 45 N Kui Papani (As Subject with additional participant) 48 After a preposition or object marker 48 N Nonoa (Possessives) 49 N Kai nonoa (K-possessive) 49 Ko/k ia nei, ko/k ia ala 50 N Ami Nonoa Iki ( Æ-possessive) 50 N Ami Nonoa Nui (n-possessive) 51 Comparison of pronouns, third person singular 53 Demonstrative 53 Interrogative 55 Indefinite 55 N Painu (Verbs) 56 N Hamani (Transitive) 58 N Hehele (Intransitive) 59 N Aano (Stative) 59 Loaa-type Verbs 60 N Huakahu Helu (Numbers) 62 Cardinal 64 Ordinal 65 Distributive 65 Fractions 65 N Kai Iloa a Hiloa (Articles) 66 Ka, Ke, N (Definite) 66 He, Kekahi, Kahi (Indefinite) 67 O (Proper noun marker) 68 N Kui (Conjunctions) 69 a 69 A, A me (And) 69 (Until) 70 A i ole / ...paha (Or) 70 2 hea (When/future), Inhea (When/past) 71 aia n a, aia wale n a 71 Ak, Eia nae, Aole nae, Nae (But, However) 72 akahi n a 73 Aneane (almost) 75 Aole (Negative) 75 E pili ana no/i/i (about, concerning, relating to, pertaining to) 75 Emo ole (In no time at all) 76 hklia n a 77 I (in order that), I ole e (in order that not) 77 I/he kikino + nonoa e painu ai. (something for somebody to do something) 78 I mea e painu ai (as a way, as a means, as a thing) 78 I ka hana o (And then when) 79 i loa n a / i lawa n a 79 I/i, oiai/oi, ke, a, hklia, i loa n a, i lawa n a, aia n a, akahi n a, i ka hana o (While/When) 79 i/i 79 In, I, Eole, Ke (If) 80 ke 82 Makia, Mkia, Malia, Mlia, Mali‘a, Malama (Perhaps) 83 Nani (Since/because) 83 Nō hoʻi (Also) 84 Naʻe (However/still/yet) 84 No ka mea (Because) 85 O (Lest) 85 ʻoiai 86 Wahi a (According to) 86 Nā ʻAmi (Prepositions) 87 Ā (Emphatic to) 87 A/o nonoʻa (Possessive) 87 ʻAmi Kuhilana I/iā/iō (To) 88 ʻAmi Hea E (Vocative ) 88 ʻAmi Henua Ma (At/In/On) 89 ʻAmi Hoahana Me (With/Like) 90 ʻAmi Kūmua Mai/Maiā (From) 91 3 E (Agentive) 91 I/i (Direct and indirect object marker) 91 I o (To the face of) 93 Na (Benefactive/agentive) 93 No (Benefactive/causative/locative) 94 O, Æ (Subject) 95 P (Like) 96 N Hunekuhi (Directionals) 96 N Huneaau (Intensifiers N, K, L, Paha, …) 99 Word Usage Patterns 102 Ke Kāhulu (Descriptors) 102 Adjectives 102 Adverbs 103 Comparative, Superlative 104 Comparative 104 Superlative 105 A ʻoi, a keu, a emi (or more, or less) 105 No ka Wā (Temporal) 106 Date 106 Days of the Week 107 Nā Pō o ka Mahina (Days of the Month) 107 Helu Manawa ʻAna (Time) 109 Nā Kau (Traditional Seasons and Months) 110 Hoʻoilo (Cooler, Wetter Season) 110 Kau (Hotter, Drier Season) 111 Nā Mahina (Months) 112 Relative Time 112 Ka Painu (Verbs) 114 Nā Māka Painu (Verb Markers) 114 Nā Māka Painu Kauoha (Imperative) 118 ʻIa (Passivizer) 119 Hoʻo- (Transitivizer) 120 Kiʻa Painu (Nominalizer) 121 Special Verb Patterns 122 4 Hele a 122 Koe (n) 122 Kohu ABC 123 Kohu mea l/ala 123 K a 124 K i/i 124 Lilo 124 Lilo used as a hamani 124 Lilo used as a Loaa type Aano (stative) 125 Mkaukau 126 Me he mea l 126 Nele i 127 Noke i ka 127 Pp ia 128 Sentences 128 Ka Pepeke Painu (Simple Verb Sentences) 128 Composition of a pepeke painu 128 Ka Hole O Ka Pepeke Painu (Negative Simple Verb Sentences) 129 Order of Hune Types in Simple Verb Sentences 130 Ka Pepeke Aike O (Equational) 130 Ka Hole o ka Pepeke Aike O (Negative Equational Sentence) 131 Questions with Aike O 132 O ka/ke kikino, (As for) 132 Ka Pepeke Aike He (Class-Inclusion Sentence) 132 Ka Hole o ka Pepeke Aike He (Negative Class Inclusional Sentences) 133 Ke Klele kena (Actor-Emphatic) 133 Moving the awe forward 136 Ka Hole o ke Klele kena (Negative of the Actor-Emphatic) 137 Ke Klele Klana (Situation-Emphatic) 137 Moving ana forward for future tense: 139 Ka Pepeke Henua (Locational) 142 Time reference or tense in a locational sentence 143 