Decal Reader, Part 1

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Decal Reader, Part 1 Conlangs DE-Cal – Spring 2006 Ling 98/198: Constructing Languages DE-Cal Spring 2006, UC Berkeley By Sai Emrys – [email protected] http://www.livejournal.com/~conlangs_decal/info Table of Contents NOTES ON THIS READER ....................................................................................................................... 7 CXS/IPA CHART......................................................................................................................................... 8 CLASS SYLLABUS ..................................................................................................................................... 9 GENESIS 11:1-10 ....................................................................................................................................... 17 CONLANGER’S MANIFESTO................................................................................................................ 19 THE CONSTRUCTION OF LAADAN.................................................................................................... 25 TASTE FOR MAKERS ............................................................................................................................. 29 EXCERPT FROM DESCRIBING MORPHOSYNTAX: A GUIDE FOR FIELD LINGUISTS......... 39 MODEL LANGUAGES NEWSLETTER ................................................................................................ 51 ON THE DESIGN OF AN IDEAL LANGUAGE .................................................................................. 149 GOOD GLOSSES..................................................................................................................................... 159 HOW TO MAKE GOOD GLOSSES...................................................................................................... 161 APOLOGIA PRO IMAGINATIONE ..................................................................................................... 167 GLOSSOPOEIA FOR FUN AND PROFIT ........................................................................................... 171 NOTES ON LANGUAGE CREATION AND ERGATIVITY.............................................................. 179 THE LANGUAGE CREATION KIT ..................................................................................................... 213 WHAT IS WRITING? ............................................................................................................................. 243 HOW TO CREATE A LANGUAGE....................................................................................................... 297 CONLANG ERRORS .............................................................................................................................. 347 - 1 - Conlangs DE-Cal – Spring 2006 Detailed table of contents NOTES ON THIS READER ....................................................................................................................... 7 CXS/IPA CHART......................................................................................................................................... 8 CLASS SYLLABUS ..................................................................................................................................... 9 SYNOPSIS :................................................................................................................................................... 9 TIMING :.................................................................................................................................................... 10 GRADING .................................................................................................................................................. 10 GOALS : WHAT YOU SHOULD GET OUT OF THIS CLASS ............................................................................... 10 LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 11 COURSE WEBSITE / LJ COMMUNITY ......................................................................................................... 11 SOME OTHER USEFUL SITES ...................................................................................................................... 11 READER /S YLLABUS :................................................................................................................................. 13 TEXTS / READING MATERIALS : ................................................................................................................. 13 THE FINAL PROJECT / RESEARCH PAPER .................................................................................................. 14 SCHEDULE :............................................................................................................................................... 15 GENESIS 11:1-10 ....................................................................................................................................... 17 CONLANGER’S MANIFESTO................................................................................................................ 19 MANIFESTO .............................................................................................................................................. 19 THE ARTLANGER ’S RANT ......................................................................................................................... 20 THE CONSTRUCTION OF LAADAN.................................................................................................... 25 TASTE FOR MAKERS ............................................................................................................................. 29 EXCERPT FROM DESCRIBING MORPHOSYNTAX: A GUIDE FOR FIELD LINGUISTS......... 39 MODEL LANGUAGES NEWSLETTER ................................................................................................ 51 PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................... 51 VOLUME I, ISSUE 1 -- MAY 1, 1995 ............................................................................................................. 53 An introduction to the hobby of model languages............................................................................... 53 Different types of model languages..................................................................................................... 54 This newsletter's goals ........................................................................................................................ 55 VOLUME I, ISSUE 2 -- JUNE 1, 1995 ............................................................................................................ 57 Inventing a language for naming people and places .......................................................................... 57 Language change................................................................................................................................ 57 An ancestral language -- the grandmother tongue ............................................................................. 