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Artificial Languages in J. R. R. Tolkien's Novel the Fellowship Of

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Artificial Languages in J. R. R. Tolkien's Novel the Fellowship Of Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Letterari Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue Moderne per la Comunicazione e la Cooperazione Internazionale Classe LM-38 Tesi di Laurea Artificial languages in J. R. R. Tolkien’s novel The Fellowship of the Ring and its film version Relatore Laureanda Prof. Maria Teresa Musacchio Sara Bracchi n° matr.1182867 / LMLCC Anno Accademico 2018 / 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1 – Defining artificial languages 1.1. Artificial languages and natural languages .................................................................... 5 1.2. Classifications of artificial languages ............................................................................ 9 1.2.1. Umberto Eco’s classification .............................................................................. 10 1.2.2. Alan Reed Libert’s classification ........................................................................ 12 1.2.3. David Joshua Peterson’s classification ............................................................... 15 1.3. Two examples: Esperanto and Newspeak ..................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 2 – A brief history of artificial languages 2.1. Ancient times ............................................................................................................... 27 2.2. From the Middle Ages to the 18th century ..................................................................... 30 2.3. The 19th century ........................................................................................................... 36 2.4. The 20th century and beyond ......................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 3 – Intersemiotic translation and audiovisual translation 3.1. Translation studies and intersemiotic translation ........................................................... 45 3.2. Different types of audiovisual translation ...................................................................... 52 3.2.1. Subtitling ............................................................................................................ 56 3.2.2. Dubbing ............................................................................................................. 63 3.2.3. Voice-over ......................................................................................................... 70 3.3. What changes when a book becomes a film .................................................................. 72 CHAPTER 4 – Invented languages in J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Fellowship of the Ring 4.1. J. R. R. Tolkien: the writer, the linguist ......................................................................... 79 4.1.1. Before The Lord of the Rings .............................................................................. 82 4.2. The Fellowship of the Ring and its invented languages ................................................. 86 4.2.1. The alphabets of Middle-earth ............................................................................. 90 4.2.2. Quenya and Sindarin, the Elvish languages ........................................................ 94 4.2.3. The Black Speech, the dark tongue of Mordor .................................................... 98 4.2.4. Khuzdul, the secret language of the Dwarves ..................................................... 101 4.3. A comparison between the book, the film and its Italian subtitles ................................. 104 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 121 REFRENCES ........................................................................................................................ 125 AUDIOVISUAL REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 131 RIASSUNTO ......................................................................................................................... 133 INTRODUCTION No language is justly studied merely as an aid to other purposes. It will in fact better serve other purposes, philological or historical, when it is studied for love, for itself. J. R. R. Tolkien After seeing Peter Jackson’s films of The Lord of the Rings, I was fascinated by the artificial languages inserted in them. I knew that they had been invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, and I started to wonder how was it possible that he devised with such precision something which usually grows and develops naturally within a society, a community or a nation. In fact, when we think about J. R. R. Tolkien, the first ideas which come to our mind are the titles of his most famous literary works, especially the trilogy of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit, a children’s book, nonetheless, few people know that his greatest interest was not writing stories, but rather creating languages. When I started to search material to write this thesis, I had no idea of the great world I would have discovered, and of the passion and time the author dedicated to language design, that is, in my opinion, one of the most difficult and absorbing activities to which someone could devote his life. As an adult, Tolkien became a professor and a linguist, but the attachment to the knowledge of languages was so rooted in him that he realized that natural tongues were not enough, and he started to invent new languages since he was an adolescent. This aspect of his life intrigued me very much, and therefore I decided to work on a thesis which allowed me to conciliate two of my greatest interests, novels and cinema, and especially, in this case, the way in which artificial languages, Tolkien’s dearest creatures, are treated in the two different situations. The aim of this work consists in analysing the use of artificial languages in the two versions (the book and the film) of The Fellowship of the Ring, in order to see if they were maintained or not, if their function had remained the same, and, eventually, whether the Italian subtitles of the on screen version had been able to do justice to the linguistic variety of the original dialogues, a distinguishing feature of the novel which Jackson made an effort to maintain in his filmic adaptation. 1 Therefore, Chapter 1 introduces the general topic of the thesis and, at the beginning, it deals with the definition of the concepts of natural language and artificial language. Certainly, the subject is really wide, and the existing types of artificial languages are many, so, in the central paragraphs have been presented the taxonomies proposed by three different authors, with their differences and similarities. After that, I analysed two of the most popular artificial languages, one belonging to the category of international auxiliary languages, and the other to the literary world: Esperanto and Newspeak respectively. Chapter 2 is dedicated to a brief historical excursus on the activity of language invention. Its root are really ancient, even though the purposes for which artificial tongues have been devised in the course of time are many and different from each other. Generally speaking, we could say that language creation was somehow linked to religious aspects until the 18th century. Then, with the spread of globalisation and the advent of new technologies, the focus moved to the communicative function of languages, and the main reason for their construction became the search for a universal languages in order to improve international communication. This target has never been fully achieved, and since the beginning of the 20th century, language creation acquired a new connotation: the production of idioms to insert in fictional work of different types with the purpose of increasing their fantasy atmosphere. It is in this period that the huge work of J. R. R. Tolkien began to take shape. Chapter 3 regards a quite different topic compared to the first and the second. It copes with the problem to face when a book is adapted into a film, and with what needs to be changed during the process. Besides, it also provides some paragraphs about audiovisual translation and three of its main typologies, subtitling, dubbing and voice- over, with their main characteristics. Chapter 4 bounds together the concepts of the first three and concerns the study of the differences between artificial languages in Tolkien’s novel The Fellowship of the Ring and its film version. It begins with a brief excursus on the author’s life and his passion for natural and artificial languages. After that, I decided to insert a summary of The Silmarillion and The Hobbit, the ideal prequels of The Lord of the Rings, to contextualize this work and supply a partial overview of the author’s writings. Then, the centre of attention moves to Tolikien’s artificial languages (Quenya, Sindarin, Black 2 Speech and Khuzdul) and to the alphabets used in Middle-earth. The last section is devoted to the actual comparison between the novel and the film, that will lead to the conclusion, which will explain and summarize the results of the whole analysis. 3 4 CHAPTER 1 Defining artificial languages 1.1. Artificial languages and natural languages The concept of language is very wide and difficult to define precisely. Nonetheless, many authors have tried to provide an explanation of this term, and, in order to be as clear as possible, I will attempt
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