Temporary Possession 144 Aia for Locational Questions 144 5 Expressing “with” an inanimate object in the Pepeke Henua pattern 144 Ke Aia A (Until) 145 Ka Hōʻole o ka Pepeke Henua (Negative Locational Sentences) 145 Variations of the Pepeke Henua pattern 145 Ke Kālele Kūmua (From Where) 147 Ke Kālele Hoahana (With) 147 Ka ʻO Ka Painu Dir La Nō Ia O ABC (Immediate Sequential) 148 Ka Pepeke Nonoʻa (Possessive) 149 Ka Hiki (It is possible) 151 Ka I Loko Nō O (Despite) 153 Ka ʻĀnō Iho Nō (Immediately after) 153 Nā Mea Hoʻohālikelike (Comparative and Superlative Sentences) 153 Ka Pepeke ʻOi Aku 153 Ka Pepeke E Aho 155 Clauses 156 Ke Kāhulu Pepeke Piko Hou ʻOle (Relative clause as subject of verb) 156 Contractions of ka mea i and ka mea e 158 Passive form 158 Ke Kāhulu Pepeke Piko Hou (Relative clause as object of its clause) 159 A or O class “possessive” 160 Variations of Form 161 Ke Kāhulu Pepeke Kālele ʻĀkena (Emphatic relative clause) 164 Ke Kāhulu Kiʻa Pepeke (Nominalized Relative Clause) 165 Ka ʻAwe ʻĀkena ʻAʻano (Causative with stative verb) 165 Ke Kāhulu Pepeke Nonoʻa (Possessive) 166 Ke Kāhulu Pepeke ʻAike He (Known As) 167 Ka Ma Ke ʻAno He (As a, Like a) 167 Miscellaneous 168 Expressing Similarity 168 Ka ʻOi Loa (Superlatives) 169 Family Relationship Terms 170 Interjections 171 Idioms 177 Dropping Grammatical Elements 177 6 I Kikino Na (Give To Someone, Someone Would Like) 177 Various Idioms 177 Appendices 180 Further Research 180 Tables Types of simple (not compound or complex) sentences English Grammatical Terms Grammatical Term Table Mka Painu (Verb Marker) Table 7 Introduction Who is this book for? This grammar of the Hawaiian language is primarily intended for the English-speaking student at an institute of higher learning. It provides a quick reference to most grammatical constructs that an undergraduate student of the Hawaiian language will encounter, while also offering examples and further discussion of many topics. The project to create the book was born of the experience of the authors in studying Hawaiian Language years one through four at the University of Hawaii Maui College. A reference grammar of this type would have come to great use! Who are we? Anita Bardwell Joe Bardwell Rob Weltman Hoaloha Westcott You can reach us at [email protected] . We would like to thank the following for valuable suggestions, review and encouragement: Kaliko Trapp (UH Hilo) K‘ope Raymond (UHMC) Kepano Trussel (UH Mānoa) Albert Schütz (UH Mānoa) Version Information This is version 1.0, completed in 2019 and made available to the public in January, 2020. Conventions and Notation Kūmole (Reference Texts) A Narrative of a Tour through Hawaii (Ellis 1824) William Ellis, 1824 Uber die Hawaiische sprache (Chamisso 1837) Adelbert von Chamisso, 1837 Grammar of the Hawaiian Language (Andrews 1854) L. Andrews, 1854 Introduction to Hawaiian Grammar (Alexander 1864) 8 W. D. Alexander, 1864 The Hawaiian Language and Hawaiian-English (Judd 1939) Dictionary Henry P. Judd, 1939 Rarotongan Personal Pronouns: Form and Distribution (Buse 1960) J. E. Buse in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1 (1960) Spoken Hawaiian (Elbert 1970) Samuel H. Elbert, 1970 The o/a Distinction in Hawaiian Possessives (Wilson 1976) William H. Wilson in Oceanic Linguistics Vol. 15, No. 1/2, 1976 Hawaiian Grammar (Elbert/Pukui 1979) Samuel H. Elbert, Mary Kawena Pukui, 1979 Hawaiian Sentence Structures (Hawkins 1979) Emily A. Hawkins, 1979 Pedagogical Grammar of Hawaiian (Hawkins 1982) Emily A. Hawkins, 1982 Hawaiian Dictionary (Pukui/Elbert 1986) Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel H.
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