58 Sound .................................................................................................................................................. 59 Sound change...................................................................................................................................... 61 Spelling ............................................................................................................................................... 64 Words .................................................................................................................................................. 65 Grammar............................................................................................................................................. 65 Proper names...................................................................................................................................... 65 Place names ........................................................................................................................................ 67 Example - quickly create your own naming languages....................................................................... 70 GYMNASTICS WITH ONOMASTICS ................................................................................................................ 73 Structure of names............................................................................................................................... 73 Patronymics: in the name of the father ............................................................................................... 74 Forming first names first .................................................................................................................... 75 Forming family names ........................................................................................................................ 76 Forming names of nations................................................................................................................... 77 Cultural attitudes towards names ....................................................................................................... 78 VOLUME I, ISSUE 3 (2/2) -- JULY 1, 1995 .................................................................................................. 80 Possibilities and purposes
Recommended publications
  • A Comparison Between Natural and Planned Languages
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages Gobbo, F. Publication date 2011 Document Version Final published version Published in Journal of Universal Language Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Gobbo, F. (2011). The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages. Journal of Universal Language, 12(2), 45-79. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Federico Gobbo 45 Journal of Universal Language 12-2 September 2011, 45-79 The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages Federico Gobbo University of Insubria 1 Abstract Since the publication of Volapük, the most important functional and deictic words present in grammar—interrogative, relative and demonstrative pronouns, and adjectives among others—have been described in planned grammars in a series or a table, namely “correlatives,” showing a considerable level of regularity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Attachment Esperanto Grammar Is a Basic Summary of the Language by the Inventor Zamenhof
    The attachment Esperanto Grammar is a basic summary of the language by the inventor Zamenhof. Additional nuances used in this translation are as follows: • modified letters are written with an 'h' instead of the diacritical mark, thus substitution original pronounciation ch ĉ 'ch' as in 'church' gh ĝ 'j' as in 'join' jh ĵ 'z' as in 'azure' sh ŝ 'sh' as in 'show' u ŭ 'u' as in 'mount' • Most other letters are pronouncable as if in English, at least for the relay. See part A of the Grammar attachment. • the accusative case is used for the direct objekt and to indicate motion in a prepositional phrase. • The suffix -ig- is used to indicate that the subject places the direct object into the state described by the verb root. • For additional information see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto#Grammar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_grammar Vocabulary list: the following are the word roots and suffixes used in the translation. Word Root Forms Used in Text Definition al to antaulonge long ago apart- aparta separate, unusual apud beside auskult- auskultas, auskulti listen bat- piedbatis beat, hit char because ches- chesu cease chi this chu whether; indicates interrogative de of, from demand- demandis ask dir- diris say do thus en in, into Word Root Forms Used in Text Definition fakt- fakte fact, (fakte: in fact) far- fari to do ghen- ghenas bother ghi ghin it halt- haltu stop histori- historio stoty jhet- jhetis throw kaj and kiam when kiel how koler- kolerigis anger konsent- konsentas agree kvazau as if la the lag- lago, lagon lake
    [Show full text]
  • A Complex Structure. a Linguistic Description of Esperanto in Functional Discourse Grammar
    Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 275-287, 2015 GRAMMAR: A COMPLEX STRUCTURE. A LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION OF ESPERANTO IN FUNCTIONAL DISCOURSE GRAMMAR Wim Jansen* Chair of Interlinguistics and Esperanto, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.11 Received: 1 February 2014. Regular article Accepted: 17 June 2014. ABSTRACT Functional Discourse-Grammar or FDG is the latest development in the functional grammar that was initiated by the Dutch linguist Simon Dik (1940-1995). In this paper, the FDG architecture proper is described, including the role of the extra-grammatical conceptual and contextual components. A simple interrogative clause in Esperanto is used to illustrate how a linguistic expression is built up from the formulation of its (pragmatic) intention to its articulation. Attention is paid to linguistic transparencies and opacities, defined here as the absence or presence of discontinuities between the descriptive levels in the grammar. Opacities are held accountable, among other factors, for making languages more or less easy to learn. The grammar of every human language is a complex system. This is clearly demonstrable precisely in Esperanto, in which the relatively few difficulties, identified by the opacities in the system, form such a sharp contrast to the general background of freedom, regularity and lack of exceptions. KEY WORDS Esperanto, functional grammar, linguistic transparency CLASSIFICATION JEL: O35 *Corresponding author, : [email protected]; ; *Emmaplein 17A, 2225 BK Katwijk, Netherlands * W. Jansen INTRODUCTION1 In the authoritative monolingual dictionary Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto (PIV) 1, under the headword gramatiko (‘grammar’) we find several definitions. The first is ‘study of language rules’ (scienco pri la lingvaj reguloj); under this definition, ĝenerala gramatiko (‘general grammar’) is described as the ‘study of rules common to all languages’ (scienco pri la reguloj komunaj al ĉiuj lingvoj).
    [Show full text]
  • Theosophical Review V38 N227 Jul 1906
    THE THEOSOPHICAL REVIEW Vol. XXXVIII JULY, 19o6 No. 227 ON THE WATCH-TOWER Yet another Theosophical Congress to add to the long list 1 The recent Paris Congress of the Federation of the European Sections of the Theosophical Society has come and &one, ant* a pleasant memory of the Congress ^ warm hospitality of our French hosts, of splendid weather, a charming place of meeting, and excellent arrangements. The Congress was presided over by our vener able President-Founder, Colonel H. S. Olcott ; who, however, was unfortunately prevented from taking the chair at the final meeting owing to a sudden indisposition which caused us much anxiety and brought home to us the enormous value of his life to the movement. We have so long been used to consider our " " President as the official permanent atom of the Society, and have such confidence in his extraordinarily robust vitality, that his sudden and serious indisposition came to all as a great shock. Fortunately he has rallied rapidly, and though unable to attend the Dutch Convention, is almost restored to health. May the Gods grant him lustra still to add to the number of his years, for we can ill spare him ! 386 THE THEOSOPHICAL REVIEW The Paris Congress was a truly international gathering. Rus sians, Swedes, Czechs, Italians, Spaniards, Swiss, Belgians, Dutch, English, Germans, Americans, a Hindu An and a Parsi, together and regretted (Lnt'rn^tional mingled the consequences of the Tower of Babel inci dent. A "universal language" was badly needed; Esperanto, it is true, was on the programme for discussion, but the Theo- sophical Greeks are as yet shy of its barbarisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Puana 'Ia Me Ka 'Oko'a: a Comparative Analysis of Hawaiian
    Vol. 5 (2011), pp. 107-133 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/ http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4494 Puana ‘Ia me ka ‘Oko‘a: A Comparative Analysis of Hawaiian Language Pronunciation as Spoken and Sung Joseph Keola Donaghy University of Hawai‘i at Hilo and University of Otago, New Zealand In this paper I argue that the differences between spoken Hawaiian and vocal perfor- mance of western-influenced “traditional” Hawaiian music are representative of the linguistic diversity found within the Hawaiian language. It contains a comparative analysis of Hawaiian Language Pronunciation as Spoken and Sung, using transcriptions of recorded examples by John Kameaaloha Almeida, a native speaker of the Hawaiian language and a prominent composer, singer, and instrumentalist. It will provide a pho- nemic analysis of notable and predictable variations heard in Hawaiian language vocal performances that are not heard in spoken Hawaiian. Further, it will show that rhythmic arrangement of morae over strong beats in the musical measure is largely analogous to accent in spoken Hawaiian, with some predictable exceptions. The paper also documents how, during his vocal performance, Almeida added three non-lexical vocables not heard in spoken Hawaiian. I argue that these characteristics and variation are indicative of the linguistic diversity found within the Hawaiian language and, as such, are worthy of the same attention and scholarly scrutiny as spoken Hawaiian. The second goal of this applied research is to present the results in a manner that is accessible to practitioners of Hawaiian language performance. 1. INTRODUCTION.1 One day during my time as an undergraduate student in the Hawaiian Studies program at the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, I was listening to a record- ing of Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Northern Iowa
    University of Northern Iowa Esperanto Source: The North American Review, Vol. 184, No. 608 (Feb. 1, 1907), pp. xvii-xxxii Published by: University of Northern Iowa Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25105787 Accessed: 13-02-2015 22:42 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of Northern Iowa is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The North American Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 165.193.178.94 on Fri, 13 Feb 2015 22:42:34 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ESPERANTO.* GRAMMAR.?LESSON IV. Numerals.?The Cardinal numbers are:? Unu, 1: du, 2; tri, 3; levar, 4; levin, 5; ses, 6; sep, 7; oi;, 8; na?, 9 ; de??, 10 ; cent, 100 ; mil, 1,000 ; miliono, 1,000,000. From these all other numbers are formed, thus:? Dele unu, 11; dele sep, 17; dudele, 20; oledele, 80; tridele du, 32; sepdele levin, 75; na?dele nail, 99; ducent, 200; olecent, 800; tricent dudele ole, 328; rai7 olecent sepdele du, 1872. Ordinals are formed by adding -a to the above. Unu-a, first; M'-a^ third; ?Ze/?;-a^ tenth.
    [Show full text]
  • Ji Н Hana Two-Level Morphology of Esperanto
    Charles University Prague Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Jit+DQD Two-level morphology of Esperanto Prague, August 1998 Charles University Prague Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Jit+DQD Two-level morphology of Esperanto Master thesis Department: Computer Science 7KHVLVVXSHUYLVRU51'U-DQ+DMLþ3K' Prague, August 1998 Acknowledgements I would like to thank to Doc. Dr. Petr Chrdle, CSc. the owner of a publishing house KAVA- 3(&+ 'RELFKRYLFH &]HFKLD ZKR GRQDWHG PH (VSHUDQWR WH[WV IRU WHVWV RI P\ V\VWHP , DP LQGHEWHG WR P\ VXSHUYLVRU 51'U -DQ +DMLþ 3K' IRU KLV FRXQVHOV DQG FRPPHQWV , DP also very grateful to Dr. Hana Skoumalová and ing. Alexander Rosen, the discussions with them were very useful for me. 4 I declare that I wrote the thesis independently and that I used only cited resources. Prague, August 11, 1998 5 Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................13 1.1 ABOUT ESPERANTO.......................................................................................................................13 2 ESPERANTO GRAMMAR..............................................................................................................15 2.1 WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION.....................................................................................................15 2.2 CASE AND NUMBER .......................................................................................................................15 2.3 ARTICLE ........................................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • The Laterwriting of Abraham Fornander, 1870-1887 A
    523 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'llIBRARY "A TRUSTWORTHY HISTORICAL RECORD": THE LATERWRITING OF ABRAHAM FORNANDER, 1870-1887 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION IN EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS MAY 2004 By Pamela Haight Thesis Committee: Eileen Tamura, Chairperson Gay Garland Reed Vilsoni Hereniko ABSTRACT Using a post-colonial framework, this thesis examines the later research and writing ofAbraham Fornander. The paper addresses the politics, religion, and society that informed Fornander's research and writing, then focuses more closely on his book, An Account ofthe Polynesian Race and international response to it. Fornander's tenacity in promoting his Western worldview and his efforts to advance his career infused his writings and, in the end, served to overshadow existing indigenous language and culture, hastening deterioration ofboth. Utilizing correspondence, early writing for newspapers, and other archival information, the paper demonstrates his attempts to attain authentic status for himselfand his work. Though inconclusive in terms ofproving Fornander's complicity with colonialism, the thesis presents another viewing ofone man's work and begs a previously hidden discussion. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Purpose ofthe study 7 Methodology 10 Background to the study 13 Language and Colonization , 15 Representing Others 17 Collecting Cultures 21 19th Century Hawai'i 25 Abraham Fomander 30 Fomander's Newswriting 34 Fomander's Philological Research 50 Response to An Account ofthe Polynesian Race 61 Discussion and implications 75 Postscript 78 Appendix A: Letter from Rollin Daggett to Abraham Fomander 82 Appendix B: Letter from Abraham Fomander to Rollin Daggett.
    [Show full text]
  • The Esperantist Background of René De Saussure's Work
    Chapter 1 The Esperantist background of René de Saussure’s work Marc van Oostendorp Radboud University and The Meertens Institute ené de Saussure was arguably more an esperantist than a linguist – R somebody who was primarily inspired by his enthusiasm for the language of L. L. Zamenhof, and the hope he thought it presented for the world. His in- terest in general linguistics seems to have stemmed from his wish to show that the structure of Esperanto was better than that of its competitors, and thatit reflected the ways languages work in general. Saussure became involved in the Esperanto movement around 1906, appar- ently because his brother Ferdinand had asked him to participate in an inter- national Esperanto conference in Geneva; Ferdinand himself did not want to go because he did not want to become “compromised” (Künzli 2001). René be- came heavily involved in the movement, as an editor of the Internacia Scienca Re- vuo (International Science Review) and the national journal Svisa Espero (Swiss Hope), as well as a member of the Akademio de Esperanto, the Academy of Es- peranto that was and is responsible for the protection of the norms of the lan- guage. Among historians of the Esperanto movement, he is also still known as the inventor of the spesmilo, which was supposed to become an international currency among Esperantists (Garvía 2015). At the time, the interest in issues of artificial language solutions to perceived problems in international communication was more widespread in scholarly cir- cles than it is today. In the western world, German was often used as a language of e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sixteen Rules of Esperanto Grammar Commented by Don Harlow
    The Sixteen Rules of Esperanto Grammar commented by Don Harlow -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright Notice This material is copyright © 1995 by Donald J. Harlow. Hard copies may be made for personal use only. Any user may make one electronic copy for personal use only. All copies must contain this copyright notice, including the date given below. No electronic copy may be located elsewhere for public access. Links to this original copy on the World Wide Web are encouraged. Please respect the conditions of this copyright notice; I simply don't want to have various unofficial (and perhaps not up-to-date) copies floating around elsewhere. Date: 1995.09.11. [Edits noted in [square brackets], as well as other headings and formatting by Doug Bigham , 2005, for LIN 312.] [NOTE: The Swadesh vocabulary list (above) contains an Esperanto column.] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Rules 1. Articles 2. Nouns 3. Adjectives 4. Numerals 5. Pronouns 6. Verbs 7. Adverbs 8. Prepositions 9. Pronunciation 10. Accent 11. Compound Words 12. Negatives 13. Direction 14. The Multipurpose Preposition 15. Borrowing Words 16. Elision -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the following, [(parenthesized)] expressions are [Harlow's] interpolations. Indented notes are commentary by [Harlow]. EXAMPLES are introduced by [Harlow], and are as shown. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. ARTICLES There is no indefinite ARTICLE (English a, an); there is only a definite article la, alike for all genders, cases and numbers (English the). Author's note: The use of the article is as in other languages. People for whom use of the article offers difficulties (e.g. speakers of Russian, Chinese, etc.)may at first elect not to use it at all.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Between the Lines: a Closer Look at the First Hawaiian Primer (1822)1
    Reading between the Lines: A Closer Look at the First Hawaiian Primer (1822)1 Albert J. Schütz ‘Ōlelo Hō‘ulu‘ulu / Summary Na ka puke li‘ili‘i The Alphabet (i kākau ‘ia e ka po‘e mikionali ma ka MH 1822) i waele i ke ala e hulihia a‘e ai ka ‘ike a me ka mo‘omeheu ku‘una o kānaka ma o ia mea he ‘ike palapala. Ua hō‘ike ‘ia mai ma nā palapala like ‘ole o ia au ka mo‘olelo o ke pa‘i a ho‘olaha ‘ia ‘ana o ua puke li‘ili‘i nei a me ke ‘ano i loli iho ai ka no‘ono‘o ‘ana o ka po‘e e a‘o mai ana i kona mau ‘ao‘ao. Akā, a hiki i kēia manawa, ‘a‘ole i wehewehe ‘ia mai ka ‘i‘o o ia puke a me ke ‘ano i ho‘onohonoho ‘ia ai. Nānā ‘ia ma kēia ‘atikala noi‘i ia mau hi‘ohi‘ona ma ka pō‘aiapili pālua, ‘o ia ho‘i ke kālai‘ōlelo a me ka mo‘olelo o ia au. Hō‘ike pū ‘ia ma ‘ane‘i ke ‘ano i akaku‘u iho ai ka pī‘āpā mua loa i pehu wale i nā koneka he iwakālua a koe mai nā koneka ‘ewalu o kēia au. Ma o ka ho‘ohālikelike ‘ana iā The Alphabet me nā puke a‘o kākau na ko ‘Enelani, na ko ‘Amelika ho‘i, ma ka pau ‘ana o ke kenekulia ‘umikumamāwalu, maopopo koke ke kumu i kālele nui ‘ia ai ka ‘ike hakina ‘ōlelo a me nā ana kālele ‘ōlelo (pili he ‘umi o nā māhele ‘umikumamālima o ia puke li‘ili‘i i ia mau kumuhana ‘elua).
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Language Contact on Hawaiian: a Brief Review
    Asian and African Languages and Linguistics, No.14, 2020 Effects of Language Contact on Hawaiian: A Brief Review IWASAKI, Kanae The University of Tokyo This paper discusses the influence of immigrant languages, especially English, on Hawaiian. Shortly after the Hawaiian ‘first contact’ with Western culture, immigrants from all over the world arrived on the Hawaii islands, mainly from the 1850s to the 1910s. This brought two types of changes to Hawaiian: the rise of Pidgin Hawaiian and changes to Indigenous Hawaiian. First, the grammatical characteristics of Pidgin Hawaiian are introduced based on previous research. Second, the influence of contact on Hawaiian’s lexicon, types of written texts, and grammar are addressed. Although lexical influence and the rise of different types of texts written in Hawaiian are relatively salient, the grammatical influence is more difficult to recognize. This paper attempts to investigate it with numerical data related to “directionals” and the “(so-called) nominalizer” in Hawaiian. The results are not clear; thus, it is suggested that a newer approach may be required to more accurately evaluate the influence of language contact. Keywords: Hawaiian, language contact, grammatical description, Pidgin Hawaiian, modern Hawaiian 1. Brief history of language and immigration in Hawaii 2. Types of influence 3. Pidgin Hawaiian 4. Influence on Hawaiian 5. Further questions: evaluation of the influence 1. Brief history of language and immigration in Hawaii There have been several major languages spoken in Hawaii between the 18th century and today, and there is no doubt that currently English has the largest number of speakers, but Hawaii’s Indigenous language is Hawaiian.
    [Show full text]